Most of all, Peter I was concerned with the idea of the fleet and the possibility of trade relations with Europe. To put his ideas into practice, he equipped the Grand Embassy and visited a number of European countries, where he saw how far Russia was behind in its development.
This event in the life of the young tsar marked the beginning of his reforming activity. The first reforms of Peter I were aimed at changing the external signs of Russian life: he ordered to shave off beards and ordered to dress in European clothes, introduced music, tobacco, balls and other innovations into the life of Moscow society, which shocked him.
By a decree of December 20, 1699, Peter I approved the chronology from the Nativity of Christ and the celebration of the new year on January 1.
The main goal of Peter I's foreign policy was access to the Baltic Sea, which would provide Russia with a connection with Western Europe. In 1699 Russia, having entered into an alliance with Poland and Denmark, declared war on Sweden. The outcome of the Northern War, which lasted 21 years, was influenced by the victory of the Russians in the Battle of Poltava on June 27, 1709. and the victory over the Swedish fleet at Gangut on July 27, 1714.
On August 30, 1721, the Nishtadt Peace Treaty was signed, according to which Russia retained the conquered lands of Livonia, Estland, Ingermanland, part of Karelia and all the islands of the Gulf of Finland and Riga. Access to the Baltic Sea was ensured.
In commemoration of what was achieved in the Northern War, the Senate and Synod on October 20, 1721 awarded the tsar with the title of Father of the Fatherland, Peter the Great and Emperor of All Russia.
In 1723, after a month and a half of hostilities with Persia, Peter I took possession of the western coast of the Caspian Sea.
Simultaneously with the conduct of hostilities, the vigorous activity of Peter I was aimed at carrying out numerous reforms, the purpose of which was to bring the country closer to European civilization, raise the education of the Russian people, and strengthen the power and international position of Russia. A lot was done by the great tsar, here are just the main reforms of Peter I.
Instead of the Boyar Duma, the Council of Ministers was created in 1700, which sat in the Near Chancellery, and in 1711 - the Senate, which by 1719 had become the highest state body. With the creation of provinces, numerous Orders ceased their activities, they were replaced by the Collegia, which were subordinate to the Senate. The control system also operated the Secret Police - the Preobrazhensky Prikaz (in charge of state crimes) and the Secret Chancellery. Both institutions were under the jurisdiction of the emperor himself.
The largest administrative reform of local government was the creation in 1708 of 8 provinces headed by governors, in 1719 their number increased to 11. The second administrative reform divided the provinces into provinces headed by governors, and the provinces into districts (counties) headed with the zemstvo commissars.
To manage the city, the Burmister Chamber was created in Moscow, renamed in November 1699 the Town Hall, and magistrates subordinate to the Chief Magistrate in St. Petersburg (1720). The members of the Town Hall and the magistrates were elected through elections.
The main goal of the estate reform of Peter I was to formalize the rights and obligations of each class - the nobility, the peasantry and the urban population.
Nobility.
Peasantry
Most of the peasants were serfs. Serfs could enroll in soldiers, which freed them from serfdom.
Among the free peasants were:
Urban estate
Urban people were divided into "regular" and "irregular". Regular ones were divided into guilds: 1st guild - the richest, 2nd guild - small merchants and wealthy artisans. Irregulars, or "vile people", made up the majority of the urban population.
In 1722, shops appeared that united masters of the same craft.
The functions of the Supreme Court were carried out by the Senate and the Justitz Collegium. In the provinces, there were court appellate courts and provincial courts headed by governors. Provincial courts dealt with peasants (except for monasteries) and townspeople who were not included in the posad. Since 1721, the magistrate conducted the court cases of the townspeople included in the posad. In other cases, the cases were decided by the zemstvo or city judge alone.
Peter I abolished the patriarchate, deprived the church of power, and transferred its funds to the state treasury. Instead of the post of patriarch, the tsar introduced a collegial supreme administrative church body - the Holy Synod.
The first stage of the financial reform of Peter I was reduced to raising money for the maintenance of the army and the conduct of wars. Added benefits from the monopoly sale of certain types of goods (vodka, salt, etc.), introduced indirect taxes (bath, horse, beards, etc.).
In 1704 was held monetary reform, according to which the basic currency has become a penny. The unchangeable ruble was canceled.
