After providing first aid to victims who cannot move independently, it is necessary to take out and remove from the lesion. For many of them, first aid will only be preliminary, since they need follow-up assistance from medical personnel (nurse, paramedic, doctor) at the medical center. There are different ways pulling away and carrying out without a stretcher, on a stretcher and with the help of improvised means.
The entire civilian population should be able to drag and carry victims on a stretcher, without stretchers and with the help of improvised means.
Blockages and destruction will require the ability to drag the victim out. It can be dragged on its side, as shown in fig. 27.
A very convenient method in which the victim is placed on his back, his hands are tied at the hands. The person providing assistance kneels, spreading his legs over the victim's torso, and puts his bound hands on his neck. Leaning on his hands, the assisting lifts and gradually pulls the victim away, as shown in Fig. 28.
Rice. 28. Pulling the victim while moving on his knees.
Rice. 29. Carrying the victim on a strap or belts folded in a ring.
Rice. 30. Carrying the victim on a strap folded in figure eight.
If it is possible to move upright, it is easiest to carry the victim using a stretcher strap or two waist belts connected together, folded in a figure of eight or a ring, as shown in Fig. 29 and 30. For a long distance, it is most convenient to carry the victim on the shoulder (Fig. 31), if there is no shoulder strap or belts. It is much easier to carry the victim together. A very common method of carrying out together with the help of a "lock" from the hands (Fig. 32).
It is most convenient to carry the victim on a stretcher (Fig. 33), they allow two or four people to carry it. If the stretcher is carried by two, they must be out of step. When carried by four people, two walk along the sides of the stretcher, supporting them by the bars. As you move, the pairs change. On level ground, the victim is carried with his feet forward, so that the person walking behind can observe his face (Fig. 34). A stretcher can also be made from improvised means (Fig. 35).
Rice. 31. Carrying the victim on the shoulder.
Rice. 32. Carrying out on the "lock" from the hands.
Rice. 33. Sanitary stretcher, unfolded and rolled up.
Rice. 34. Carrying on a stretcher for four.
Rice. 35. Stretcher from improvised means:
a - from two poles and straps;
b - from two poles and a mattress pillowcase;
c - of two poles and two sacks.
For laying the victim on a stretcher, basically two methods are used. Of the four rescuers, three kneel down facing the lying victim and, bringing their hands under him, simultaneously raise him and put him on an open stretcher, which the fourth brings under the victim. Two rescuers can use a little-known method, but, as can be seen from Fig. 36, lightweight and convenient.
A chair can be used instead of a stretcher. The victim sits on a chair, one porter walks behind and holds the back of the chair, and the second goes in front and holds the chair by the upper part of the front legs, placing his torso between the victim's legs.
Rice. 36. Laying the victim on a stretcher together.
Construction stretchers have been used for repair, economic and domestic purposes since the time of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs, and at the same time they have not lost their relevance in the era of space flights, innovations and microelectronics.
No matter how rapidly technological progress develops, it is not in a position to completely abolish the manual carrying of goods. Perhaps this will happen in the distant future, when there will be a place for robots in every farm, but today such a prospect looks fantastic. And ordinary stretchers are more than realistic and quite versatile.
Stones are transported with the help of a stretcher, ceramic tile, bricks for laying fireplaces, cinder blocks for the construction of walls and in general any piece building materials. They are convenient for transporting various bulk goods - from cement and sand to pebbles and gravel. The stretcher allows you to take out debris from the construction site, foliage, grass and roots from your backyards. They are used for unloading compound feed, fertilizers and as a mobile container for many other household chores.
The use of any stretcher involves the work of two people with relatively similar strength and endurance. If you do not have a partner, you will have to use a garden cart or wheelbarrow as widely as possible - it is simply impossible to use a stretcher alone. Is that wearing them in an unloaded state and rearranging them from place to place, which is unlikely to help in repair or construction.
According to the material of manufacture, there are plastic, metal and wooden construction stretchers:
The standard dimensions of the construction stretcher relate to the dimensions of the container for the cargo and are 20-30 cm deep, 50-60 cm wide and 70-90 cm long. The total length of the handles lies in the range of 150-160 cm, in order to be able to deploy the stretcher in a loaded state on flights of stairs.
Why do self-production an ordinary stretcher, if this product is not in short supply for hardware stores? Firstly, because retail chains usually offer plastic and metal stretchers. The former have an unacceptably short service life, and the latter have a very tangible cost.
Secondly, it is often necessary to make a stretcher of a specific size, and it is difficult to select the entire set of dimensions in finished form. Thirdly, with personal production of wooden stretchers, you can build a transforming device (which no store will offer you). Let me give you a guide to this kind of design in every detail.
