Entering the 20th century, Russia changed. The world changed. The industrial era dictated its conditions and standards of life. Under their Natius, traditional values \u200b\u200band persons of people collapsed. Russian culture experienced an amazing flourishing. It covered all types of creative activities, gave rise to outstanding artworks and scientific discoveries, new directions of creative search, opened brilliant names, which became pride not only Russian, but also of world culture, science and technology. Start XXV. Call the silver century of Russian culture. Silver eyelid is a historical time from the 90s.
XIX century to 1922.
However, one of the main contradictions of Russian life was not overcome - the inaccessibility of the high achievements of the culture with wide masses and cut-off from them.
In 1919 The Government of the RSFSR adopted the decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of Russia", according to which all citizens aged 8 to 50 years have been obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian. However, the conditions of the Civil War and Destroye prevented the solution of the task. In the mid-1920-hgg. Only about half of the population of the USSR at the age of 9 years old owned a diploma.
The figures of the artistic culture of the Silver Age, met the proletarian revolution in different ways. Some of them believed that domestic cultural traditions would be either trampled, or were supplied under the control of a new government. Appreciated above all the freedom of creativity, they chose the lot of emigrants. By the mid-20s. Abroad turned out to be writers, poets, composers, singers, musicians, artists: I.A. Bunin, A.I.Kuprin, A.K. Ladzunov, S.S.Prokofev, S.V. Rhahmaninov, F.I.Shaliapin , I.E.Pepin, V.V. Kadinsky, M.Z.Shagal, etc.
Other outstanding cultural figures did not choose the fate of emigrants. Such as, A.A.Akhmatova, M.A.Voloshin, M.M. Prishvin, M.A. Bulgakov, went into a deep spiritual opposition, continued the traditions of Russian dissent.
It seemed to many that the revolution, as a cleansing thunderstorm, rejuvenates the country, wakes the creative forces. They went towards a new life, considering themselves the successors of the revolutionary traditions of Russian culture.
For the first time, the October Revolution was already sideways in verses V.V. Mamakovsky and A.A. Blak, depicted in the paintings of K.S. Petrov-Vodkina and B.M. Kustodieva, as well as in the first Soviet play "Misteria-buff" Mayakovsky's play in the production of VE. Meyerhold and with the design of K.S. Malevich.
With the end of the civil war, the Bolsheviks began to actively control spiritual life in the country. In August 1921 Some scientists and cultural figures, a certain Petrograd military organization, were shot, including a chemist-chemist M.M.Tikhvinsky and Poet N.Gumilev.
At the end of August 1922 The Soviet government sent 160 scientists from the country and cultural figures, which did not share the ideological attitudes of Bolshevism, but were not active fighters with her.
In 1922 The chridge was established, which led control over all printed products. A year later, he was joined by the chief executioner, he controlled the theaters and other spectacular events. And the task was to not be leaked by the authorities to the public life.
The Bolsheviks set themselves the goal of raising a "new man", worthy of living in a communist society. For the Bolsheviks, a dangerous competitor in the spiritual life of the country was religion. In April - May 1922. In Moscow and in July, lawsuits were organized in Petrograd, a number of major church hierarchs were sentenced to death on charges of counter-revolutionary activities. Patriarch Tikhon was arrested and translated into prison. In 1925, after the death of Patriarch Tikhon, the authorities did not allow the elections of the new Patriarch, and Metropolitan Peter, who accepted the patriarch duties, was expelled at Solovki.
Bolsheviks needed new feature forms of influence on feelings, agitation for the communist future. The art of a poster, the master of this genre - V.N. Deni ("Banda"), DS Motor ("Did you sign up a volunteer?", Help! "). "The windows of growth satire" (Russian telegraph agency) is a new form of agitational art. Acute satirical posters with brief poems covered topical events illustrated telegrams that were transmitted by the Agency to the newspaper.
The spiritual life of the Soviet society in the first years of Soviet power was distinguished by relative freedom, but as the position of Stalin has strengthened the party offensive for culture.
Slide 2.
the task of overcoming cultural inequality is raised, to make the treasures of culture affordable for workers. Liquidation of illiteracy: In 1919, SNK adopted the decree "On the liquidation of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years was obliged to learn a diploma in his native or Russian. In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established chaired by M.I. Kalinin.
Slide 3.
In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established chaired by M.I. Kalinin. Thousands of items were discovered to eliminate the illiteracy of the lives.
Slide 4.
On September 30, 1918, the Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulation on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR". The principle of free training is based. Decree of SNK dated August 2, 1918. The preemptive right of admission to universities received workers and peasants Next important milestone - adoption in 1930 decree of the Central Committee of the CPP / B "On Universal Mandatory Initial Learning". By the end of the 30s, mass illiteracy in our country was mainly overcome
Slide 5.
