The role of women in family and society
01.07.2017Snezhana Ivanova
The role of a woman is necessarily manifested through a reverent attitude towards dear and close people.
It is very difficult to imagine a family without a woman. She does a lot for everyone: she is engaged in raising children, helping her husband in his affairs, participating in family events, preparing food. Without the beautiful half of humanity, it would have become impossible to build a family as a unit of society in principle. Though similar situations indeed there is a place to be, yet they are rather the exception to the rule. V modern society there are various cases showing how important the roles of a loving wife and mother are. Sometimes people simply do not think about what a great responsibility lies on fragile women's shoulders. The role of women in the family is incredibly significant. Let's take a closer look at this issue.
The woman actually occupies an integral position in the house. She is the keeper of the hearth. What does it mean? This means that the overall psychological climate in the family depends on the behavior of the spouse and mother. When something goes wrong, it is the woman who serves as that support and support in an emotional sense, which is so necessary for everyone. In difficult times, the mother consoles the child, says gentle words to him, tries to cheer him up in every possible way. She does the same when it becomes necessary to support her beloved husband. She always has the right words for every loved one who needs support and approval. The role of the woman as the keeper of the hearth is of great importance. If it were not for her, short-term adversity would seem like an eternal test, from which there is no way out.
Many people will argue with this statement, thinking that feminine nature can only inspire people of art. Yes, creative people are simply more aware of this influence, but it is necessarily present. Otherwise, it would be impossible to achieve any achievement that requires a lot of effort. The question of self-realization of strong people largely depends on the degree of support that only a woman can give. The beautiful half of humanity has always inspired men to new deeds and achievements. Its role cannot be diminished here. This happens completely unconsciously, since natural programs are turned on in the head. Most people just don’t think about why they do this and not otherwise, being in specific situations... The source of inspiration can work, for example, in the case that just a man can believe in himself, realize in practice his abilities and talents.
A mother’s affection is fundamentally different from a father’s concern. The mother behaves in a completely different way. In a family, therefore, everything is arranged harmoniously, because its different members perform a different function. Unconditional love, which only a woman can exude, protects those who are next to her, whom she truly loves. Father's love still needs to be earned, to prove your right to it. Mother's love is valuable because it is not conditioned by anything. For her, the achievements of her own child are completely unimportant, because this does not prevent her from loving him with all her soul. One of the main roles of a woman lies in her gentle nature. Without such care and understanding, most people would simply grow up unhappy, unable to create truly warm and harmonious relationships. It is deeply rooted in society that the mother is the support and protection for her children.
Only by becoming a mother, a woman has the opportunity to fully reveal the great potential inherent in her by nature. In the constant care of loved ones, she blooms herself - she becomes incredibly attractive and self-sufficient. A spouse, girlfriend, mother - these are not all of her incarnations. Modern society does not limit the fair sex to have other ways of expressing her essence. And yet, family values are in the first place for most.
The role of a woman is not limited to caring for loved ones. Its role in everyday affairs is much broader than one might imagine. In modern society, unfortunately, the priority of the family is now somewhat reduced. Not everyone wants to have children and husbands. However, every person needs attention and participation. Softness and pliability are the main components of feminine nature. Through these character traits of a spouse, the mother expresses her true affection. If a woman was like a man in everything, then they would not be able to complement each other. Due to their difference, they can achieve harmony alone with each other. And this is a truly remarkable feature. For the same reason, in single-parent families there cannot be a real idyll and contentment with existing relationships. There will always be real or latent conflict between generations.
The role of a woman is necessarily manifested through a reverent attitude towards dear and close people. Tenderness and care are the main components of a harmonious and happy life within a couple. V family relationships it is impossible to live comfortably without trust, without feeling necessary and necessary for each other. In a modern family, everyone needs support and approval from others. If a person did not have such a reliable rear and berth, he would not be able to fully develop spiritually, feel happy and self-sufficient. The expressions of care from the beautiful half of humanity help to overcome any adversity. That is why the presence of the mother and wife is so important for the formation of an adequate self-awareness of the individual. Good self-esteem also depends on how the closest people treated a person, how much they allowed him to be and remain himself. Society will never be able to offend and morally trample on those who have the care and support of loved ones behind them. A mother's tenderness is generally capable of working miracles. She protects her child, regardless of how old he is and how close their relationship really is.
The inner nature of a woman is such that she has a need to give love, sacrifice herself for the sake of loved and dear people. Her role in this world is filled with genuine love and gratitude. The desire to give care and warmth are not stereotypes imposed on it by society, but represent a deep need of the individual. The more a loving spouse reveals herself in interaction with her household members, the more she realizes her inner nature. Without this, it is impossible to imagine happiness. The fair sex takes great pleasure in caring for others, rather than in worrying only about her own material or other well-being. For her, first of all, it is important that the circumstance how happy her children and spouse feel themselves. Only in this case does she begin to experience tremendous inner satisfaction. Only then can we talk about a truly self-sufficient person.
A normal family in the public sense cannot take place without the presence of a woman. Her role as mother and wife is crucial. The more a spouse watches over the house, takes concrete actions for the benefit of her narrow circle of people, the more she experiences inner satisfaction. This truth has long been known to initiated people who possess unsurpassed spiritual wisdom. A faithful spouse is the hypostasis that allows a lady to remain satisfied with her relationship with herself. When she does not have the opportunity to show her love, to give warmth and care to someone, such a girl begins to become a burden to herself. She runs out of inner strength, she does not want to create, to strive for something greater and brighter than she currently has. For each of the fair sex, it is extremely important to feel their own demand in caring for others. She seeks to give in order to feel her worth.
Thus, the need for a mother and wife is to really be able to feel the inner climate within their family. Next to such a person, everyone around will be happy.
The abstract was completed by: class 10 student "A" Vasilyeva N.
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.
Average comprehensive school № 34.
Khabarovsk
"Social progress and changes in periods are made in proportion to the progress of women to freedom, and the fall of the social system is in proportion to the decrease in women's freedom."
François Marie Charles Fourier (1808)
On the role of women in modern society.
No human society can develop harmoniously, moving towards a higher state, if the role of women is diminished in it and the ratio of two complementary principles - male and female, is not balanced, because the position of women, like a litmus test, reveals the actual degree of civilization of a particular social or religious community and also unmistakably reflects the degree of commitment of its members to the principles of humanism, equality and mercy. As you know, in pre-Islamic times, women were the property of men and their position was little better than the fate of domestic animals: for example, widows were then only part of the common inheritance and the heir himself decided whether to marry them, or simply sell them, but The Bedouin Arabs generally considered the birth of a girl a great misfortune and often either sacrificed these unfortunates to their imaginary pagan "deities", or simply buried them alive in the sand so as not to spend money on education. Moreover, such atrocious cruelty towards the female sex was observed in those distant times almost everywhere. But today we see with our own eyes how many women have an inquiring and clear mind, as well as very high business and moral qualities, while some modern men, on the contrary, sink to the most helpless and humiliating state.
It is well known that European women received the legal right to dispose of their own property in marriage only in the second half of the 19th century, while Islam almost fifteen centuries ago openly proclaimed the complete financial independence of a woman and endowed her with the inalienable right to dispose of her values herself, to have her own business and sign the financial documents required for this. However, despite this, we know that in some backward countries women are still in a difficult situation, oppressed and humiliated, but you need to understand that this is not at all connected with the wise precepts of Islam, but, on the contrary, with deep ignorance. disdain for his religious commandments and fundamental principles on the part of the local men, who, due to this sad circumstance, are, from the point of view of Sharia, not true Muslims at all, but cruel barbarians. Unlike some foreign countries, where women are relegated to a humiliating and dependent position, the role of women in our society continues to increase every year, and our women - free, proud, talented and beautiful not only successfully cope with their direct responsibilities, but also try to compete with the stronger sex in traditionally male spheres of activity, although this, of course, is far from always good. I am deeply convinced that it is women mothers and women workers who should be surrounded with special honor in our country, therefore, the state must once and for all solve the problem of their comprehensive and effective support. Over time, our country in general should become for the whole world an example of a humane and respectful attitude to issues of motherhood and childhood, a model of equality of men and women in all spheres of society without exception.
How often men, being convinced that this world is in our care, do not remember that we ourselves, from birth to our last breath, are in the care of women, we often forget that in addition to the main load at work, they all life also carries on their fragile shoulders the exhausting burden of our everyday life, and in fact most men, being assigned to everyday household duties, in all likelihood, would very quickly stretch their legs. It's a joke, of course, but personally I have no doubts that in everyday life our women are much more enduring than men, and besides, they are much more sensitive and, of course, much kinder, therefore, probably, if women still ruled the world, then in the world there would be much fewer wars, because only those who give life by the will of the Almighty know for certain its real value. It is gratifying that our women are trying to solve their problems together, that they have a sense of unity to protect their interests and therefore it is the duty of men to help them in this important and necessary matter, since women's problems, for a number of quite objective reasons, cannot be resolved alone. women. In general, our entire society should constantly take care of a woman-mother, a woman-worker, for which a whole range of socio-economic, scientific-technical and spiritual-moral measures is needed, which, in turn, will enable our women to gain an all-encompassing sense of social security and in every possible way to show their business, creative activity. I am sincerely pleased with the increasing activation of women's business and entrepreneurship, the advancement of women in the service in commercial firms and bodies government controlled However, in this matter, it is also necessary to provide them with comprehensive support, creating the necessary prerequisites so that their advancement in the career ladder is not conditioned by the fulfillment of all kinds of off-duty assignments and obscene claims on the part of male leaders.
