And today we will introduce our readers with the meaning of the word "wigwam" and its differences from the "Tipi" of the nomadic tribes.
Traditionally, Wigwam is called the place of residence of forest Indians who lived in the northern and northeastern part of the continent North America. As a rule, Vigvam is a small slag,the total height of which is 3-4 meters. It has a dome-shaped form, and about 30 people can live at the same time in the largest wigvamama. Also, the Wigvamam can also include small chalashi, having a conical shape and similar to Tipi. Now Wigwams are often used as a place for traditional rituals.
Vigvamov analogs can also be found in some African peoples, Chukchi, Events and Soytov.
As a rule, the hut cake is made from thin and flexible wood trunks. They are binding and covered with bark of trees or mats from plants, corn leaves, skins and slices of fabric. Meets also combined option Coatings that are also additionally strengthened with a special outer frame, and in the case of its absence, trunks or special poles. The entrance to the wigwam closes the curtain, and it can be both small and the full height of Wigwam.
In the upper part of Wigwam there is a chimney, which is often covered with a piece of cortex. Rim up it to withdraw the smoke with the help of a pole. The dome-shaped versions of Wigwamov can be both vertical and inclined walls. Most often there are round vigvama, but sometimes you can see a rectangular design. Wigwam can be pulled into a sufficiently long oval and also have some chimneys instead of one. As a rule, oval wigwams are called long houses.
The vigvamov conical shape of the frame is made of direct poles that are connected together on top.
The word "Wigwam" originates in Protoalgonkinsky adverb, and it translates as "their home". However, there is also an opinion that this word came to the Indians from the language of Eastern Abenakov. In different nations, their variant of the pronunciation of this word, but in general they are close enough.
Also known and another term -wetu. Despite the fact that it is widely used by Indians from Massachusetts, this term did not fit in the rest of the world.
In our time, Wigwam is most often called dome-shaped inhabitants, as well as the simplest chalashi designs in which Indians live from other regions. Each tribe gives his name to his Vigvam.
In the literature, this term is most often found as the designation of the dome-shaped place of the residence of the Indians from the fiery land. They are quite similar to the traditional wigwams of the Indians from North America, but they are distinguished by the lack of horizontal ligaments on the frame.
Also, Wigwam is often called the dwelling of the Indians with high plains, which correctly call the word.
Different sized tent, according to the form similar to Wigvama, is often used in various rituals of revival and purification in the tribes of the Great Plains, as well as from a number of other regions. In this case, a special pyrine is done and the Vigvam himself is in this case is the body of the greatest spirit. A round form denotes the world as a single whole, and pairs in this case are a preamune of the greatest spirit that makes spiritual and cleansing regeneration and transformation.
What is Wigvam? This is a typical design of rods and birch crust, used including the Indian tribes of the northeastern cultural group, as home or asylum.
The very concept comes from the word used by the Abenakian tribe, and means the house. It was a shelter form used by various tribes of the Indians, especially those who lived in the northeast forest. What is Wigvam? This is a house that is usually building a domestic form.
It achieved, as a rule, 2.5-3 meters in height and about 12 meters in the diameter. First manufactured wooden framewhich was then covered with other available materials, such as animal skins. The joints of the design firmly fasten with ropes. From the end of the 1700s, the fabric sometimes began to be used to cover the wigvamov.
What is Wigvam? This word was once used to describe all regardless of the structure, location or cultural group. In fact, this term is used to describe the semi-permanent types of shelters used by the cultural group of the northeastern forest massif. Wetu word is translated as "home" in the tribe of vampoagov. The term "Birch House" is also used as an alternative name for Wigwam. The word "Wikip" is used to describe such primitive dwellings, but is distributed to the tribes in the south-west of the United States.
The difference between Wigwam and Tipi is as follows: Vigvam was used by the tribes of the northeastern forest cultural group, while Tipi used nomadic tribes of the Great Plains. The first was a semi-permanent design, the second was completely tolerant. Forest tribes had access to the forests and used Beresto as coating for their shelters.
The tribes hunted on the bison and used buffalo skins as coatings for their homes. Wigwam demanded more time to build, while Tipi was easily and rapidly erected. Some were domed, while others were reminded of pyramido-shaped tents.
