Vegetative propagation this is an increase in the number of individuals due to the separation of viable parts of the vegetative body and their subsequent regeneration (restoration to the whole organism). This breeding method is widespread in nature. Algae and higher plants reproduce in a vegetative way. Vegetative reproduction is natural and artificial. Natural vegetative reproduction occurs in several ways: - fragmentation of the maternal individual (bryophytes); - destruction of areas of ground-creeping and lodging shoots (lyes, gymnosperms, flowering); - with the help of special structures (tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, corms, axillary buds, adventitious buds on leaves or roots) specially designed for vegetative propagation. Vegetative propagation
Artificial vegetative reproduction is carried out with the participation of humans. In practice Agriculture artificial vegetative reproduction has a number of advantages over seed: it ensures the production of offspring, repeating the characteristics of the parent organism; accelerates obtaining a large number of productive offspring. Vegetative propagation
Plant organ Reproduction method Aboveground shoots 1. Cuttings 2. Whiskers (stolons) 3. Creeping shoots 4. Dividing the bush 5. Layers 6. Grafting (by drawing together, by cutting - into the split, under the bark, copulation, budding) Underground shoots1. Rhizome 2. Tuber 3. Bulbs Root1. Root suckers 2. Root cuttings 3. Root tubers Leaf1. Leaves 2. Leafy cuttings 3. Leafy babies Tissue culture1. Using callus 2. Growing plants from cells Methods of vegetative propagation.
Reproduction by aerial shoots - cuttings, mustaches, creeping shoots, dividing bushes, layering, grafting. 1. Cuttings (currants, tradescantia) - dividing an individual into several parts, each of which regenerates into a new individual. Two buds are left on the surface of the soil near the currant cuttings, the cuttings are planted at an angle so that there is enough air and mineral salts. Cuttings of Tradescantia can be placed in water before roots appear, can be immediately planted in soil and covered with a jar to retain water in the soil. Vegetative propagation
6. Reproduction by grafting. A stalk or bud with an adjacent section of bark and wood (eye), grafted onto another plant, is called a scion. The rootstock of the plant to which the graft has been carried out. Grafting allows the root system to be used to maintain or propagate a particular variety. There are two main types of grafts: Vegetative propagation
Bark grafting. The graft is also thinner than the rootstock. A horizontal cut is made on the rootstock under the stem node, the bark is incised in the vertical direction and its edges are carefully turned off. A cut in the form of a half-cone is made on the scion, inserted under the bark, clamped with bark lapels and tied. Copulation. It is used if the scion and rootstock are of the same thickness. On the scion and rootstock, make oblique cuts and combine them, ensuring the tightness of the connection. Vegetative propagation
Reproduction by rhizome. Rhizome plants include wheatgrass, kupena, oxalis, field horsetail and others. wild plants... In many, the rhizomes branch, and when the old parts die off, new plants are isolated. Reproduction by underground shoots - rhizome, tuber, bulb, corm. Vegetative propagation
Tuber. Potatoes and Jerusalem artichoke are the most famous of the agricultural plants propagated by tubers. They can be propagated by planting whole tubers. But when planting a whole tuber, the apical bud inhibits the development of the rest. Therefore, it is recommended to cut the tubers into pieces, as this violates the dominance of the apical bud. Reproduction by underground shoots - rhizome, tuber, bulb, corm. Vegetative propagation
Bulb. In agricultural practice, onions, garlic, ornamental plants: tulips, daffodils, hyacinths and others. Vegetative propagation of bulbous plants is carried out by overgrown adult bulbs, children, individual scales. Corm. Corms include gladiolus, crocus, water walnut. One or more corms may form. Reproduction by underground shoots - rhizome, tuber, bulb, corm. Vegetative propagation
Reproduction by leaves. A leaf stalk is a leaf blade with a petiole or part of a leaf blade. Begonia, uzumbar violet (saintpaulia) reproduce by leaf cuttings. Leafy cuttings can reproduce adventitious roots and buds. Leafy babies. On the leaves of bryophyllum, in the corners of the teeth of the leaf blade, adventitious buds are formed, developing into new plants with adventitious roots. Falling, they are fixed in the soil. Vegetative propagation
Reproduction by roots. Root offshoots are shoots arising from adventitious buds on the roots. Root offspring reproduce plants that easily form adventitious buds on the roots: cherry, plum, raspberry, lilac, aspen. Root suckers are usually dug up and transplanted during the dormant period of the plant. The root cutting is part of the root. They breed species, on the roots of which adventitious buds easily develop: horseradish, raspberries, cherries, roses. Root tubers. They are thickenings of lateral roots. Root tubers reproduce sweet potatoes, and dahlias in ornamental gardening. When breeding dahlias, it is necessary to take root tubers with the base of the stem bearing the buds, since the root tubers do not form buds. Vegetative propagation