To date, the women of our country have created numerous public organizations and foundations, all kinds of charity events, marathons and festivals are regularly held, nevertheless, a lot in this important area we still have to do for them. In particular, I am deeply convinced of the need for further comprehensive scientific research on women's issues, strengthening the social and legal protection of the family and its moral potential, developing social infrastructure, a system of vocational rehabilitation and retraining of female personnel, and, of course, much, much more. But there is also such a concept as
Social discrimination against women is the restriction or deprivation of rights on the basis of gender in all spheres of society: labor, socio-economic, political, spiritual, family and household. Social discrimination leads to a decrease in the social status of a woman and is one of the forms of violence against her personality, and, therefore, a threat to her safety.
The view of a woman as an inferior being is reflected in theological and philosophical works the ancient world... Socrates expressed the feeling of primitively rude male superiority over a woman in the following words: "Three things can be considered happiness: that you are not a wild animal, that you are a Greek, not a barbarian, and that you are a man and not a woman."
The question arises: what are the limits of gender equality, can it be complete? The essence of the idea of equal rights for men and women, their equal opportunities, is that in terms of her intellectual and physical potential, a woman is in no way inferior to a man. For her, there are no fundamentally closed, inaccessible spheres of mental and physical labor. Not a single law should prohibit a woman from engaging in this or that business, mastering this or that profession. Her sacred right is complete freedom of personal choice of types and forms of activity for her self-realization. This formulation of the question, of course, does not mean that the physiological characteristics of women cannot limit their professional duties. It follows from this that gender equality, while not absolute, can be quite complete and comprehensive. And now a little history of our country:
In the first years after the Great October Socialist Revolution, the main direction of the movement towards equality between men and women went through the economic liberation of women, the establishment of legal equality in family and labor relations, and the creation of a system of benefits for working women. The Soviet state abolished the previous legislation that stipulated discrimination against women, gave her equal rights with men, and opened access to education. The state has recognized it as its duty to take care of motherhood and childhood. In December 1917, a special department for the protection of mothers and babies was created. At the end of 1917 and the beginning of 1918, a number of decrees were adopted aimed at protecting the labor of women. It was forbidden to use female labor in underground and some other heavy work, on night shifts, as well as overtime. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies of December 22, 1917, a monetary benefit was introduced on the occasion of childbirth in the amount of full earnings for 8 weeks before childbirth and 8 weeks after childbirth. The same decree provided that an employee, while nursing a child, could be paid an allowance in the amount of one quarter to half of her earnings within 9 months after giving birth. Subsequently, a significant number of normative acts on the labor of women, on the benefits provided to them during the period of motherhood were also adopted.
Since then, our country has made significant progress in ensuring the legal and de facto equality of women and men.
However, with the increasing involvement of women in social production, the development of new industries associated, in particular, with the use of chemicals, negative tendencies and contradictions began to appear.
Already in the 60s, experts drew attention to the decline in the birth rate in the country, the excessive workload of women in national economy and in the sphere of everyday life and, as a consequence, the deterioration of the health of women themselves and new generations. An increase in the number of divorces and an increase in the neglect of children began to be attributed to a specific female problem.
"News", Kaluga region
Marina Kostina
2010-06-07 10:36
The topic of the round table was not chosen by chance. It is dictated by the high role of women in society. And truly women are the national wealth of the country. It is known from history that women were at the pinnacle of power in Russia for many years, including in Russia there were four ruling empresses. And they all left a noticeable mark on the history of Russia, made a huge contribution to the expansion of its borders. Since ancient times, women have played a significant role in protecting the Fatherland. After civil war and in the years of the first five-year plans, women took an active part in restoring the destroyed economy of the country, one of the first to pick up the Stakhanov movement. During the Great Patriotic War about one million women fought on its fronts. The names of the Heroes are known all over the world Soviet Union: pilots Polina Osipenko, Marina Raskova, twice Hero of Valentina Grizodubova. Over 100 thousand women fought in partisan detachments and operated underground.
Women scientists have also made a huge contribution to the history of the country. Among them are the outstanding mathematician Sofya Kovalevskaya; the creator of penicillin, a talented Soviet scientist,
microbiologist Zinaida Ermolaeva, outstanding neurophysiologist, founder of the Institute of the Human Brain Natalia Bekhtereva.
And today women in science, health care, education, culture take an active position, but do not feel the due attention and support from the authorities. Thus, 2009 has been declared the Year of the Teacher. As you know, the majority of teachers are women. And they express their legitimate indignation at the fact that schools are closed, teachers are laid off, plans are being hatched to abolish benefits for rural teachers for paying for public services.
Recently, the State Duma adopted a law according to which schools, kindergartens, medical institutions, cultural institutions are actually transferred to self-financing. This means that study, treatment - everything will be paid.
This year we celebrated the centenary of the first congress of women. What has changed in the position of women over these hundred years? During the years of Soviet power, these changes were evident, a woman really had equal rights with men. In legislative bodies alone, women accounted for 30 to 50 percent. A woman-worker, a woman-mother, large families, children were surrounded with special care.
Women suffer the most in the course of reforms. They are the first to be fired, and after 40 years they are reluctant to hire them. There is clear discrimination in pay for work equal to that of men. Finally, women in democratic Russia are practically ousted from politics, and therefore it is no coincidence that in international rankings for gender equality in politics, Russia occupies only 99th place out of 115 possible ones.
Our Russian authorities at all levels have turned, in fact, into men's clubs, tailored a new Russia according to their masculine principles. According to experts, it is precisely because
the Russian government commits many political mistakes that there are virtually no women in it. Therefore, it is necessary to turn Russia towards a higher participation of women in politics, economy and culture. By the way, as a rule, on the eve of elections, the authorities make some decisions to protect the rights, increase the role of women in society, but they soon forget about them. So, under the President, the Commission for Work with Women was functioning for some time. Abolished. In 1993, the president issued a decree "On the priority tasks of state policy in relation to women." They forgot about him safely. In 1996, a new Decree was issued “On increasing the role of women in the system federal bodies state power and state power bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation ”. Having done nothing to fulfill it, in 2001 they joyfully announced that he
expired. In the same 1996, a national action plan was approved to improve the status of women and increase their role in society. We failed safely.
The Central Committee of the Communist Party instructed the Communist Party faction in the State Duma with the participation of the "All-Russian Women's Union -" Hope of Russia "to prepare a package of legislative
proposals to protect women's rights, enhance their role in society, protect the rights of children, families and organize their nationwide discussion, said the deputy of the State Duma
A.Aparina. We hope that in 2010 the State Duma Committee on Work with Women will organize a meeting of women parliamentarians from the CIS countries and initiate the creation of an ombudsman for women in Russia.
The advancement of women to power should be considered at the present time as a tool for the stable and sustainable development of society, since the equality of men and women changes the priorities of state policy and the life of the country as a whole. Statistics show that in countries where women are less than 20 or 30 percent in representative bodies of power, then the power there does not cope well with social problems and social protection is bad. Putting women in a subordinate position, depriving them of the right to wide and varied activities and the use of their spiritual
forces, we thereby inhibit progress. Therefore, it is not surprising that the struggle for true democracy includes a very important component: complete equality of women up to parity with men in governments, in parliaments and in all state institutions that ensure social justice and stability in society.
In our country, unfortunately, the word "power", especially "high power", is not associated with the word "women", but 52 percent of the country's residents believe that
there are not enough women in power. And this gender inequality is the most significant obstacle to democratic reforms in Russia.
I believe that it is necessary to involve women as actively as possible in leadership at all levels of government. For example, women parliamentarians should be at least 40 percent in our country, and this norm should be rigidly enshrined in legislation, ensured and guaranteed. It is necessary to envisage sanctions against political parties for violating it, up to and including withdrawal from the elections, if women occupy less than 30 percent of the party's electoral list.
There is a clear imbalance in the governance of the country; in the corridors of power, we mainly observe men's jackets... Of course, at all levels of government, especially in structures associated with young people, children, the elderly, only women should rule, thus, the imbalance will be eliminated and this aggressive policy of men will be stopped. In the Constitution of the Russian Federation, article 32, paragraph 4 reads: "Citizens have equal access to public service." That is, competitions should be announced for any state (municipal) position, and everyone, including women, could take part in the competition, during which the professional level of the applicants is assessed. And after the results of the competition, fill municipal and state posts.