Usually, the Vigvam was used as a dwelling with indigenous Indian tribes (Vampanoag, Schona, Abenaki, Sauk, Fox, Beckot, Naraganastet, Kickup, Okubva and OTO), who lived around the Great Lakes and the Eastern Coast and had access to Bereste from forests in their territories. These structures were comfortable to tribes that were in one place for several months. Algonkinsky tribes of northeastern Indians who used Wigwams lived in the villages during the agricultural season, engage in the cultivation of corn, pumpkins, zucchini, beans and tobacco.
During the hunting season, small family groups moved to hunting camps. When the family moved to a new place, Indian Vigvam was disassembled in such a way that the frame from the rod remained untouched, and all the coating the Indians were taken with them. Upon his return, the house was covered again required materials. And if the frame was already unavailable, it was raised again.
Each tribe chooses the type of housing in accordance with his lifestyle, climate, the environment and natural resources that are available to them. Wigwam (a photo of such structures is in the article) was chosen as the most suitable type of housing and style of the house, since he corresponded to the lifestyle of the tribes inhabiting forest areas.
How to make Vigvam? In fact, it is not so difficult, it will take a minimum of equipment. The main materials used to create an authentic Wigwam are branches of flexible trees or seedlings. To begin with, the circle is drawn, which is about 12 meters in diameter. Then evenly around the circle are made 16 holes to a depth of about 20-30 cm. The trunks firmly firmly secured in the holes, thus forming the domestic form of Wigvama.
Horizontal hoops are attached to the other frame with hard fibers of a tree bark. Then the entire design is covered with sheets of beered, forming a roof and walls. Sometimes, for additional protection The dwellings, a layer of straw or dried herbs is placed on the bark. Woven mats, skins, canvas and blankets were also covered by Vigvam if these things were available to the owners. They held in place with rope. The space left for the doorway is an input valve that allows people to get into the wigvam. And the smoke hole done on top serves as a kind of chimney to eliminate the outside of smoke from fire and air circulation.
The size of the vigvamov was the most different, in the biggest structures could simultaneously live up to 30 tribesmen. Currently, these designs are often used as a venue for traditional rites. Vigvamov analogs can be found in some African nations, Chukchi, Evenks and Soytov.
Vigvam, depending on the size you bet, can serve as a tent in the campaign, and a locker room on the beach, and a kitchen in a campsite, and a game orchard on panstone and in the apartment.
Indian Vigvam - One of the most simple tents that has no cables or pegs. The walls of the tent support four long sticks. Sticks stretched through the lining, sewn in the corners of the planes.
Even for hiking goals to sew It is possible from an ordinary canvase, not necessarily from the moisture-proof. At shovel walls, the water will flock - and the tent will not burst.
It will be more beautiful if you are a sprinkle of colored fabric or decorate the patterns and appliqués.
Sew the fabric with linen seam, then cut the four identical planes, each in the form of a trapezoid 3 (see the scheme). The base of the trapezoid is 1200 mm, side 1480 mm. All four walls (let's call them part 1, 2, 3, 4) have the same form.
Before connecting the sides, strengthen the top of the walls by sewing doubly folded fabric 5.
Now the right edge of parts 1 impose on the left edge of parts 2 and sew from both sides - this method is shown by arrows in the picture in the circle (with right side drawing). A long lining is obtained between the sewn edges, which will enter a stick 6.
We recommend that you first prepare sticks and, accordingly, their thickness to outline the width of lining.
Production scheme wigwam do it yourself:
Sust in the same way part 2 with part 3, part 3 with part 4, and part 4 with part 1. Now you need to make the "door" in the vigrants, for this wall 2, cut in the middle and cut the strips of fine tissue. Drive on each side of the damp or ordinary shoelaces - then the "door" can be closed. Tension the cloth on the sticks and tie sticks at the top. To the ribbon not slipped - you can sew additional loops. The diameter of the stick should be approximately 14 mm.
If you use the Wigwam design for manufacture game Domin for ChildrenMake a tent more elegant. On the walls of Wigwam, the sew ornamental appliqués in the style of the Indians; On the rope are the bright suspensions, beads, buttons, tinted rings from the curtains and hang them to the top of Wigwam. You can draw patterns on a floor with an adhesive gun with colored rods.
For use In nature, the fastened floor.
In the Kit Vigvam, the Indian Slippers-Moccasins \u003e\u003e\u003e
The host version of Wigwam - Vigvama Square is larger and, accordingly, increased the number of supporting poles:
And now the most mysterious: on all the photos presented above are depicted, strictly speaking, not vigvam, but typi. Somehow it was necessary that all the dwellings of the Indians we refer to Wigvami. But between wigwam and Tipi There is a significant difference.