Tax reform of Peter I consisted in the transition from household taxation to capitation. In this regard, the government included in the tax all categories of the peasant and posad population, which had previously been exempted from tax.
Thus, during tax reform of Peter I a single monetary tax (poll tax) was introduced and the number of taxpayers increased.
In the period from 1700 to 1721. many civil and military schools were opened in Russia. Among them are the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences; artillery, engineering, medical, mining, garrison, religious schools; digital schools for free education of children of all ranks; Maritime Academy in St. Petersburg.
Peter I created the Academy of Sciences, under which the first Russian university was established, and with him the first gymnasium. But this system began to operate after the death of Peter.
Peter I introduced a new alphabet, which made it easier to learn to read and write and promoted typography. The first Russian newspaper "Vedomosti" began to be published, in 1703 the first book in Russian with Arabic numerals appeared.
The tsar developed a plan for the stone construction of St. Petersburg, paying special attention to the beauty of architecture. He invited foreign artists and also sent talented young people abroad to study "arts". Peter I laid the foundation for the Hermitage.
The main transformations were the opening of hospitals (1707 - the first Moscow military hospital) and schools attached to them, in which doctors and pharmacists were trained.
In 1700, pharmacies were established at all military hospitals. In 1701, Peter I issued a decree on the opening of eight private pharmacies in Moscow. Since 1704, state-owned pharmacies began to open in many cities of Russia.
For the cultivation, study, creation of collections of medicinal plants, pharmaceutical gardens were created, where seeds of foreign flora were also imported.
To boost industrial production and develop trade relations with foreign countries, Peter I invited foreign specialists, but at the same time encouraged the domestic industrialist and merchant. Peter I strove to ensure that more goods were exported from Russia than imported. During his reign, 200 factories and factories operated on the territory of Russia.
Peter I introduced annual recruiting sets of young Russians (15 to 20 years old) and ordered the training of soldiers to begin. In 1716, the Military Regulations were issued, setting out the service, rights and duties of the military.
As a result military reform of Peter I a powerful regular army and navy was created.
Peter's reform activities were supported by a wide circle of nobility, but caused discontent and resistance among the boyars, archers and clergy. transformations entailed the loss of their leading role in public administration. Among the opponents of the reforms of Peter I was his son Alexei.
By the 18th century, Russia was a backward country. It was significantly inferior to Western European countries in terms of the volume of production in industry, the level of education and culture (even in the ruling circles there were many illiterate people). The boyar aristocracy, which stood at the head of the state apparatus, did not meet the needs of the country. The Russian army, consisting of archers and the noble militia, was poorly armed, not trained and could not cope with its task.
In the course of the history of our country, by this time there had already been significant shifts in its development. The city separated from the village, there was a separation of agriculture and handicrafts, industrial enterprises of the manufacturing type arose. Domestic and foreign trade developed. Russia borrowed technology and science, culture and education from Western Europe, but at the same time developed independently. Thus, the ground for Peter's reforms had already been prepared.
The last Tsar of All Russia and the first Emperor of Russia - Peter the Great- the figure is truly great. It is not for nothing that this tsar was named "the Great" by Peter. He strove not only to expand the borders of the Russian state, but also to make life in it similar to the one that he saw in Europe. He learned a lot himself and taught others.
Peter the Great belonged to the Romanov family, he was born June 9, 1672... His father is a king Alexey Mikhailovich... His mother is the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich, Natalia Naryshkina... Peter I was the first child from the second marriage of the tsar and the fourteenth in a row.
V 1976 year the father of Peter Alekseevich died and his elders son ascended the throne - Fedor Alekseevich... He was painful and ruled for about 6 years.
The death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and the accession of his eldest son Fyodor (from Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna, nee Miloslavskaya) pushed Tsarina Natalia Kirillovna and her relatives, the Naryshkins, into the background.
After the death of Fedor III, the question arose: who will rule next? Peter's elder brother Ivan was a sickly child (he was also called feeble-minded) and it was decided to put Peter on the throne.
However, the relatives of the first wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich did not like it - Miloslavsky... Enlisting the support of 20 thousand archers, who showed discontent at the time, the Miloslavskys staged a riot in 1682.
The consequence of this rebellion was the proclamation of Peter's sister, Sophia, as regent until Ivan and Peter grew up. Subsequently, Peter and Ivan were considered the double rulers of the Russian state until Ivan's death in 1686.
Tsarina Natalya was forced to go to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow with Peter.