We know that women perform well in school since childhood. For example, at school there are always more excellent students than excellent students, and in universities, most women receive honors. And in this competition for government positions, we would certainly have seen more intelligent, talented, honest women than men. Perhaps, foreseeing such a result, in the Federal Law "On Municipal Service" someone cheated and in Article 17 in paragraph 1 wrote: service in accordance with the established qualification requirement for positions in the municipal service. " This optional wording in the federal law (may or may not precede) has led to the fact that tenders in large cities and in small villages no one announces for state municipal posts. For administrative and budgetary positions paid by the taxpayer, the administrations actually hire the closest relatives of the bosses or the positions are simply sold. Whole families work in management structures, and they have turned their jobs into family businesses with guaranteed salaries, increased post-service pensions and full medical coverage. Smart talented people remain outside the government of our country, including the majority of worthy women. Women entering power have to withstand tougher competition than men. In elections, voters evaluate a woman candidate much more critically than a man. Accordingly, only those women who have actually managed to convince their voters that they are really better go through the harsh sieve of traditional mistrust. And not just better in what he does, but better than men in the same business. The voter initially looks at a male candidate much more loyally and is easily ready to forgive him for his mistakes. The woman will be told: “Here, you are caught. They told you, I would sit at home, raise children and cook borscht. " Women constantly have to confirm and prove their qualifications, constantly be in good shape, in shape, at their best, because they know that the slightest mistake will cost them much more than men in the same place.
All this forms in women a high ability to adapt, stress resistance, performance, which men never dreamed of.
The main weapon successful woman in power - professionalism.
A woman leader is a special character, this is obvious optimism, no matter what happens, we will always find a solution. Male politicians are strategists, this is how they see themselves, they are pleased to reason in the future. A woman-politician, in contrast to them, is a tactician. In our country, power really belongs to men, and responsibility belongs to us, women. We, like no one else, understand the problems of families and children, the poor, pensioners and most representatives of our society - women. You cannot entrust the defense of your interests to others.
It has already been said that in June 1996, the President of Russia signed a decree that actually introduced a quota system for women's representation. I suggest that President Dmitry Medvedev return to the problem of the quota system, and then the issue of combating corruption in the government will be successfully resolved, since women are less inclined to contractual relationships.
I believe that it is necessary to eliminate the existing contradiction between the law formally prescribed in the legislation and the actual state of gender equality between men and women. Introduce amendments to the federal law on elections on quotas without fail. To amend the federal law on political parties, on strict observance by political parties of Article 8, which provides for the adherence to the constitutional principle of gender equality in internal party life. Develop and adopt a federal law on state guarantees of equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their implementation. Create conditions for:
Providing a woman with a worthy place in modern society, providing her with the opportunity to participate in solving the most important issues of the country's life through the established quota of places in all levels of government;
Implementation of effective control over the observance of labor legislation in relation to women;
Restoring the length of service for women during their studies at a university, caring for young children, revising the rules for determining the length of service for wives of military personnel and specialists who worked abroad, restoring "northern" allowances for work in unfavorable climatic conditions and in hazardous industries;
Return of benefits to veterans - workers of the rear of the war years;
Initiate and adopt federal laws: "On Children of War"; "On the mutual responsibility of children and parents"; "On the support of large families"; "About a Young Family"; "On the fight against poverty";
Consider the creation of special ministries, committees, departments for women's affairs at the federal and regional levels, following the example and experience of a number of foreign countries;
Civil society institutions, political parties, trade unions authorized for human rights in the Russian Federation, in their statutory activities, pay special attention to upholding constitutional rights women; carry out a public examination of bills submitted to the State Duma, to the legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, acts of local self-government bodies, as well as law enforcement practice from the standpoint of ensuring the rights of women, creating necessary conditions to enhance their role in modern socio-political
life of the country.
Marina Kostina,
deputy of the Legislative
Meetings of the Kaluga region from the Communist Party,
candidate of sociological sciences
We live in an amazing, unique time. Today, for the first time in the history of mankind, a woman feels free. She can manage her life herself - choose a role for herself according to her liking. She has the right to say no to any man, she can study for any specialty, she can travel alone anywhere, she can go into politics or business. But since any freedom presupposes at least an elementary understanding of what to do with it, a woman is faced with a very important question: what is my role in this life? Choosing my destiny, am I not mistaken? What is the real role of a woman in the family, at work, in society, in relationships?
● What was the role of women throughout the history of mankind? How is the role of a modern woman different from her predecessor, a woman 100 years ago and earlier?
● How can a woman choose the right role in the modern world? How not to be mistaken when choosing your own, special path to happiness?
● What role does a woman play in the family? What is the role of women in relationships and sex?
● What is the social role of women in life, at work?
Gender issue, gender policy, gender equality ... Let the woman fulfill her role in life, make her choice ... These slogans are heard from the lips of many people, and are already perceived as completely ordinary. In most cases, no one even thinks of infringing on a woman's rights, no one diminishes her role in the life of society. Just imagine that today someone could forbid a woman to vote in elections just because ... she is a woman, and that is exactly what it was, and quite recently. History also remembers a time when a woman could not watch the spectacle, participate in entertainment, just say her opinion when choosing a husband, and therefore a sexual partner, for the rest of her life. Yes, that was the case, but today are different times.
We have reached a new level of relations, and a woman from a downtrodden, disenfranchised woman who has neither the right to vote nor the right to desire, has turned into an equal member of society, standing on the same level as a man. It makes no sense to list all that a woman has the right to do today. Suffice it to say that the moral, mental, legal gap between today's simplest little girl from the provinces and the high society lady who lived 200 years ago is as huge as the distance from the Earth to the Moon! The roles of these two women in the life of the family, society, relationships are incomparable in size and quality, such a gap between them.
Some researchers argue that the main change occurred in the quality of a man's attitude to a woman, in greater respect for her rights and freedoms. But this is only part of the truth, or rather the consequences. In fact, first of all, there was an impressive change in the desires of the woman herself, her inner self. It increased and became so great that the woman received the right not to be “measured” relative to the man, but to be an independent I. Self-sufficient and realized. The woman took over new role in life because she wanted it. And the man only had to change his attitude.
But what do we see today? Only a small fraction of women use their desires, and even then - often in very curtailed versions. The rest are still out of the rights and freedoms that have been granted to them for many years. The behavior of modern women can be compared with the behavior of a teenager who has just emerged from parental oppression, got rid of teenage acne and received a separate house and his own income. His first actions are not very correct: he rushes from side to side, tries to squeeze everything out of his position as much as possible, or, conversely, behaves like a too obedient child, completely depriving himself of all the delights of adulthood. So is the modern woman: having received her special role in life, she simply does not know what to do with her.
What is the role of women in the family?- she asks, and often takes on exclusively the role of a housewife, because it is traditional, but in fact, too little for her - she suffocates in the apartment, she needs more. And some women today, in the 21st century, are capable of enduring beatings and humiliation, only for the sake of children and the preservation of the family.
What is the role of women in society?- she asks a question and prefers a career, remaining lonely and unhappy on the personal front, just because she assumes her main role as a breadwinner and leader.
What is the role of women in sex?- she asks when she does not get any pleasure from sexual relations and chooses the role of "insensitive log", which must be exclusively for the sake of a man.
What is the role of a woman in a relationship?- she muses after another stupid quarrel with her beloved, guessing that somewhere she is doing something wrong, but unable to understand, neither him nor herself.
These are just examples of thousands of stereotypes in which a modern woman lives. In a word, on the one hand, she received great desires and, as a result, huge opportunities. But behind her, like a ghost, stands a thousand-year past with its traditions, public opinion, as well as, like a bone in her throat, her own complexes, fears and stupid landmarks. And this is what prevents her, in the end, from figuring out: what is my, female, role in this life? But not knowing the answer to this question, she looks like a monkey with a grenade - and there is no benefit (protection) from a weapon, and she can destroy herself at any moment, perhaps without even realizing it herself.
Many things remain a mystery to man today. And in order to understand them, you need to have a tool with which you can understand them. And when it comes to the causes of actions, deeds, human problems, the latest science, system-vector psychology of Yuri Burlan becomes such a tool. Any psychological problem can be considered through it and answers to all your questions can be found.
Today a woman wants everything, but for some reason it does not work out. Developing a career, the family collapses. By giving all of yourself to your family, you feel like you are in captivity. Something is wrong here. And the answer is simple: getting new desires and freedom, you will be able to dispose of them only when you understand your real role, when you can only use all the advantages of your position for the good. And yet, there is a huge responsibility behind every desire.
It is through system-vector thinking that we today have a unique opportunity not only to understand the role of a modern woman in society, in a family, in relationships, but also to figure out what needs to be done to achieve happiness.
In essence, the role of a woman in all past centuries was reduced to one thing: she was limited by the family. Moreover, in the very the best option the woman was a helper for her husband, at worst - she was exploited worse than a slave. And she was always a way of procreation for a man, because it was by men that the genus was considered. Although, of course, the woman herself did not see any problems in her position: she chose the color of the dress, the lullaby and the ingredients for the soup - that was enough for her herself.
