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The root is the main organ of plants that performs the most important functions: fixing in the soil, the conducting and stocking of water and dissolved in it minerals. All plants need to perform these tasks, but not equally. That is why there is a huge variety of root systems.

Root systems are divided into two groups:

1. Rod root system: there are the main root, from which side roots (dietary plants) are applied;
2. The urine root system: the main root is noticed, all the roots are the same (single-barrel).

Depending on the habitat in plants differs the length of the roots. In plants, deserts are extremely long roots for moisture extraction from deep groundwater. And the plants of the tundra due to permafrost have to keep roots at the surface. Such a root length cannot provide full nutrition, so the plant grows small to save nutrients.

On this metamorphosis, the roots do not end. Some plants went further and came up with bizarre forms, which called root modifications.

Root modifications:

Variety of leaves

The sheet is the organ of the plant, which is responsible for photosynthesis and evaporation of water (transpiration). The needs for nutrients and water in plants are different, so there is a variety of leaves.

By external structure, leaves are:

1. Cherry: The leaves are connected to the stem using a pet (oak, birch);
2. Sitting: the leaves are attached to the stalk base plate (aloe, wheat).

A variety of leaves for the external structure:

Leaves vary by housing:

1. Mesh housing: small veins are departed from a large alkali, which form a whole network; The mesh in turn is divided into the filament and palpal (cherry, pear, apple tree);
2. Parallel dwelling: the veins are located in parallel (drink, cereals);
3. Arc jilking: Allowers are located on the arc (plantain, lily of the lily, tulip).

Residential leave:

Depending on the habitat and moisturizing of the soil in plants there is a form of leaves. If the plant lives in a wet area, it will have large leaves with a huge amount of stomit. Such a plant does not save moisture and is not afraid to get an excessive portion of sunlight. If the plant lives in dry terrain, it will have narrow leaves with a small amount of stomit. Often, such plants have additional protection against moisture loss: wax raids and thick cuticle.

Cardinal modifications of parts of the plant did not go and leaves.

1. Spines. This modification may have two goals: either the plant greatly reduces the surface to slow down the evaporation of water (cactus), or protects against herbal animals (barberries).
2. Waterproof leafles. Such modified leaves are in plants of arid habitats (aloe). With their help, the plant holds the desired moisture.
3. Mustache. With the help of such leaves, the plants are attached to the support (peas). Do not confuse with the roots of suction cups and roots-trailers: even though the function is one, the origin of miscellaneous. These are developing from former leaves, and the roots of the suction cups and roots - from the roots.
4. Leaves of insectivorous plants. Insectivorous plants live on poor soils, so adapted to extreme conditions Extremely (Veineree Mukholovka). There are special grooms on the surface of such leaves, which allocate digestive enzymes (pepsin) and organic acids (formic acid). If the insect falls on a long organ of such a plant, it enhances secretion (release) of digestive substances. Breeding hairs are bent towards the insect (Rosyanka) or bend the edges of the leaf on which the insect (girlfriend) is located. After the seizure of production, enzymes begin to work actively and split insects to simple substances that can use the plants themselves. Thus, the leafles of insectivore plants are able to digest insects, thereby changing the supply of nutrients.

Modifying leaves:

A variety of stalks

Stem Plant - Part of the escape that performs a number essential functions: Conducting and stocking of substances, protection, provision vegetative reproductionattaching to the support. To ensure all the functions needed by the plant, there is a variety of types of stems.

A variety of stalks by degree of wealth:

A variety of stems in the form of cross-section:

In the direction of growth:

1. Strengthening: For this type of stem, the plant should have a mechanical tissue (birch);
2. Curly: Such plants are capable of waking up support (binders);
3. Climbing: Used to attach the modified organs (grapes);
4. Lying: Lying on the soil (Verbaine);
5. Creeping: Also lie on Earth, but can root (strawberries).

A variety of stalks in the direction of growth:

Depending on the above characteristics of the stem, the vital forms of plants are distinguished:

1. Tree: Plant with a wooden stem, which has a main trunk (birch);
2. Shrub: a plant with a wooden stem, who has no main trunk in an adult formed state, that is, when the plant has reached the peak of its development (lilac);
3. Shrubs: a low-level plant that has no main trunk in adulthood (blueberries);
4. Herbate plant: an annual, two-time or perennial With herbaceous stem (clover).

Life forms of plants:

Variety of escapes

Escape is a terrestrial vegetative organ plant, which is a stem with leaves and kidneys. Saving some plants have changed so much that they are easy to confuse with other parts, for example, with the root. In this hard matter, only the maximum concentration will help.

Separations:

1. Tubers. The fruit of potatoes is actually a modified escape, which is called the tuber. Underground potato shoots are called counters, and the tuber is his thickening. On the surface of the potato tuber, especially on the top, the kidneys are located. Such a total shoot of escape is needed for large sediments of nutrients, in particular starch.
2. Bulbs. Such modifications can be seen directly at the bow or tulip. If you cut the bulb, you can consider it parts: dona and scales. The bottom is located at the bottom and is a residual flat stem. From above, there are modified leaves - scales. This modification is used to accumulate water and nutrients in juicy internal scales.
3. Rhizomes. Rhizome plants easily confuse with the root, but this is a modified escape, as it has a kidney on its surface. Because of this, the rhizomes can grow as apparent roots and new shoots. In practice, the reproduction of rhizomes is used: an independent plant grows from the area of \u200b\u200bthe rhizomes placed in the soil. This modification has many plants, for example, from nettle and valley.
4. Spikes. Reducing the surface of the stem serves to reduce evaporation and protection against herbivores (acacia).
5. Mustache. The mustache allows the strawberry vegetatively multiply and spread to different distances.
6. Spotlights. Based on the name, such shoots perform the function of water and nutrients (cactus, orchid).