Reproduction by tissue culture. Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or organs on artificial media. The tissue culture method makes it possible to obtain clones of some higher plants. Cloning is the production of a collection of individuals from one mother by vegetative means. Cloning is used for the propagation of valuable plant varieties and for the improvement of the planting material. Vegetative propagation
Plant organ Reproduction features Aboveground shoots 1. Cuttings 2. Whiskers (stolons) 3. Creeping shoots 4. Dividing the bush 5. Layers 6. Grafting (by drawing together, by cutting - into the split, under the bark, copulation, budding) Underground shoots1. Rhizome 2. Tuber 3. Bulbs Root1. Root suckers 2. Root cuttings 3. Root tubers Leaf1. Leaves 2. Leafy cuttings 3. Leafy babies Tissue culture1. Using callus 2. Growing plants from cells Repetition
Reproduction of flowering plants is the reproduction of varieties unrivaled. It makes it possible to maintain continuity between different generations and maintain the number of populations at a certain level.
Plant propagation methods
Let's consider the main methods of plant propagation.
Vegetative propagation of plants, comparing with such a method of reproduction as asexual, possibly with the help of stems, leaves, buds, and so on. Vegetative propagation of plants should be carried out in favorable conditions: as well as asexual reproduction.
Consider in the table below which vegetative organ to use for the propagation of certain crops:
Asexual reproduction is carried out through spores. A spore is a specialized cell that sprouts without association with other cells. They can be diploid and haploid. Asexual reproduction is possible by means of flagella for movement. Asexual can spread through the winds. Asexual propagation is the most common breeding method. indoor plants.
Reproduction of indoor plants
Reproduction of plants refers to the association of special germ cells called gametes. Gametes are the same and different in their morphological state. Isogamy is the fusion of the same gametes; heterogamy is the fusion of gametes of different sizes. For certain groups of vegetation, alternation of generations is characteristic.
There are the following types of plant propagation:
This method is very well known and at the same time quite reliable. Propagated by dividing the bushy roots of the planting, which can grow from root shoots from dormant buds.
To divide the bushes, you need a knife, with which you can neatly divide the bush into the desired number, however, each part should have at least 3 shoots or buds. Then all parts must be planted in containers and the growth conditions necessary for new plantings must be provided. In addition, in some cases, in order to obtain new root shoots, the bush must be pruned before the growing season, while the shoots must be left only in the central part of the plant. By the end summer period new shoots grow, which can be used for reproduction.
Plant cuttings
Reproduction of indoor plants can also be carried out using another method of dividing the bushes, only its difference is that it is not a natural option for planting propagation.
Reproduction using cuttings consists in cutting off cuttings from adult plants for rooting and further growing new copies of plants - an exact copy of the mother. Based on which part of the plant is used for grafting, cuttings are root, stem and leaf. Bulbous plants can also be propagated in this way.
Consider the main types of cuttings:
This good way reproduction for indoor plants, mainly forming new shoots on the sides, which grow at the roots. The meaning of the method lies in the fact that the rhizome of the plant is divided into parts, the length of which is 10 centimeters. Dip the areas of the slices charcoal... Then the cuttings must be planted in the ground in pre-made grooves with a slight downward slope, while a little river sand must be applied to the base. Then the grooves must be covered with sand mixed with soil.
Thus, it turns out that a small layer of sand is located near the roots, which facilitates the adaptation of plantings. In addition, the distance from the roots to the ground should not be more than three centimeters.
They can be obtained by cutting off small plant stems, which may be green, semi-lignified and lignified.
Green cuttings are new shoots of a plant with green stalks, basically they have a growing point and about 4 grown leaves. Based on the number of the latter, the growth of the shoot may be different. Apply this method better in spring or in early summer, when the plant is actively developing. To do this, you need to cut off the upper part of the shoots that have the aforementioned features. Different plants have different rooting periods.