A modern woman wants more than soup and a lullaby, she wants to study and work. However, it is very foolish to deny that even today most women cannot be completely happy outside of monogamous, paired relationships, without children and a strong family. Read about exceptions.
Of course, in our time, everyone who is not too lazy to impose on a woman the idea that she does not want to get married, does not want children. It is men who instill in girls the idea of free relationships, and somewhere they even go for sneaky blackmail: "Oh, you decided to hook me up - find another fool, I love freedom." And now the woman is already ashamed of her desires, the very first one speaks of the uselessness of marriage. But this is not so! On the contrary, she needs a family and needs a man behind whom she would be like a stone wall. And if earlier she was a powerless assistant, today she becomes a comrade-in-arms, a co-ideologist, an associate of her husband. Support not only in cooking and washing, she becomes the person you can rely on in other, very important issues. And the man, in response, is obliged to give her his protection - that is, marriage.
Did you know that "conjugal duty" is her debt to him, and not vice versa? Yes, for many years, the wife had to "give" to her husband on demand, for that she and the wife. At the same time, it was only about intercourse, and never about her orgasm, which a few centuries ago was considered a mental disorder that was subjected to compulsory treatment. And about some kind of relationship, there was never any talk at all.
Times have changed today, and it is the woman who sets the tone in the relationship. Rather, she can already do it, but sometimes she just does not use her right and desires. A modern woman can and should give and receive in a relationship not just intercourse, and not just paired relationships, but love, sensuality, passion. But in real life, very often there is a bias either in one direction (when she demands everything in the world from her partner simply because she is his "second" half, or in the other direction (when she seems to give all of herself to her partner, quietly expecting miracles from him) , which, of course, never happen.) And because of this, any, even the most passionate relationship, very quickly grows into scandals, which are not far from hatred, hostility and broken trough.
As for intimacy, in this matter, many women do not have a formed understanding of their role at all. Expecting the initiative from the man, being ashamed of their desires, thousands of women experience problems in achieving orgasm. They are deprived of pleasure, which is no longer just available, but also important for feeling happy and joyful.
For a long time, the woman sat at home and was exclusively engaged in family affairs. For this she was provided with food, and if she was lucky, then prosperity. And today the thought creeps into the minds of some that it is precisely this kind of existence that is the traditional role of a woman, and she supposedly should not even think about work, especially if she has young children. But this is a gross injustice, because modern woman more is needed, and realizing herself exclusively as a wife and mother, she most often feels like a recluse.
a group of 11th grade students
the research project is devoted to the problem of the position of women in modern society and public opinion about the equality of women.
Municipal educational institution
Zarechensk secondary school
Sobinsky district of the Vladimir region
Research topic
Completed:
Grade 11 students
Manibaeva Christina,
Burmistrova Anna
supervisor
Lisova S.V.
village Zarechnoye 2011
1.Introduction p. 3
2. Purpose of the study p. 3
3. Research objectives p. 3
4. Research hypothesis. page 3
5. Review of literature. page 4
6. Research methodology p. 23
7.Research results p.23
8. Conclusions and comments. page 24
9. Conclusion. page 24
10. List of references. page 25
11. Applications. page 27
1. INTRODUCTION
No human society can develop harmoniously, moving towards a higher state, if the role of women is diminished in it and the ratio of two complementary principles - male and female, is not balanced, because the position of women, like a litmus test, reveals the actual degree of civilization of a particular social or religious community and also unmistakably reflects the degree of commitment of its members to the principles of humanism, equality and mercy.
Despite the formal equality of women and men, in many cases proactive action is needed to ensure the declared equality in reality. Special attention to the social and economic role of women during periods of fundamental transformations is not only important in itself from humane considerations, but also an indispensable condition for achieving sustainable development and increasing welfare in society.
2.Purpose of the study:
Study of public opinion on the position of women in modern society
3. Objectives of the research:
4. Literature review
Pre-revolutionary period
Russia of the XIX century. in comparison with European countries, it was considered a rather patriarchal country, like, in fact, most other agrarian societies. The reasons for this were the influence of oriental cultures since the time of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the dominant orthodox Orthodox religion, the imperial character of the state, which was forced to constantly fight. With the emergence of capitalist relations, the women's issue also appeared on the agenda, such publications appear already in early XIX v. [cm. ex. 76, 82]. The works of many Russian historians, philosophers and writers emphasize the important role of Russian women in maintaining spirituality, broadcasting moral values, calls are made to grant women equal rights with men. (Recall that some rights were first granted to women by the Zemstvo reform of 1864). The famous historian N.I. Kostomarov openly ridicules the cruel attitude towards women in everyday life. N.G. Chernyshevsky analyzes works of art and, in particular, concludes that the image of a weak-willed, indecisive, infantile Russian intellectual is dominant:<...ребенок мужеского пола, вырастая, делается существом мужского пола средних, а потом пожилых лет, но мужчиною он не становится, или, по крайней мере, не становится мужчиною благородного характера> . <Каким верным, сильным, проницательным умом одарена женщина от природы!... История человечества пошла бы в десять раз быстрее, если бы ум этот не был опровергаем и убиваем, а действовал бы>, - he notes in the novel<Что делать?>. <В ней заключена одна наша огромная надежда, залог нашего обновления, - пишет Ф.М.Достоевский в 1884 г. - Восхождение русской женщины в последние двадцать лет оказалось несомненным... Русский человек (i.e. man) in these last decades he terribly succumbed to the debauchery of acquisitiveness, cynicism, materialism; the woman remained much more faithful to pure worship of the idea, service to the idea. ... I see, however, the shortcomings of a modern woman, and the main one is her extreme dependence on masculine ideas, the ability to take them at their word and believe in them without control>. Gender problems within the framework of religious and philosophical thought at the beginning of the 20th century. presented by N. Berdyaev, further developing the thesis of Vl. Solovyov on Eternal Femininity. The author emphasizes:<...женщина не ниже мужчины, она по меньшей мере равна ему, а то и выше его, призвание женщины велико, но в женском, женственном, а не в мужеском>. <Не амазонкой, обоготворяющей женское начало как высшее и конкурирующее с началом мужским, должна войти женщина в новый мир, не бесполой посредственностью, лишенной своей индивидуальности, и не самкой, обладающей силой рода, а конкретным образом Вечной Женственности, призванной соединить мужественную силу с Божеством> .
Thus, the position of many Russian thinkers was quite progressive - not to infringe on the civil rights of women, but also not to neutralize subcultural gender differences, in whatever sphere they manifested themselves - family and tribal or social, since these differences are equivalent.
A number of studies of the late 19th ~ early 20th centuries. devoted to the social aspects of gender. Psychologists try to understand the nature of psychological sex differences, analyze the medico-sociological aspects of sexual relations Specially study works of folk art from the point of view of cultural stereotypes about men and women.Later, the tendencies of women's labor in the factory industry are studied and, in particular, a conclusion is made about an increase in female labor not only in<женских>but also in<мужских>industries, for example, metallurgy. There are many scientific and journalistic works directly devoted to the women's issue. The purpose of Russian women in the family and society, the implementation of their political rights in local government, achievements and problems associated with obtaining higher education, their ability to creative work Much attention is paid to the understanding of the women's movement for equality, the historical analysis of the reasons for the subordination of women in his speeches and publications is given by the Russian sociologist V.M. Khvostov.
A book by the Austrian scientist Otto Weininger, translated into Russian at the beginning of the century, provoked heated discussions.<Пол и характер>... The main subject of disagreement is not so much the idea of bisexuality (androgyny) of a person formulated by O. Weininger, but rather his tendency to interpret<женское>as base and unworthy, and the success of women in the social sphere - only as a result of their greater share of<мужского>... This idea received virtually no support in Russia. A. Bely writes about this:<...взгляд на женщину как на существо, лишенное творчества, критики не выдерживает. Женщина творит мужчину не только актом физического рождения, женщина творит мужчину и актом рождения в нем духовности>... Another commentary argues that, on the contrary, since it is women who represent spiritual and moral qualities, in fairness they should be given the right to dominate the family and society. Though<матриархат>in due time and<сдался>, but he<оставил нам надежду на восторжествование в культурно-нравственные времена> .
A number of feminists during this period, as noted by S.I. Golod, became<осуществлять свою цель на суженном плацдарме: любовь, семья, дети>... These trends in the discussion of the women's issue, along with Marxist ideas about the economic independence of women, formed the basis of post-revolutionary discussions about sexual freedom and the need to wither away.<буржуазной>families as the main brake on the emancipation and development of a woman's personality.
Thus, on the eve of the revolution, many feminist movements (even if we leave out the purely revolutionary ones), as well as scientific reflection on the women's issue, were quite fruitful and created the preconditions for the design of various, including feminist, concepts for the sociological study of genders. After the revolution, the ideological variant of studying the position of women in society became the main one, which for some time and within a certain framework did not exclude discussions.