Separations:

Variety of flowers

Flower is a plant organ that is intended for sexual reproduction. Despite the fact that the flower performs only one function, the variety has not bypassed this part of the plant.

By the type of perianth:

Types of perianth:

For different form of flowers:

Correct and wrong flowers:

Descipients and Own Flowers:

To describe a variety of flowers, a flower formula is used. To use it, you need to remember the parts of the flower.

The flower formula includes such cuts:

1. O is a simple pericher;
2. H - sewers;
3. L - petals;
4. T - stamens;
5. P - Pestik;
6. ∞ - if the number is greater than 12;
7. * - Proper flower;
8. - incorrect flower;
9. ♀ - same-sex female;
10. ♂ - same-sex male.

For example, the formula of the tip-sized flower of cucumber will be presented as follows: ♂ * h (5) l (5) T (5) P0, that is, this is the right one-sex male flower with five controversial cups, five contrived petals, five controversy stamens, without a pestle. If the number is not enclosed in brackets, then this part of the plant does not grow.

Variety of inflorescence

Inflorescence - a few flowers connected with each other. With the help of inflorescences of the plant, the likelihood of pollinating insects increases the likelihood: from the long distance, the inflorescence is better visible.

Variety of inflorescences Veliko:

1. Simple inflorescences: these inflorescences on the main axis (the main pronounced shoot) are sitting flowers (plantain);
2. Complicated inflorescences: such inflorescences are sitting on the main axis other simple inflorescences (Lilac);
3. Naked inflorescences: in such inflorescences Bracts (leaflets on the leg under the base of the flower) are reduced or not at all (the shepherd bag);
4. Mute inflorescences: such inflorescences bracts are strongly developed (violet).

Simple and complex inflorescences:

In turn, simple inflorescences are divided into:

1. Brush: The long axis is the flowerops, at the ends of which there are flowers (cabbage);
2. Simple spikes: on a long axis are located seating flowers (plantain);
3. Copper: On the long thick axis there are seated flowers (corn);
4. Simple umbrella: Long flowerops (primulous) are out of the top of the axis;
5. The shield: the long axis are the flowers, while the bottom is much longer than the upper (pear);
6. Head: Attal flowers (clover) are located on a shortened axis;
7. Basket: On the extended axis are located seating flowers (sunflower).

Simple inflorescences:

And sophisticated inflorescences are:

1. Metrel (complex brush): Brushes (lilac) are located on the axis;
2. Complex spike: spikelets (wheat) are located on the axis;
3. A complex umbrella: an umbrellas (parsley) are located on the axis;
4. Monhasius: On an unfinished axis there is one axis of the second and third order;
5. Dihazia: Two axes of the second and third order are located on an unfailed axis;
6. Plekhazia: There are more than two axes of the second and third order on an unfinished axis.

Complicated inflorescences:

Variety of fruits

The fruit is a plant in which seeds are located for further distribution. Friends of the fetus: spindlers and seed. The octopled (flesh) protects the valuable seeds from adverse environmental conditions.

Classification of fruits by complexity:

1. Simple (present) Fruit: develops from a flower, which has one pestle (peas);
2. Comfortable fruit: develops from a flower, which has several pestles (raspberry);
3. SPLATE: Developed from a whole inflorescence (Pineapple).

A variety of fruits by complexity:

By the number of seeds:

1. Single-headed fruits (walnut);
2. Multi-free fruits (apple tree).

By consistency:

Depending on the structure of the fetus, variations are distinguished:

Berry-shaped fruits. These fruits have a juicy spindlers with a lot of seeds inside.

1. Berry: no doubt all tried berries; These juicy fruits are covered with thin skin (cranberry, blueberry);
2. Apple: amazing, but there is an apple not only in an apple tree; An apple is called an apple - false fruit, in the formation of which is involved in the collapsed color (apple tree, hawthorn);
3. Pearranets: citrus fruit (lemon, mandarin).

Berry Fruits:

Posynankoid fruits. These fruits in these fruits and solid bones (one or more).

1. Kostyanka: Juicy Fruit with Woven Folklodent Center - Bone (Cherry, Apricot);
2. Multicake: A group of fireboards formed from one flower (raspberry, blackberry).

Posynankoid fruits:

Nutdoor fruits. These unscrewing fruits have a dry oilycene and one seed.

1. Walnut: This fruit has a rustic ocoloblodnik ( walnut, hazelnut);
2. Oreke: Walnut little size (buckwheat, hemp);
3. Multi-Tekh: Multiple nuts are located on a scattered color (strawberries);
4. Zhonya: Fruit with a plush - a cupid body similar to a saucer (oak);
5. Semyanka: This variety of fetal is a leather sprinkler, which does not grow up with the seed (sunflower);
6. Grain: Unlike a seed, the film-winged grain grain grips with a seed (wheat, corn).

