The microclimate affects the thermoregulation of the human body, which is a necessary condition for its viability and normal life.
Thermoregulation is a set of processes associated with the formation of heat in the human body and its release into the environment, as a result of which the temperature of the human body is maintained at a constant level (36.5–37C) regardless of external conditions.
The microclimate mainly affects the heat exchange between the human body and the environment.
Heat exchange is carried out mainly in three ways:
1.convection due to the temperature difference between the human body and the surrounding air, as well as due to the movement of air;
2. radiation due to the temperature difference between the human body and surrounding objects;
3. Evaporation due to the difference in humidity between the surface of the human body and the surrounding air.
The convection process is the transfer of heat as a result of the movement and mixing of air particles. The process of thermal radiation consists in the transfer of heat from one body to another by intense infrared rays.
Under normal conditions (T = 20C, = 50%, P = 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa), V = 0.1 m / s), a person at rest releases into the environment on average 420 kJ / h (100 kcal / h):
convection - 30%;
radiation - 45%;
evaporation - 25%.
To ensure normal heat exchange between the human body and the environment, standard microclimate parameters have been established. When the actual parameters deviate from the normative ones, there is a violation of heat exchange, thermoregulation and many body functions associated with them, which leads to the emergence of a number of diseases.
With an increase in the ambient temperature and irradiation, the blood vessels of the body surface expand reflexively, blood flow along the periphery accelerates, and heat transfer through convection and radiation significantly increases (physical thermoregulation). However, when the temperature of the air and surrounding objects is higher than 33C, equal to the temperature on the surface of the body, heat transfer by convection and radiation stops and occurs only due to the evaporation of sweat.
In mild forms of overheating, weakness, headache and dizziness, tinnitus, dry mouth and thirst, sometimes nausea and vomiting appear.
With further overheating, sweating increases sharply, reaching 10-12 liters per shift under certain conditions. With the loss of a large amount of fluid, a person loses a large amount of salts and vitamins C and B 1, blood thickens, its viscosity increases, which complicates the work of the circulatory and respiratory systems.
Increased sweating leads to a significant loss of chlorides, which reduces the blood's ability to retain water, as a result of which the water you drink is quickly excreted from the body.
With an increase in the relative humidity of the air in conditions high temperature the release of heat by evaporation of sweat is significantly hampered. Scientists believe that the highest limit of the possible effectiveness of thermoregulation in a person at rest is an air temperature of 30–31 C at a relative humidity of 85% or an air temperature of 40 C at a relative humidity of 30%.
The accumulation of heat in the body leads to disruption and frustration nervous system, secretory activity of the stomach, liver, metabolic disorders. May lead to pathological hyperthermia (overheating), convulsive illness, heatstroke.
Convulsive disease is accompanied by a slight increase in body temperature and the onset of seizures, mainly of the limbs.
Heatstroke is characterized by loss of consciousness, a drop in blood pressure, respiratory failure, sometimes vomiting and seizures due to a rapid rise in body temperature.
When the human body is exposed to air with a temperature below permissible values, on the contrary, the skin vessels contract, the blood flow rate through them decreases, which significantly reduces the transfer of heat by the body by convection and radiation (physical thermoregulation). At the same time, heat production increases (chemical thermoregulation). The metabolism significantly increases, leading to the formation of heat in the body, the activity of the endocrine glands: the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands, the thyroid gland increases. In this case, in humans, an increase in heat production during cooling of the body is mainly associated with the activity of muscles, the contraction of which contributes to an increase in the release of heat.
However, if the effect of cold is strongly pronounced or continues for a long time, the body temperature begins to fall, breathing slows down to 6–4 per minute, the heart rate slows down sharply, blood pressure gradually decreases, protein, carbohydrate and other types of metabolism are disrupted. Hypothermia (cooling) most often develops when exposure to low temperatures is combined with increased humidity and increased air movement. In these cases, heat transfer increases significantly, which cannot be compensated for by a corresponding increase in heat production.
Thus, an increase in temperature, relative humidity, a decrease in the speed of its movement lead to a decrease in heat exchange, overheating of the body, a disorder of the nervous system, a violation of the secretory activity of the liver, stomach, a violation of metabolic processes, the occurrence of convulsive illness, heat stroke.
A decrease in temperature, an increase in relative humidity, and the speed of air movement lead to an increase in heat exchange, hypothermia of the body, also to a disorder of the nervous system, disruption of the liver, stomach, metabolic processes, and the occurrence of colds.
Also, a violation of thermoregulation causes a deterioration in well-being, a decrease in working capacity and, consequently, labor productivity, and accidents are possible.
Since meteorological conditions significantly affect the human body, microclimate parameters are normalized.
These parameters, both separately and in combination, have a significant impact on the course of life processes in the human body, largely determine its well-being and therefore are an important characteristic of hygienic working conditions.
Unfavorable weather conditions can lead to rapid fatigue, increased morbidity and decreased productivity.
So, air temperature can significantly affect the thermoregulation of the body, which is carried out due to biochemical and biophysical processes, which cause a constant heat exchange between the body and the external environment.
air temperature has a significant impact on the well-being and results of human labor. Low temperature causes cooling of the body and can contribute to the occurrence of colds. At high temperatures, the body overheats, which leads to increased sweating and decreased performance. The worker loses attention, which can cause an accident. / The air temperature affects the thermoregulation of the body.
Thermoregulation- a physiological process that ensures the balance of heat exchange between the body and the external environment.
Chemical thermoregulation carried out by changing the intensity of metabolic processes and oxidative processes.
Physical thermoregulation is carried out by changing the activity of the cardiovascular system (expansion of blood vessels and an increase in blood flow to the skin) and the work of muscle tissues.
At low temperatures, hypothermia of the body is possible, as well as frostbite. With increased - a violation of water-salt metabolism, protein metabolism (protein breakdown, release and accumulation of nitrogen in the blood) and vitamin metabolism. At elevated temperatures, a negative water balance and an increase in blood viscosity are possible.
The air temperature of industrial premises is significantly affected by heat entering the working area from equipment, heating devices, heated materials, people and other sources.
At rest, a person gives off an average of 2400-2700 kcal of heat per day. When the work is performed, the metabolism in the body increases, its heat production also increases, therefore, more intense heat transfer to the environment is required, otherwise the thermal balance may be disturbed, which leads to hyperthermia.
Air humidity also affects heat exchange in the human body. It is measured by relative humidity, i.e. the ratio of the content of water vapor in one cubic meter of air to their maximum possible percentage.
Damp cold air increases heat transfer and contributes to colds.
Damp warm air prevents heat transfer and evaporation. Dry air causes excessive drying of the skin and mucous membranes.
The increased humidity of the air makes it difficult for moisture to evaporate from the surface of the skin and lungs, which leads to a violation of the body's thermoregulation and, as a consequence, to a deterioration in the human condition and a decrease in working capacity. With a low relative humidity (less than 20%), a person experiences a feeling of dryness of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.
Air speed plays a significant role in creating a microclimate in the working area. A person begins to feel the movement of air at a speed of about 0.15 m / s. In this case, the effect of the air flow depends on its temperature. At a temperature of 36, the flow has a refreshing effect on a person, and at a temperature of 40, it has an unfavorable effect.
FACTORS FORMING CHILDREN'S HEALTH.