3. Discussions of the 20s
Soviet Russia was the first state in the world to proclaim in the 1918 Constitution. legal equality of men and women in all spheres of social life. During these years, debates raged on the pages of the revolutionary press about the role of women in the family and the new society, about freedom of sex and sexual relations. The views of public figures and rank-and-file party members of those years, sometimes contradictory and changing over time, are detailed, in particular, in the works of E.B. Gruzdeva, S.I. Goloda, V.Z. Rogovin, Z.A. Yankova. From modern positions, the essence of most of these views is quite progressive (the Marxist and socialist schools of feminism, later widespread in the West, were largely based on the views of the classics of Marxism). So, V.I. Lenin emphasized the difference between the already established legal equality and the actual, noting that the latter will take considerable time and will be resolved as the social economy is created:<...речь идет не о том, чтобы уравнять женщину в производительности труда, размере труда, длительности его, в условиях труда и т.д., а речь идет о том, чтобы женщина не была угнетена ее хозяйственным положением в отличие от мужчины> .
As you know, in the ideological, socio-economic and cultural conditions of the then Russia, these views received a very peculiar embodiment. Empirical research little was done during that period. Moreover, the problems of sexual relations between young people, who were supposed to act as the bearer of a new morality, turned out to be more attractive to sociologists [see. ex. twenty]. These studies were discontinued in the early 1930s, when post-revolutionary liberalism began to be limited (prohibition of homosexuality, restriction of abortion), followed by the adoption of legislative measures aimed at interfering with society in family life and stimulating the birth rate (1944).
Until the early 60s. no research is being done. Social policy, including in relation to women, was dictated exclusively by state interests: industrialization, work in the rear, post-war reconstruction of the economy, reproduction of the population to compensate for human losses, etc. The totalitarian state actually needed not free women, but asexual<товарищах>- obedient cogs, suppressed (regardless of gender) by the ruling elite. Term<равноправие>rarely used, since it was declared that<женский вопрос>legally resolved (although in fact it was ridiculous to talk about human rights in a totalitarian state).
As a methodological principle, social scientists more often use the principle<социальное равенство полов>, which fully corresponded to the ideology of the state, focused on all kinds of unification (rapprochement in the way of life of the city and the countryside, workers of mental and physical labor, different ethnic cultures, etc.). As L. Polyakov notes,<стремление тоталитарной власти подавить любую спонтанную дифференциацию в обществе закономерно привело к культивированию бесполости, отразившейся в клише "Soviet man"And if in this ideological" hermaphrodite "some signs of a female sex are still distinguishable, then the phrase" Soviet man "is already on the verge of absurdity (which, rather, speaks of the appalling reality of this phenomenon)>.
And in subsequent periods, the methodology of researching women's problems to a large extent, especially within the framework of scientific communism, reflected the accents in the state ideology, conditioned, in turn, by the socio-economic context of the country's development. Based on state needs, priorities in relation to women's roles also changed (<общественница>, <труженица>, <мать>).
4.60-80s: a surge in research on the professional and family roles of women
Already in the first sociological studies that appeared in the late 50s - early 60s. great importance is attached to socio-sex aspects, special attention is paid to the analysis of women's problems. This circumstance was not least associated with a significant increase in the number of women working outside the home, v comparison with the pre-war period, which was due to the need to restore the economy and significant losses of the male population during the war and repression. According to the 1959 census, women accounted for 47% of the total number of workers and employees, and in the RSFSR - 50%. Note that if in the West studies of women's problems arise on the basis of feminist movements, which reflected, in particular, a protest against the division of sex roles (the baby boom period, a significant proportion of middle-class families with a traditional distribution of roles in conditions of economic stability), in the USSR, studies women's problems appear in a completely different historical context - the almost full employment of women along with participation in public ideological events, the need to combine professional and family roles in conditions of post-war poverty and underdevelopment of the service sector, significant gender disparity, etc.
Analysis of socio-sex aspects.Within the framework of the emerging sociology of labor in the collective works of Leningrad sociologists under the leadership of V.A. Yadov, the dynamics of attitudes towards labor of young workers and women workers was analyzed, the reasons for the insignificant proportion of women among leading engineers were identified. Thus, it was found that men often achieved high positions in terms of seniority or<за брюки>, while women - by extremely hard work, i.e. in fact, it was about discrimination against women. The study of the structure of free time, time budgets made it possible to identify disproportions in the load on men and women in various spheres of life. Within the framework of the sociology of personality, great attention is paid to the socio-sexual aspects of I.S. Kon, who subsequently devoted many works to the ethnocultural aspects of gender, the socialization of boys and girls, as well as social problems of sexuality. When analyzing the process of reproduction of the socio-professional structure in connection with the study of the professional orientation of young people, Estonian sociologists M. Titma and P. Kenkmann raise an important methodological question about the need to determine the status of the family taking into account the social position of the mother, and not just the father, as it was time in Western sociology. The variable of gender, along with others (age, class - workers, peasants, intelligentsia, city - village) was widely used in the analysis of the way of life from the point of view of the need for it.<сближения у разных социальных групп в условиях социализма>.
The analysis of socio-sex differences was most clearly presented in the framework of the sociology of the family. Many authors use the terminology of interactionism when analyzing group aspects and structural functionalism for institutional analysis. But let us emphasize that, for example, the theory of T. Parsons and R. Beils about the natural differentiation of male (instrumental) and female (expressive) roles in the family itself was not applied in interpretation. On the contrary, in works<семенников>the need for an equitable distribution of labor in the family and society is constantly emphasized. To some extent in scientific literature the concept of liberal feminism was also reflected in issues related to the family, for example, since the end of the 70s, the works of J. Bernard, A. Michel, etc. are often quoted.
Already in the study by A.L. Pimenova, carried out in the mid-60s, the specificity of male and female roles in the family and professional sphere was considered. On the basis of the problem laboratory of the Belarusian State University, the connections between the factors of family and non-family behavior, on the one hand, and the assessments of their marriage in men and women, on the other, were analyzed. ZA Yankova, using the methodology of the Dutch scientist G. Kooi, studies cultural stereotypes of masculinity and femininity. In the Institute for Research and Development of the USSR Academy of Sciences, on the basis of an international study of families with adolescent children, carried out in the early 80s, the following are analyzed: the opinions of wives and husbands regarding wives' work outside the home, the peculiarities of male and female behavior in the family and attitudes in relation to marital and parental roles, socio-sexual characteristics of behavior in a conflict situation in connection with satisfaction with marriage, some aspects of the socialization of boys and girls, etc. For example, M.Yu. Harutyunyan concludes that<"традиционная концепция family life"is transformed not only into egalitarian, but also into" exploitative ", when wives are given the right to equal participation in social work with men along with the exclusive right to housework.> TA. Gurko shows that women are overloaded not only with domestic work, but also with responsibility the proportion of families where wives were the leaders is significant, and those where husbands were them is small (One of the aphorisms of the Soviet era:<муж как чемодан без ручки - и нести тяжело и бросить жалко>). L.V. Yasnaya emphasizes that for highly educated women there is an acute problem of lack of free time to meet cultural needs, so they are not so successful in combining the spheres of work - family in comparison with less educated women. M.S. Matskovsky notes that girls are much more often involved by their parents in housework than boys, which will inevitably affect the distribution of marital roles in the future. Later, it analyzes: differences in the expectations of grooms and brides, young spouses, the specifics of attitudes towards a pre-divorce situation, reactions to divorce and orientation towards remarriage in men and women. SI Golod analyzes the values of marriage and the specifics of satisfaction with marriage for men and women at different stages of the life cycle. The extent to which sociopolistic aspects are represented in other branches of sociology, the reader can judge by reading other chapters of this monograph.
Study of the social problems of women.Since the 1960s, there has been a surge in research specifically focused on the analysis of women's problems. One of these areas - the combination of the production and family roles of women - is also emerging within the framework of the sociology of family and everyday life. In Moscow, G.A. Slesarev and Z.A. Yankova began to work at the Institute for Concrete Social Research, investigating the motives of labor of female workers in industrial enterprises. In Leningrad, A.G. Kharchev and S.I. Golod, within the framework of a joint Soviet-Polish study, studied the motives of the professional activity of female workers of low and medium qualifications, job satisfaction and their fulfillment of family roles. The book, prepared on the basis of this study, remained popular for a long time not only among scientists in the USSR, but was translated into 6 languages. (Although, as S.I. Golod himself later noted, this<исследование содержало существенный изъян - профессиональные и семейные роли женщин изучались изолированно от соответствующих ролей мужчин>). A little later, Z.A. Yankova conducts research at a confectionery factory in Moscow and a watch factory in Penza and comes to the conclusion that there is a connection between the motives of labor, on the one hand, and the level of qualifications and education of women, on the other.
A wide range of research issues related to work and family was demonstrated by the inter-republican symposium of sociologists, held in Minsk, at the Belarusian State University in 1969. A number of reports were devoted to the peculiarities of combining the roles of certain professional categories of women - scientists, teachers, collective farmers, as well as in various ethnocultural regions , for example, in Udmurdia, Kyrgyzstan.