Nutdoor fruits:

Boxesid fruits. These drop-down fruits have a dry ocoloblodnik and a lot of seeds.

Boxesid fruits:

Due to such a variety of seeds and fruits, the plants have developed many strategies for the spread of seeds over long distances. Fruits and seeds can move with water, wind, animal and self-proliferation.

1. Hydrochherry - Water distribution. So move seeds water plants (water lily, cube). For this plant came up with special devices - water bubbles that impede immersion on the bottom. Thus, the flows spread the seeds over long distances.
2. Anemochory - the spread of the wind. So move dry and light fruits and seeds (ash, male). For this, the plants are formed bizarre grow or horses, which contribute to the movement of winds.
3. ZOOOHORY - spread animals. So that the plant can move with animals, you can go on two ways: or come up with special grows, or have a juicy octoplodnik. If the plant has hooks and spines, it can be capable of the skin of the animal and so take a long distance (burdock). If the plant has a juicy octurian, then with a huge probability, the bird will be enjoyed, digest and throw off the seed intact (blueberries). The spread of seed birds is called ornithoria.
4. Anthroprochoria - the spread of man. Seeds can be attached to bags when transporting goods (plantain).
5. Authoria - distribution of self-discharge. So the drop-down fruits are moved (peas, beans). In this method, the distance to which the seeds applies is small.

In the proposed lesson "The external structure of the sheet. A variety of leaves "built in interactive mode, demonstrates ways to form educational and information skills that provide, recycling and use different species information and educational skills that ensure a clear structure of the content of the process of setting and solving educational tasks (analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization and classification, etc.) .

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Municipal General Education

Secondary school number 1 Art. Olginsky

Lesson of biology

The external structure of the sheet.

Variety of leaves.

Biology teacher

MOU SOSH number 1 Art. Olginsky

Suistkov I.A.

Identifier - 233-231-924

2011

Methodical manual for lesson

Thing: Biology, Grade 6

Theme lesson: The external structure of the sheet. Variety of leaves.

Didactic goals:
Formation of information competence: in the field of independent cognitive activity; critical thinking, self-work skills with information;develop the ability to analyze, allocate the main, classify, summarize, prove; establish analogies and causal relationships; Promote the formation of divergent thinking and reflective learning skills.

Methodical objectives:

1. Introduce students with a variety of leaves, the peculiarities of their external structure;
2. To teach recognize the leaves by the types of housing, the shape of a sheet plate, the shape of the edge, location on the stem, distinguish between simple and complex leaves;
3. Check the skills to apply in practice the theoretical knowledge obtained, draw conclusions and generalizations.

Educational tasks

1. Formation of communicative and cooperative competences

Form of organization of educational activities. Work in small groups. Laboratory work "The external structure of the sheet"

Equipment: houseplants, Herbarium Plants with various types of sheets, drawings and photos of leaves.

Key words and concepts: leaf, sheet structure: Sheet plate, Puffs, List base, Hilts.Methods of attachment of leaves: Cherry sheet, seated sheet, vaginal leaf.Simple and complex leaves. Dissected leaves: palpheaned, palphatic, and palphert-haired, peristopal, trigger.Sheet edge shape: Open-ray, gear, sawn, hipgy (spinous), gorgeous, leaned, winding.Forms of leafy plates: oval, ovoid, speck-shaped, sweat, peristopoly, peristo-dissected, paired, unpaired, unpaired.Residential leaves: parallel, arc, mesh, palpat, rolling.

During the classes

Organizing time.

The class is divided into 3 groups of students sitting on separate "round tables".

Stage I. Actualization of knowledge about the studied organs of the flowering plant

Work technology: independent work Pupils for 3-4 minutes and subsequent collective discussion

1 group.

Insert the missed words. Casting text. Continue the story, illustrating it with drawing schemes.

... - the main above-ground organ of the plant. It consists of .... With ........ ....... . The plot of the stem on which the sheet develops is called ... .., and the distance between the two nodes ...... the angle between the sheet and located above the intercourse, is called ... .. The way of the location of the leaves on the stem is called a lot. The list is ...... ..

Tasks contribute to the formation of skills to work with information presented in the form of incomplete text, analyze it, supplement, allocate the main thing; Compound illustration circuits.

2 groups

Make a system of concepts from the proposed terms.

Generative bodies; Stem, flowers, escape, root, vegetative organs, organs, fruits, leaves, seeds, kidneys.

Tasks contribute to the formation of skills: analyze the proposed objects and establish their spatial relations, making up a system of concepts, deploy and turning information

3 Group

Compare plant dive and pinch. What are these procedures in common? The value of procedures.

Tasks contribute to the formation of skills to analyze and compare (aboutlisten to the comparison aspect and carry out an incomplete one-core comparison), to prove the point of view.

Stage II. Study of a new topic

Black box.

Teacher. The subject of our study is in a black box. You are invited to determine what it is for this I will consistently vote assertions, and you explain whether these information is enough to accurately determine the object(Reception of work with insufficiency of information).

1. The container is located in the box.
2. This is a vegetative organ.
3. It occupies a lateral position in the shoot, located in the nodes of the stem and usually has a flat form.

Theme leaf lesson.

What do we already know about this organ?

Let's make a syncewing concept of "Sheet" in groups and will try to invest you have already existing knowledge about this in the vegetative authority.