Green blacks
The layering method consists in the fact that new plantings grow by rooting shoots during their development.
Air layering are quite effective method increasing the number of landings. Reproduction in this way is not suitable for all types of plantings. It is mainly used when the landing length is large enough.
First, you need to determine the length of the future planting and select the appropriate area on the stem, free it from leaves and make a couple of cuts near the stem in the liberated area. Then, at the incision site, you need to apply moss or soil for rooting.
An interesting option is the film that is used to cover the plastic pot. In the central part of its base, it is necessary to make holes equal to the diameter of the stems, and then saw it into two parts, so that the cutting area takes place between the holes. Then the two parts of the container must be combined on the plant, so that the stem is in this hole, and secured. Wrap the stem area with moss, place in a container, where we fill in light soil. After all the above points, the soil must be constantly moistened, and when the shoot begins to give roots, the stem of the mother planting must be cut off under the base of the pot, and the new planting must be transplanted into another container for further cultivation. Thus, the following plants can be propagated: ficus, jasmine and dracaena.
1. What is the basis of vegetative reproduction?
Vegetative propagation is a property that distinguishes plant organisms from animals. The basis of vegetative propagation is the ability of plants to regenerate. Regeneration— it is the renewal of the whole organism from its parts as a result of cell division. As a result of vegetative reproduction, a large number of identical offspring appears, which are a copy of the parent plant. Together they form clone - offspring that arises from one individual by vegetative reproduction. Cloning allows a person to preserve the varietal characteristics of many cultivated plants. Today, a method of cell and tissue culture has been developed, thanks to which plant clones are obtained by growing them on a nutrient medium from one cell or group of cells. Cloning allows the cultivation of valuable or rare plants from individual cells (for example, growing ginseng), quickly get a large plant mass for extracting certain nutrients. so, the basis of vegetative reproduction is regeneration.
2. How is natural vegetative reproduction carried out?
As you already know, plants have altered organs - bulb., rhizome, tuber etc., which carry out vegetative reproduction. Bulbs lilies, daffodils, tulips, etc. reproduce large area via rhizomes. The separation and transformation of parts of the rhizome into independent plants can be facilitated by animals living in the soil (for example, moles, mice, beetles), etc. Some plants multiply tubers(potatoes, corydalis, Jerusalem artichoke). Plants are often propagated by aerial shoots. So, a forest strawberry during the summer grows several creeping shoots - mustache, on the tops of which young shoots and adventitious roots develop. Over time, the whiskers dry out and die off, and new plants begin to live on their own. Poplar, willow, aspen can multiply by rooting branches. The wind will break the branch, transfer it to wet soil - and now it has already taken root and gave rise to a new plant. Many woody plants (for example, cherries, raspberries, lilacs) reproduce root suckers. So, natural vegetative reproduction occurs with the help of parts of vegetative organs and their modifications.
3. What are the ways of artificial vegetative propagation of cultivated plants?Material from the site
For vegetative propagation of plants, a person often chooses the very methods by which wild species reproduce: mustache and propagate strawberries, tubers - potatoes, etc. Lilacs, raspberries are propagated by root offspring, and berry crops are propagated by dividing the bush. In plant growing, special methods of vegetative propagation are also used - grafting and vaccination.Cuttings -this is reproduction by parts of the shoot or root separated from the organism. By hand is called a part of a shoot or a root with several buds. Stem cuttings, that is, parts of the shoot with several buds, propagate Tradescantia, wine-hail, etc., with parts of the roots with several adventitious buds - root cuttings - propagate raspberries, plums. Plants such as begonia, lemon propagate leafy cuttings - separate leaves, which have adventitious buds, giving rise to adventitious roots and shoots. Graft— it is the fusion of a cuttings of one plant (scion) with another rooted plant (rootstock). About 100 different methods of vaccination are known, which are combined into three types: inoculation(budding) - scion grafting, having only one bud, taken with a thin layer of bark (for example, from roses); graft grafting(copulating) - inoculation obliquely cut scion cuttings with several buds (in fruit trees, etc.); rapprochement vaccination(coating) - grafting, in which the scion does not separate from the parent plant until it is completely fused with the stock (for example, in grapes). So, artificial vegetative reproduction is carried out using parts of vegetative organs or their modifications, using special methods of reproduction — grafting and grafting.