S.V. Rushmaninov, K.A. Korovin, A.N. Tolstoy, M.I.TSvetaeva, E.I. Zamyatin, F.I.Shalyapin, A.P. Pavlova, I.A. Bunin, A. I.Kuprin and others. 500 major scientists who headed the departments and whole scientific directions: P.A.Sorokin, K.N. Davodov, V.K.Agafonov, S.N. Vinogradsky and others abroad turned out to be a decrease in spiritual-intellectual level
Slide 6.
"The intelligentsia has always been revolutionary. The decrees of the Bolsheviks are the symbols of the intelligentsia. Abandoned slogans requiring development. Land of God ... Is this not a symbol of an advanced intelligentsia? True, the Bolsheviks do not utter the words "God", they are more drawn, but they will not throw the words from the song. The critting of the intelligentsia against the Bolsheviks on the surface. It seems already passes. A person thinks differently than speaks. Priniency comes, musical reconciliation ... "
Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe obliged. (A.A. Block)
Slide 7.
V.I.Vernadsky K.E. Tsiolkovsky N.E. Zhukovsky I.P. Pavlov N.I.Vavilov V.M. Bekhterev K.A.Timiryazev N.D. Zelinsky
Slide 8.
M. Voloshin A. Akhmatova N. Gumilev V. Mayakovsky M. Bulgakov V. Meyerhold, and others.
Slide 9.
idean-political and social movement arising in the early 1920s. In an environment of Russian foreign liberally configured intelligentsia. It turned its name from the collection "Change of Vekh", published in Prague in July 1921. Shangeshevtsy set themselves the task - to revise the position of the intelligentsia relative to the post-revolutionary Russia. The essence of this revision was to refuse to armed with a new government, recognizing the need for cooperation with her in the name of the well-being of the Fatherland.
Slide 10.
A.N. Tolstoy S.S.Prokofiev M.Gorky M.TSvetaeva A.I.Kuprin The movement arranged leaders of the Bolsheviks, since it allowed to split emigration and achieve recognition of a new government. Returns to their homeland: the attitude of the Bolsheviks:
Slide 11.
The party and the state established full control over the spiritual life of society. 1921 - Process over the Petrograd combat organization (famous scientists and cultural figures). 1922 - Expanding from the country of 160 major scientists and philosophers. 1922 - Institution of chief, and then chief execution (censorship).
Slide 12.
From the decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the Policy of the Party in the Fiction" on June 18, 1925
Thus, how the class struggle does not stop at all, as definitely she does not stop on the literary front. There is no neutral art in the class society. The party must emphasize the need to create fiction, designed for a truly mass reader, working and peasant; You need a bolder and more decisively break with prejudices of Baria in the literature
Slide 13.
11 (24) DECEMBER 1917 Decree appears on the transfer of all church schools to the Enlightenment Commissioner. 18 (31) December is annulled in the eyes of the state the effectiveness of church marriage and the civilian is introduced. January 21, 1918 - a decree on the full branch of the Church from the state and the confiscation of all church estates "was published.
Slide 14.
Decree provided concrete measures to ensure religious organizations to carry out their functions. The free execution of rites that do not violate the public order and not accompanied by encroachment on the rights of citizens, religious societies were provided with the right to free use of buildings and subjects for worship services.
Slide 15.
Widespread closure of temples; Confiscation of the property of the Church for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clergy; Deprivation of their election rights; Children from the clergy families lost opportunities to get a special or higher education.
Slide 16.