(The rules for the compilation of synquins are recorded on the board)

In Sinwaire 5 lines:

1 - concept (word);

2 - adjectives (two words);

3 - verbs (three words);

4 - offer (out of four words);

5 - noun (one word).

Adjectives and verbs should reveal the concepts, and the proposal is to have a semantic nature.

Honor Synkievins and their discussion. This task contributes to the formation of the skills to allocate, generalize and establish analogies.

Consider the external structure of the sheet.

Draw it in a notebook and sign up its main parts (work with illustration in the book)

Form, dimensions, the structure of the leaves can vary greatly. In order to sort out such a variety of leaves, they must be classified.

Recall what classification is?

But the external diversity of the leaves is so great that it is impossible to create a unified system of classification of leaves in one or more features. Therefore, there are several diverse classifications of leaves based on various features.

Compare the proposed leaves (Pictures are attached to the board) and name the signs for which they differ. Based on these signs, we will make various classifications of leaves.Student responses are written on the board.

(Development of skills to analyze, compare)

- Number of sheet plates

- the presence or absence of a pet

- Types of housing

- Form of sheet plates

- Sheet edge shape

Groups get tasks - a sign for classification, gear samples, plants images. Working with textbook text, transform it into the scheme, illustrate examples (analysis and synthesis of information).

1 group

Simple and complex leaves

Sign - the number of sheet plates

2 groups

Sign - Method of location

Residential leaves

3 Group

Attaching the leaves to the stalk.

Sign - Ways to attach leaf to stalk

Speech of groups, filling in schemes in working notebooks

III. Consolidation of knowledge

Laboratory work 8.

Topic: The external structure of the sheet.

Purpose: Studying the external structure of simple and complex leaves.

Equipment

1. Indoor Plants: Pelargonium, Tradesska.
2. Herbarium of rosehip leaves, rowan, oak, lilac.

Progress

1. Consider the green leaves of houseplants - Pelargonium and Tradescans. Find parts of the sheet. Draw in a notebook and enjoy them.
2. Consider the veins on the Plate Plate of Pelargonium. Compare them with the veins at the tradescania sheet. Mark what their differences are. Draw and sign the housing type. What plants are one-bedroom or dicotomy belong to the leaves?
3. Mark the method of attaching a sheet to the stalk.
4. Consider in herbarium leaves different plants. Find all simple and complex leaves among them.
5. Write down the results in the table:

Individual work(It may be proposed as a homework)

Using words therefore, because, therefore, as add the beginning or end of each sentence.Independent work of students. Then - a collective discussion of the results.The attention should be paid to the student that there is no definitely correct answers, since almost all these proposals may have different variants start or completion.

............ leaf vegetative organ ...... ..
............ Sheet occupies a lateral position in the shoot .................. ..
............ In the cells of the sheet there are chloroplasts ........................ ..
............ Sheet is capable of moving ........................
This task contributes to the formation of the ability to establish causal relationships.

My mental activity in the lesson was ..........
Most of all I liked ……………………….
I still do not quite work .........................
Today's lesson showed me ...........................

The task is aimed at developing the reflexive skills of students and contributes to the formation of adequate self-esteem.

Homework

This is a task with freedom of choice and freedom of activity. Each student has the right to choose from a number of proposed tasks:

1. make a drawing to the topic;
2. create a scheme of the reference abstract;
3. write a cheat sheet to the lesson;

   People are accustomed to calling a wide green plate. However, the external structure of the sheet is more complex. Consider a variety of forms, location on the stem, leaf housing.

   List parts

   The sheet is the side body of the escape that appears from the kidney and connecting to the stalk with a pet. In the table "The characteristic of the external structure of the leaves" describes in more detail each part.

   List parts	Definition	Characteristic
   Sheet plate	Basic, the widest part of the sheet	Has limited growth; Has two-sided symmetry; Lives one vegetation period; Coniferous lives up to 5-15 years; W. tropical plants Grow up to 15 m in length (normal size - up to 10 cm)
   	Narrow part of the sheet connecting the leaf plate with the stem	Turning, orients a sheet to light; Softens the blows (rain drops, planting insects)
   Base	List fastening site	Holds a sheet on the stem
   Highlights	Grows at the base in the form of scales, small leaves, barns	Form the kidney and protect the future sheet; Fall after the revelation of the kidneys; In some cases, the role of sheet is preserved and play

   The leaves with sweets are called cuffs. In the absence of a petiole, a sheet plate grows out of the stem. Such leaves are called sedent. Example - Luck, Wheat, Dandelion.

   Simple and complex

   All leaves are divided into two types:

   • simple - the sheet has one sheet plate;
   • sophisticated - Consist of several leaflets attached to a shared tub.

   In the fall, simple leaves are falling completely together with a camp. Example - Birch, Elm, Osin. Complex leaves are disintegrated to leaves, and the common petiole is separated from escape. Examples - rowan, clover, rosehip.

   By arrangement on a common pet, complex leaves are divided into three types:

   • peristemplified - leaflets lie on the sides of the puff; are divided into parserous amount, each leaflet has a pair, and unparalleled - the odd amount, ends with one leaf;
   • palcounty - leaflets depart from the tip of the petiole in different directions;
   • troychy - Consist of three leaves.

   The most complex leaves are twice or three times or finish. In these cases, the common petiole has a branch.