In villages Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky Peter was not engaged in children's games - he formed from his peers "Funny" troops and learned to fight. Foreign officers helped him to master the military letter.
Later, these two battalions were formed Semyonovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments- the backbone of Peter's guard.
In 1689 on the advice of his mother, Peter got married. The daughter of a Moscow boyar was chosen as his bride Evdokia Lopukhin... After marriage, 17-year-old Peter was already considered an adult and could claim independent rule.
Princess Sophia immediately realized what danger threatened her. Not wanting to lose power, she persuaded the archers oppose Peter... Young Peter managed to gather an army loyal to him, and together with him he moved to Moscow.
The uprising was brutally suppressed, the instigators were executed, they were hanged, flogged with a whip, and burned with a hot iron. Sophia was sent to Novodevichy Convent.
Since 1696, after the death of Tsar Ivan V, Peter became autocratic ruler of Russia... A year earlier, he turned his gaze to the map. The advisers, among them the beloved Swiss Lefort, suggested that Russia needs access to the sea, it needs to build a fleet, it needs to move south.
Azov campaigns began... Peter himself took part in battles, gained combat experience. On the second attempt, they captured Azov, in a convenient bay of the Sea of Azov, Peter laid the city Taganrog.
Peter went "incognito", he was called a volunteer Peter Mikhailov,
sometimes captain of the Preobrazhensky regiment.
In England Peter the Great studied maritime business, in Germany- artillery, in Holland worked as a simple carpenter. But he had to return to Moscow prematurely - information about a new revolt of the archers reached him. After the brutal massacre of the archers and executions, Peter began to prepare for a war with Sweden.
On the allies of Russia - Poland and Denmark- the young Swedish king began to attack CharlesXII, who decided to conquer all of northern Europe. Peter I decided to go to war against Sweden.
First battle near Narva in 1700 was unfortunate for the Russian troops. Having a multiple advantage over the Swedish army, the Russians were unable to take the Narva fortress, and they had to retreat.
Having attacked Poland, Charles XII got stuck in the war for a long time. Taking advantage of the respite that had come, Peter announced the recruitment of recruits. He issued a decree, according to which they began to collect money for the war against Sweden, bells from churches melted down for cannons, strengthened old fortresses, erected new ones.
Peter the Great personally participated in a combat sortie with two regiments of soldiers against Swedish ships blocking the exit to the Baltic Sea. The attack was successful, the ships were captured, and access to the sea became free.
On the banks of the Neva, Peter ordered to build a fortress in honor of Saints Peter and Paul, named later Peter and Paul... It was around this fortress that the city was formed St. Petersburg- the new capital of Russia.
The news of Peter's successful sortie on the Neva forced the Swedish king to move his troops to Russia. He chose the south, where he expected help from Turk and where is Ukrainian hetman Mazepa promised to give him the Cossacks.
The battle of Poltava, where the Swedes and Russians had pulled their troops, did not last long.
Karl XII left the Cossacks brought by Mazepa in the train, they were not sufficiently trained and equipped. The Turks never approached. Numerical superiority in the troops was on the side of the Russians... And no matter how hard the Swedes tried to break through the ranks of the Russian troops, no matter how they rebuilt their regiments, they failed to turn the tide of the battle in their favor.
A cannonball hit Karl's stretcher, he lost consciousness, and panic broke out among the Swedes. After the victorious battle, Peter made a feast at which treated the captured Swedish generals and thanked them for their science.
Peter the Great actively, in addition to wars with other states, was engaged in domestic reforms... He demanded that the courtiers take off their caftans and put on a European dress, that they shave their beards, go to the balls arranged for them.
Instead of the Boyar Duma, he established Senate, which dealt with important government issues, introduced a special Table of ranks, in which the classes of military and civilian officials were determined.
Started to operate in St. Petersburg Marine Academy, opened in Moscow mathematical school... Under him, the country began to publish the first Russian newspaper... There were no titles or awards for Peter. If he saw a capable person, albeit of low birth, then he sent him to study abroad.
Many innovations of Peter didn't like it- starting from the highest ranks, ending with serfs. The church called him a heretic, the schismatics called him the Antichrist, and sent all kinds of blasphemy against him.
The peasants found themselves completely dependent on the landlords and the state. Increased tax burden 1.5-2 times, turned out to be overwhelming for many. Major uprisings took place in Astrakhan, on the Don, in Ukraine, the Volga region.