According to the currently accepted view, on the health of the child population, as well as the population as a whole, influences large group various factors (internal and environmental factors).
First of all, these are:
1. Parents' health,. It is known that during the period of conception and intrauterine development, the foundations are laid for many hereditary diseases, such as hemophilia, ataxia, color blindness, juvenile myopathy, hereditary chorea, numerous metabolic disorders, etc.
2.F food actors, lifestyle and social welfare are often combined under the general name SOCIAL FACTORS, however, due to the specificity of their effect on the body, it would obviously be correct to consider them separately from each other.
3. Epidemiological factors are among the most powerful causes of health problems.
Health criteria and groups.
The first group - children who do not have chronic diseases, did not get sick or rarely got sick during the observation period and have normal, age-appropriate, physical and neuropsychic development (healthy children, without deviations).
The second group - children and adolescents who do not suffer from chronic diseases, but have some functional and morphological deviations, and also often (4 times a year or more).
The third group - children with chronic diseases or with congenital pathology in a state of compensation, with rare and not severe exacerbations of a chronic disease, without a pronounced violation of the general condition and well-being (patients in a state of compensation)
The fourth group - persons with chronic diseases, congenital malformations in a state of subcompensation, with disorders of the general condition and well-being after an exacerbation, with a prolonged period of convalescence after acute intercurrent diseases (patients in a state of subcompensation).
The fifth group - children with severe chronic diseases in a state of decompensation, with significantly reduced functionality(patients in a state of decompensation).
1 Microclimate- a complex of physical factors of the internal environment of the premises, influencing the heat exchange of the body and human health. Microclimatic indicators include temperature, humidity and speed of air movement, temperature. According to the degree of its influence on the heat balance of a man, M. is divided into comfortable or neutral, uncomfortable: heating and cooling.
the following types of microclimate:
monotonous (its parameters change little during the work shift (weaving, sewing shops, shoe production, mechanical engineering, etc.));
dynamic (fast and significant change in microclimate parameters (steel-making, foundries, etc.)).
Influence of microclimate on the human body
The microclimate has a significant impact on the human body. All life processes in the body provide energy for physical activity, a smaller part of which is spent on doing useful work, and most of it is converted into heat energy .. Less pronounced deviations in the combinations of microclimate parameters that provide a comfortable state of a person contribute to the prolongation of temporary disability and the occurrence of occupational pathology.
Heat exchange
Heat exchange between a person and the environment is carried out by convection, due to the transfer of heat from the surface of the human body to less heated layers of air flowing to it, thermal conductivity through clothing, radiation to surrounding surfaces, in the process of evaporation of moisture (sweat) from the surface of the skin, during breathing, and also by heating the inhaled air.
Chronic hyperthermia negatively affects human health and performance, contributes to the occurrence of chronic hypoxic conditions, aggravates the course of existing chronic diseases. This, in particular, manifests itself in a violation of water-electrolyte metabolism, an increase in the load on the heart muscle, hypertrophy (dystrophy) of the myocardium, damage to the vessels of the lower extremities (obliterating endarteritis), an increase in the load on the urinary system, and a decrease in working capacity.
2 Hygienic value of soil composition and properties
Section: soil hygiene
The doctrine of soil as a special natural-historical body was created by the great Russian scientist V.V.Dokuchaev (1846-1903). He was the first to point out that soil should be called the outer horizons of rocks, changed by the joint action of a number of factors: climate, vegetation, relief, soil organisms. Thus, the soil is the fertile upper layer of the earth's crust, formed under the influence of physical, chemical, biological and technical factors. Fertility is the distinguishing feature of the soil from all other breeds.
Soil is a huge natural laboratory in which a wide variety of complex processes of destruction and synthesis of organic substances, photochemical processes are continuously taking place.
Various pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminth eggs live and die in the soil. It has been proven that contaminated soil can directly or indirectly have toxic, allergenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and other effects on the body.
Soil is made up of parent rock, dead organic matter, living things, air and water. The thickness of the soil ranges from a few centimeters to 3 m or more. Its area is only about i / 10 of the area of the continents.
Self-cleaning of the soil is a complex physicochemical and biochemical process of converting pollutants into harmless to humans and animals, as well as to plants in contact with them. Such transformations occur in the soil environment itself, as well as during the transition of pollutants into air, water, and flora.
3 PROFESSIONAL HAZARDS (occupational hazards) - factors of the labor (production) process unfavorable to health or unsatisfactory sanitary and hygienic working conditions.
Occupational diseases - arise as a result of exposure to the body of unfavorable factors of the working environment. Clinical manifestations of occupational diseases (diseases) often do not have specific symptoms, and only information about the working conditions of the sick person makes it possible to establish the belonging of the identified pathology to the category of occupational diseases. Only a few of them are characterized by a special symptom complex due to peculiar radiological, functional, hematological and biochemical changes.
5 groups of occupational diseases: 1) caused by exposure to chemical factors); 2) caused by exposure to dust (pneumoconiosis-silicosis, silicosis, 3) caused by exposure to physical factors: vibration disease; diseases associated with exposure to contact
Preventive measures against the adverse effects of P.V. on the body are determined by their qualitative and quantitative characteristics and sources of education, the conditions of exposure to workers. The main directions of prevention are technical and organizational: improving technology (transition to continuous production processes, waste-free, environmentally friendly technology, comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, which provides for reducing the formation of hazards and their impact on the working area, industrial site and the environment).
3 Occupational diseases associated with exposure to dust on the body.
Examples of sources of hazardous exposure to organic dust
Processing of grain, hay and other crops
Sugar cane processing
Silage
Animals
Pig / cow pens
Poultry farms and processing plants
Laboratory animals, livestock and pets
Waste recycling
Wastewater and silt
Waste household
Composting
Industry
Processing of vegetable fibers (cotton, linen, foam, jute)
Fermentation
Logging and wood processing
Biotechnological processing
Contaminated water in humidifiers
Microbiological cultures on structures or ventilation ducts
Treatment and prevention of occupational diseases of the respiratory system of dusty etiology are based on the general principles of therapy for patients with bronchopulmonary pathology, however, they have their own characteristics. The conditions for their effectiveness are the temporary or complete cessation of the effect of the etiotropic factor and the implementation of elimination therapy.
The program of treatment and biomedical prevention of dust diseases of the respiratory system includes 6 main areas:
1. Strengthening the antioxidant protection of the respiratory system using antioxidant and antiperoxide drugs: vitamin C, atocopherol, enzymes - superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, etc. (in the form of inhalation), rutin, bemitil.
2. Increasing the resistance of alveolar macrophages, phagocytic fibrogenic dust, with the help of active metabolites of the Krebs cycle, such as glutamic and malic acids, as well as succinic acid... Potassium iodide is also used.
3. Suppression of fibrogenicity of the most aggressive types of dust. When exposed to quartz - with the help of nitrogen-containing polymers (polyoxidonium), asbestos - through the use of iron chelators and drugs that improve genome regeneration (rutin, deoxyferritin).
4. Activation of the processes of regeneration of the elastic frame of the lungs by ultrasonic inhalation of preparations of natural protease inhibitors. Kontrikal is used in the form of an aerosol in isotonic sodium chloride solution (inhalation of kontrikal is carried out once a day for a month).