We read:
Dwelling of the Indians of North America.
Wigwam is a chalash on a frame made of thin trunks covered with a mat, bark or branches. It has dome-shaped form, unlike Tipi, housing conical shape.
The dwelling in American Indians relates to the ritual for cleansing and rebirth and is the body of the Great Spirit. Its rounded shape personifies the world as a whole, couples - visible image of the Great Spirit, which makes a cleansing and spiritual transformation. Get on the white light from this dark room means to leave behind everything is unclean. Chimney provides access to heaven and entrance for spiritual power.
Tipi(In the SIU-THIPI language, denotes any dwelling) - an ubiquitous name for the traditional portable dwelling of nomadic Indians of the Great Plains with a hearth, located inside (center). This type of dwelling was also used by the mining tribes of the Far West.
Tipi has the form of a straight or slightly tilted cone or pyramid on the frame of the poles, with a tire, sewn from the processed bison or deer skins. Later, with the development of trade with Europeans, a more easy canal was used more often. From above there is a flue hole.
The entrance to Tipi is always located on the east side, which has its own poetic explanation. "This is in order," said the Indians of the tribe of the Blackheads, "so that, going out in the morning from Tipi, thank the sun."
Men were supposed to be in the northern part of Tipi, women in South.In Tipi, it is customary to move clockwise (through the sun). Guests, especially those who came to the dwelling, were to be placed in the women's part.
Decor Tipi. Most of tipi In the camp was not painted. Colorful tipi It was drawn up in accordance with the traditional decor of the tribe and often represented a stylized image of nature and animal phenomena.
For example:
Red color symbolized the earth and fire. They could be depicted mountains, prairies, steppe fire and so on.
Yellow - Color of stone, as well as lightning, which was often portrayed by a line coming from the top.
White color in addition to air, empty space, could mean water.
Black and blue - sky.
In addition to drawing tipi could decorate with false amules; medallions made by traditional embroidery needles of the dickery; Military or hunting trophies; bison tails; horns and various crafts.
National The best reflects their image and lifestyle, which largely depends on the genus of people and climatic environmental conditions. So, settled peoples live in and twilight, nomads - in tents and slashes. Hunters cover their housing with skins, and farmers - leaves, plants and earth stems. In previous articles, we told you about and, and today our story is dedicated american Indians and their famous traditional dwellings – wigwamm, Tipi and Hoganam.
Wigwam is the main type of North America Indians. In fact, Vigvam is the usual shala on the frame, which is made of thin tree trunks and is covered with branches, bark or mats. Such a structure has a dome-shaped, but not a conical, shape. Very often, Wigwam is confused with Tipi: take at least a ball from the famous cartoon "Prostokvashino", which was sure that I painted on the stove Wigwam. In fact, he painted Tipi, which has a cone form.
According to the urges of the American Indians, Wigwam personified the body of the Great Spirit. The round the shape of the housing symbolized the world, and the man coming out from Wigwam on the White Light should have left behind everything bad and unclean. In the middle of Wigwam, there was a furnace with, which symbolized the world axis connecting the land with heaven and leading straight to the sun. It was believed that such chimney provides access to heaven and opens the entrance of spiritual strength.
Interesting is the fact that the presence of a focus in Wigwam does not mean at all that the Indians were preparing food there. Wigwam was intended exclusively for sleep and rest, and all other things were made outside.
Tipi, which, as we said, are often confused with Wigwam, is a portable nomadic Indians of the Great Plains and some mountain tribes of the Far West. Tipi has a form of a pyramid or cone (slightly tilted back or straight), made in the form of a frame of poles and covered with a cloth from the stitched skin of deer or bison. Depending on the size of the design for the manufacture of one TIPI, from 10 to 40 animal skins. Later, when America has established trade from Europe, Tipi often covered easier sail. A small inclination of some cone-shaped Tipi made it possible to withstand strong winds of the Great Plains.
Inside Tipi, the center was equipped with a hearth, and from above (on the "ceiling") was a smoke hole with two smoke valves - blades that could be adjusted using the poles. The lower part of Tipi was usually equipped with an additional lining, which was isolated inside people from the outdoor stream and, thus, created enough comfortable accommodation conditions during the cold season. However, in different Indian tribes Tipi had their own constructive features And somewhat different from each other.