   Variety of shapes

   The leaves differ in the shape of the sheet plate. Leaves are:

   • rounded;
   • oval;
   • needle;
   • lanceal;
   • heart-shaped;
   • ovoid;
   • linear;
   • serpovoid;
   • fan-shaped;
   • etc.

   

   Fig. 1. Different forms of leaves.

   The edges of the leaves are also diverse. Allocate:

   • all-Range (smooth);
   • gear;
   • dual-ray;
   • pilly;
   • gallant;
   • wavy;
   • hipged;
   • lovels.

   Depending on the depth of the excavation, the leaves are divided into three types:

   • whole - Depth less than a quarter of 1/2 sheet (birch);
   • dissected - the recess does not reach the axis (oak);
   • dissection - Recess comes to the center (potatoes).

   Leaves can be located differently on the cut. Select four types of location:

   • opel - one sheet on the knot each other (apple tree);
   • opposite - two sheets on the node in both sides (mint);
   • mutovskaya - three or more sheets from one node (oleander);
   • otset - in a circle at one height (agawa).

   

   Fig. 2. Location information.

   Venation

   Any plate, regardless of the form and complexity of the structure, has an internal network of veins, conductive nutrients to sheet cells. Also, the veins serve as a kind of skeleton - hold the shape and give the sheet strength. The housing is three types.

   • Mesh . The main veins branch into smaller. The structure resembles a network. Mesh housing is divided into three types - peristo-nervous (apple tree), radial (Ceanotus), palpal (male). Typically for dicotyledonous plants.
   • Parallel . The veins go parallel from the base to the top of the sheet. It is found in monocotional plants.
   • Arc . It resembles parallel, but the alkalks repeat the circumference of the sheet, starting from the base and connecting in the top. Example - Plantain, Lily of Lily. Typically for monocotional plants.

   

   Fig. 3. Housing types.

   What did we know?

   From the article on biology of grade 6, we learned about the constituent parts, diversity and forms of plant leaves. The leaves are simple and complex, rounded and elongated with different edges, location on the escape and the type of housing.

   Test on the topic

   Report assessment

   Average rating: four . Total ratings received: 692.

   Type of lesson - combined

   Methods:partially search, pro-bleed presentation, reproductive, explained-illustrative.

   Purpose:

   Awareness of students' significance of all discussed issues, the ability to build their relations with nature and society based on respect for life, to the whole living as a unique and invaluable part of the biosphere;

   Tasks:

   Educational: show the multiplicity of factors acting on organisms in nature, the relativity of the concept of "harmful and useful factors", the diversity of life on the planet Earth and options for adaptations of living beings to the entire spectrum of habitat conditions.

   Developing: develop communication skills, the ability to independently produce knowledge and stimulate their cognitive activity; The ability to analyze information, allocate the main thing in the material being studied.

   Educational:

   Formation of environmental culture based on the recognition of life value in all its manifestations and needs of the responsible, careful attitude towards the environment.

   Formation of understanding of the value of a healthy and without a dangerous lifestyle

   Personal:

   education of Russian civil identity: patriotism, love and respect for the Fatherland, feelings of pride for their homeland;

   Formation of a responsible attitude towards teaching;

   3) the formation of a holistic worldview, corresponding to the current level of development of science and general practitioners.

   Cognitive: skill to work with various sources of information, pre-form it from one form to another, compare and analyze information, draw conclusions, prepare messages and presentations.

   Regulatory: The ability to organize independently performing tasks, evaluate the correct operation of the work, the reflection of its activities.

   Communicative: The formation of communicative competence in communication and cooperation with peers, senior and younger in the process of educational, socially useful, educational, creative and other types of activities.

   Planned results

   Subject:know - the concepts of "habitat", "Ecology", "Environmental factors" their influence on living organisms, "Living and Non-residential relations";. Be able to determine the concept of "biotic factors"; characterize biotic factors, bring examples.

   Personal:express judgments, search and select information; analyze communication, compare, find the answer to the problematic question

   MetaPermet:.

   The ability to independently plan ways to achieve goals, including alternative, consciously knocking out the most effective methods Decisions of educational and informative tasks.

   Formation of the skill of semantic reading.

   Form of the organization of educational activities - Individual, group

   Teaching methods: Viteless, explanatory, illustrative, partially search, independent work with additional literature and textbook, with the COR.

   Receptions:analysis, synthesis, conclusion, translation of information from one species to another, generalization.

   Objectives: introduce a variety of leaves, the peculiarities of their external structure; To teach recognize the leaves by the types of housing, the shape of the sheet plate, the shape of the edge, the plug-in on the stem, distinguish between simple and complex leaves.

   Equipment and materials: Houseplants, Herbarium Plants with various types of sheet plates, Herbarium Willow Leaf (for each desk).

   Key words and concepts: Sheet, sheet structure, leaf plate, petiole, sheet base, stristers; Methods of leaf attachments: cherry sheet, sedentary sheet, moisture-lingown sheet; Simple and complex leaves; Dissected leaves: palp pad, palpat-disseated, palphert-separate, peristo-blade, three-precinct; Sheet edge shapes: whole-acrene, gear, sawn, hipgy (spiny-chat), gorgeous, loose, winding; Forms of sheet plates: oval, egg-shaped, spear, sweat, peristopole, peristracted, paired, nonpoprustable, linear, three-grained, palpat-

   Teacher's story with interview elements

   Leaf plates can be classified in form. There is a huge number of forms of sheet plates: district, egg-shaped, linear, lanceolate, speck-shaped, sweatshid, heart-shaped, oblong et al. can be classified form edge. In addition to the leaves with a solid edge (they are also on - all-ray) Several main types of edge shapes are distinguished: gear, pilia, spikeful (thick-up), located, wid out, winding.