5. Reduction of bronchial obstruction by prolonged use of bronchodilator drugs, predominantly anticholinergic action in chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB). The basis of the basic therapy for COB is inhaled anticholinergic ipratropium bromide (drugs atrovent, spiriva, troventol, two inhalation doses 4 times a day).
6. Anti-inflammatory therapy using corticosteroids, immunomodulators, mucolytics (bromhexine, acetylcysteine, iodine-containing drugs), antibiotics in the suppression of the oxygen-dependent bactericidal system of leukocytes, ie. with exacerbation of the process. Preference is given to antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action, primarily macrolides (macropen, rovamycin, etc.), as well as third generation cephalosporins.
1 Hygienic requirements for natural lighting in hospital premises, principles of its regulation, indicators characterizing natural lighting.
Premises where people are constantly staying should have, as a rule, natural lighting - lighting of the premises with the light of the sky (direct or reflected). Natural lighting is divided into side, top and combined (top and side).
Natural lighting in rooms depends on:
Light climate Insolation mode - the duration and intensity of illumination of the room by direct sunlight, depending on the geographical latitude of the place, the orientation of the buildings to the cardinal points, the shading of windows by trees or houses, the size of the openings, etc.
Insolation is an important healing, psycho-physiological factor and should be used in all residential and public buildings with a constant presence of people, with the exception of certain areas of public buildings,
Rationing and hygienic assessment of natural lighting of existing and projected buildings and premises is carried out in accordance with SNiP II-4-79 by lighting (instrumental) and geometric (calculation) methods.
The main lighting technology indicator of natural illumination of premises is the coefficient of natural illumination (KEO) - the ratio of natural illumination created at a certain point of a given plane inside the room by the light of the sky to the simultaneous value of the external horizontal illumination created by the light of a completely open sky (excluding direct sunlight), expressed in percent:
KEO = E1 / E2 100%,
where E1 is the illumination inside the room, lx;
2 Methods for improving the quality of drinking water for water supply to troops in the field.
For the purpose of cleaning, methods are divided into:
improving the organoleptic properties of water, i.e. properties perceived by the human senses: smell, taste, color, turbidity, temperature, films, etc .;
ensuring its epidemiological safety;
groundwater conditioning methods;
improving its gas composition after removing hydrogen sulfide, oxygen, methane, free carbon dioxide and other substances; Groundwater conditioning methods include softening, desalting and desalination, degassing, deferrization and demanganation, fluoridation and defluorination, desiliconization and some other methods.Special methods for improving water quality include fluorination, defluorination, deferrization, deodorization, etc.
aimed at the extraction of difficult-to-oxidize organic matter, harmful products formed along the way during water treatment using reverse osmosis processes,
3 Nutritional value and sanitary and hygienic assessment of grain products
Cereals are the main source of carbohydrates and plant protein. Cereal products (bread, cereals, pasta) cover more than 50% of "human energy costs. The nutritional value of grain products is shown in the table below. The content of biologically valuable substances: amino acids, vitamins, minerals, in various parts of the grain (embryo , shell, endosperm, aleurone layer) is significantly different.Therefore, the nutritional value of cereals and flour obtained from whole grains or freed from the shell and the embryo are different.
Sanitary and hygienic assessment of grain and leguminous products, their role in the nutrition of the population.
: 1) organoleptic (taste, color, smell)
2) foreign matter, acidity, fungi, pesticides
Appearance: score on a sheet of black paper (color, size, surface)
Taste: chewing 1-2 weighed portions of 1 g
Test brewing: 50g in 100ml of water without salt
Humidity
1 Physical properties of air (temperature, humidity, Atmosphere pressure, air velocity, radiant heat, surface temperature) and their significance for the body.
To the physical properties of air affecting the human body
include air temperature, humidity, mobility, solar radiation,
radioactivity and electrical state of the atmosphere.
AIR TEMPERATURE.
Air temperature
formed by soil temperature. The sun's rays heat the soil and
radiation from the soil forms the air temperature. It is clear that the higher the
lower air temperature. The main value of the temperature factor is
influence on human heat exchange. An average person needs 2,800 calories per
of these, he spends about 600 on work, and gives the rest to the environment.
There is a constant heat exchange between the environment and the body. Allocate
The 3 main ways of transferring heat from the human body:
1. heat radiation, approximately 44% of the heat is given off. Heat radiation is
return of heat to surrounding objects.
2. Heat conduction. It accounts for 31% of heat. There are 2
factors: conduction and convention. Conduction is the transfer of heat when
direct interaction with the subject. Convection is heat transfer
surrounding air bodies.
3. Evaporation - 21% heat transfer.
2 Fundamentals of Labor Physiology. Types and forms of labor activity. Changes in the human body during work and performance.
Fundamentals of Labor Physiology.
Physiology of labor is a science that studies changes in the functional state of the human body under the influence of labor activity and develops physiologically grounded norms (forms) of organizing the labor process, contributing to the prevention of fatigue and maintaining high level performance.
The generally accepted classification system for the main forms of labor activity is physiological classification.
Its essence is that any labor changes the functional state of a person and, depending on this state, the forms of labor are classified.
Types and forms of labor activity. human
In total, 6 forms of the main labor activity of a person have been identified.
1. Forms of work that require significant muscle activity.
Characterized by high voltage physical strength and the need for long (up to 50% of working hours) rest.
2. Group forms of labor (conveyor).
Monotony - one of the main negative features of such work, leads to premature fatigue, rapid nervous exhaustion, loss of attention, reduced speed, reaction and excitability.
3. Mechanized forms of labor.
4. Forms of labor associated with partially automated production.
The direct processing of the object is carried out by the mechanism. The task of a person is limited to the maintenance of this mechanism (installation of parts, start-up, control over the process, etc.). It is characterized by monotony, loss of creativity, high responsibility and constant being in a state of "operational waiting".
5. Forms of labor associated with the management of production processes and mechanisms.
Two main forms of manufacturing process control
6. Forms of intellectual (mental) labor. This is the work of engineers, doctors, teachers, artists, etc. They are characterized by the need to process a large amount of various information with the mobilization of memory, attention, frequent stressful conditions and, as a rule, insignificant physical activity, which gives rise to pathology of the cardiovascular system (hypoginesia, physical inactivity).
3 Nutritional value and hygienic evaluation of milk and dairy products
The nutritional value of milk and dairy products is determined mainly by the content of protein, fat, some vitamins, macro- and microelements and energy value.
In Russia, mainly cow's milk is consumed, but in some regions milk from other animal species is received and used. Milk contains more than 90 components, 20 balanced amino acids, about 20 fatty acids, 25 different minerals in significant quantities and 12 vitamins.
Milk is divided into casein (75% casein or more) and albumin (50% casein or less). Casein includes cow and goat milk, albumin - mare and donkey
Milk is a valuable source of thiamine and riboflavin. The amount of vitamins A, O and B-carotene depends on the season.
Calcium and phosphorus are in milk in a balanced state for assimilation. Trace minerals, including zinc, iron and copper, are associated with both proteins and fat globules.
Veterinary and sanitary examination of milk and dairy products (The examination is carried out in accordance with the "Rules for veterinary and sanitary examination of milk and dairy products in the markets"
Research:
· Organoleptic;
· Determination: density, fat content and milk solids, acidity, purity of bacteriological research for reductase with methylene blue, research for mastitis, water content in cottage cheese;
· Falsification of milk and dairy products.