Reproduction is one of the characteristic features of all living organisms along with respiration, nutrition, movement and others. Its value can hardly be overestimated, because it ensures, and therefore, the very existence of life on planet Earth.
In nature, this process is carried out different ways... One of them is asexual vegetative reproduction. It occurs mainly in plants. The importance of vegetative reproduction and its varieties will be discussed in our publication.
The school course in biology defines vegetative reproduction of plants (grade 6, section "Botany") as one of the species of asexual. This means that in the course of its implementation, germ cells are not involved. And, accordingly, the recombination of genetic information is impossible.
This is the most ancient way of reproduction, typical for plants, fungi, bacteria and some animals. Its essence lies in the formation of daughter individuals from maternal ones.
In addition to vegetative reproduction, there are other methods of asexual reproduction. The most primitive of these is cell division in two. This is how plants and bacteria multiply.
A special form of asexual reproduction is the formation of spores. Horsetails, ferns, mosses and moss reproduce in this way.
Often, during asexual reproduction, a new organism develops from a whole group of parental cells. This type of asexual reproduction is called vegetative.
The vegetative organs of plants are the shoot, which consists of a stem and leaf, and the root is an underground organ. By splitting off a multicellular part or a petiole from them, a person can carry out vegetative reproduction.
What is grafting for example? This is the method of the aforementioned artificial vegetative propagation. So, in order to increase the number of currant or gooseberry shrubs, you need to take part of their root system with buds, from which the shoot will recover over time.
But for the propagation of grapes, stem stalks are suitable. After a while, the root system of the plant will be restored from them. A prerequisite is the presence of buds on any kind of petiole.
But for the reproduction of many indoor plants, leaves are often used. Surely, many people bred the uzambar violet in this way.
Many plants form modifications of vegetative organs that allow them to perform additional functions. One of these functions is vegetative reproduction. What are special modifications of shoots, we will understand if we consider separately rhizomes, bulbs and tubers.
This part of the plant is located underground and resembles a root, but, despite the name, is a modification of the shoot. It consists of elongated internodes, from which the adventitious roots and leaves extend.
Examples of plants that reproduce with rhizomes are lily of the valley, iris, mint. Sometimes the named organ can also be found in weeds. Everyone knows how difficult it can be to get rid of wheatgrass. Pulling it out of the ground, a person, as a rule, leaves parts of the overgrown wheatgrass rhizome underground. And through certain time they germinate again. Therefore, in order to get rid of the named weed, it must be carefully dug out.
Leeks, garlic, daffodils also multiply with the help of subdesmous modifications of the shoots, which are called bulbs. Their flat stem is called the bottom. It contains juicy fleshy leaves that store nutrients and buds. They give rise to new organisms. The bulb allows the plant to survive under the ground a difficult period for reproduction - drought or cold.
To propagate potatoes, you do not need to sow seeds, although they form flowers and fruits. This plant reproduces by underground modifications by shoots - tubers. To propagate potatoes, it is not even necessary that the tuber be whole. A fragment of it is enough, containing buds, which will sprout underground, restoring the entire plant as a whole.
And strawberries and strawberries, after flowering and fruiting, form ground lashes (whiskers), on which new shoots appear. By the way, they should not be confused with the tendrils of grapes, for example. In this plant, they perform a different function - the ability to gain a foothold on a support, for a more comfortable position in relation to the sun.
Plants are not the only ones able to reproduce by separating their multicellular parts. This phenomenon is also observed in animals. Fragmentation as vegetative propagation - what is it? This process is based on the ability of organisms to regenerate - to restore lost or damaged body parts. For example, from a body part earthworm a whole individual can be restored, including the integuments and internal organs of the animal.
Budding is another way of reproduction, but vegetative buds have nothing to do with it. Its essence is as follows: a protrusion is formed on the body of the maternal organism, it grows, acquires the features of an adult organism and splits off, starting an independent existence.
This budding process occurs in the freshwater hydra. But in other representatives of coelenterates - - the resulting protrusion is not split off, but remains on the mother's body. As a result, bizarre forms of reefs are formed.
An increase in the amount of butter dough, which is prepared with yeast, by the way, is also the result of their vegetative propagation by budding.
As you can see, vegetative reproduction in nature is widespread enough. This method leads to a rapid increase in the number of individuals of a certain species. Plants even have a number of adaptations for this, in the form and the shoot.