   It should be noted that on one shooting can be found to meet the leaves of various shapes, values, coloring. This phenomenon is called heterophilia. Heterophilia is characteristic of the buttercup, the rasonist and many other plants.

   If you look at the leaf plate, you can see vein - Bundles of conductive vessels. You saw them on the willow sheet. The location of the veins on the sheet may be different. The method of one-bed vehicle is called housing. Several types of deposits are distinguished: parallel, arc, dichotomous, mesh (palp and pirish).

   

   Parallel, or arc, the dwelling is characteristic of one-nodol plant, and the mesh is for dicotyledonous.

   Remember what plants are two-colon.

   What other signs of bipartite plants do you know?

   Give examples of single-barbing and dysdootilic plants.

   Consolidation of knowledge and skills Practical work 13. Determination of simple and complex leaves

   Progress

   Describe the gear samples of the leaves lying on your tables, according to plan.

   Plan

   What is the way to attach this sheet to the stalk?

   What is the housing of the sheet?

   Is it a simple sheet or complicated?

   What is the form of a sheet plate of this sheet?

   What is the form of the edge of the sheet?

   2. What plant is a single-dollar or dicotyledonous one - is it suggested?

   3. Consider the drawing. Write the housing types that have pictures depicted in the drawing of the leaves.

   

   Residential leaves

   4. Leaves are simple and complex, their housing and leaf

   Consider the proposed plant samples. Give a brief characteristic of their leaves according to plan. The name of the plant, simple or complex leaves, the type of housing, type of registration.

   Creative task. Make a leaf print. For this, ponado-dodged leaf (the leaves are dried in several layers of the newspaper under the press), gouache or watercolor paint, paper for ak-prelay, a small langer roller. The sheet follows the thick of the watercolor or gouache paint and put on paper for watercolor. Top to cover with watering paper and roll with roller. Create a composition from writing various leaves.

   Task for students interested in biology. Using additional literature, choose examples of plants with different types of sheet plates.

   Manifoldleaves

   Sheet. Viewsleaves. Release#2

   Resources:

   I.N. Ponomarev O.A. Cornilo-Ba, V.S. KuchmenkoBiology: Grade 6: Tutorial for students of generally

   Serebryakova T.I.., Elenevsky A. G., Gulelenkov M. A. and others. Biology. Plants, bacteria, mushrooms, lichens. Trial textbook 6-7 classes high School

   N.V. PreobrazhenskayaWorkbook on biology to the textbook in V. Book "Biology Grade 6. Bacteria, mushrooms, plants "

   V.V. Book. Manual for teachers of general education institutions Biology lessons. 5-6 classes

   Kalinina A.A. Pounding Biology Development 6 Class

   Vakhrushev A.A., Rodygin O.A., Lovyagin S.N. Verification I. test papers to

   tutorial "Biology", 6th grade

   Hosting presentations

   
   

   the cloth

   Where is located

   Features of the structure of cells

   Value

   education

   Tops stalks
   The tips of the roots
   Cambium
   Wound

   Small dividing cells without vacuoles

   Plant growth

   Pokrovna

   Epidermis (Skin)
   Bung
   Bark

   Live and dead cages with thick and durable shells, firmly fit to each other.

   Advanced impact protection

   Mechanical

   Loub.
   Wood

   Tolstoy allieted shells

   Support organs plants

   Conductive

   Wood vessels
   Synotoid tubes Luba

   Synotoid tubes

   The distribution of substances entering the roots and resulting in the leaves throughout the body

   Basic

   Pallet sheet
   The core of the stem
   Root

   Chloroplast in cells

   Education and accumulation of nutrients

   Separation

   Netics
   Glands

   Selection essential oils, water, nectar

   Cell - the main structural and functional unit of the living, the smallest living system.
   the cloth - A group of cells similar to the structure and performing the same functions.

   Conductive fabrics Provide the movement of water and dissolved in the nutrients of the plant. There are two types of conductive tissue - xylem (wood) and floem (Lob).

   Xylem - It is the main water water tapping tissue of higher vascular plants, providing the movement of water with mineral substances dissolved in it from roots to leaves and other parts of the plant (ascending current). It also performs a reference function. Ksilera includes tracheids and tracheas (vessels) (Fig. 8.3), wood parenchyma and mechanical fabric.

   Tracheida they are narrow, strongly elongated dead cells with pointed ends and weathered shells. The penetration of solutions from one tracheide to another occurs by filtering through the pores - recesses, tightened by the membrane. Liquid in tracheides flows slowly, as the pore membrane prevents water movement. The tracheids are found in all higher plants, and most of the horsages, plauines, ferns and gifts are served by the only conductive element of xylems. At coated plants, along with tracheids there are vessels.