The acidity of milk: in Turner's degrees (amount of ml of sodium hydroxide solution (0.1) to neutralize 100 ml of milk). Norm: 16-19. More is stale, less is dilution.
Density of milk. Milk hydrometer lactodensimeter.
2 CLIMATE, long-term weather regime in a given area. The weather at any given time is characterized by certain combinations of temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed. In some types of climates, the weather changes significantly every day or according to seasons, in others it remains unchanged. Climate descriptions are based on statistical analysis of average and extreme meteorological characteristics. As a factor in the natural environment, climate affects the geographical distribution of vegetation, soil and water resources, and therefore land use and economics. The climate also affects the living conditions and human health MICROCLIMATE, 1) the climate of the surface air layer of a small area (forest edges, fields, city squares, etc.). 2) Artificially created climatic conditions in closed rooms (for example, in a home ) to protect against adverse external influences and create a comfort zone.
The use of the climatic factor in medicine
Climatotherapy is a rational and purposeful use of the climate and its individual elements, carried out for therapeutic purposes, in conditions of a strict dosage of the procedures released, taking into account seasonal and weather conditions... At the same time, attention is drawn to the nature of the body's responses to the conducted impact of climatic factors.
Climatic factors are currently used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of many diseases. In addition, climatic factors are widely used in healthy people, pursuing the task of strengthening the body, hardening it, increasing vitality and working capacity.
3 Food poisoning of unspecified etiology), preventive measures.
Diseases with unknown etiology include alimentary paroxysmal-toxic myoglobinuria and urovskaya disease.
Alimentary paroxysmal-toxic myoglobinuria) The disease is manifested by sudden attacks of acute muscle pains, so severe that the patient completely loses mobility. During an attack, a change in the color of urine to brown and Brown color due to impaired renal function and the occurrence of myoglobinuria. The disease is based on dystrophic and necrotic processes in the muscles, as well as impaired renal function and impaired central nervous system. Urovsky disease) Its etiology has not yet been finally clarified. There are two theories explaining the cause of this disease: biogeochemical and alimentary-toxic. According to the first of them, Urovskaya disease is considered as strontium rickets (toxicosis), caused by an increased content of strontium against the background of a low level of calcium in the soil, water bodies, food, drinking water.
Clinic. The disease is manifested by deformation of the joints of the upper and lower extremities with limited mobility in them. There is a significant thickening of the interphalangeal, elbow, ankle joints. The disease begins at the age of 6-7 years, proceeds slowly, gradually. The disease develops as a result of a dystrophic process in the articular and epiphyseal cartilage. The epiphyseal cartilage (growth zones) undergo ossification early, which causes the shortening of the tubular bones.
1 Hygienic requirements for artificial lighting in hospital premises. Types of artificial lighting, measurement methods, principles of rationing, impact on health and performance.
The main sources of artificial lighting are incandescent and fluorescent lamps.
Artificial lighting is subject to the following hygiene requirements:
illumination not lower than the established standards;
elimination of glare from light sources;
Uniformity of illumination, its constancy over time:
Limiting harsh shadows;
Approximation of the spectrum of light sources to the spectrum of daylight.
When evaluating artificial lighting, attention is paid to:
Type of light source (incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps):
Lighting system (general, local, combined);
Type of lighting devices (direct, reflected, scattered light);
The height of the suspension and the order of placement of lighting devices; The sufficiency of artificial lighting is determined by photometric and calculation methods.
The first method uses lux meters different types:
The light meter U-16 consists of a photocell and a galvanometer connected to it. When light rays fall on the receiving part of the photocell in its photoactive layer - selenium, an electron flow occurs at the border with the gold or platinum film (the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect). It creates a photocurrent in the external circuit, deflecting the galvanometer needle at an angle, the value of which will correspond to the illumination intensity. If the arrow of the galvanometer goes beyond the scale, light-absorbing nozzles are used. In this case, the galvanometer readings are increased by a factor of 10 - 1000. To measure the illumination, the luxmeter is installed horizontally on the investigated surface.
2 Weather, its definition, medical classification of types of weather, effects on the body. Meteotropic diseases, their prevention
Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a certain time interval (at a given minute, day, month, season), characterized by a combination of meteorological quantities (temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, etc.) and phenomena (fog, ice, snowstorm, storm , tornado, etc.).
Main feature weather is its variability, instability.
A healthy person, thanks to good adaptive capabilities, quickly adapts even to significant weather fluctuations. Changes in the weather have a training effect on a healthy body.
TYPES OF WEATHER, THEIR HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS,
INFLUENCE ON THE BODY
There are three clinical types of weather:
1) clinically optimal;
2) clinically irritating;
3) clinically acute.
The clinically optimal type of weather has a beneficial effect on the human body, causes a cheerful mood, has
sparing effect and is characterized by moderate fluctuations during the day in temperature (no more than 2 ° С) and pressure (no more than 4 mbar) with low air mobility (no more than 3 m / s).
All types of reactions of the human body that develop under the influence of weather factors are called meteotropic.
decreased performance, i.e. are non-specific.
Meteotropic reactions have a significant impact on the course of the following diseases:
1. Diseases of the circulatory system
2. Bronchopulmonary diseases
3. Neuropsychiatric diseases
4. Other diseases (rheumatic, surgical, digestive organs)
Prevention of meteotropic reactions. ... weather conditions worsen the general condition and aggravate the underlying disease. ... and ischemic heart disease), limits their motor regime, physical activity,.
3 Botulism: causes, clinical picture, diagnosis, prevention.
Botulism
It belongs to the most severe food poisoning. Botulism occurs when eating food containing botulinum toxins. The causative agent of botulism is widespread in nature; It lives in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, fish, humans, rodents, birds, cats, in the soil, in the silt of reservoirs, etc. the bacillus, which is a strict anaerobic. There are six types of botulinum bacillus (A, B, C, D, E, F). The most toxic type is A.
Therefore, if a toxin has already accumulated in a food product, then preserving the product - salting, freezing, pickling - does not inactivate it.
The causative agent of botulism is capable, under favorable conditions, of reproduction and toxin formation in any products of both animal and plant origin. It was found that the most common cause of botulism is canned food. In canned food, as a result of the development of microbes and the hydrolysis of protein and other substances, gases can accumulate, causing persistent swelling of the bottom of the can (bombing).
Botulism is an extremely serious disease characterized by a high mortality rate (60-70The first signs of the disease are malaise, weakness, headache, dizziness and often vomiting. Then symptoms of visual impairment appear (blurred vision, double vision, trembling of the eyeballs, drooping eyelids). becomes weak, swallowing and chewing are difficult.The duration of the disease varies, on average - from 4 to 8 days, sometimes up to a month or more.
An anti-botulinum serum is a highly effective therapeutic agent, the timely introduction of which prevents death.
1 Occupational hygiene of adolescents. Professional orientation and medical professional advice.
A large number of teenagers work in enterprises, collective and state farms. In this regard, the task is to study the influence of working conditions on the health of working adolescents and, on the basis of taking into account the anatomical and physiological characteristics of their bodies and identifying the nature of the development of adaptive mechanisms in the process of labor activity and the impact of factors of the working environment, to develop health-improving measures that contribute to the creation of optimal working conditions, preservation and health promotion.