Using artificial vegetative reproduction (what such a concept implies has already been said earlier), a person propagates plants that he uses in his economic activities. It does not require an individual of the opposite sex. And for the germination of young plants or the development of new individuals, the conditions in which the mother's organism lives are quite familiar.
However, all varieties of asexual reproduction, including vegetative, have one feature. Its result is the emergence of genetically identical organisms, which are an exact copy of the mother. For the preservation of the biological species and hereditary characteristics, this method of reproduction is ideal. But with variability, everything is much more complicated.
Asexual reproduction, in general, deprives organisms of the possibility of the appearance of new traits, and therefore one of the ways to adapt to changing conditions. environment... Therefore, most species in wildlife are also capable of sexual intercourse.
Despite this significant drawback, vegetative propagation is still the most valuable and widely used in the cultivation of cultivated plants. A person is satisfied with this method because of the wide variety of possibilities, short periods of time, and the number of organisms that reproduce in the described way.
Write down question numbers and missing words (or groups of words):
1. With asexual reproduction, (_) always participates in reproduction.
2. The difference from sexual reproduction is that during asexual reproduction (_).
3. There are several forms of asexual reproduction of plants: (_), (_), (_).
4. Asexual reproduction of unicellular organisms (_) and (_).
5. The set of chromosomes in the spores of higher plants (_).
6. If spores are formed on a diploid plant, then they are formed by (_).
7. If spores are formed on a haploid plant, then they are formed by (_).
8. Genetically unequal spores are formed in plants with sporophyte (_).
10. The spore-forming plant is called (_).
11. The plant that forms gametes is called (_).
12. Homosporous plants are called (_).
13. Diverse plants are called (_).
14. Equidosporous plants include (_).
15. Diverse plants include (_).
Review the drawing and answer the questions:
1. What methods of reproduction by aerial shoots are shown in the figure?
Review the drawing and answer the questions:
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1. What methods of reproduction by underground shoots are shown in the figure by numbers 1 - 3?
2. How is plant propagation possible in practice by these methods?
1. What breeding method is shown in the picture?
2. How in practice is it possible to reproduce plants using these methods?
3. Why is a growing cone used for breeding?
Fill the table:
Organ | Way | Examples of | Description of the breeding method |
1. Root offspring 2. Root cuttings 3. Root tubers | |||
1. Leaves 2. Leafy cuttings 3. Leaf babies | |||
Aerial shoots | 1. Mustache (stolons) 2. Creeping shoots 3. Layers 4. Cuttings | ||
Underground shoots | 1. Rhizome 2. Tuber 3. Bulbs | ||
Vaccinations | 1. Rapprochement 3. Budding | ||
Tissue culture |
Define terms or expand concepts (in one sentence, highlighting the most important features):
1. Vegetative reproduction. 2. Root offspring. 3. Leaf babies. 4. Budding. 5. Graft. 6. Rootstock. 7. Reproduction by cell culture. 8. Benefits of vegetative propagation.
Exercise 1.
1. Ode individual. 2. There is no fusion of genetic material. 3. Division, sporulation, vegetative reproduction. 4. Division and sporulation. 5. Haploid. 6. Meiosis. 7. Mitosis. 8. Diploid. 9. Aplanospores, zoospores. 10. Sporophyte. 11. Gametophyte. 12. Plants forming morphologically indistinguishable spores. 13. Plants morphologically different - microspores and megaspores. 14. Algae, mosses, horsetails, some moss and ferns. 15. Certain lyes, aquatic ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants.
Task 2.
1.1 - root suckers; 2 - root cuttings; 3 - root tubers. 2. Raspberries, plums easily form adventitious buds on the roots from which root suckers develop, it is enough to separate them and settle them in a permanent place. Horseradish root can be cut into pieces and planted, each root cutting gives a new plant. Dahlias are propagated by root tubers. In the fall, they are dug up and separated, planted in the spring. 3. 4 - adventitious buds on the leaves; 5 - whole leaves; 6 - leafy cuttings. 4. In bryophyllum, adventitious buds are formed along the edge of the leaf and miniature plants are formed - children, which easily take root in a new place. Begonia, saintpaulia reproduce with whole leaves. In water, the cut leaves form adventitious roots and buds, which take root well. Sansevier and begonia can be cut into leafy cuttings and from which new plants are formed.
Task 3.