http://www.pugoviza.ru/cgi-bin/yabb2/yabb.pl?num\u003d1220371796 http://alkir.narod.ru/rh-book/l-kap9/l-09-03-3.html http://www.uralligaculture.ru/index.php?main\u003dlibrary&id\u003d100007 http://www.xumuk.ru/bse/993.html http://literra.ru/2006/10/ http: // MP3Slovo.com/List2_13_5.html http://russianway.rhga.ru/catalogue-books/index.php?section_id\u003d326&element_id\u003d23253 http://dugward.ru/library/blok/blok_mojet_li.html Sources: A.A. . Danylov, the history of Russia XX - the beginning of the XXI century M., "Enlightenment", 2008. Internet resources:
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Text Content Slides Presentation: The spiritual life of the USSR in the 20s. Somenkova Ekaterina Vladimirovriktor History MBOU SOSH No. 1O Arzamas Determine the goals of the "cultural revolution" A.V. Lunacharsky - the People's Enlightenment: The purpose of the cultural revolution is to form a comprehensive harmonious personality. In turning every person in the conscious Creator of History. " Determine the goals of the "cultural revolution" L.D. Creator-Member of the Politburo in the next 20 - 50 years can only be solved by "Azbievous tasks", i.e. Elimination of illiteracy. Where in the backward country, which is in the capitalist environment, will appear "New Man." Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. On December 26, 1919, in order to provide the entire population of the Republic, the possibility of conscious participation in the political life of the Country of the country decided: 1. The population of the republic aged from 8-50 years old, not able to read and write, is obliged to learn a diploma in his native or Russian at will ... 3. The People's Commissariat of Enlightenment is granted the right to involve analogous population of a country who is not called up to the troops ... 5. An employment literary, working on employment, with the exception of employed in militarized enterprises, is reduced by two hours. For all the time of learning with salary salary. Popular education. On September 30, 1918, the Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulation on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR". The principle of free training is based. Decree of the SNK of August 2, 1918. The preemptive right of admission to universities received workers and peasants 1921-1922. Saturdays of assistance to schools (voluntary collecting funds) were organized in 1923. The All-Russian Voluntary Society "Down with Illiteracy" was organized, I headed M.I. Kalinin the results of events Liquidation of illiteracy The introduction of universal learning from 8-50 years old is created at universities and institutes of work faculties (Rabafaki), schools were opened, and illiteracy was eliminated. The statement of N.I. Bukharin in 1924 "We need to ensure that the personnel of the intelligentsia be trained ideologically to a certain manner. Yes, we will stamp the intellectuals, we will produce them, as in the factory. "Prohibit this document. Start with finding out the meaning of such phrases as "the intelligentsia frames", "ideologically", "on a certain manner", "stamp intellectuals", "produce intellectuals, as in the factory." Power and intelligentsia: the question of the attitude towards the revolution. S.V. Rhahmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A.N. Tolstoy, M.I.TSvetaeva, E.I. Zamytin, F.I.Shalyapin, A.P. Pavlova, I.A. Bunin, A.I.Kuprin and others. Emigration (from Lat. Emigro - "evicting") the resettlement from one country to another in economic, political, personal circumstances the spiritual opposition M. Voloshina. Ahmatovanov. Gumilev. Mayakovsky. Bulgakov. Meyerldi Dt. V.V. Majakovsky A.A. Blok. The author K.S.Petrov-Vodkin welcomed the revolution "Interchange" ideological and political and social movement, which emerged in the early 1920s. In an environment of Russian foreign liberally configured intelligentsia. It turned its name from the collection "Change of Vekh", published in Prague in July 1921. "Schedule" (results) A.Ntolsts.S.Prokofyevm. Gorkyum. Tsvetayeva. And.Kuprin The movement arranged leaders of the Bolsheviks, since it allowed to split emigration and achieve recognition of a new government. Returned to their homeland: the attitude of the Bolsheviks: I was left at the homeland V.I.Vernadsky K.E. Tsiolkovsky N.E. Zhukovsky I.P.Pavlov N.I.Vavilov V.M. Bekhterev K.A.Timiryazev N.D. Zelinsky 1921 - the process over the Petrograd military organization (famous scientists and cultural figures) .Avgust 19221922. -1922g. - Institution Chiefship. 1925 Decisions of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the Party Policy in the Fiction" 1918 Decree on the separation of the Church from the state are shot by the cultural and science leadership of 160 large scientists and philosophers Churches and her servants Class approach to the culture of the Bolsheviks and the Church. From the note V. I. Lenin. March 19, 1922 is now and only now, when people eat in hungry areas and hundreds of people are lying on the roads, if not thousands of corpses, we can (and therefore should!) To draw the withdrawal of church values \u200b\u200bwith the most mad and merciless energy and without stopping before the suppression of any resistance ... The greater the number of representatives of the reactionary clergy and the reactionary bourgeoisie, it will be possible to shoot it, the better it is necessary to learn this. The public so that for several decades about anything, they do not dare and think. - What are the goals offered Lenin to take out church values? All new and new prohibitions were collected by the universal closure of temples; confiscation of the church property for revolutionary needs; arrests of clergymen; deprivation of their election rights; children from the clergy families lost opportunities to get a special or higher education. The main directions of the spiritual life of the Soviet society appeared new personnel of the Soviet intelligentsia, the fight against illiteracy, "New Art" arose, established party control over the spiritual life of the country, the fight against religion. Homework Paragraph 22, rubric "Extend vocabulary", answer the question written: Determine the achievements and loss of the country's spiritual life.
Questions: 1. Fighting illiteracy
2. Power and intelligentsia
3. Party control over the spiritual
Life
4. "Interchange"
5. Bolsheviks and Church
6. The beginning of "New Art"
The spiritual life of the USSR in the 20s.