Changes in technology, mechanization and automation of production, the development of sanitary engineering can radically change working conditions.
Medical professional counseling is a system of measures aimed at ensuring the correct choice of a profession, adolescents with deviations in health, in order to protect their body from the adverse effects of occupational and industrial factors that can lead to the progression of functional disorders and chronic pathology, the occurrence of complications, long-term disability, early disability.
2 Diseases associated with forced position of the body, muscle strain and physical inactivity. Preventive measures.
During a long forced standing position, you need to change your posture as often as possible, not wear uncomfortable shoes, and after work take foot baths with herbs or sea salt. Also shown are a contrast shower, walking and swimming inactive. weakening of muscle activity due to a sedentary lifestyle and limitation of motor activity. Hypodynamia is also called the disease of the century and the reverse side of progress. Unfortunately, the truth of this statement is obvious.
1 The process of increasing the number of urban settlements, leading to the growth and development of cities, is called urbanization.
It is a powerful environmental factor, accompanied by the transformation of the landscape, land and water resources, and the massive production of waste entering the atmosphere, water and terrestrial ecosystems. Urbanization has set before humanity a number of environmental issues, among which the most acute are the vulnerability of urban systems, migration and concentration of the population, poor quality of the environment, loss of fertile land, waste disposal.
Urbanization is an objective process determined by the needs of society, production, the nature of the social system. However, the growth of the urban population, especially in recent decades, has turned out to be so rapid that the environment of many cities in the world is no longer able to meet many biological and social needs. modern man... A large city changes almost all components of the natural environment - atmosphere, vegetation, soil, relief, hydrographic network, groundwater, soil and even climate
2 Industrial dust.
Industrial dust is called suspended in the air, slowly settling solid particles ranging in size from several tens to fractions of a micron. Many types of industrial dust are aerosols. By particle size (dispersion), visible dust is distinguished with a size of more than 10 microns, microscopic - from 0 25) microns, ultra-microscopic - types of industrial dust are divided into organic, inorganic and mixed. The former, in turn, are divided into dust of natural (wood, cotton, wool, etc.) and artificial (dust of plastics, rubber, resins, etc.), and the latter - into metal (iron, zinc, aluminum, etc.) and mineral (quartz, cement, asbestos, etc.) dust. Mixed types of dust include coal dust containing particles of coal, quartz and silicates, as well as dust generated in chemical and other industries.
The specificity of the qualitative composition of dust determines the possibility and nature of its action on the human body. The shape and consistency of dust particles, which largely depend on the nature of the starting material, are of some importance. Thus, long and soft dust particles are easily deposited on the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and can cause chronic tracheitis and bronchitis. The unfavorable effect of dust on the body can cause diseases. Usually, specific (pneumoconiosis, allergic diseases) and nonspecific (chronic respiratory diseases, eye and skin diseases) dust lesions are distinguished.
3 Diseases of protein-energy malnutrition
With insufficient protein and energy intake, lean body mass and adipose tissue decrease, and one of these changes may be more pronounced.
Protein deficiency is a pathological condition that develops as a result of a reduction or cessation of the intake of proteins into the body. It can also be caused by increased protein breakdown in the body, for example, in case of burn disease, severe injury, purulent-septic disease.
There are two syndromes of protein-energy malnutrition: 1) (calorie deficiency), manifested by growth arrest in children, loss of adipose tissue without edema, and 2) (protein deficiency), manifested by hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, dermatitis, enlargement and fatty degeneration of the liver, and relatively stored adipose tissue. These syndromes rarely exist in their pure form and, as a rule, overlap.
Prevention:
1) The daily diet should correspond to the energy value of the body's energy consumption
2) The physiological need of the body should be provided with nutrients in quantities and percentages that have the maximum beneficial effect
3) The chemical structure of food should correspond as much as possible to the enzymes of the digestive system of the body (compliance rules)
4) Diet should be distributed throughout the day
With 3 meals a day: Breakfast - 30%: Lunch - 45%: Dinner - 25%
With 4 meals a day: Breakfast - 25%: Second breakfast - 15%: Lunch - 35%: Dinner - 25%
Microclimate parameters have a direct impact on the thermal well-being of a person and his performance. For example, a decrease in temperature and an increase in air velocity enhances convective heat transfer and the process of heat transfer when sweat evaporates, which can lead to hypothermia. When the air temperature rises, the opposite occurs.
Studies have established that at an air temperature of more than 30 ° C, a person's performance begins to decline. Maximum temperatures have been determined for humans, depending on the duration of their exposure and the protective equipment used. The maximum temperature of the inhaled air at which a person is able to breathe for several minutes without special protective equipment is about 116˚С.
Human tolerance to temperature, as well as his sense of heat, largely depends on the humidity and speed of the surrounding air. The higher the relative humidity, the less sweat evaporates per unit of time and the faster the body overheats. A particularly unfavorable effect on the thermal well-being of a person is exerted by high humidity at t oop> 30 ° C, since in this case almost all of the released heat is released into the environment during the evaporation of sweat. When the humidity rises, sweat does not evaporate, but drips down from the surface of the skin. There is a so-called "torrential" sweat flow, exhausting the body and not providing the necessary heat transfer.
Insufficient air humidity can also be unfavorable for humans due to intensive evaporation of moisture from the mucous membranes, their drying out and cracking, and then contamination with pathogens. Therefore, when people stay in closed rooms for a long time, it is recommended to limit the relative humidity in the range of 30 ... 70%.
Contrary to popular belief, the amount of sweating depends little on the lack of water in the body or on its excessive consumption. A person who works for 3 hours without drinking a liquid produces only 8% less sweat than with a full replacement of lost moisture. When water is consumed twice as much of the lost amount, there is an increase in sweat production of only 6% compared to the case when water was replaced by 100%. It is considered acceptable for a person to reduce his weight by 2 ... 3% by evaporation of moisture - dehydration of the body. Dehydration by 6% entails mental impairment, decreased visual acuity; evaporation of moisture by 15 ... 20% leads to death.
Together with sweat, the body loses a significant amount of mineral salts (up to 1%, including 0.4 ... 0.6% NaCl). Under unfavorable conditions, the loss of fluid can reach 8 - 10 liters per shift and it contains up to 60 g of sodium chloride (in total, about 140 g of NaCl in the body). The loss of salt deprives the blood of the ability to retain water and leads to disruption of the cardiovascular system. At high air temperatures, carbohydrates and fats are easily consumed, proteins are destroyed.
To restore the water balance, people working in hot workshops are equipped with vending machines with salted (about 0.5% NaCl) carbonated drinking water at the rate of 4 ... 5 liters per person per shift. A number of factories use a protein-vitamin drink for these purposes. In hot climates, it is recommended to drink chilled drinking water or tea.
Prolonged exposure to high temperatures, especially in combination with high humidity, can lead to a significant accumulation of heat in the body and the development of overheating of the body above the permissible level. hyperthermia a state in which the body temperature rises to 38 ... 39 ° C. With hyperthermia and as a result of heat stroke, headache, dizziness, general weakness, distortion of color perception, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, profuse sweating are observed. Pulse and breathing are speeded up, the content of nitrogen and lactic acid in the blood increases. At the same time, there is pallor, cyanosis, the pupils are dilated, at times there are convulsions, loss of consciousness.