In 1972, the XII international seminar was held in Moscow, the main theme of which was the change in the position of women in society and the family. In the speeches of Soviet scientists, it is often emphasized that wives are forced to bear a double burden in an undeveloped sphere. consumer services and the self-removal of most husbands from the responsibilities of housekeeping and raising children. In the report of R.G. Gurova, the results of a study of the value orientations of girls who graduated from high school in 1969, are compared with the orientations of the graduates of the Krasnodar gymnasium, analyzed by P.N. Kolotinsky in 1913 and 1916. The author's conclusions: in contrast to the schoolgirls, whose favorite mottos were:<Пользоваться всеми удовольствими юности>, <Быть честной>, <Жить для радости>- graduates of the 60s were guided mainly by social ideals and goals:<Один за всех, все за одного>, <Служить отчизне>, <Приносить пользу и счастье людям>... The author's contemporaries also have a wider choice of desired professions, including such as a scientist, doctor, teacher, engineer, while, for example, one of the gymnasium students wrote "<Женщина все-таки должна быть женщиной, она должна вести хозяйство и воспитывать детей. А что же будет тогда, когда женщина станет профессором или ученым или что-нибудь в этом роде?> .
Another direction, developing in parallel, - the analysis of the socio-economic aspects of women's employment - is represented by the works of economists-sociologists and demographers. Most of the research in this area was carried out at industrial enterprises; the target was either only female workers, or the male and female part of the staff. Ural sociologists under the leadership of L.N. Kogan in the mid-60s. based on a study conducted at 9 enterprises of the Ural heavy industry, the disparities in the employment of female workers were analyzed manual views labor in comparison with men, their lag in the level of qualifications, a significant discrepancy between the level of education and qualifications and the reasons for their lower social status. From a methodological point of view, the formulated principle is important<равенства возможностей лиц обоего пола всесторонне развивать свою индивидуальность и наиболее полно удовлетворять материальные и духовные потребности>... When studying the family well-being and the quality of life of the Taganrog population, carried out in several stages since 1968, N.M. Rimashevskaya analyzes the social inequality of women in the sphere of work, family and health. In Moldova, the socio-economic problems of female employment in large cities are studied by N.M. Shishkan. In Minsk, under the leadership of Z.M. Yuk in 1971, a study was carried out at a tractor plant with the study of the problems of women engaged in manual labor, trends in professional development, occupational morbidity, social activity and<общественно-политической сознательности>... The work carried out on the basis of the State Committee for Labor of the RSFSR is devoted to the problem of the low level of mechanization and qualification of female labor, the reasons for the work of women in hazardous industries. Subsequently, women's employment is constantly in the center of attention of specialists. Ethnoregional specifics, peculiarities of the problems of women workers in certain industries are studied, special attention is paid to the employment of mothers with young children and large families, as well as women with limited working capacity. A number of works devoted to various aspects of women's work were carried out on the basis of special studies in High school trade union movement of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions [see, for example, 99].
In the late 70s - early 80s. at the level of official policy, attention is being paid to the family roles of women. The need of the state to strengthen the family due to a decrease in the birth rate and a decrease in the qualitative characteristics of the population was reflected in the decrees on the expansion of benefits for working mothers. Probably, the new accents were also due to economic factors - the need for female labor has somewhat decreased in comparison with the post-war period. Even in works devoted to the employment and social efficiency of women's labor, a significant place begins to be assigned to the fulfillment of family roles. The authors, in particular, state the contradiction between the work of women and the performance of the maternal function, emphasizing the growing demands of society for the quality of the performance of both functions by a woman against the background of a slow improvement in their working and living conditions. In fact, we are talking about the same contradiction that is described during this period.<семенники>, with the only difference that some look at him from the point of view of the effectiveness of women's labor, while others - from the side of family well-being. So, Z.A. Yankova emphasizes:<К сожалению, исследование проблемы формирования личности женщины, как правило, ограничивается только изучением ее профессиональных и социально-политических ролей. Семейно-бытовые роли женщины квалифицируются обычно как пережиточные, мешающие этому процессу и противопоставляются другим ее ролям>... The study of the combination and mutual influence of the various roles of women continued in the future.
Another direction of analysis was concentrated within the framework of philosophical problems: historical materialism and scientific communism. The focus is on the problems of a woman's personality development, an increase in her social activity and a change in her lifestyle. One of the first books prepared at the Department of Scientific Communism of the General Assembly of the Central Committee of the CPSU (subsequently, much attention was paid to the problems of women), summarizes the data of statistics and research carried out by that time, and also proposes specific ways to improve social policy towards women. Within the framework of the same direction, class features are also studied (naturally, in the context that was ideologically approved): the peculiarities of the position of women workers in rural areas and women workers in urban areas. In the works carried out on the basis of the Institute of International Development of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the historical and sociological aspects of the change in the work and life of female workers during the years of Soviet power are considered, the results of a study carried out in Taganrog are analyzed. In her dissertations, special attention is paid to the ethnocultural and regional specifics of women's problems. Thus, using the example of Kabardino-Balkaria with the involvement of various sociological methods (observation, interviews, document analysis and questionnaires), the author examines the clash of female social activity with Muslim-Sharia traditions. The value orientations of Uzbek men and women, their satisfaction with work and differences in lifestyle are studied. In the late 1980s, a similar issue was highlighted on the example of other Islamic cultures - Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, where, as you know, the practice of solving the women's issue is different. But the ideological attitude towards<унификацию>also created methodological problems, not allowing to fully capture the ethnocultural specifics and contradictions of this process.
The main conclusion of the works is a lower socio-professional status of women, a significant gap in the level of education, on the one hand, and socio-professional status, on the other, their removal from the sphere of management. Moreover, these problems were usually explained by the inequality of women in everyday life. Macro-social reasons were hardly touched upon. It was easier, for example, to declare work in hazardous industries<женской проблемой>(despite the fact that there were no fewer men working there) and unsuccessfully trying to solve it for decades, instead of admitting that many industries are simply not modernized. There are also few culturological interpretations, for example, the reasons for the conservatism of the consciousness of recent rural residents (which was qualified as pre-revolutionary vestiges) were not analyzed, and in general, methodologically, Soviet people were viewed as a product of current (i.e. ideologically given) social circumstances. Of course, the researchers did not touch on the spheres of political institutions, both because of the ideological prohibition and because, with the exception of top level(where, in fact, important political decisions were made - the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers), the representation of women corresponded to the established quota - about 50% in local Councils and 36% - in the Supreme Councils of the republics and the USSR.
Since the end of the 60s. the number of works at the junction of demography and sociology is increasing, and later a new direction is formed - the sociology of fertility, which pays much attention to women's problems from the point of view of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of population reproduction.
Several works have been carried out within the framework of the history of philosophy and sociology.
5. New accents in studies of the perestroika period
In the mid-80s in official politics and scientific works the concept of the eternal female problem: home - work is being revised, the achievements of the Soviet period in solving<женского вопроса>, although still on the platform<социалистического проекта>, the pluralism of the positions of scientists is articulated. Discussions were stimulated by low quantitative and quality characteristics population, disorganization of family life (which, of course, was the result of many factors, but qualified as<женская проблема>), as well as the transition to a new economic policy. Within the framework of the sociology of the family, the conceptual question of the need to provide a woman of choice between professional activities(including with expanded opportunities for part-time employment) and dedication to family, motherhood. This was already a rollback from the Marxist idea of the economic independence of women and the opinion that an unemployed woman, even if she was a mother, was well-established in Soviet society.<тунеядкой>and certainly<сидит>at home. A.G. Kharchev emphasized:<Самой важной для судеб страны и социализма формой творческого труда женщин является труд материнский>, which subsequently provoked objection from feminist-oriented authors. Based on the concept<женского выбора>for example, a study was carried out at enterprises and institutions of Moscow in 1985; Yu.P. Te and I.G. Zhiritskaya conclude that for a significant category of women, family values are of priority importance, and work outside the home is forced and does not allow, among other things, to realize their reproductive intentions. At the same time, it is emphasized that for work-oriented women,<должны быть созданы все условия, исключающие необходимость менять любимую профессию или бросать работу, отказываться от продвижения по службе ради детей и домашнего хозяйства> .
Active discussion revolves around evidence-based recommendations for social policy. N.K.Zakharova, A.I. Posadskaya and N.M. Rimashevskaya formulate the principle of egalitarianism (or equality of opportunity) as opposed to the patriarchal concept, which, according to the authors, spread in the era of glasnost among a number of demographers, economists and journalists.
Disagreements in the positions of specialists are natural - these are different accents on the interconnected continuum: personality - family - society in assessing the required degree of employment of women. The authors agree on the severity of women's problems, but they see the strategy and goals of their solution differently. Feminist-Oriented Scientists Prioritize<полифункциональности>personality development for both women and men. A number of sociologists believe that in conditions of lagging behind<индустриализации быта>and the low quality of the institutions of extrafamilial socialization, the double burden on women negatively affects the reproduction of the population. According to economists, solving women's problems of work outside the home can only be in the context of<технического перевооружения и коренного улучшения организации работы для всех категорий трудящихся, а не только женщин>... It seemed expedient to reduce production time by paying from public funds.