Surprisingly, during the time of the Preconionial era, the transportation of Tipi was mainly carried out by women and dogs, and they spent a lot of effort because of a sufficiently large weight of the design. The appearance of horses not only eliminated this problem, but also made it possible to increase the size of the base of Tipi to 5-7 m. Tipi was established usually by the entrance to the East, but this rule was not observed if it was located in a circle.
Life in Indian Tipi proceeded in its special etiquette. So, women were supposed to live in the southern part of the dwelling, and men in North. It was necessary to move to Tipi through the Sun (clockwise). Guests, especially those that came for the first time, had to be in the female part. The riding of inadvertising was considered to go between the hearth and someone else, since it violated the connection of all those present with fire. To go to his place, a person, if possible, should have moved behind the backs of the sitting people. But there were no special rituals of leaving: if someone wanted to leave, he could do it immediately and without unnecessary ceremonies.
In modern life, TIPIs most often use conservative Indian families, holy traditions of ancestors, indianists and historical reconstructors. Also today there are tourist tents with the name "Tipi", appearance which somewhat resembles traditional Indian dwellings.
Hogan is another type of American Indians, the most common Navajo people. Traditional Hogan has a conical shape and a round base, but today you can meet square khogans. As a rule, the door of Hogan is placed on his east side, as the Indians are confident that at the entrance through this door the sun will surely bring good luck to the house.
Navao believed that the first Hogan for the first man and the woman was built by a courage with Bobrov. Bobra gave a log cabin and taught him how. Today, such a Hogan is called "Male Hogan" or "Hogan with a fork sole"And its appearance resembles a pentagonal pyramid. Often outside the five-marched shape of the house is hidden behind thick earthwalls protecting the structure from winter weather. In front of such a hogan is the lobby. Men's Hogans are used mainly for private or religious ceremonies.
As housing, Navao used "Women's" or Round Hoganswhich were also called " family houses" Such dwellings have several large sizes than "male hogans", and did not have the lobby. Up until the beginning of the 20th century, the Navajo Indians built their hogans in accordance with the described method, but then they began to erect hexagonal and octagonal houses. According to one of the versions, such changes were associated with the advent of the railway. When wooden sleepers got into the hands of Indians, which needed to be placed horizontally, they began to build spacious and high with additional premisesBut at the same time they retained the form of "female" hogan.
Curious is the fact that numerous beliefs were associated with the Hogan in the Indians. For example, it was impossible to continue to live in Hogan, about who were rubbed by the bear, or not far from which lightning struck. And if someone died in Hogan, the body was lit inside and burned together with, or endured it through the northern hole, pierced in the wall, and Hogan left forever. Moreover, the wood of abandoned khoganov never and no purpose was used again.
In addition to the Hoganov, the people of Navajo were also common underground, summer houses and Indian pairs. Currently, some old hogs are used as ceremonial structures, and some - as a dwelling. However, new hogans are rarely built in order to further live in them.
In conclusion, I would like to say that Wigwams, Tipi and Hogans are not all kinds national Houses of American Indians . There were such builds as vikup, Malok, Toldo, etc.who had both shared and distinctive features with the design described above.
The Indians had two types of dwellings, which distinguished them from other nations, is Tipi and Wigwam. They have features peculiar to the people who used them. They are also adapted to typical people and the environment.
Houses of nomads and sedentary tribes are distinguished. The first prefer tents and chalashi, while fixed buildings or sonons are more convenient for the second more convenient. If we talk about hurns of hunters, then they could often see animal skins. North American Indians - the people for whom it was characterized by a large number of each group she was their own.
For example, Navajo preferred semi-ray. They created a global roof and a corridor called "Hogan", through which it was possible to enter inside. Former residents of Florida built pile huts, and for nomadic tribes from the subarctic, the most convenient was Vigvam. In the colder time, he was covered, and in warm - bark.
Iroquoise built a frame of wood bark that could serve under 15 years. Usually, throughout this period, the community lived near the selected fields. When the land was worn out, relocation took place. These constructions were high enough. They could reach 8 meters in height, from 6 to 10 m wide, and their length sometimes accounted for 60 meters or more. In this regard, such dwellings were nicknamed long houses. The entrance was placed in the end. Nearby was a picture depicting the Totem of the kind, the animal, which he patronized and faith. The dwelling of the Indians was divided into several compartments, each living has a couple that form a family. Everyone had in his hearth. For sleep, there were Nara near the walls.