Production processes carried out at a low temperature, high mobility and air humidity can cause cooling and even hypothermia of the body. hypothermia. In the initial period of exposure to moderate cold, there is a decrease in the respiratory rate, an increase in the volume of inspiration. With prolonged exposure to cold, breathing becomes irregular, the frequency and volume of air increase, and carbohydrate metabolism changes. The increase in metabolic processes with a decrease in temperature by 1 ° C is about 10%, and with intense cooling it can increase 3 times compared to the level of basal metabolism. The appearance of muscle tremors, in which the external work is not performed, and all the energy is converted into heat, can delay the decrease in the temperature of the internal organs for some time. Cold injuries result from low temperatures.
In hot shops of industrial enterprises, most technological processes proceeds at temperatures significantly higher than the ambient air temperature. Heated surfaces emit streams of radiant energy into space, which can lead to negative consequences. At temperatures up to 500 ° C, thermal (infrared) rays with a wavelength of 740 ... 0.76 microns are emitted from a heated surface, and at a higher temperature, along with an increase in infrared radiation, visible light and ultraviolet rays appear.
The wavelength of the radiant flux with the maximum energy of thermal radiation is determined according to Wien's displacement law (for an absolute black body) λ Εmax = 2.9 · 10 3 / T. For most industrial sources, the maximum energy falls on infrared rays (λ Εmax> 0.78 µm).
Infrared rays have a mainly thermal effect on the human body. Under the influence of thermal radiation, biochemical shifts occur in the body, the oxygen saturation of the blood decreases, the venous pressure decreases, the blood flow slows down and, as a result, the activity of the cardiovascular and nervous systems is disturbed.
By the nature of the impact on the human body, infrared rays are divided into short-wavelengths with a wavelength of 0.76 ... 1.5 microns and long-wavelengths with a length of more than 1.5 microns. Heat radiation of short-wavelength range penetrates deeply into tissues and warms them up, causing rapid fatigue, decreased attention, increased sweating, and with prolonged exposure - heatstroke. Long-wave rays do not penetrate deep into the tissue and are absorbed mainly in the epidermis of the skin. They can burn skin and eyes. The most common and severe eye damage caused by infrared rays is cataract of the eye.
In addition to the direct effect on a person, radiant heat heats the surrounding structures. These secondary sources give off heat to the environment by radiation and convection, resulting in a rise in indoor air temperature.
The total amount of heat absorbed by the body depends on the size of the irradiated surface, the temperature of the radiation source and the distance to it. To characterize the thermal radiation, a value called the intensity of thermal radiation is adopted. The intensity of thermal irradiation J E is the power of the radiant flux per unit of the irradiated surface.
Irradiation of the body with small doses of radiant heat is beneficial, but significant intensity of thermal radiation and high air temperature can have an adverse effect on humans. Thermal irradiation with an intensity of up to 350 W / m 2 does not cause an unpleasant sensation, at 1050 W / m 2 an unpleasant burning sensation appears on the skin surface after 3 ... 5 minutes (the skin temperature rises by 8 ... 10 ° C), and at 3500 W / m 2 burns are possible after a few seconds. When irradiated with an intensity of 700 ... 1400 W / m 2, the pulse rate increases by 5 ... 7 beats per minute. The time spent in the zone of thermal irradiation is limited primarily by the temperature of the skin 40 ... 45˚С (depending on the area).
The intensity of heat radiation in some workplaces can be significant. For example, at the time of pouring steel into a mold, it is 12,000 W / m 2; when knocking out castings from flasks-350 ... 2000 W / m 2, and when tapping steel from a furnace into a ladle it reaches 7000 W / m 2.
Atmosphere pressure has a significant impact on the breathing process and human well-being. If a person can live without water and food for several days, then without oxygen - only a few minutes. The main human respiratory organ, through which gas exchange with the environment (mainly O 2 and CO 2) is carried out, is the tachybronchial tree and a large number of pulmonary vesicles (alveoli), the walls of which are permeated with a dense network of capillary vessels. The total surface of the alveoli of an adult is 90 ... 150 m 2. Through the walls of the alveoli, oxygen enters the bloodstream to nourish the tissues of the body.
The presence of oxygen in the inhaled air is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for ensuring the vital activity of the body. The intensity of oxygen diffusion into the blood is determined by the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air ( p O2 , mmHg Art.) Experimentally established:
p O2 = (B - 47) V О2 / 100 - p CO2 , (2.1)
where B is the atmospheric pressure of the inhaled air, mm Hg; 47 - partial pressure of saturated water vapor in the alveolar air, mm Hg; V О2 - percentage (volumetric) oxygen content in the alveolar air,%; p O2- partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air; p O2= 40 mm Hg. Art.
The most successful diffusion of oxygen into the blood occurs at a partial pressure of oxygen in the range of 95 ... 120 mm Hg. Art. The change p O2 outside these limits leads to difficulty breathing and an increase in the load on the cardiovascular system. So, at an altitude of 2 ... 3 km ( p O2≈70 mm Hg), blood oxygen saturation decreases to such an extent that it causes an increase in the activity of the heart and lungs. But even a long stay of a person in this zone does not significantly affect his health, and it is called zone of sufficient compensation. From a height of 4 km ( p O2≈60 mm Hg), oxygen diffusion from the lungs into the blood decreases to such an extent that, despite the high oxygen content (V О2 ≈21%), oxygen starvation can occur - hypoxia... The main signs of hypoxia are headache, dizziness, delayed reaction, disruption of the normal functioning of the organs of hearing and vision, metabolic disorders.
Studies have shown that a person's satisfactory state of health when breathing air is maintained up to an altitude of about 4 km, with pure oxygen (V О2 ≈100%) up to an altitude of about 12 km. For long-term flights on aircraft at an altitude of more than 4 km, either oxygen masks, or spacesuits, or cabins are used. If the sealing is broken, the pressure in the cab drops sharply. Often this process proceeds so quickly that it has the character of a kind of explosion and is called explosive decompression. The effect of explosive decompression on the body depends on the initial value and rate of pressure decrease, on the resistance of the human respiratory tract, and the general state of the body.
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Introduction
1. What is microclimate
2. Types of microclimate
3. Microclimate of industrial premises
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
Microclimate parameters have a direct impact on the thermal well-being of a person and his performance. For example, a decrease in temperature and an increase in the speed of air movement contribute to an increase in convective heat transfer and the process of heat transfer during evaporation of sweat, which can lead to hypothermia of the body. An increase in the speed of air movement worsens health, as it enhances convective heat transfer and the process of heat transfer during sweat evaporation.
When the air temperature rises, the opposite occurs. Researchers have found that at an air temperature of more than 30 0 C, a person's working capacity begins to fall. Maximum temperatures have been determined for humans, depending on the duration of their exposure and the protective equipment used. Temperature uniformity is essential. The vertical gradient must not exceed 5 ° C.
Human tolerance to temperature, like his sense of heat, largely depends on the humidity and speed of the surrounding air. The higher the relative humidity, the less sweat evaporates per unit of time and the faster the body overheats.
Insufficient air humidity can also be unfavorable for humans due to intensive evaporation of moisture from the mucous membranes, their drying out and cracking, and then contamination with pathogens. Therefore, when people stay in closed rooms for a long time, it is recommended to limit the relative humidity in the range of 30-70%.