Of the materials, we need a board 25-30 mm thick, a thin sheet of galvanized metal and an extended set for woodworking - a hacksaw, jigsaw, screwdriver, drill and fixing accessories.
Curly handles are cut from a board 10-12 cm wide and 3-4 cm thick, which will serve as the basis for all stretchers. The middle part of the board remains unchanged, and a small chamfer from the top is removed from the edges, and a deep cut is made from the bottom, 35-40 cm long on each side. This reduces the overall weight of the handles and gives them a comfortable grip shape. It is best to apply a pattern of future cutouts on both boards according to a template and adhere to it precisely during processing. The more accurate the size of both handles, the more convenient it is to use ready-made stretchers, as they will have a balanced balance. Cut the handles on carpentry workbench firmly in a vice or wedge.
Taking two boards of exactly the same width as the uncut handles, we fix them at a distance of 50-65 cm from each other, constructing the frame of the future stretcher. The length of these transverse boards determines the width of the stretcher and is 50-60 cm. flat surface, with checking the rectangularity of all nodes. When the transverse boards are fixed, they must be reinforced with four steel corners on the inner (invisible) side of the frame. It is better to choose corners with long "shelves", which have 3-4 mounting holes on each side. Additional fittings will give the entire structure high strength and allow you to carry a load weighing more than 100 kg.
Planks with a thickness of 25 mm or more are laid on the finished frame, and this is done according to a strictly defined procedure. On the one side, the floorboards are exactly "flush" with the dimensions of the stretcher, but on the other, they should protrude about 5 cm beyond the overall dimensions. The first two boards are attached from the ends of the flooring - they rest both on the handles themselves and on the transverse boards. Fasteners are made with self-tapping screws with a length of 50 mm, with a high frequency of the assembly step - at least 3 cm between the screws. The following planks are attached only from the end pieces where the handles lie underneath. The middle board will have to be precisely cut to length and laid in the formed groove, secured with at least one screw on each side.
Now you can fix two short sides and one long one - the one on the leveled side of the deck. For the sides, a board with a thickness of 20 mm or more is used. It is most convenient to attach the sides to steel corners, and from the outside - if the hardware is located inside the stretcher, it will be clogged with bulk cargo, it is easy to damage it with massive bricks, etc. A sheet of galvanized metal is laid on the bottom, cut exactly to its size. Galvanized fasteners are made with short mounting nails with wide heads, with a pitch of 10-12 cm.At the same stage, it is convenient to put on special rubberized nozzles on the handles with a distance of 2-3 cm from the ends, so as not to damage the hands in case of an accidental impact of a loaded stretcher on an obstacle ...
The final stage of independent "stretcher construction" is associated with the manufacture and fastening of the folding side. This part is useful when transporting light and bulk goods, especially over long distances. A board of small thickness (from 15 mm) and length is tried on to the open side of the flooring, its width may slightly exceed the height of our stretchers. Rotary hinges are attached to the protruding end of the flooring and the mobile side. Along the edges of this side, it is worthwhile to provide accessories for fixing it in the unfolded state - latches, hooks, etc. This is an approximate "recipe" for how to make a universal stretcher from wooden planks... If carrying bulk cargo is not relevant for you, then stage 5 can be omitted - bricks, cinder blocks and bags of cement can be moved with one open side, which even facilitates their loading and unloading.
The most gentle way to transport victims is to carry them on a stretcher. In the absence of a stretcher, they can be made from scrap materials. You should learn how to make them in advance.
A stretcher can easily be made of two poles and blankets or sheets, a raincoat, a piece of tarpaulin, a mattress pillowcase, two bags, one or two coats, shoulder straps, ropes, wires and the like.
How more options imitation of a sanitary stretcher is known to students, the sooner in a difficult situation they will find The best way carrying the victim.
It is advisable at school to make educational models of stretchers (scale 1:10), created from all kinds of improvised means, and put them up for inspection by all students. This will develop the trainees' ingenuity and resourcefulness.
Methods for making a sanitary stretcher from a variety of materials at hand are described in publicly available textbooks, books, brochures, on sites on the Internet.
Carrying the injured on a stretcher is hard work, so it is natural to strive to replace carrying with an export: in the summer - on wheeled devices, and in the winter - on sleds (drags). The models of these fixtures are made on the same scale as the stretcher models. 
