Water is a substance that we use daily and for human health, it is very important to drink high-quality water.. IN different countries There are different standards of water "from under the crane", according to which the transparency and content of various substances are determined. Russia does not apply to countries with the most strict standards. Even if there are heavy metals in the water, it is very unlikely that organizations carrying out water supply will be widely advertised. Although pathogenic microorganisms are usually not found in the water from under the crane, various chemicals in it are provided abound. If you independently take care of the purity of water, then you can earn in connection with this set of the most unpleasant diseases. Therefore, we suggest familiarize yourself with what exist modern water purification methods .
Now you can meet a lot of ambiguous information about the methods and systems used to clean water. This article gives overview of modern water purification methods for home and industrial useAnd also clarify some questions regarding the effectiveness of these methods.
Filters are all forms and sizes. This is one of the oldest and cheapest water purification methods. Most coal filters use activated carbon. Water easily passes through a filter with activated carbon, which has a large surface area of \u200b\u200bpores (up to 1000 m 2 / g), in which the adsorption of pollutants occurs. Activated carbon is used both in the form of solid blocks and in a granular form. Through the solid block, water passes longer, which makes such filters more efficient in the absorption of pollution. Activated coal filters are best suited to remove contaminants such as insecticides, herbicides and polychlorinated biphenyls. They can also remove many industrial chemicals and chlorine. But activated carbon does not remove the majority of inorganic chemicals, dissolved heavy metals (for example, lead) or biological contamination. To some extent to cope with these shortcomings, many manufacturers use activated carbon in combination with other cleaning methods, such as ceramic filters or ultraviolet radiation, which will be discussed later. Even with these improvements, however, coal filtration systems have their limitations and disadvantages.
Coal filters are an excellent reproduction medium of bacteria. If the water has not been treated with chlorine, ozone or other methods of bactericidal protection before filtration, then the bacteria from the water will fall in the filter and will multiply there, polluting water passing through it. For this reason, it is not recommended to use a carbon filter in the case when water comes directly from the natural source. Some manufacturers argue that the problem is solved by adding silver. Unfortunately, this technology is not performed enough. Water should remain in contact with silver much longer so that there is a significant effect. Also over time, coal filters begin to lose their effectiveness. Gradually, the filter loses the ability to delay pollution and more and more impurities falls into filtered water. At the same time, water continues to flow through the filter with ease, and find out how efficiently the filter is working only with the help of analyzing water quality, but not everyone has a laboratory. Therefore, the filter must be replaced after a certain period of time or after filtering a certain volume of water.
Ceramic filters are ineffective when removing organic pollutants or pesticides. So these filters are not recommended for cleaning water at home. At home they should be used in a pair with a coal filter.
For getting drinking water One ozonation is not enough. It does not remove heavy metals, minerals and pesticides. And, unlike chlorine, which, remaining in water, continues to perform its function, ozone has a very short validity period. It disintegrates almost instantly and does not have a residual cleaning effect. Another stumbling block in the ozonation of water is the cost. Use ozonization at home is too expensive.
When microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, absorb ultraviolet radiation, the definite reactions that cause their death begin to occur. This makes UV radiation by a very effective method of destroying pathogenic microorganisms, such as intestinal wand and salmonella, without adding chemicals, such as chlorine. UV radiation is one of the few cleaning methods to eliminate viruses, which is especially important in rural areas, where there are no other ways to produce high-quality water.
Ion exchange filters act as water softeners and have no effect on microorganisms. Mitigating rigid water is good for washing machine and water heater, as well as when bathing. Hard water More tightens the skin, and the soap is worse in it worse. However, soft water is not more useful than tough. Softeners do not purify water.
Similar water filters are sold under the name KDF. They use the patented copper-zinc alloy, which is contained in the filter in the form of granules. Copper and zinc molecules act as various poles in the battery. When the polluted water passes through the granules, one part of the impurities is sent towards zinc, the other part of impurities with the opposite charge is directed towards copper. At the same time, oxidative-reducing reactions occur, in which potentially hazardous chemicals are neutralized. As a result of the processing of chlorinated water, zinc chloride is formed. Also, such filters reduce the content of mercury, arsenic, iron and lead. When passing through the filter in water, bacteria and other organisms are destroyed.