1. What is microclimate
Microclimate- climatic conditions created in a limited space artificially or due to natural features.
The microclimate is determined by the following main meteorological components - the temperature of the air and surrounding surfaces, humidity and air velocity, as well as radiant energy. The microclimate of premises for various purposes, despite the fences, changes in accordance with the state of external atmospheric conditions and, therefore, is subject to seasonal fluctuations. The indoor microclimate is created artificially in order to provide the most favorable conditions for people and protect them from adverse climatic influences. For this purpose, taking into account the climatic conditions of the area, the heat loss of the room is calculated and the heating and ventilation are calculated. The heat-shielding properties of external enclosures of premises are of great importance: regardless of weather conditions, with normal fuel consumption, temperature, humidity and air speed must be maintained at a certain level. Temperature fluctuations during the day should not exceed 2-3 ° with central heating and 4-6 ° with stove. The air temperature in the premises should be uniform: its fluctuations in the horizontal direction should not exceed 2-3 °, and in the vertical direction 1 ° for each meter of the room height. External enclosures of the premises must have sufficient resistance to heat transfer so that the temperature difference between their internal surfaces and the air in the premises does not exceed the permissible value.
With an increase in this difference, the loss of heat by the human body increases, a feeling of chilliness arises and colds are possible. Condensation of water vapor on cooled surfaces is also possible, causing dampness. The permissible values of the temperature difference between the air of the premises and the inner surface of the fences depend on the humidity of the air and are standardized for premises for various purposes. So, for the outer walls of residential buildings, this difference should not exceed 3 °, for industrial premises 8-12 °, for attic floors of residential buildings - 4.5 °, public buildings - 5.5 ° .4
2. Types of microclimate
Microclimate of dwellings
The zone of thermal comfort for dwellings is defined as a set of conditions under which the thermoregulatory function of the body is in a state of least stress and the physiological functions of the body are carried out at the level most favorable for rest and recovery of the body's strength after a previous workload.
Heating of dwellings according to the existing building codes and regulations should ensure the air temperature: for living rooms, corridors and lobbies - 18 °, kitchens - 15 °, showers and baths - 25 °, stairs and latrines - 16 °. Recently, it has been recommended for living rooms t ° 18-22 °, relative humidity 40-60%. The temperature of the inner surface of the walls should not be lower than the air temperature in the room by more than 5 °. In the summer, in the southern regions of the country, it is necessary to protect dwellings from 1 excessive insolation by means of landscaping and watering of adjacent areas, through ventilation, the use of blinds and shutters. In addition, in the southern regions, in some cases, a radiation cooling system (using wall or ceiling panels with a lower temperature than the air temperature), as well as an air conditioning system, can be implemented. For the summer period, an air temperature of 23-25 °, a relative humidity of 40-60% and an air speed of 0.3 m / s are recommended.
3.
Microclimate of industrial premises is determined by the purpose of the premises and the nature of the technological process. To normalize working conditions, a number of measures are taken: heating and ventilation of industrial premises, mechanization of the production process, thermal insulation of heated surfaces, protection of workers from radiation sources, etc. The meteorological conditions of industrial premises are standardized by CH 245-71 (Sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises).
The microclimate of hospitals should provide conditions for thermal comfort for patients. Special microclimatic conditions are desirable in operating rooms, wards for newborns, for patients with an allergic reaction. In these rooms, it is advisable to air conditioning, radiant heating equipment. The air temperature in wards for adults, treatment rooms, canteens is 20 °, wards for children 22-25 °, operating rooms and maternity wards 25 °.
The microclimate of the premises for children is standardized depending on the type of institution, the age of the children, the heating system, the climatic conditions of the area and the clothes of the children, as well as the purpose of the premises. The air temperature in the rooms for newborns is taken at 23-26 °, for children under 1 year old 21-22 °, for children up to 2-3 years old 19-20 °, in the common rooms of nurseries 20 °, in rooms for games 16 °, in potties 22 °, in washrooms and latrines 20 °.
The microclimate of the clothing space determined by the properties of clothing fabrics. The heat-shielding ability of the clothing should correspond to the conditions of wear and help maintain the thermal equilibrium of the body. The state of thermal equilibrium of the human body is maintained at an air temperature of the underwear space of 28-32 ° and relative humidity in the range of 20-40%. Clothing fabrics should provide such an air exchange so that the carbon dioxide content in the air of the clothing space does not exceed 0.08%.
Microclimate of cities. In cities, during the hot season, sun-heated stone buildings and asphalt streets are additional source heat; due to air pollution with smoke in cities, the intensity of solar radiation decreases and biologically important ultraviolet radiation is sharply reduced.
Therefore, in the preventive sanitary supervision of construction, the issues of particular hygienic importance are correct use terrain, the distribution of green spaces throughout the city, the correct orientation in housing, natural lighting and street ventilation, the appropriate choice of material for covering streets, etc.
Sanitary standards for microclimate have been developed on the basis of modern data on the physiology of heat exchange and human thermoregulation, as well as on the achievements of sanitary engineering. Sanitary standards for M. for objects of various purposes are usually developed for the cold and warm seasons, and in some cases also for climatic zones. Sanitary standards are divided into optimal (which is often called thermal comfort) and acceptable.
Optimal standards are applied for facilities with increased requirements for thermal comfort (theaters, clubs, hospitals, sanatoriums, children's institutions). In a number of industries, hygienic and technological requirements also require optimal microclimate conditions (electronic equipment, precision instrumentation).
The permissible norms ensure the performance of a person at a certain voltage of heat regulation, which does not go beyond the limits of physiological changes. These standards are used in cases where, for a number of reasons, the level of modern technology still cannot provide optimal standards.
The microclimate of populated areas (cities, villages, towns, etc.) differs from the climatic conditions of the surrounding area. Various buildings are heated by the sun, tall buildings and streets alter the strength of the wind; green spaces create shade and reduce air temperature. Therefore, the study of the climate of a particular area is of great hygienic importance for the planning of cities and settlements, as well as for design different systems heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
Studies have shown that a person spends 80% of his life indoors, of which 40% in the workplace. Much depends on the conditions in which we have to work, including health.
The current state of production facilities is eloquently illustrated by the following example. Air samples were taken from several office buildings. The analysis showed that they contained numerous bacteria, viruses, dust particles, harmful organic compounds such as carbon monoxide molecules, and many other substances that adversely affect the health of workers.
Availability is not too favorable conditions for work, statistics also confirm: 30% of office workers suffer from increased irritability of the retina, 25% experience systematic headaches, and 20% develop respiratory tract diseases. A significant contribution to the formation of these figures is made by the microclimate (meteorological conditions) in production premises.
The microclimate is determined by the combination of temperature, humidity, air velocity and thermal radiation of heated surfaces acting on the human body. Basically, it affects the thermal state of the body and its heat exchange with the environment. Despite the fact that the parameters of the microclimate of the premises can fluctuate significantly, the human body temperature remains constant (+ 36.6 ° C). The property of the human body to maintain heat balance is called thermoregulation.
The normal course of physiological processes in the body is possible only when the heat released by the body is continuously transferred to the environment. Heat transfer occurs in three main ways: convection, radiation and evaporation.