Later, under the new conditions, these positions were retained. The authors of one build their argumentation<от противного>: <двойную нагрузку>everyday and even scientific consciousness begins to mythologize, turning it into a stereotype<сверхэмансипи-рованности>women. A return to patriarchal traditions, in their opinion, will lead to the fact that<будет возрастать экономическая зависимость женщин от дохода мужа>, <уменьшится и так незначительное время мужа, направленное на участие в семейной жизни в связи с необходимостью дополнительного заработка>, <усилится процесс "маскулинизации"" сферы принятия решений на всех уровнях>, <получит развитие процесс феминизации бедности как следствие преобладания женщин среди низкооплачиваемых, безработных, малообеспеченных>... According to A.I. Antonov:<В обществе резко усилились радикально-феминистские взгляды и настроения, возбуждающие агрессивность женщин против мужчин, жен против мужей, что, по сути, явилось продолжением официальной советско-большевистской идеологии антисемейности, разрушения "мелкого" домашнего хозяйства, "домостроевщины-патриархальщины"> .
As part of the study of female employment, both previous approaches to analysis are used<сочетания работы и материнства>with emphasis on state opportunities to mitigate this contradiction, as well as new interpretations of social inequality based on gender in this area. The specificity of women's vocational training, the social protection of women working in harmful, dangerous and difficult industries, the possibility of promoting them to managerial jobs, health indicators depending on gender in different professional groups are analyzed.
An important place in empirical research is given to the analysis of sex-role representations. M.S. Matskovsky explains the growth of pro-family moods by the persistence of stereotypes both among men and women themselves. An analysis by the author of marriage ads, for example, showed that women offer themselves more as<домашней работницы>, not a potential spouse. The study of sociocultural images<женщина> - <мужчина>, <работник> - <работница>and<муж> - <жена>(cohort study) is devoted to the work of A.V. Mytil. She concludes about<несовместимости образа семьянина с образом работника>among women and men. E.V. Foteeva shows the discrepancy in the views of men and women about<хорошем муже>with their relative consistency in relation to<хорошей жены>, which is explained by the slow transformation of the male role in the family. There is also a strong commitment to<двойному стандарту>in the field of sexual relations between men rather than women, workers rather than the intelligentsia, the author analyzes the ideas of young men and women of premarital age, young spouses about behavior in the family, as well as the nature of the presentation of female and male roles in the leading media. M.Yu. Arugyunyan and O. M. Zdravomyslova, using the methods of qualitative analysis, study the images of the family in adolescents in the context of gender socialization. In the ethno-regional context of M.G. Pankratova, special attention is paid to the problems of rural women.
Many monographs and special articles rethink the Soviet experience<решения женского вопроса>... Although some authors emphasize the achievements of socialism, especially in the regions of the USSR that were previously backward in socio-economic terms, the majority emphasize the groundlessness of this ideologeme, but again from different positions. This is natural, since Soviet society was a society of double morality and, to some extent, a double social reality L.T. Shineleva, in particular, notes:<... у нас в стране, по существу, две идеологии в отношении статуса женщин в обществе. Одна - в нормативных документах, законодательных актах, другая - в жизни>... Some authors, following feminist theory, classify the Soviet period as<социалистический патриархат>... O.A. Voronina, applying the theory of patriarchy to the conditions of Soviet reality, comes to the conclusion that<советский тоталитаризм - это апофеоз реализации традиционного маскулинистского "права патриарха">, and it is noted that<отчуждение индивидуальных "мужских" прав на женщину в пользу государства не только не способствует редукции патриархатных принципов социального устройства, но и - выводя на уровень макрополитики - усиливает их>... Later, the analysis of the gender aspect of Soviet history was carried out using the biographical method (the founder of the direction is the French scientist D.Berto). M.M. Malysheva emphasizes the difference<женской советской истории>and<качественной глубины>her experiences with men and women. E.Yu. Meshcherkina analyzes the sociocultural mechanisms that, through socialization, make the archetypes of male identity work in the process<стереотипного воспроизведения мужской идентичности>... The author, in particular, comes to the conclusion that<при всей специфике отечественных стереотипов маскулинности существуют какие-то инварианты, социально-константные механизмы воспроизводства сексизма на личностном и институциональном уровнях> .
6. The beginning of the 90s: topics and approaches, the emergence of gender centers
The transition to market relations not only laid bare the old ones, but also led to the emergence of new women's problems. Interest in gender issues has been growing since the early 90s. In 1991, on the basis of the Institute of Social and Economic Problems of Population of the State Committee for Labor and the Academy of Sciences, with the direct assistance of the director of this institute N.M. Rimashevskaya, the Moscow Center for Gender Studies was formed, among the scientific tasks of which was the comprehension of the experience of the Western feminist tradition. If at the beginning the center's activity was mainly focused on the socio-economic aspects of employment in the new conditions, later the topics and research methodology expanded. On the basis of the Institute of Ethnography and Anthropology, there is a group of ethnogender problems, attention is paid to women's issues at the Department of Sociology at the Russian Academy of Management, and their study continues at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In St. Petersburg, interdisciplinary women's and gender research is carried out in different departments - at the Faculty of Sociology, the Center for the Integration of Women's Studies and NIIKSI St. Petersburg State University, at the Center for Independent Sociological Research in St. Petersburg. branch of the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Special attention is paid to gender and women's issues at the sociological faculties of regional universities and new educational and research structures.
In the early 90s. there is an expansion of the traditional subject area of the study of women's problems, which reflected the specifics of the new realities. Within the framework of political sociology, this is the activity of women in the political sphere and the peculiarities of the female electorate, the analysis of women's movements.<Ситуации, сложившейся в России в перестроечный и постперестроечный периоды, - отмечает Г.Г.Силласте, - присуще противоречие между теорией и практикой демократизации общества, предусматривающими предоставление женщинам России широких политических свобод, реальную (а не словесную, формальную) ликвидацию дискриминации по полу во всех сферах общественной жизни - с одной стороны, и целенаправленным отчуждением женщин от политики, от власти, от участия в принятии политических решений и ответственности за их осуществление - с другой>... Special studies are devoted to the characteristics of the female political and economic elite. For example, it is shown that one of the reasons influencing the participation of women MPs in politics is<отношение к этой деятельности со стороны прежде всего мужей, а также других членов семьи>... The participation of women in the sphere of management and the specifics of management of the women's collective are specially considered. Analyzed<социогендерная>problematic within the framework of the sociology of law. SI-Golod and IS Kon make an attempt to link biosocial problems of gender and study the social aspects of sexual behavior. The problem of the need to study sexual harassment at work, spousal violence is posed. In principle, one can also single out studies within the framework of military sociology, reflecting the specifics of the social problems of men.
Within the framework of family sociology and demography, the object of special attention is women raising children without a husband, the problems of single men and women are analyzed.<активного брачного возраста>(unfortunately, not comparative), social aspects of mortality of men and women, female migration abroad. The complex of problems of relations between men and women in marriage, after divorce, as well as the work of women outside the home is considered on the basis of Soviet-American studies. EA Zdravomyslova investigates, in fact, a new phenomenon for Russia - the problems of women who have become housewives. As before, much attention is paid to socio-sex aspects in works devoted to socialization and parenting. SI Golod analyzed the stereotypes of masculinity - femininity: ideas about the need for the participation of men and women in the professional and educational spheres, as well as the peculiarities of their spiritual life. The author, in particular, concludes that<отходе в конце XX столетия от традиционных представлений или, скажем аккуратнее, от единомыслия. Вульгарный штамп общественного транспорта: "Мужчина, не ведите себя как женщина" - устарел> .
The socio-economic approach continues to develop, which focuses on the problems of women's behavior in the labor market and social policy in the field of women's employment. The position of rural women in connection with the agrarian reform is investigated separately, new aspects caused by the transition to market relations are considered - unemployment, female entrepreneurship and participation in new economic structures, the gender aspect of social mobility is analyzed.
Ethnocultural research studies, in particular, women's spiritual culture, traditions and customs of the Russian and other peoples of Russia from the point of view of the characteristics of socio-sexual relations in a historical perspective, stereotypes<мужского>and<женского>... A number of works were carried out on the basis of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where interest in the ethnocultural features of socio-sexual relations has existed for a long time. In the works of I.S. Kon pays much attention to the theoretical aspects of the sociology of gender, taking into account the cross-cultural analysis of foreign and domestic historical and ethnographic data in a broad aspect of the socio-cultural characteristics of personality formation MG Kotovskaya and NV Shalygina, using the focus group method, show that an important role in the formation of value The orientations of the students of the humanities faculties in Moscow play the behavior patterns of a Western woman, while most young men would not want to see their wife emancipated and, in particular, to marry a foreign woman.