Copper-zinc cleaning systems do not allow to remove pesticides and other organic pollutants. However, KDF systems typically include a block of coal filters to eliminate these disadvantages.
Initially, the reverse osmosis system was used for the desalination of sea water. In the process of purification, water under pressure passes through a semi-permeable synthetic membrane. Under favorable conditions, this method of filtering allows to remove from 90% to 98% of heavy metals, viruses, bacteria and other organisms, organic and inorganic chemicals.
Despite its advantages of the inverse osmosis system have significant disadvantages. To begin with, they are extremely resourceable; To obtain 1 l of clean water, 3-8 liters of polluted water are washed off into the sewer. The fact that this draining water contains concentrated pollutants, forced some communities suffering from lack of water, to completely prohibit similar cleaning systems.
These systems for proper work also require a minimum water pressure of 2.7 atm. It is necessary to take measures to maintain the integrity of the membrane, which must be replaced every few years.
The membrane worsens its properties in the presence of chlorine and when cleaning muddy water. Therefore, reverse osmosis systems require preliminary water purification with a coal filter.
The reverse osmosis systems are also a good reproduction medium of bacteria, which may require the installation of the coal filter between the reverse osmosis unit and the water storage tank and another filter between the accumulative tank and the tap from which the water is drained. And finally, if the water is quite rigid, then an additional system of water mitigating can be required.
Given the listed flaws, really it is difficult to consider these systems as best way Water purification.
With proper distillation, it provides pretty clean and safe water. There are critics of drinking distilled water, but many people use distilled water for years, while not experiencing any health problems. Distillation is relative simple process: Water heats up to boil and turns into steam. Boiling kills various bacteria and other pathogens. The steam obtained during boiling is cooled and water is obtained again.
Inorganic pollutants are able to migrate along a thin film of water, which is formed on the inner walls. Also in water, pollutants from glass or metal, in which water is heated.
Organic compounds with boiling point lower than 100 ° C are automatically moving to distillate, and even organic compounds with boiling point of more than 100 ° C can dissolve in a water pair and also go to distillate. During boiling, new chlororganic compounds may be formed due to incoming energy.
Distillation is a slow process that requires water storage for a long time. During the storage, it is possible to repeated water pollution with substances from the surrounding air.
Distillation requires a large amount of energy and water and, therefore, is an expensive process in operation. In addition, regular cleaning of the distillator from pollutants accumulated during the process is required.
This article is based on the materials of the work of Dr. David Williams, a doctor, biochemistry, a specialist in natural treatment.
(Viewed18 552 | Looked today 1)
Innovative Naked Filter Filter for Multi-Plate Bottle from Liquidity
Standard reverse osmosis unit includes: Fine cleaning filter block; Cartridge filters with five-liter cartridges are used; Pump block high pressure; block of membrane modules; consists of rolled membrane elements enclosed in fiberglass or stainless steel housings; The dosing unit of the acid and an inhibitor to prevent the membrane contamination by deposits of salts (the need for dosing of acid and the inhibitor and dose is determined by the calculated path of the index of the concentrate in the index); Washing unit - washing are necessary to extend the service life of membranes, because In any case, in the process of operation on their surface, salts are deposited (the frequency of flushing depends on the quality of the source water and the correctness of the installation calculation and can be not more than once every three or four months). Optional B. industrial installations Conductometers are installed for tracking the quality of the permeate, the automation cabinet with the controller and many other devices for automation and process control.
The performance of the reverse osmosis settings on the permeate medium is 60-75%. Standard installations are limited to a working pressure of 16 bar, because This is the maximum pressure for pVC pipes. The use of stainless pipes increases the cost of the installation. With pickling above 2000-3000 mg / l, working pressure becomes above 16 bar, and to reduce it, as a rule, the reset of the concentrate increases and respectively reduce the performance by permeat. The selectivity of reverse osmosis membranes - from 98 to 99.7% by NaCl, working pressure - from 6 to 25 bar.