The breakdown of the old way of life caused a negative reaction from the nobles. Son of Peter, his heir Alexey, became an opponent of reforms and went against his father. He was accused of conspiracy and in 1718 sentenced to death.
In the last years of the reign of Peter was very sick, he had kidney problems. In the summer of 1724, his illness intensified, in September he felt better, but after a while the attacks intensified.
On January 28, 1725, he had such a bad time that he ordered to put a camp church in the room next to his bedroom, and on February 2 he confessed. The strength began to leave the patient, he no longer screamed, as before, from severe pain, but only moaned.
On February 7, all those sentenced to death or hard labor (excluding murderers and those convicted of repeated robbery) were amnestied. On the same day, at the end of the second hour, Peter demanded paper, began to write, but the pen fell out of his hands, only two words could be made out of what he had written: "Give it all ...".
At the beginning of the sixth hour in the morning February 8, 1725 Peter the Great "the Great" died in terrible agony in his Winter Palace near the Winter Canal, according to the official version, from pneumonia. He was buried in Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.
In our time there are a large number of books and records about the life of Peter 1. In this article we will tell you a short biography of the first emperor of All Russia - Peter Alekseevich Romanov (Peter 1). A large number of large and significant transformations for the Russian state are associated with his name.
The last Tsar of All Russia was born on June 9, 1672, according to folk tales, Peter was born in the village of Kolomenskoye.
Peter 1 was the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina. The parents were of different social status. Father is the second Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty, mother is a small-scale noblewoman. Natalya Kirillovna was the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich, his first wife, Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, died in childbirth.
Peter 1 had two wives: the first was Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina, the second was Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova (Ekaterina 1). During his life, the Russian emperor had 10 children (2 from the first marriage and 8 from the second). Unfortunately, most of the children died in childhood.
From an early age, Peter was very fond of playing with military toys, seeing this, his father assigned the experienced Colonel Menezius as a mentor in military affairs. It is worth noting that Aleksey Mikhailovich organized the "Petrov regiment", a small military association that served as the basis for military training in a playful way. This regiment had a real shape and armament. Later, such associations were called "amusing shelves." Here Peter passed his first real military-practical training. At the age of ten, Peter 1 had already begun to rule Russia. It was 1682.
Peter the Great finally transformed the Moscow kingdom into the Russian Empire. Under him Russia became Russia: a multinational power with access to the southern and northern seas.
Peter 1 - the creator of the Russian fleet, the date of the foundation of which can be called 1696. Forever in the history of Russia has remained the memory of the Battle of Poltava, in which Russia won. In the war with Turkey, he conquered Azov, and the Northern War with Sweden ensured Russia's access to the Baltic Sea.
Another great thing is the founding of St. Petersburg. Under him, the first printed domestic newspaper Vedomosti began to appear. He created the conditions for the development of various sciences, urban planning industry. Peter's indomitable energy allowed him to master many professions - from carpentry to sailor. One of them was that while in Holland, the emperor learned the basics of dental treatment (namely, learned how to pull them out).
He ordered to celebrate the New Year on the first of January. It is to him that we owe the cheerful custom of decorating trees for this holiday.
Peter 1 died in 1725 after a long illness, which he received while rescuing people from a sinking ship, pulling them out of the icy water.
Date of publication or update 15.12.2017
Russian Tsar (1682). The first Russian emperor (since 1721), an outstanding statesman, diplomat and military leader, all his activities are associated with reforms.
From the Romanov dynasty.
In the 1680s. under the guidance of the Dutchman F. Timmerman and the Russian master R. Kartsev Peter I studied shipbuilding, and in 1684 sailed on his boat along the Yauza, and later on Lake Pereyaslav, where he founded the 1st shipyard for the construction of ships.
On January 27, 1689, by decree of his mother, Peter married Evdokia Lopukhina, the daughter of a Moscow boyar. But the newlyweds spent time with friends in the German settlement. In the same place in 1691 he met the daughter of a German craftsman Anna Mons, who became his lover. But according to Russian custom, he, having married, was considered an adult and could lay claim to independent rule.
But Princess Sophia did not want to lose power and organized a rebellion of the archers against Peter. Upon learning of this, Peter hid in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. Remembering how the archers killed many of his relatives, he experienced real horror. Since that time, Peter developed a nervous tic and convulsions.