At the beginning of the 90s, a new methodology in the analysis of women's problems was designated - cultural studies. This trend took shape in Western postmodernism and presupposes, in particular, an analysis of not only the sphere of public consciousness - cultural ideas, stereotypes, but above all the mechanisms and sources of their formation. Voronina and T.A. Klimenkova. They note that in order to overcome the system of entrenched gender roles<нельзя ограничиваться только юридическими и социально-экономическими мероприятиями. Сегодня очевидно, что гораздо более серьезного внимания заслуживает преодоление дискриминации женщин и традиционной идеологии в области культуры>... Subsequently, the methodology of postmodern feminism, in particular, putting forward the thesis about the patriarchy of the technogenic culture of modernity, is used in a number of monographs to analyze contemporary Russian reality. This area includes works that apply a gender approach to the analysis of the media and preschool children's literature.
Note that the interpretations and results of studying the social aspects of gender from the standpoint of different authors, in particular feminist ones, do not always coincide. This is understandable. The picture of the Russian reality of the transition period is very variegated, combines elements of the old and the new and does not lend itself to a single measurement.
7. Prospects for the development of research on social problems of gender
If we bear in mind the Russian sociological traditions, there is a hope that the analysis of socio-gender specificity, including the gender approach, will, over time, gain wider development in all branches and areas of sociological knowledge, and will not be confined only within the framework of gender centers. Based on such information, it will be possible to more deeply judge the nature of socio-sexual transformations and their causes. Actually, the readers themselves, after reading this book, can conclude in which modern branches of sociology the analysis of the social aspects of gender is emphasized, and in which it is absent altogether. Just one example - there are practically no results on the specifics of the activities of men and women in various branches of science (including in sociology itself), and not only from the point of view of the dynamics of their status positions, degrees and titles, but from the point of view of the style of work, characteristics scientific products, etc.
One of the important directions in the future is a more thorough study of issues related to the epistemological and sociocultural foundations of feminist orientation in the conditions of Russia. The fact that social relations between the sexes are determined by cultural, historical and ethnocultural factors means that the conceptual foundations and interpretation of research carried out in Russia should take into account its peculiarities. An analysis of the specifics of Russian conditions does not consist in the search for some kind of peculiar way of developing socio-sexual relations - this is impossible to the same extent as deviation from the general civilizational path of development (with all its pluses and minuses). It is only a question of the uniqueness of the present period. In Russian conditions, in the short-term historical perspective, it is impossible on a global scale to repeat something close to the unification of gender differences - this is an experiment conducted in the most difficult conditions of the country.<лагерного социализма>, is still very much alive in the memory of generations and is associated with all the negative experience of the Soviet stage in general (including the efforts of party committees and local committees to<защите женских интересов>). As, for example, L. Polyakov notes, in the post-Soviet situation<феминистское сознание невозможно как реакция на "мачизм" и "мужской шовинизм"... Не борьба с избытком мужского начала и его доминированием в культуре, а, скорее, восстановление мужского через культивирование отчетливо женского могло бы стать его наиболее насущной целью>... T.A. Marchenko notes<евразийскую>the line of Russia is not so much in terms of geographical location,<сколько по смешению культур народов, ее населяющих... Женщины здесь, как правило, берут принятие решений на себя, но далеко не всегда заседают в президиуме, исполняя скорее роль "серого кардинала">... In works devoted to employment and social policy, the specificity of socio-economic conditions is also emphasized. Modern Russian society is simultaneously agrarian, industrial and post-industrial, which affects all spheres of social life. In order for women themselves to strive to work outside the home, not only because of poverty and despair, it is necessary to create not only the sphere of public services, but also decent jobs (as well as for men), i.e. those conditions that would contribute to the progress of women's emancipation and professional self-realization. In multinational Russia, it is extremely important to take into account the ethnocultural specifics. How will the revival of old traditions in new conditions affect the development of a woman's personality and social equality? Will the return to these traditions be only temporary (understood as a regression in modern Western terminology) or a stable stage, presupposing a qualitatively different socio-sex structure? One should probably take into account new trends, in particular, the dominance of the aggressive type of masculinity and pseudo-masculinity in the context of the criminalization of society. And in this sense, the emergence of feminist movements in Russia is very timely.
What are the epistemological origins of sociocultural concepts of gender relations? This problem is being posed, but has not yet been comprehended. It should be emphasized that on Russian soil there were practically no scientific ideas that would belittle<женское>, and even Western theories of this kind did not receive active support (see above). Even a cursory glance at the nature of regional women's movements shows that many of them are centered around the problems of motherhood and families and are not yet aimed at combating patriarchy.
So far, no answers have been found to a number of fundamental questions within the egalitarian orientation of Western feminism. Is any socio-sex asymmetry unfair? Does egalitarianism imply equality of opportunity or equality of outcome? Doesn't the growth of personality lead to an attempt to assign to each of the sexes only the advantages of the other and to abandon any obligations whatsoever?
In the analysis of social problems of gender, a biopsychosocial approach is also very productive. Its application is initiated by biologists and anthropologists and is discussed in some works. There is a strong biopsychosocial trend in the West, particularly with regard to gender issues. We are not talking about linear biodeterminism of sex roles, but about a complex interaction, including social and biological (for example, how the change in the functions of women and men in society affects their biological and psychological characteristics, those that existed in the conditions of a rigid division of labor) ... Assessment of the role of biological and social in human development is far from unambiguous conclusions.
One of the problems is interdisciplinarity, which implies the study of gender problems from the standpoint of different disciplines. Now, perhaps due to the difficulties of growth, sometimes under the brand of interdisciplinarity there is a rejection of<традиционного>knowledge accumulated within specific disciplines, which is fraught with<открытием азбучных истин>, but on a different methodological platform.
Methodology is a particular problem<женских>and<мужских>research. If the sample is formed exclusively from representatives of the same sex, then the interpretation of the specifics, for example, the special behavior of women in politics or business, looks very unconvincing. Often this specificity is explained by certain psychological characteristics of women (for example, conservatism or emotional instability) or men (initiative, assertiveness - in Soviet culture, quite feminine qualities), which are known to authors, which is more likely to correspond<сексистским>stereotypes, and is not confirmed by the results of psychological research conducted in the framework of Russian culture. N.A. Chelysheva notes that when comparing the male and female parts of the research sample, it is necessary not only to adapt the methodological apparatus for these parts, but also to observe their representativeness. It is also necessary to align the samples and take into account other stratification parameters - nationality, age, class, etc., those that are especially relevant to modern Russian society.
The conceptual problem is also acute, which is often emphasized in works in connection with with <адаптацией>gender approach.<Проблема методологии и понятийного аппарата стоит в связи с великим и могучим русским языком. Мы практически имеем очень многослойный образный язык, и в данной ситуации отсутствуют социолингвистические исследования, которые посвящены переводу не только с языка мужского на женский, но и с английского на русский> .
In the context of sociocultural differentiation and the relativity of knowledge, feminist orientation in sociology will take its rightful place, but at least within the framework of academic science, without pretending to universality of explanation and understanding. Probably, over time, the delimitation of various trends of feminism in Russian conditions will be more clearly articulated, not so much in the subject of study, but rather in terms of the initial theoretical premises. Currently:<Для нас вопрос о том, что такое тендерное исследование - это пока весьма открытый вопрос> .
Russian society is gradually developing from<узкого>type of cultural socialization to<широкому>, which presupposes variability, diversity at all levels of socialization, and as a consequence - and individualization of life styles, including the spread of different models of socio-sexual relations. But this cultural transformation, in turn, will be determined by socio-economic (modernization of the economy, etc.) and political (development of democratic institutions) conditions. The study of the social aspects of gender becomes important in the context of the problems of stereotyping, which hinders the possibility of self-disclosure of the personality and the implementation of life choices. In the organizational structure of the sociological community, gender studies will undoubtedly develop, including through projects supported by foreign foundations, which often give preference to women scientists and highlight women's issues as a priority.
3 . Research methodology
1. Sociological survey to identify the public opinion of the local society about the social role of women (see Appendix # 1).
2. Comparison of the data obtained with the data of a similar sociological survey in Russia.
Research results
Opinions about the possibility of getting a high-paying job were distributed differently:
Conclusions:
Conclusion
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ANNEX 1
We ask you to answer the questions of the questionnaire.
You need to highlight the option that
matches your opinion.
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Your gender:
Male - Female
2. Your age:
15-20 years old - 21-30 years old - 31-45 years old - 46-57 years old -58 years old and older
3. Your current marital status:
I am married - I am in a civil marriage - I am not married
4. What is the level of your education?
Primary - Secondary - Specialized Secondary
Higher - I'm in high school
5. Do you agree that the main role of women in society is connected with her “natural” purpose - family, husband, children.
Yes -No -Difficult to answer
6. Do you think men and women actually have the same chances for professional growth and advancement?
Chances are not equal - Chances are equal - Difficult to answer
7. Is your gender a barrier to career advancement?
Yes - No - Difficult to answer
8. Who would you like to see as a leader?
Man-Woman
9. In your opinion, if a woman works, then it has:
Negative impact on the family;
Negative impact on children;
Work does not adversely affect either the family or the children.
10. Who do you think finds it easier to get a high-paying job:
Man - Woman
Thank you for your answers and help in our work!