Both chemical ebbing and reverse osmosis allow water to obtain water with electrical conductivity at 5-50 μm / cm, depending on the salt-containing of the source water. A deeper desalination is carried out in two steps. Each installation, be it n-cationing, himobasolization and especially reverse osmosis, should be calculated and selected individually for a particular case.
Correctional treatment of water
Traditionally, the correctional treatment of water uses: phosphates (trinitium phosphate, hexamet phosphate, tripolyphosphate and various mixtures thereof) to prevent the appearance of calcium scale and maintaining the level of water pH, in which steel protection is provided by corrosion; sodium sulfite for chemical disassembly of water after a deaerator or instead of the DeaErator with a small consumption of feeding water (up to 2 m3 / h); Ammonia for binding carbon dioxide in nutrient water and in a pair to protect against carbon dioxide corrosion of nutritious and parocondensate paths.
The use of these reagents requires a special reagent economy. Phosphates are first dissolved in a special dissolve tank, then a solution on a lighter filter for removing contaminants is filtered. When preparing a sodium sulfite solution, it is necessary to apply measures to isolation from air. To dissolve sulfite, a sealed tank is used, which before applying water for dissolution should be purged by steam. Special requirements are imposed on the premises and qualifications of the service personnel when working with ammonia, which refers to the class of hazardous substances. In addition, ammonia causes corrosion of copper-containing alloys. For small boiler rooms (in contrast to CHP), it is simply unrealistic by the above reasons to apply traditional technologies for the above reasons. Two ways remain: do not conduct correctional treatment at all, reducing the efficiency of the work and the service life of the main equipment, or to apply effective and convenient to use modern reagents (albeit quite expensive), the costs of which at low feeds may not be as big. Modern reagents are supplied in liquid form ready for use, can be diluted with softened water in any proportions. When they are applied, a special reagent economy is not required, only a solution tank and pumping agent is sufficient.
Clean water is the guarantee of the health of every person. The quality of this valuable resource in central water supply networks and in individual sources does not always correspond to the parameters ensuring safe consumption. Modern cleaning methods allow you to bring the physico-chemical water indicators to the required level.
Clean water - a guarantee of health and longevity
Water supplied by Vodokanal enterprises undergoes cleaning in a certain sequence and its quality is brought to regulatory values. General principle Cleaning does not eliminate all negative factors that adversely affect the human body. The extensive network of pipelines, which are in poor condition, are also negative in the final water quality of water, rusting water with a mass of mechanical impurities - rust, dirt, etc.
The presence of its own source of water supply also does not always guarantee the perfect water quality. To consume water in nutritional purposes, in this case, a comprehensive analysis is always required.
The configuration of the water purification complex should always be formed on the basis of water composition analyzes, with the involvement of qualified specialists. Independent assembly Cleaning systems can not always give a positive effect in improving water quality.
Depending on the quality of water, the cleaning system can consist of the simplest elements - filters of fine mechanical cleaning, but most often various methods Physical and chemical cleaning are combined. Next, we consider the most popular methods and methods for cleaning drinking water.
Mechanical cleaning filter at the supply of water supply Mechanical cleaning filters are usually produced in the form of a flask, inside of which the filter cartridge is located. Filter elements are performed from different materialsUsually from polymer fiber (polypropylene) or ceramics.
Polypropylene Cartridge and Characteristics Table 
Fine cleaning filter cartridge after resource generation The cartridge is the consuming part, has a specific work resource and requires replacement after its expiration. The photo clearly gives to understand - water in the centralized water supply system does not differ crystal purity.
Analogs of mechanical cleaning filters are nozzles on the mixer.
Water filter for mixer Mechanical cleaning filters possess the following advantages:
The main disadvantage of the simplest filters is the absence of the possibility of cleaning from organic impurities, viruses, pesticides, nitrates. To remove insecticide, pesticides from water, organic components in a complex with mechanical filtering devices using activated carbon filters.