But soon Petr Alekseevich came to his senses and brutally suppressed the uprising. In September 1689, Princess Sophia was exiled to the Novodevichy Convent, and her supporters were executed. In 1689, having removed his sister from power, Pyotr Alekseevich became de facto tsar. After the death in 1695 of his mother, and in 1696 - of his brother-co-ruler Ivan V, on January 29, 1696, he became an autocrat, the only tsar of all Russia and legally.
Barely established on the throne, Peter I personally participated in the Azov campaigns against Turkey (1695–1696), which ended with the capture of Azov and access to the shores of the Sea of Azov. Thus, the first outlet of Russia to the southern seas was opened.
Under the guise of studying maritime affairs and shipbuilding, Peter traveled as a volunteer at the Grand Embassy in 1697-1698. to Europe. There, under the name of Peter Mikhailov, the tsar completed a full course of artillery sciences in Brandenburg and Konigsberg, worked as a carpenter in the shipyards of Amsterdam, studied ship architecture and drawing plans, and completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding in England. By his order, devices, weapons, books were purchased in England, foreign craftsmen and scientists were invited. The British said about Peter that there was no such craft that the Russian tsar did not get acquainted with.
At the same time, the Grand Embassy prepared the creation of the Northern Alliance against Sweden, which was finally formed only 2 years later (1699). In the summer of 1697 Peter I held negotiations with the Austrian emperor, but having received news of the impending uprising of the archers, which was organized by Princess Sophia, who promised many privileges in the event of the overthrow of Peter, returned to Russia. On August 26, 1698, the investigation of the Strelets case did not spare any of the rebels (1182 people were executed, Sophia and her sister Martha were tonsured as a nun).
Returning to Russia, Peter I began his transformative activity.
In February 1699, on his order, the unreliable rifle regiments were disbanded and the formation of regular soldiers and dragoons began. Soon, decrees were signed, under pain of fines and flogging, ordering men to "cut their beards," wear European-style clothes, and women open their hair. Since 1700, a new calendar was introduced with the beginning of the year on January 1 (instead of September 1) and the chronology from the "birth of Christ". All these actions Peter I provided for the breaking of ancient mores.
At the same time Peter I began a major transformation in the government. country. Over the course of more than 35 years of his reign, he managed to carry out many reforms in the field of culture and education. Thus, the monopoly of the clergy on education was eliminated, and secular schools were opened. Under Peter, the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), the Medical and Surgical School (1707) - the future Military Medical Academy, the Naval Academy (1715), the School of Engineering and Artillery (1719), schools of translators were opened at the collegiums. In 1719, the first museum in Russian history, the Kunstkamera with a public library, began to operate.
Primer books, educational maps were published, and a systematic study of the country's geography and mapping was initiated. The spread of literacy was facilitated by the reform of the alphabet (cursive was replaced with civilian script, 1708), the publication of the first Russian printed newspaper "Vedomosti" (from 1703). In the era Peter I many buildings were erected for state and cultural institutions, the architectural ensemble of Peterhof (Petrodvorets).
However, reform activities Peter I proceeded in an acute struggle with the conservative opposition. The reforms provoked resistance from the boyars and clergy (I. Tsikler's conspiracy, 1697).
In 1700 Peter I concluded the Peace of Constantinople with Turkey and began a war with Sweden in alliance with Poland and Denmark. Peter's opponent was the 18-year-old Swedish king Charles XII. In November 1700, they first encountered Peter near Narva. The troops of Charles XII won this battle, since Russia did not yet have a strong army. But Peter learned a lesson from this defeat and actively set about strengthening the armed forces of Russia. Already in 1702, all the lands along the Niva to the Gulf of Finland were cleared of Swedish troops.
However, the war with Sweden, called the Northern War, was still ongoing. On June 27, 1709, near the Poltava fortress, the great Battle of Poltava took place, which ended in the complete defeat of the Swedish army. Peter I he himself led his troops and took part in the battle on an equal basis with everyone else. He encouraged and inspired the soldiers, saying his famous words: "You are not fighting for Peter, but for the state entrusted to Peter. But about Peter, know that life is not dear to him, if only Russia lived, its glory, honor and prosperity!" Historians write that on the same day, Tsar Peter made a big feast, invited captured Swedish generals to it and, returning them their swords, said: "... I drink to the health of you, my teachers in the art of war." After the Battle of Poltava, Peter forever secured access to the Baltic Sea. From now on, foreign countries were forced to reckon with the strong power of Russia.