   

   Figure 8.3. Xleema elements (A) and Floam (6): 1-5 - ring, spiral, staircase and porous (4, 5) trachea, respectively; 6 - Kohl chatter and porous tracheide; 7. - synotoid tube with a satellite cell.

   Trachea (vessels) - It is hollow tubes consisting of individual segments located above each other. In segments on the transverse walls, through holes - perforations are formed, or these walls are completely destroyed, due to which the speed of the solutions along the vessels increases many times. The shells of the vessels are impregnated with lignin and give the stalk additional strength. Depending on the nature of the thickening of the shells, the tracheas are ringed, spiral, stair, etc. (see Fig. 8.3).

   Phloem conducts organic substances synthesized in leaves to all organs of the plant (downward current). Like xylem, it is a complex tissue and consists of sita tubes with satellite cells (see Fig. 8.3), parenchyma and mechanical tissue. Synotoid tubes are formed by alive cells located one above the other. Their transverse walls are permeated with small holes that form a sieve. The cells of the sieve tubes are deprived of the nuclei, but contain a cytoplasm in the central part, which are trained through through holes in the transverse partitions in neighboring cells. Synotoid tubes, like vessels, stretch along the entire length of the plant. The cells of the satellites are connected with seeding of the sieve tubes with numerous plasma-modes and, apparently, perform a part of the functions lost by the synoid tubes (the synthesis of enzymes, the formation of ATP).

   Xilem and Floem are in close cooperation with each other and form special complex groups in the plant organs - conductive beams.

   Mechanical fabrics Provide the strength of plant organs. They make up a frame that supports all organs of plants, counteracting them in a squeezing, compression, rupture. The main characteristics of the structure of mechanical tissues ensuring their strength and elasticity are the powerful thickening and the decisions of their shells, close closure between cells, no perforations in cell walls.

   Mechanical fabrics are most developed in the stem, where they are represented by luban and wood fibers. In the roots, the mechanical fabric focuses in the center of the organ.

   Depending on the shape of the cells, their structure, physiological state and the method of thickening of cell shells, two types of mechanical tissue are distinguished: collegum and scleroshima, (Fig. 8.4).

   

   Fig. 8.4. Mechanical fabrics: A - corner collegum; 6. - sclerenhima; in -- scleises from the fruit of Alychi: 1 - cytoplasma, 2. - thickened Cell Wall, 3 - picky tubules.

   Collehima presented by alive parenchymal cells with uneven thickened shells, making them particularly well adapted to strengthen young growing organs. Being primary, college cells are easily stretched and practically do not interfere with the elongation of the part of the plant in which there are. Usually, the collendichema is located separately or a continuous cylinder under the epidermary of the young stem and leaf cylinders, as well as the veins in the leaves of dwoom. Sometimes collegum contains chloroplasts.

   Sclersenchima it consists of elongated cells with evenly thickened, often with auxiliary shell, the contents of which die in the early stages. The shells of cleler cells have high strength close to steel strength. This fabric is widely represented in vegetative organs. land plants And makes them axial support.

   There are two types of sclerorem cells: fibers and scleises.Fiber - These are long fine cells, usually collected in heavy or bundles (for example, luban or wood fibers).Scleinis - These are rounded dead cells with very thick weathered shells. They are formed by seed peel, nut shells, cherry bones, plums, apricot; They give the pulp pears characteristic thanks.

   Basic fabric or parenchyma , It consists of living, usually thin-walled cells that make up the basis of the organs (where and the name of the fabric). It contains mechanical, conductive and other permanent fabrics. The main tissue performs a number of functions, in connection with which the assimillation (chlorohenchim) is distinguished, stocking, air-axis (Aerrenhima) and aquifer (Fig. 8.5).

   

   Figure 8.5. Parenty fabrics: 1-3 - chlorophyllon (columnar, spongy and folded, respectively); 4-stocking (cages with starch grains); 5 - air-capable, or Aerrenhima.

   Cellsassymigative T. cani contain chloroplasts and perform the function of photosynthesis. The bulk of this tissue is concentrated in the leaves, a smaller part - in young green stems.

   In cellsspleens j. Parenchyms are laid proteins, carbohydrates and other substances. It is well developed in the stalks of wood plants, in root, tubers, bulbs, fruits and seeds. In the plants of desert habitats (cacti) and salt marshes in stems and leavesaquatic Parenchima, serving for water accumulation (for example, in large copies of cacti from the genus Carnegium in tissues contains up to 2-3 thousand liters of water). Aquatic type of basic fabric is developing in aquatic and marsh plants.aeronautical Parenhima, oraerrenhima. Aerrenhima cells form large air interclausers for which the air is delivered to those parts of the plant whose bond with the atmosphere is difficult

   

   

   

   Plant organs

   Organ - This is part of a plant that has a certain location, as well as a characteristic form and structure and performs a specific function.

   

   

   

   ROOT - axial underground vegetative organ.

   Absorption and vehicles of water and dissolved mineral salts

   Vegetative reproduction

   Allocation in the soil of the exchange products

   Power supply of nutrients

   Synthesis of biologically active substances

   Fastening in the soil

   Root functions

   Root zones

   

   Root and value zones

   Protects the root top from mechanical damage and ensures the progress of the root in the soil.

   Cells are actively divided, the riot meristem. All root fabrics are formed from this zone.

   The presence of root hairs, ensures the absorption of water roots and dissolved in it minerals.