Insufficient moisture leads to intensive evaporation of moisture from the mucous membranes, which leads to their drying out, cracking, and then infection with pathogenic microbes. Therefore, when people stay in closed rooms for a long time, it is recommended to maintain a relative humidity of 30 - 70%.
Water and salts excreted from the body along with sweat must be replenished, since their loss leads to dehydration of the body, and then to thickening of the blood and disruption of the cardiovascular system. With profuse sweating, the mass of the human body decreases due to evaporation of moisture, its decrease by 2 - 3% is considered permissible.
Prolonged exposure to high temperatures (especially with high humidity) can lead to a significant accumulation of heat in the body and its overheating above the permissible level - hyperthermia (a condition in which the body temperature rises to +38 - 40 ° C).
Production processes carried out at low temperatures, high air mobility and humidity can cause cooling and even hypothermia of the body - hypothermia (a decrease in body temperature below + 35 ° C). With such characteristics of the microclimate, cold injuries can occur.
Comfort parameters
The conditions in which a person works affect the results of production - labor productivity, quality and cost of products (services provided). Optimal microclimate conditions create the prerequisites for increasing efficiency, preserve human health, make more effective use working hours, prolong the period of active labor activity of the employee.
Improving working conditions, increasing its safety leads to a decrease in industrial injuries, occupational diseases. This preserves the health of workers and at the same time helps to reduce the cost of paying benefits and compensations for work in unfavorable conditions, payment of temporary and permanent disability, treatment, retraining of workers due to staff turnover due to reasons related to inadequate working conditions.
One of the necessary components of safe and productive work is to ensure the cleanliness of the air and normal meteorological conditions in the working area of the premises, that is, in a space up to 2 m above the floor or site where the workplaces are located.
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Workplace air temperature, ° С: Indoors during a warm period; Indoors during a cold period; Outdoors during warm seasons; Outdoors in cold weather |
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Relative humidity, % |
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Air speed, m / s |
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Toxic substances, the frequency of exceeding the MPC |
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Industrial dust, frequency of exceeding the maximum permissible concentration |
Note that these indicators may vary depending on certain conditions: in what period of the year the work is carried out on the measured area (cold or warm), how intensive the work is. microclimate natural dwelling
The cold period of the year is characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature of + 10 ° C and below. In the warm season, the average daily outdoor temperature rises above + 10 ° C.
For example, if the work is performed in the cold season and is not associated with large energy expenditures of the body (for example, the work of a secretary or an operator at a computer), the parameters of the microclimate in the room should be as follows: air temperature at least +22 - 24 ° C, surface temperature not less than +21 - 25 ° С, relative air humidity 40 - 60%, air speed 0.1 m / s. If the work is performed in the warm season and during its execution a person spends too much energy (for example, he unloads heavy production equipment), the temperature norm in the room should fluctuate within +18 - 20 ° С, the surface temperature should not exceed +17 - 21 ° С, the relative air humidity should be 40 - 60%, and the air speed should be 0.3 m / s.
The required air condition of the working area can be ensured by such measures as:
· Mechanization and automation of production processes, their remote control;
· The use of technological processes and equipment that exclude the formation of harmful substances or their entry into the working area;
· Protection from sources of thermal radiation;
· Installation of ventilation, air conditioning, heating systems.
For example, to reduce the incidence of respiratory illness among workers, ventilation systems should be improved or organized. This problem is not always solved by air conditioners installed today in many public buildings - as a rule, they only "distill" the air inside the premises, changing its temperature. But, if the building has poor ventilation, over time the air passing through the air conditioners becomes contaminated with germs, mold bacteria and dust.
In practice, it often happens that in working rooms (again, due to technological requirements for the production process), it is impossible to establish not only the optimal, but also the permissible standard values of the microclimate indicators. Then his conditions should be considered as harmful, dangerous. In this case, the employer must take additional measures to reduce the adverse effects of the microclimate on the organism of workers.
Conclusion
In this work, the influence of the microclimate, its normalization was considered, the main ways of protecting a person from industrial hazards were given. We believe that the importance of this topic is now greater than ever before, and it is especially acute now, in the period of development of small and medium-sized businesses and a market economy.
If at large enterprises (giant factories, etc.) there are entire departments and services dealing with the organization of labor protection, then in small and medium-sized businesses, responsibility for labor safety usually falls on the first person of the enterprise - the director, who usually are limited only to listening to a course of lectures upon receipt of a certificate from the regional labor protection service and the requirement from employees of a mandatory signature in the journal on labor protection and safety.
As practice shows, where proper attention is paid to the indoor microclimate and its prevention, labor productivity is much higher, there are fewer human diseases, better health of workers, a healthy psychological climate in the team and, as a result, high financial results.
List of used literature
http://gorsun.org.ru/lib/children/researcher09/environment/03/ .- (date of access 09.20.2015)
5. The microclimate of the room and its impact on human health [Electronic resource] http://knowledge.allbest.ru/life/.html .- (Date of treatment 09.19.2015)
Posted on Allbest.ru
Microclimate parameters and their measurement. Thermoregulation of the human body. Influence of microclimate parameters on human well-being. Hygienic regulation of microclimate parameters. Providing normal meteorological conditions in the premises.
test, added 06/23/2013
Measurement of microclimate parameters at workplaces. Instruments for measuring temperature, humidity and air velocity. Preventive measures and normalization of microclimate conditions. Sanitary and hygienic measures. Individual protection means.
abstract, added 03/17/2009
The concept of microclimate, standardization of the value of its indicators. Determination of microclimate with modern devices, their device. Principles of regulation of the microclimate in industrial premises, an algorithm for determining its parameters in the workplace.
laboratory work, added 03/10/2012
The concept of climatic conditions (microclimate) in the working area, instruments for their measurement. Microclimate parameters of the working area according to the standard of optimal conditions for the cold period. Optimum conditions for medium-duty work. Optimization of the working area.
laboratory work, added 05/16/2013
Influence of microclimate parameters on human well-being. Hygienic regulation of microclimate parameters. Means for ensuring proper cleanliness and acceptable parameters of the microclimate of the working area. Requirements for lighting of premises and workplaces.
presentation added on 06/24/2015
Workplace microclimate parameters: humidity, temperature, air velocity, thermal radiation. Determination of optimal microclimatic conditions. Instruments for the study of microclimate parameters: thermometers, psychrometers, hygrometers.
test, added 10/30/2011
The concept of the microclimate of the workplace in industrial premises, its impact on the performance and health of workers. Methods of hygienic regulation of microclimate indicators of workplaces of industrial premises according to the degree of hazard and harmfulness.
laboratory work, added 05/25/2009
Description of the microclimate of industrial premises, standardization of its parameters. Instruments and principles for measuring temperature, relative humidity and air velocity, heat radiation intensity. Establishing optimal microclimate conditions.
presentation added 09/13/2015
Study of temperature, humidity and air velocity in the production premises of Abakan-KAMI LLC. Comparison of the actual values of the microclimate parameters at the enterprise with the normative ones. Analysis of their impact on the performance of personnel.
term paper, added 07/13/2011
Microclimate as a factor in creating favorable working conditions. Optimal and permissible values of microclimate indicators. Thermoregulation of the human body. Features of standardization of microclimate indicators. The main measures to ensure microclimate standards.