Tsar Peter I did a lot for Russia. Under him, industry actively developed, trade expanded. All over Russia, new cities began to be built, and streets were illuminated in the old ones. With the emergence of the all-Russian market, the economic potential of the central government has grown. And the reunification of Ukraine and Russia and the development of Siberia turned Russia into the greatest state in the world.
In Peter's time, exploration of ore resources was actively carried out, iron foundries and weapons factories were built in the Urals and Central Russia, canals and new strategic roads were laid, shipyards were built, and with them new cities arose.
However, the severity of the Northern War and reforms fell a heavy burden on the peasantry, which constituted the majority of the population of Russia. Discontent broke through in popular uprisings (the Astrakhan uprising, 1705; the Peasant War led by K.A. Bulavin, 1707–1708; the Bashkir unrest of 1705–1711), which were suppressed by Peter with cruelty and indifference.
After the suppression of the Bulavin revolt Peter I carried out a regional reform of 1708-1710, which divided the country into 8 provinces headed by governors and governors-general. In 1719 the provinces were divided into provinces, provinces into counties.
The decree on single inheritance of 1714 equalized estates and estates, introduced a majorat (granting the right to inherit real estate to the eldest of the sons), the purpose of which was to ensure a stable growth of noble land tenure.
Domestic affairs not only did not occupy Tsar Peter, but rather depressed him. His son Alexei disagreed with his father's vision of proper government. After threats from his father, Alexei fled to Europe in 1716. Peter, declaring his son a traitor, imprisoned him in a fortress and in 1718 personally sentenced Alexei to death. After these events, suspicion, unpredictability and cruelty settled in the character of the king.
Strengthening its position in the Baltic Sea, Peter I back in 1703, he founded the city of St. Petersburg at the mouth of the Neva River, which turned into a sea trade port, designed to serve the needs of all of Russia. By founding this city, Peter "opened a window to Europe."
In 1720 he wrote the Naval Regulations, completed the reform of the city administration. The Chief Magistrate in the capital (as a collegium) and magistrates in the cities were created.
In 1721, Peter finally concluded the Nishtad Peace Treaty, which put an end to the Northern War. According to the Peace of Nishtad, Russia regained the lands of the Ladoga Novgorod region that had been torn away from it and acquired Vyborg in Finland and the entire Baltic region with Ravel and Riga. For this victory, Peter I received the title of "Father of the Fatherland, Emperor of All Russia, Peter the Great Thus, the long process of the formation of the Russian Empire was formally completed.
In 1722, the Table of ranks of all military, state and court officials was published, according to which the tribal nobility could be obtained "for the blameless service to the emperor and the state."
Peter's Persian campaign in 1722-1723 secured the western coast of the Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku to Russia. There at Peter I for the first time in the history of Russia, permanent diplomatic missions and consulates were established.
In 1724, a decree was issued on the opening of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences with a gymnasium and a university.
In October 1724, Tsar Peter caught a bad cold while rescuing soldiers who were drowning in a flood in the Gulf of Finland. The king died of pneumonia on January 28, 1725, without leaving a will about his heir.
Later Peter I was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
The reforms carried out by him made Russia a strong, developed, civilized country, introduced it to the community of great world powers.
Peter was married twice:
on Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina (1670-1731), from 1689 to 1698, after which she was forcibly sent to the Suzdal Intercession Monastery. She gave birth to three sons to Peter I.
on Catherine I Alekseevna (1684-1727), nee Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya, being the mistress (since 1703) and wife (since 1712) of Peter I, she bore him 11 children: 6 daughters and 5 sons.