Cleaning drinking water from a number of impurities is carried out by sorption filters, the base element of which is activated carbon. Filters (jugs) are a popular method for cleaning the drinking water in domestic conditions.
Through the filter cartridge of the jug, water is passed and assembled in the bottom cup of the device. Most types of jug cartridges are used to purify drinking water from organic components and dissolved chlorine. The remains of chlorine are usually completely removed after aeration - simply weathered from a leakage vessel.
Some types of filters can purify water from iron, salts of heavy metals, petroleum products and some other impurities, soften water. This effect is achieved by adding in the material of cartridges of ion exchange components.
Cartridges of coal filters have a certain resource, so as the number of water passed through the filter increases, they lose their initial efficiency. The disadvantage of activated carbon filters is the accumulation of organic impurities. They serve as a fruitful base for breeding and the development of microorganisms and bacteria.
To level this negative factor in the work of coal filters, they are often combined with water disinfection systems.
Ultraviolet Water Disinfection Lamp Ultraviolet radiation has excellent bactericidal properties - it kills most types of bacteria, viruses, microorganisms. In this case, the properties of water do not change. The method of use of ultraviolet radiation is quite simple and is very popular.
Ozonating water is no less effective, but more complex technically and expensive process. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent and, when it gets into the water, most microorganisms dies. The quality of disinfection with ozone is much superior to the similar indicators of the traditional method - chlorination.
Ozonization systems are complex technically, they require professional skills to maintain. By virtue of its high cost and technical complexity, it is quite rare in domestic conditions.
Osmotic membrane systems are considered to be the most effective for cleaning drinking water. The degree of purification from various impurities under favorable conditions can reach 97 - 98%. The principle of their work is based on the use of the properties of a special membrane, having pores of microscopic size. The pore size is comparable in its dimensions of the water molecule.
Osmotic filters are flowing and accumulative type. They purify water from mechanical impurities of 5 microns, salts of heavy metals, viruses, microorganisms, organic and inorganic chemical compounds. The most qualitative membrane of the reverse osmosis filter works with a clean, pre-purified from mechanical particles with water.
Multilayer membrane reverse osmosis In addition, the increased content of calcium and magnesium salts is negatively affected by the membrane, which is more known as hardness.
Depending on the content of the original water, the reverse osmosis system is combined with softening blocks and fine mechanical cleaning filters.
The disadvantages of osmosis complexes are the following indicators:
Part of the shortcomings is compensated by the use of additional cleaning components. Disinfection is usually produced by an ultraviolet lamp. Replenishment of purified water with mineral components is performed by mineralization blocks.
Calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in water negatively affect the human digestive system, can lead to the formation of stones. In addition, water with high rigidity leads to the formation of scale in household appliances Water heating type and the failure of their heating elements (Tan).
Ion exchange two-stage water purification system The most effective method of softening water is considered to be filtering complexes based on ion exchange components - granulated resin. The initial water passes through the filter, while sodium ions are replaced and chlorine ions calcium and magnesium. After a certain period of time, the ion-exchange material was washed with a solution of the table salt (sodium chloride) and the accumulated stiffery salts ions are removed.
Ion exchange plants are most often applied for industrial purposes. Resin resource has its own period, its replacement is made on average 1 time in 5 - 8 years. Installations of ion exchange type are most often used when operating systems and.
The principle of operation of this type of installation is based on the use of the properties of the copper-zinc alloy, the components of which have different polarity. The impurities with the appropriate charge are attracted to the poles when water passes. As a result of redox reactions, water is cleaned from iron, mercury, lead, microorganisms, bacteria and so on are destroyed.
The disadvantage of filtration based on copper-zinc alloy is considered to preserve organic impurities in water. This disadvantage is excluded when combining a copper-zinc filter with a coal filtering unit (adsorption).
The most popular for cleansing drinking water in household conditions is coal filters and reverse osmosis systems. The reverse osmosis filtering system is more efficient, but also the installation on it is more expensive. High-quality water purification with modern methods is often a costly but necessary event. The use of water with normal purity parameters and high-quality chemical composition is a pledge of health for each person.