1.1 - reproduction by aerial stolons (whiskers); 2 - reproduction by creeping shoots; 3 - reproduction by layering; 4 - propagation by cuttings. 2. 1 - after the formation of the daughter plant, the stolon is cut off, the plant is transplanted to a permanent place; 2 - it is enough to divide the plant into several independent ones; 3. In the spring, bend down and drop in the middle part of the branch, it is better to tie the top to the peg. In the summer, adventitious roots are formed and in the fall, the plant can be separated from the mother. 4. Many plants propagate by cuttings, for example, a cut-off tradescantia shoot in water or wet soil gives adventitious roots and becomes an independent plant.
Task 4.
1.1 - rhizome; 2 - tuber; 3 - onion. 2. Cutting the rhizome of indoor plants into cuttings can increase the number of plants. This is how irises and perennial asters propagate. Potatoes are propagated with whole tubers or parts of tubers with buds. Babies are often formed on the bulbs, which are used to grow new plants.
Task 5.
1. 1 - copulation (the diameter of the scion and the rootstock are the same); 2 - budding, inoculation with an eye; 3 - inoculation by rapprochement; 4 - grafting into the split (the diameter of the scion is less than the diameter of the rootstock); 5 - grafting into the stock (the diameter of the scion is less than the diameter of the stock). 2. Graft - a plant to be grafted into, stock - a plant to be grafted into.
Task 6.
1. Growing cells on a nutrient medium is called a cell culture. 2. The cells of the growing cone are taken from the plant, sterilized to destroy microorganisms and placed in a nutrient medium, where the cells multiply. They can then be separated and in test tubes, creating certain conditions, you can achieve their transformation into miniature plants. 3. The cells of the growing cone retain the ability to divide and are educational tissue.
Task 7.
Organ | Way | Examples of | Description of the breeding method |
1. Root offspring 2. Root cuttings 3. Root tubers |
Dahlias | Adventitious buds are formed on the roots, from which root suckers develop. The root is cut into pieces, each root cutting gives a new plant. In autumn, root tubers are dug up and separated, planted in spring. |
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1. Leaves 2. Leafy cuttings 3. Leaf babies | Saintpaulia Bryophyllum | In water, the cut leaves form adventitious roots and buds, which take root well. Cut leafy cuttings and put in water. New plants are formed from them. Children formed along the edge of the sheet easily take root in a new place. |
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Aerial shoots | 1. Mustache (stolons) 2. Creeping shoots 3. Layers 4. Cuttings | Strawberry Creeping clover Currant Tradescantia | After the formation of roots in the daughter plant, the stolon is cut off, the plant is transplanted to a permanent place. After the formation of roots, it is enough to divide the plant into several independent ones. In the spring, they bend down and drop in the middle part of the branch. In the fall, the plant can be separated from the mother. The cut off shoot of Tradescantia in water or moist soil gives adventitious roots and becomes an independent plant. |
Underground shoots | 1. Rhizome 2. Tuber 3. Bulbs |
Potato | By cutting the rhizome of indoor plants into cuttings, you can increase the number of plants. Potatoes are propagated with whole tubers or parts of tubers with buds. Babies are often formed on the bulbs, which are used to grow new plants. |
Vaccinations | 1. Rapprochement 2. Grafting by cutting (copulation, split, under the bark) 5. Budding | Cut off part of the bark with wood from the scion and rootstock, combine them and bandage them. If the diameter of the scion and the stock is the same, cut obliquely, combine the bark and wood and bandage it. Or they are grafted into the split or under the bark, if the diameter of the scion is larger. A bud with bark and wood is cut from the scion and inserted into the T-shaped incision of the rootstock. Bandaged. |
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The culture | By the cells of the educational tissue | Ginseng | The cells of the growing cone are taken from the plant, sterilized and placed in a nutrient medium, where the cells multiply. Then in test tubes, creating certain conditions, you can achieve their transformation into miniature plants |
Task 8.
1. Reproduction by means of vegetative organs. 2. Plants formed from adventitious buds on the roots. 3. Plants formed from adventitious buds formed on the leaves. 4. Method of vegetative propagation by means of kidney grafting. 5. The plant to be grafted. 6. The plant to which they are grafted. 7. A group of cells of educational tissue, from which a large number of new plants are grown. 8. Vegetative propagation fully preserves the properties of the mother plant.