Have Peter I Alekseevich the Great there were officially 14 children:
Alexey (1690 - 1718) - father of the Russian Emperor Peter IIa (1715-1730)
Alexander (1691-1692)
Paul (born and died 1693)
Peter (1704 - 1707)
Paul (1705 - 1707)
Catherine (1706 - 1708)
Anna (1708-1728) - mother of the Russian Emperor Peter IIIa (1728-1762)
Elizabeth (1709 - 1761) - Russian Empress (1741-1762)
Natalia (1713 - 1715)
Margarita (1714 - 1715)
Peter (1715 - 1719)
Paul (born and died 1717)
Natalia (1718 - 1725)
Peter (1719 - 1723)
Image Peter I Alekseevich the Great was embodied in cinema ("Tsarevich Alexei", 1918; "Peter the First", 1938; "Tobacco Captain", 1972; "The Tale of How Tsar Peter the Arap Married", 1976; "Youth of Peter", 1980; "In the Beginning glorious deeds ", 1980," Young Russia ", 1982;" Dmitry Kantemir ", 1974;" Demidovs ", 1983;" Peter the Great ", 1985;" Tsarevich Alexei ", 1997;" Secrets of palace coups ", 2000;" Prayer for Hetman Mazepa "/" Prayer for Hetman Mazepa ", 2001;" Servant of the Sovereign ", 2006).
Its extraordinary appearance was captured by artists (A. N. Benois, M. V. Lomonosov, E. E. Lansere, V. I. Surikov, V. A. Serov). Stories and novels about Peter have been written: Tolstoy A. N. "Peter the First", A. Pushkin "Poltava" and "The Bronze Horseman", "Arap of Peter the Great", Merezhkovsky D. S. "Peter and Alexei", Anatoly Brusnikin - "The Ninth Savior", Gregory Keys "Age of Madness" series.
In memory of the great tsar, numerous monuments were built in St. Petersburg ("The Bronze Horseman" by E.M. Falcone, 1782; bronze statue of B.K. Rastrelli, 1743, bronze seated sculpture by M.M. Shemyakin in the Peter and Paul Fortress, Kronstadt (F Jacques), the cities of Arkhangelsk, Taganrog, Petrodvorets (M.M. Antokolsky), Tula, Petrozavodsk (I.N.Shreder and I.A.Monighetti), Moscow (Z. Tsereteli) .In 2007, a monument was erected in Astrakhan on the Volga embankment, and in Sochi in 2008. Memorial house-museums Peter I Alekseevich were opened in Leningrad, Tallinn, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Vologda, Liepaja. The monument to Peter I in Arkhangelsk is depicted on a modern ticket of the Bank of Russia on a banknote of 500 rubles.
The Academy of Problems of Security, Defense and Law Enforcement was established Order of Peter the Great.
According to the memoirs of contemporaries and the assessment of historians, the emperor, like many smart, strong-willed, decisive, talented people who spare no effort in the name of the cherished goal, was strict not only to himself, but also to others. Sometimes Tsar Peter was cruel and ruthless, did not take into account the interests and lives of those who were weaker than him. Energetic, purposeful, eager for new knowledge, Tsar Peter the Great, for all his contradictions, went down in history as an emperor who managed to radically change the face of Russia and the course of history for many centuries.
Peter the First was born in Moscow in 1672. His parents are Alexei Mikhailovich and Natalya Naryshkina. Peter was brought up by nannies, his education was poor, but the boy's health was strong, he was sick less than anyone in the family.
When Peter was ten years old, he and his brother Ivan were proclaimed to reign. In fact, Sofya Alekseevna reigned. And Peter and his mother left for Preobrazhenskoye. There little Peter began to take an interest in military activities, shipbuilding.
In 1689, Peter I became tsar, and the reign of Sophia was suspended.
During his reign, Peter created a powerful fleet. The ruler fought against the Crimea. Peter went to Europe because he needed allies who would help him withstand the Ottoman Empire. In Europe, Peter devoted a lot of time to shipbuilding, studying the cultures of different countries. The ruler mastered many crafts in Europe. One of them is gardening. Peter I brought tulips from Holland to the Russian Empire. The emperor liked to grow various plants brought from abroad in the gardens. Peter also brought rice and potatoes to Russia. In Europe, he was fired up with the idea of changing his state.
Peter I was at war with Sweden. He annexed Kamchatka to Russia and the coast of the Caspian Sea. It was in this sea that Peter I baptized people close to him. Peter's reforms were innovative. During the reign of the Emperor, there were several military reforms, the power of the state increased, and a regular army and navy were founded. And also the ruler invested his forces in the economy and industry. Peter I put a lot of effort into the education of citizens. Many schools were opened by him.
Peter I died in 1725. He was seriously ill. Peter gave the throne to his wife. He was a strong and persistent personality. Peter I made many changes, both in the state system and in the life of the people. He successfully ruled the state for over forty years.
Biography by dates and interesting facts. The most important thing.
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