To facilitate the carrying of the injured on a stretcher, a stretcher strap is used, which relieves the arms of the bearers, transfers the weight of the stretcher to the muscles of the back. The productivity of the porters with the use of a stretcher strap doubles on average. The stretcher strap can be sewn from durable cotton fabric (tarp). It is a double belt 3600 mm long and 65 mm wide. with a metal buckle at the end.
In the era of the rapid development of microelectronics and the conquest of outer space, the construction stretchers, invented in the days of the pharaohs, have not lost their relevance. They greatly facilitate many jobs and increase labor productivity.
This is a versatile device that allows you to move various bulk goods - sand, crushed stone, cement, etc. With the help of a stretcher, you can also remove garbage from the construction site, transport heavy objects, such as bricks, cinder blocks or ceramic tiles.
The use of this equipment requires the mandatory participation of two people, preferably with the same stamina. It is impossible to carry a loaded construction stretcher alone. Therefore, in the absence of a partner, you will have to use a wheelbarrow or trolley.
Depending on the material, stretchers are divided into three categories: plastic, metal and wood.
The first ones are intended mainly for bulk cargo. Most of these models are equipped with wooden handles. Their carrying capacity is no more than 110 kg. When working, it should be borne in mind that even the most durable plastic can crack or split from a careless blow, especially in frost. At the same time, plastic construction stretchers have such an advantage as a light weight, which makes it easier to carry loads. If necessary, they can be used as a container for diluting paint and building mixtures.
Metal stretchers are more durable. They are adapted to move up to 200 kg of loads. Manufactured from sheet iron. The handles of such stretchers are usually wooden, in some cases upholstered with iron. When working, it is required to observe precautions, since the possibility of cuts on metal edges is not excluded. The tin case is not cheap, and it is practically impossible to repair.
Construction wooden stretchers are also used for various economic purposes. They are very easy to repair, and besides, it is quite simple to make them yourself. The disadvantage of such stretchers is their considerable weight. Moving them, even without a load, requires a lot of effort.
They are made of heavy-duty plastic and, unlike wood or metal, do not rot or corrode. Their low weight combined with good capacity makes them indispensable, especially when carrying heavy materials.
The stretcher container is shaped so that the weight of the carried load is evenly distributed. Even liquid solutions can be moved in it. Construction stretchers are equipped with wooden handles, which are more comfortable than plastic ones. In order to avoid the appearance of fungus or rotting, they are treated with a special compound.
For the manufacture of stretchers, manufacturers use impact-resistant plastic that can withstand significant loads. This is reflected in the durability of the equipment and the absence of deformations during work. The plastic stretcher is resistant to temperature extremes. This allows them to be used in almost all weather conditions.
There are situations when stretchers of a certain size are needed for work, which are difficult to find in shopping centers. In this case, you can make them yourself. This requires a board with a thickness of about 30 mm, a galvanized sheet of metal, mounting hardware and a set of tools.
Handles are cut from the board, which are the basis of any stretcher. In the lower part of the board, a cut is made up to 40 cm long to give a shape that is comfortable to grip and to reduce the weight of the stretcher. Then a frame is constructed in the form of two boards, fixed transversely to the handles at a distance of about 60 cm from each other. This is done using self-tapping screws. The resulting frame is reinforced with steel corners on the inside.
After that, according to a certain scheme, the flooring elements are attached. They are laid first along the edges, resting on the ends of the transverse boards and on the handles, lastly the board is attached in the middle. A metal sheet is nailed to the bottom with mounting nails - and the construction stretcher is ready. All fittings are recommended to be placed from the outside.
During the spring cleaning period garden plot, you have to use a large amount of inventory. The stretcher is no exception, however, not everyone has them. Thus, it is better to make a stretcher.If you need a service such as medsantrans.ru, then you can call online a special transport with trained personnel. In order to make a stretcher yourself, you can use the available materials at hand: boards and a sheet of iron.
These items will definitely be found on the farm, from which we will make a stretcher for the garden. It is advisable to trim the boards a little so that they turn out to be in the shape of the handles. If possible, treat it with a plane and then grind it thoroughly.
It is recommended to round them to make it easier to hold. Using nails, you need to nail the iron sheet at the base. When doing work in the garden, you can, for example, use a bucket in order to transfer from place to place what is needed when garden work... However, it is not very advisable to wear them, it may happen that you need to rake out the foliage and old grass all day. And many people forget to get a cart. That is why stretchers are made.
When making a stretcher, the planks can be slightly cut on the sides where you will drive the nails. When the stretcher is already ready, then, using them, one must remember that there is no need to pull out the land from the site. Let it remain in the garden, as it forms a fertile soil layer. A stretcher for gardening, so you have prepared.