Pueblo tribes built strengthened houses from stones and bricks. The courtyard was surrounded by a semicircle or circuit circuit. The Indian people struggled whole terraces on which houses could be built in several tiers. The roof of one dwelling became an outside site for another, located on top.
People who have chosen forests built Wigwam. This is a portable domestic dwelling in the form of the dome. It was different in small sizes. The height, as a rule, did not exceed 10 feet, however, indoor to thirty inhabitants. Now such buildings are used in ritual purposes. It is very important not to confuse them with Tipi. For nomads, such a design was quite convenient, since it did not have to apply great effort to construction. And you could always move the house to the new territory.
During the structure, trunks were used, which were well bent and were rather thin. To tie them, a leaky or birch bark, mats made from reed or reeds were used. Also came the leaves of corn and grass. Wigwam nomad was covered with cloth or skin. So that they do not sculpted, used frame outside, trunks or poles. The inlet was covered with a curtain. The walls were inclined and vertical. Planning - round or rectangular. To expand the construction, it was pulled into an oval, spending several holes for the exit of smoke. For the pyramidal form, the installation of smooth poles, which bind upstairs are characteristic.
The dwelling of the Indians, similar to a tent, called Tipi. He had a stiffe, from which a conical shape was obtained. For the formation of the tires used bison skins. The hole from above was designed specifically so that the smoke from the fire went outside. During the rain it was covered with a blade. The decoration of the walls served drawings and signs that mean the belonging to one or another owner. Tipi really finds many on the Vigvam, which is why they are often confused. This type of construction of the Indian people used also quite often as in the north, so in the south-west and far west traditionally for the purpose of nomadicity.
They also built a pyramidal or conical form. The base diameter was up to 6 meters. The forming poles reached the length of 25 feet. The tire was made from an average to create a coating had to kill from 10 to 40 animals. When North American Indians began to interact with Europeans, trading exchange began. They had a canas, who had more easily. Both skin and fabric have its drawbacks, so combined products often created. Pins made of wood used as a fastener, the coating was tied to spicks that were traphed from the ground. Especially for the movement of the air left the gap. As in Wigwam, there was a hole for the exit of smoke.
A distinctive feature is that there were valves regulating air craving. To stretch them to the bottom corners, leather belts used. This dwelling of the Indians was quite comfortable. It was possible to attach a tent or another such building that significantly expanded the inner area. From a strong wind defended the belt descended from above, which served an anchor. At the bottom, the lining was laid below, which had a width of up to 1.7 m. It retained the inner heat, fencing people from external cold. During the rain, the ceiling of a semicircular shape was stretched, which was called "Ozan".
Exploring the construction of various tribes, it can be seen that each of them differs from some of its own inherent in her feature. The number of poles is different. They are connected differently. The pyramid formed by them can be both inclined and straight. The base has an ovoid, round or oval form. The tire is dismissed in a variety of options.
Another interesting dwelling of the Indians is a Wikiyap, which is also often identified with Wigwam. The building in the form of the dome is a slash in which they lived predominantly Apache. It was covered with slices of fabric and grass. They were often used for temporary purposes to hide. Covered with branches, mats, put on steppe outlets. Atabasi, inhabited by Canada, preferred this type of building. It was perfectly suitable when the army put forward on the battle and needed in a temporary place of stay to hide himself and hide fire.
Navajo settled in the Hogans. As well as in summer-type houses and dugouts. In the hogan, the cross section of the round shape, the walls form a cone. Often there are and square designs of this type. The door was located in the eastern part: It was believed that the Sun brings good luck through her. Also in building a large cult value. There is a legend telling that Hogan was first built in the form of Coyote. He was helped by beavers. They were engaged in the construction in order to provide housing for the first people. In the midnight of the five-pointed pyramid there was a forktime pole. The faces had three angle. The place between the beams filled the earth. The walls were as dense and strong, which could effectively protect people from winter weather.
Front was located the lobby, where they conducted religious ceremonies. Residential buildings were distinguished by large sizes. In the 20th century, Navao began to build buildings with 6 and 8 corners. This is due to the fact that then it functioned not far from them railway. It was possible to get sleepers and use them in construction. There was more space and space, despite the house stood quite tight. In a word, the habitats of the Indians are quite diverse, but each of them performed functions assigned to it.