   The mediator between the root suction area and the above-ground part of the plant is above the root hairs. In this zone, conductive vessels and side roots are formed.

   
   

   Types of roots

   

   Types of root systems

   
   

   1- main root

   corn

   Putting roots

   Side roots

   All orchid

   Channel modifications

   Marsh cypress, all marsh

   Carrot beet

   Georgin, Church

   
   

   The escape - this is an overhead part of the plant, consisting of a stem and leaf and kidney on it.

   Stem – axial overhead vegetative plant organ. The escape often performs the function of the supply of nutrients, vegetative reproduction of plants and protect them from eating. In such cases, it is modified.

   Building escape

   

   Victims of escapes

   Reminds the root. It has underdeveloped scaly leaves and kidneys, pressing roots grow from the nodes. In the rhizome are postponed about the supply of pit. Activity. Most often, the rhizome is found in perennial cereals.

   Examples: Dress, Valerian, Lily of Lily, Streptocarpus.

   Rhizome

   Underground escape on which kidneys are located in the eyes. Tubers are underground overhead. Pulberry serve to reproduce plants, reserves nutrients and transfer adverse periods of the year. With favorable conditions, tubers will easily germinate and thanks to the stored substances The beginning of young independent plants.

   Example: Potatoes, Kohlrabi, Gloxinia.

   

   Tuber

   Tubers Calla

   Tubers Georgina

   

   

   Potato tubers

   It has a shortened stem, surrounded by juicy leaves, in the sinuses of which are kidneys. Nutrients are contained in the leaves. The bulbs help to survive plants under adverse conditions and are organs of vegetative reproduction.

   Example: onions, tulip, daffodils, hyacinth, gipesolum, amaryllis.

   Narcisa Lukovitsa

   3. Bulb

   

   Spinys

   They are in the sinuses of the leaves and protect the plant from eating animals.

   Example: Hawthorn, Rose, Turn, Wild apple tree, cactus.

   
   

   Mustache

   

   Thin, with elongated interstices creeping stems. They are rooted in nodes and give rise to new plants.

   Example: strawberry, strawberries.

   Mustache

   

   Curly shoots that, blaming around different supports, support stem in a certain position.

   STEM

   Stem (in trees - trunk, branches and shoots) serves as a link between roots, through which water and minerals enter the plant, and leaves in which nutrients are synthesized.

   Functions:

   Communicates all parts of the plant

   Nutrient stock

   Vegetative reproduction

   Provides transport of water of mineral and organic substances

   Forms and carries and leaves

   Types of stalks on the presence of wood

   Herbaceous

   Dormant

   Types of stalks for placement in space

   Curly Plants: Birch Field, Bind

   Strengthening plants: all plants with a reprehensive stem: dandelion, clover, chamomile, etc.

   Censing plants rank, grapes, cucumber, pumpkin, zabak, melon.

   Clevering: strawberries, strawberries.

   The inner structure of the stem

   

   

   

   

   

   SHEET

   Sheet - lateral organ plant.
   Functions - Photosynthesis, gas exchange, transpiration.

   
   

   LEAVES

   Sophisticated - consisting of several sheet plates: strawberries - trochy, rowan - unparallered, yellow - steam-stripped acacia.

   Simple - consisting of one sheet plate: linden, cherry, apricot, cereals.

   

   

   Fig. 3.Simple leaves : 1 - needle; 2 - linear; 3 - oblong; 4 - lanceal; 5 - oval; 6 - rounded; 7 - egg-shaped; 8 - reversal; 9 - rhombic; 10 - shovel; 11 - heart-shaped-egg-shaped; 12 - kidding; 13 - sweat-shaped; 14 - Copsevoids : 1 - peristo-complex; 2, 3 - troops; 4 - palchatic.

   

   
   

   

   

   

   Housing -

   

   Leaf fall - this is a dropping of leaves in perennial shrubs trees; Pretty natural physiological phenomenon.

   Value of leaf fall

   Wellness for the plant and protection against excessive evaporation in autumn and winter

   Fallen leaves - beautiful mineral and organic fertilizer

   Preventing the freezing of roots and creaked seeds

   Types of kidneys

   Kidney - required escape that has been able to maintain the viability of the meriste for a long time and ensure their protection against unfavorable conditions.

   
   

   A - Vegetative - Stem growth at the top

   B - Vegetheet-generative (reserve of vegetative reproduction)

   B - the generative (flower) - contains embryos of flowers and inflorescences

   1 - Required stem; 2- Apparel scales; 3 - Engagement flowers; 4 - Apparel leaves; 5 - Approval kidneys.

   
   

   Fig. sixteen . Building escape: A - with leaves, b - after leaffall

   A. 1 - stem; 2 - sheet; 3 - node; 4 - interstitial; 5 - Obsolete Sheet; 6 - stubborn kidney; 7 - Top kidney.

   B. 1 - Top kidney; 2 - renal rings; 3 - sheet scars; 4 - side kidneys.

   
   

   Fig. . Overhead modifications of escapes:

   1 - Sing Succulent; 2 - spiny; 3 - Filocladium Izlitsa; 4 - apartments asparagus; 5 - kidney cabbage; 6 - Strawberries; 7 - grapes; 8 - Cherry Shortening; 9 - Dandelion flower arrow.

   

   

   

   Eugene structure: leaf: