Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.
The main means of connecting simple sentences in complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied and unionless. Allied proposals are subdivided into compound and complex subordinate.
Compound sentences (SSP) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.
Types of compound sentences by the nature of the union and meaning
| SSP type | Unions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. connecting unions(connective relationship). | AND; Yes(in meaning and); no no; yes and; too; also; not only but. |
They opened the door, and air from the yard flowed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). |
| 2. Compound sentences with opposing alliances(opposite relationship). | A; but; Yes(in meaning but); but(in meaning but); but; but; and then; not that; not that; a particle(in the meaning of union a); particle only(in the meaning of union but). |
Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). |
| 3. Compound sentences with divisive unions(separating relations). | Or; or; not that ..., not that; then ... then; whether... or. |
Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb). |
Note!
1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a compound sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when parsing, be sure to highlight the grammatical foundations in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or a compound sentence).
Wed: From the smoky hole a man walked and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I’ll give money for the road, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) - a compound sentence.
2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second part (the second simple sentence).
In some places, the Danube serves as a border, but it serves as a road people to each other(Peskov).
The exceptions are unions, too, also, particles-unions are the same, only. They necessarily take or can take place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).
My sister and I were crying, my mother was also crying.(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, while the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).
Therefore, when parsing such complex sentences, they are often confused with non-union complex sentences.
3) The double union not only ..., but also expresses gradation relations and is referred to as connecting unions in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only its second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly referred to as adversarial unions. In order not to be mistaken, try replacing this double union with the union and.
Wed: The language should not only understandable or vulgar but also the language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language should be understandable or vernacular, and language must be good.
4) Compound sentences vary greatly in meaning. Quite often they are close in meaning to complex sentences.
Wed: You leave - and it becomes dark(Schefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry.(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.
However, when parsing, it is not this particular meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of the coordinating union (connective, adversative, divisive).
Notes. In some textbooks and manuals, compound sentences include complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions. that is, namely, For example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to this(Kuprin); The flights of birds have developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives the birds opportunity to avoid adverse winter conditions(Peskov). Other researchers attribute them to complex sentences or distinguish them as an independent type of complex sentences. Some researchers of sentences with particles only refer to non-union sentences.
Every day, the school curriculum gradually leaves our minds and many simple things can be misleading. The rules of the Russian language cause such difficulties most often. And even such a thing as a compound sentence can lead an adult to a dead end. This article will help you study or update your mind on this topic.
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A compound sentence (CSP) is one in which the parts are connected writing connection, which is expressed by coordinating conjunctions. All elements are equal and independent.
When children are only introduced to the types of sentences at school, only the three groups of coordinating conjunctions described above stand out. However, in high school Students are divided into three groups:
Thus, a compound sentence is distinguished with connecting unions, dividing and adversative, as well as additionally with gradational unions, explanatory and connecting.
After the weekend, he felt better, and he recovered completely.
Scheme: (), and (). Compound sentence with conjunction and shows the sequence of actions.
Every day he had to do his homework or help his mother with the housework.
Scheme: () or (). Dividing andwhether mutually exclusive events.
You now shoot something, and I'll make a fire.
Scheme: (), and (). Union a- adversative, which means that there is an opposition in the sentence.
Not only relatives admired her mind, but also complete strangers.
Schema: not only (), but also (). This compound sentence structure separates events by significance and importance.
His leg was broken, meaning he could no longer continue on his own.
Scheme: (), that is (). There is an explanatory union that is.
We have to do it, and we have very little time.
Scheme: (), moreover (). Union besidesgives additional facts and information.
In SSP, elements are separated by commas, semicolons, or dashes.
The most common punctuation mark is comma. It is placed before both single and repeating coordinating conjunctions:
Let it be as God pleases, but the law must be obeyed.
Scheme: (), and ().
Either I'll come tomorrow, or you come.
Scheme: either (), or ().
Semicolon used when SSP elements are very common and commas are already in use:
The boy rejoiced at the new kite, ran after it and was the happiest man; and the elements are already preparing to pour rain, disperse the wind and break tree branches.
Scheme: (); a ().
A semicolon can also be used when a sentence has multiple parts:
I have an opinion, and you – other; and each of us is right in our own way.
Scheme: (), and (); and ().
Dash is put in the event that parts of a compound sentence have a sharp opposition or a sharp change of events:
Hall froze for a second – and then there was wild applause.
Scheme: () - and ().
The parts of the MTP are:
Homogeneous are such members of a sentence that answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence or are explained by the same member of the sentence.
Compare two sentences:
I often receiveletters andparcels . I oftenget andsend letters.
In the first sentence, two complements answer the question WHAT? and refer to the same predicate, and in the second sentence two predicates are explained by one common addition.
Homogeneous members are usually expressed by words of one part of speech, as was the case in the sentences above, but they can also be expressed by different parts of speech. For instance: He spoke slowly With big pauses. In this sentence, the first circumstance is expressed by an adverb, and the second by a noun with a preposition.
Homogeneous members in sentences can be common, that is, they can have dependent words. Consider carefully the following sentence.
Guys filmedfrom the head of the cap andbowed.
There are two homogeneous predicates here (REMOVED and BOWED): the first is common by the circumstance (FROM THE HEAD) and the addition (CAPS), and the second is not common (it has no dependent words).
In one sentence there can be several rows of homogeneous members. For instance:
The moon rose and illuminated the road, the field and the houses of the village.
The first row of homogeneous members in this sentence is created by predicates, the second - by additions.
The same word in a sentence can have several definitions, which can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Learning to distinguish between these two types of definitions is necessary, since homogeneous definitions in writing are separated by commas, and a comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions.
1. Homogeneous definitions are pronounced with enumerative intonation and characterize the object on the one hand: by color, shape, size, and so on.
In the morning the sun hits the gazebo through the purple, lilac, green and lemon foliage.(Paustovsky).
In this sentence, there are four definitions for the word FOLIAGE, they are homogeneous, since everyone names a color and is pronounced with an enumeration intonation.
Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles and are pronounced without enumerative intonation, for example:
It was an unbearably hot July day(Turgenev).
The definition HOT tells us about the weather, and the definition JULY tells us what month this day was in.
Please note that homogeneous definitions can be connected by coordinating unions, and if there are no unions, then they can be easily inserted. Compare the three sentences below.
He spoke German, French, English.
He spoke German, French and English.
He spoke German, French and English.
2. Homogeneous definitions cannot be expressed by adjectives belonging to different lexical categories.
If definitions are expressed as adjectives, then you can determine whether they need to be separated by commas in the following way. It is known that adjectives are divided into three categories: quality, relative and possessive . If one word has definitions expressed by adjectives of different categories, then these definitions will be heterogeneous.
On the porch stands his old woman inexpensive sableshower jacket(Pushkin).
The word DUSHEGREYKA has two definitions: EXPENSIVE (qualitative adjective) and SOBOLEY (relative adjective).
3. Definitions are considered heterogeneous if one definition is expressed by a pronoun or numeral, and the other by an adjective.
Consider the examples in the illustration.
Why don't you wearhis
newthe dress?
Finally we waitedfirst
warmdays.
4. Sometimes in works of art there may be sentences in which there are commas between the definitions characterizing the subject from different sides.
Read the sentences from the works of I. A. Bunin and A. P. Chekhov. In them, the authors strive to create a single, holistic view of an object or phenomenon, and such definitions can be considered homogeneous.
Has comerainy, dirty, darkautumn(Chekhov).
Clear days have changedcold, bluish-gray, soundless(Bunin).
Coordinating conjunctions in Russian speech are divided into three categories: connecting, separating and adversative.
Meaning connecting unions can be conditionally designated by the phrase: "BOTH THIS AND THAT". They connect two homogeneous members to each other. Meaning separating unions can be defined as: "OR THAT, OR THIS." Such unions indicate the possibility of only one homogeneous member from several, or their alternation. Meaning adversarial unions is expressed differently: "NOT THAT, BUT THAT". Opposing unions oppose one homogeneous member to another. Consider examples of unions of each category in the illustration.
Please note that the union YES is written both in the column with connecting unions and in the column with opposing unions. The fact is that it can be used in two meanings. Compare two sayings: Without thread Yes do not sew fur coat needles and Small spool, Yes roads. In the first saying, the union YES can be replaced by AND, and in the second - by BUT.
Some coordinating conjunctions consist of several words, for example, HOW ... SO AND; NOT ONLY ... BUT AND. Such unions are called composite.
The placement of commas in sentences where homogeneous members are connected by coordinating unions depends on which category they belong to.
Before coordinating unions connecting homogeneous members, a comma is placed in three cases:
1) if in a sentence homogeneous members are connected by an opposing union:
red berry,Yes
tastes bitter. The task is difficultbut
interesting;
2) if homogeneous members are connected by repeated unions:
Noisy in the forest aloneand
creepy,and
fun(Fet);
3) if homogeneous members are connected by compound unions:
There will be a holidayNot only
today,but also
tomorrow..
Now let's turn to the cases when there is no need to put a comma before unions connecting homogeneous members.
1. If homogeneous members are connected by a single connecting or dividing union, for example:
Minnows splashed in the gardenand
perch.
In this forest on the pines you can see a squirrelor
woodpecker.
2. If unions combine homogeneous members into pairs, for example:
He had a lot of knives in his collection. and daggers, pistols and guns, decorated with precious stones.
3. If two homogeneous members are connected by repeated unions, but form a stable combination: AND DAY AND NIGHT, AND LAUGHTER AND SIN, NO YES NO NO, NO TWO NO ONE AND A HALF, NO BACK OR FORWARD and others.
We were awakenedneither lightneither dawn.
Read the offer carefully.
Coniferous trees grew near the housetrees: spruces, pines, firs.
In this example, there are four subjects, but it is impossible to call them all homogeneous, because the first of them - the word TREES - combines the following ones in its meaning, or, conversely, the last three subjects specify, clarify the meaning of the first. Between the first subject and subsequent ones, you can insert the question: "Which ones?".
If one of the words in the sentence is specified, specified by a number of homogeneous members, then such a word is called generalizing . Please note: the generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members.
Generalizing words in sentences can be expressed by different parts of speech, but pronouns are used most often in this capacity, for example:
Neither a noble family, nor beauty, nor strength, nor wealth - nothing can escape trouble(Pushkin) or It has always been like this: a hundred and three hundred years ago.
Generalizing words can also be expressed as whole phrases, for example:
Every day he began to bring old Moseichvarious large fish : pike, ide, chub, tench, perch(Aksakov).
In this sentence, the combination DIFFERENT BIG FISH will be generalizing.
In sentences with generalizing words, punctuation marks are placed in accordance with the rule of three main points.
1. If a generalizing word is in front of homogeneous members, then a colon is placed after it.
yellow maple leaves layeverywhere : machines.
2. If the generalizing word is after homogeneous members, then a dash is placed before it.
On paths, on benches, on rooftops machines – everywhere lay yellow maple leaves.
3. If the generalizing word is in front of the homogeneous members, and after them the sentence continues, then a colon is placed after the generalizing word, and a dash after the homogeneous members.
Everywhere : on paths, on benches, on rooftops machines – lying yellow maple leaves.
He lay on his back_ and looked at the sky for a long time.
Sketches of trees, splashed with rain_ and agitated by the wind, began to emerge from the darkness (Turgenev).
Exhausted_ dirty_ wet, we reached the shore (According to Turgenev).
In deep silence, the nightingale's clattering (Bunin) was clearly and cautiously echoed around the garden.
I collected my dobrishko_ and returned to my sister (Bunin).
Dew silvered on wet_ odorous_ thick flowers_ and herbs (Bunin).
The clatter of hooves - the ringing of the wheel resounded with thunder - and echoed from four sides (According to Gogol).
Noisier_ and noisier songs_ and cries were heard through the streets (Gogol).
We took a rubber_inflatable boat_ with us and at dawn we rode it over the edge of coastal water lilies to fish. (Paustovsky)
The waiter put cold_hot appetizers on the table, as well as the main dish - stuffed salmon.
From somewhere outside came the restlessly growing_ mighty_ formidable noise of a huge crowd (Babel).
I threw a heavy lead sinker at the she-wolf (Paustovsky).
From here one could see a large neglected garden (A. Gaidar).
The menu featured a large selection of white_red wine_ as well as sodas_ and juices.
Evgeny Schwartz grew up in the small_ provincial_ southern town of Maykop.
In the depths of the garden, a clumsy_ two-storey shed stuck out, and under the roof of this shed a small_ red flag fluttered (Gaidar).
It is especially good in the gazebo on quiet_ autumn nights, when the unhurried_ sheer rain rustles in the garden in an undertone (Paustovsky).
The exhibition presents a lot of gas_electric cookers_ and ovens.
Ahead is a desert_ September day (Paustovsky).
He packed into the suitcase_ not only clothes_ but also books.
He decided to pack either clothes or books in his suitcase.
He took out a suitcase and put in_ and shirts_ and ties_ and an album of photographs.
The album contained photographs of his wife_ and relatives_ and friends.
In the depths of the garden stood a small outbuilding with small windows that did not open either in winter or in summer.
There were already pies_ and pancakes, pancakes_ and cheesecakes on the table.
I'll order_ either ice cream_ or strawberry juice.
I'll order ice cream_ or strawberry pie_ or cheesecake.
I will order_ not only ice cream_ but also apple pie.
Yegorushka had never before seen steamboats, locomotives, or wide rivers (Chekhov).
He is well acquainted with the life of the landowner and peasant and petty-bourgeois (Turgenev).
On the left side you can see vast fields_ forests_ three_ or four villages_ and in the distance the village of Kolomenskoye with its high palace (Karamzin).
And the deceptive shaft of the blue sea in the hours of fatal bad weather_ and the sling_ and the arrow_ and the crafty dagger_ spare the winner years (Pushkin).
The palisade was hung with bundles of dried pears_ and apples_ and ventilated carpets (according to Gogol).
There grew a lot of flowers_ crane peas_ porridge_ bluebells_ forget-me-nots_ field carnations (Turgenev).
He knows a lot about everything that is important_ and entertaining for a Russian person_ in horses_ and cattle_ in the forest_ in bricks_ and dishes_ in red goods_ and leather goods_ in songs_ and dances (Turgenev).
The hare has many enemies: both the wolf_ and the fox_ and the man.
Whether at home, on the street, or on a visit, everywhere he felt someone's gaze on him.
Tatyana prepared everything you need for embroidery_ colorful threads_ beads_ sequins_ beads.
In our department store you can buy various_headwear_caps_hats_winter_and sports caps.
Everywhere_ in the club_ on the streets_ on the benches at the gates_ in the houses_ there were noisy conversations (Garshin).
Everything merged, everything mixed up_ earth_ air_ sky.
The next day, for breakfast, they served very tasty pies_ crayfish_ and lamb cutlets (Chekhov).
There were no human feelings left in him, no love for his son, no compassion for his neighbor.
Deciduous trees_ aspens_ alder_ birches_ still bare (Soloukhin).
The dewdrops shimmered with all the colors of the rainbow_red_yellow_green_violet.
It was joyful_ young_ both in heaven_ and on earth_ and in the heart of man (Tolstoy).
And the shepherd chasing cows_ and the surveyor riding in a cart across the dam_ and the gentlemen walking around_ all look at the sunset and everyone finds that it is terribly beautiful, but no one knows and will not say what beauty is here (Chekhov).
And the fact that they were sitting in the living room, where everything_ and the chandelier in the case_ and armchairs_ and carpets underfoot_ said that here once walked_ sat_ drank tea these same people who now looked out of the frames, and that it is now noiseless here beautiful Pelageya walked - it was better than any stories (Chekhov).
Sometimes it happens that clouds crowd in disorder on the horizon, and the sun, hiding behind them, paints them_ and the sky in all sorts of colors_ crimson_ orange_ gold_ purple_ dirty pink; one cloud looks like a monk, another looks like a fish, the third looks like a Turk in a turban (Chekhov).
The glow has engulfed a third of the sky, shines in the church cross_ and in the glass of the master's house_ shines in the river_ and in puddles_ trembles on the trees; Far, far away, against the backdrop of dawn, a flock of wild ducks flies somewhere to spend the night ... (Chekhov).
Imagine ... a cropped head with thick_ low hanging eyebrows_ with a bird's nose_ with a long_ gray mustache_ and with a wide mouth from which a long_ cherry chubuk sticks out; this head is clumsily glued to a lean_ hunchbacked torso, dressed in a fantastic costume_ in a stubby_ red jacket and wide_ bright blue harem pants; this figure walked with her legs apart_ and shuffled her shoes, spoke without removing the chibouk from her mouth, but behaved with purely Armenian dignity_ did not smile_ did not bulge her eyes_ and tried to pay as little attention to her guests as possible.
A good conductor, conveying the composer's thought, does twenty things at once - reads the score, waves his baton - follows the singer - makes a movement towards the drum - then the horn, and so on. (Chekhov).
Alien people - alien nature - miserable culture - all this, brother, is not as easy as walking along Nevsky in a fur coat, arm in arm with Nadezhda Fedorovna_ and dreaming of warm climes (Chekhov).
Hatred for von Koren_ and anxiety_ all disappeared from the soul (Chekhov).
COMPOUND SENTENCE (CSP)
Plan
1. The concept of BSC. Classification of BSC by potential quantitative composition: compound sentences of open and closed structure (V.A. Beloshapkova).
2. Traditional classification of BSC in accordance with the semantic groups of conjunctions.
2.1. BSC with connecting unions of an open and closed structure.
2.2. NGN with separating unions.
2.3. NGN with opposing unions.
2.4. NGN with connecting unions.
2.5. NGN with explanatory conjunctions.
2.6. Gradational SSP.
3. Punctuation marks in the SSP.
Compound sentence(SSP) is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning. Coordinating conjunctions are not included in any of them, they are not members of the sentence.
All SSPs are divided into two types: open and closed structure.
Parts of compound sentences open structures represent an open series, they are built of the same type. Means of communication - proper connecting and separating unions, which can be repeated. Such sentences can have an unlimited number of parts and can always be extended. For instance: Yes somewhere a night bird was screaming... Let's try to continue this proposal. A trickle of water splashed softly Yes somewhere a night bird screamed, Yes something white stirred in the bushes(Korolenko). There can be more than two predicative units (PU) in the open structure BSC: That a long bough will suddenly hook her by the neck, then gold earrings will be pulled out of the ears by force; then in the fragile snow, a wet shoe will get stuck from a sweet little foot; then she drops her handkerchief...(P.).
In offers closed the structure of the part is a closed series, it is always two parts, structurally and semantically interdependent, connected. The second part in them closes the row and does not imply the presence of a third. For instance: Need brings people together a wealth separates them; He wanted to say something to him but the fat man is already gone(G.). Means of communication - non-repeating unions: but, but, however, yes and; not only but and etc.
By conjunctions and by meaning, compound sentences are divided into six groups.
3.1. COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH CONNECTIVE UNIONS.
List of connecting unions (single and repeated): and, yes, also, also, also; like... so and, yes... yes, and... and.
Compound sentences with connecting unions can have an open and closed structure.
2.1.1. SSP open structure
Such BSCs reflect different semantic relationships between PUs ( P reductive e units). Unions AND (AND ... AND), NI ... NI, YES (YES ... YES).
In such SSPs, predicative parts express connective-enumerative relations; they report on:
a) simultaneity of events and phenomena: Neither [Kaluna not grows between them], neither [grass not turns green] (I. Turgenev); AND [ sunshine], and [ the grass is greener], and [ the birds are singing in spring]. As a rule, in this case, the relations between the parts of the SSP are autosemantic, i.e. they can act as independent simple sentences: (see the first sentence) Kalina does not grow between them. The grass is not green.
b) about their succession one after another, the sequence: [Upplidtwo-three large drops rain], and [suddenly flashed lightning] ( I. Goncharov ). [Door across the street in a brightly lit shop slammed], and [from it a citizen appeared] (M. Bulgakov). This meaning can be specified by the words then, then, after.
Connecting SSPs of an open structure (homogeneous composition) can consist of two, three or more PUs.
Such SSPs may have a common secondary member of the sentence or a common subordinate clause-determinants (in this case, a comma is not put between the parts of the SSP):
away dark and groves are strict(I. Bunin): union And connected impersonal one-part PE Dark and two-part Groves are strict. Determinant (common member of the BSC) away clearly shows that homogeneous facts are enumerated.
(When the sun came up), [the dew dried up]and [grass turns green] Subordinate clause When the sun came up refers immediately to both PUs connected by connecting relations, therefore, a comma is not placed before the union AND.
The simultaneity and sequence of the enumerated facts is often emphasized by means of the correspondence of the aspectual-temporal forms of predicates in different PUs (as a rule, predicates are expressed by verbs of the same type): At that very moment [above the hill took off straightaway dozens of rockets] and [in a frenzied patter flooded machine guns] (Sedykh). In both parts of the SSP, the verbs are predicates of the perfect form. Common member of the sentence (time circumstance) at the same moment emphasizes the relationship of simultaneity and prevents the setting of a comma between PEs.
2.1.2. SSP closed structure
The predicative parts are connected here by non-repeating unions AND, YES, ALSO, ALSO, which are accompanied by words specifying meanings. They consist only from two PEs. Relations between the parts of the SSP are synsemantic, that is, one sentence is semantically related to another, especially if there are concretizing words.
stands out six types SSP closed structure.
1. Sentences with meaning consequences - conclusion, condition-consequence, result, quick change of events. They often use words that concretize the meaning therefore, hence, hence, consequently(specifiers are words and phrases that are connected to the union and clarify its meaning). The second part reports on the result, consequence, conclusion arising from the content of the first part: We were starving and[That's why] mother finally decided to send me and my sister to the village(V. Kaverin). He is not your fiancé now, you are strangers, and therefore you can't live in the same house(A. Ostrovsky). Manage to create the appropriate conditions, and you will lengthen the life of plants(conditional-effect relations: If you manage to create conditions, then lengthen ...). The artist lifted the bow, and everything fell silent instantly.
2. SSP with spreading meaning: the second part has the character of adding to what is said in the first part. In the second part, concretizing words are often used - anaphoric pronouns and adverbs (stand at the beginning of 2 PU), indicating a person, sign, object, situation, which are mentioned in the first part of the SSP: Now it's completely dark outside, and it it was great(V. Kaverin). At the beginning of 2 PUs, there may also be synonyms or a repetition of the same word as in part 1 of the SSP: Introduced new charts, and this is an innovation significantly increased labor productivity.
3. SSP with connective-adversative meaning with union AND: parts contradict each other on the real content. Possible specifiers anyway, anyway, anyway, despite this, nevertheless etc.: a) The Germans reached Moscow, and after all they were driven away(V. Nekrasov). b) I tried to sculpt it and it didn't work..
4. SSP with identification value(conjunctions ALSO, ALSO), parts of which report two similar, identical events occurring simultaneously: People are very hungry, horses too needed a rest(Arseniev). The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sounds of his voice also amazed me(Turgenev).
5. NGN with connecting additional value ( unions YES, I): the second part contains additional information. In the role of concretizing words are in addition, moreover, besides, besides, besides and under.: Compare you to men, yeah more and old grievances will be remembered(Sholokhov).
6. NGN with connecting restrictive value. The event of the second part limits the completeness of the manifestation of the event named in the first part. Concretizing words just and under.: The same yard, the same laughter, and only you miss a little(L. Oshanin). There were no visible injuries on his body, and only small scratch on the chin(A.N. Tolstoy). The words only can serve as unions.
COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH DIVISION UNIONS.
List of dividing unions: or, or, but that, not that, but not that; or ... or, either ... or; whether ... whether, whether ... or, at least ... at least, what ... what, be it ... or; otherwise, not ... so, if (and) not ... then; not that ... not that, either ... or; then ... then;union analogues : and maybe (be), and maybe (be) and; maybe (be) ... maybe (be), maybe (be) ...:
These are open structure proposals. The main relations between PUs in the BSC with divisive unions are the relations of mutual exclusion and alternation:
1. Relationship mutual exclusion: unions or, or, not that ... not that; either ... or: Or pan, or gone. Whether winter, either Spring, either autumn(K. Simonov). Either the plague will pick me up, or the frost will ossify, Or the barrier will slam into my forehead(A. Pushkin). I won't come back to you, or maybe I'll stay with you(City 312).
2. In separating SSPs with the value alternation a sequence of successive events that do not coincide in time is reported: That the sun shines dimly, then a black cloud hangs(Nekrasov).
TASKS FOR SELF-ANALYSIS (checking at the lecture)
Exercise 1. Give a description of compound sentences of an open structure in terms of their structure and semantics. Specify shades of values. For instance: Either you are stupid or you are deceiving me. This SSP consists of 2 PUs: 1 PU You are stupid and 2 PE You're lying. The formal means of communication is a repeated disjunctive union or either. Mutual exclusion relations between the parts of the BSC.
1. During the night, the sea calmed down a little, the wind died down, and the fog began to dissipate.
2. Let either he leave, or we will leave.
3. Not a single insect buzzes in the grass, not a single bird chirps in a tree.
4. The pines parted, and Margarita quietly rode up through the air to a chalk cliff (Bulg.)
Task 2. Describe the BSC with the union AND, indicating the structural type (open or closed structure), structural-semantic category (relationships between parts of the BSC) and shades of meaning (semantic varieties). For instance: The shells thunderedand the bullets whistled, / And the machine gun scribbled loudly, / And the girl Masha infrozen overcoat / Leads all the fighters to the attack. This is an open structure SSP, since there are more than 2 PUs and others can be added. Structural-semantic category: NGN with self-connecting relations. The connotation of meaning is the meaning of simultaneity.
1. He was given an apartment, and he settled in a fortress (Lerm.).
2. The night was windy, rainy, and this contributed to the success.
3. Silence reigned all around, and only at the top, on the rifts, the water rustled dully.
4. One jump - and the lion is already on the buffalo's head.
5. The river was completely covered with fins, and, therefore, everywhere it was possible to freely move from one bank to another.
6. They gave six fur coats for Nadia, and the cheapest of them, according to her grandmother, cost three hundred rubles (A.P. Chekhov)
7. I have a wife, two girls, and, moreover, my wife is an unhealthy lady (A.P. Chekhov)
Task number 3. Make a complete parsing of the SSP.
Parsing sample.
And the sluggish grass smells, crystal hoarfrost, and, barely distinguishable, the sad star shines(V. Tushnova)
1. According to the purpose of the statement - narrative.
2. By emotional coloring - non-exclamatory.
3. Complex, because consists of 2 PU: 1 PU: AND[sluggish grass smells, crystal frost]. 2 PE - and[hardly distinguishable, the sad star shines]. PEs are interconnected by a coordinating union And, therefore, this is a compound sentence (CSP). Union AND connecting, therefore, in the most general form, relations in the BSC can be characterized as connecting. The parts of the SSP are an open series, i.e., a sentence of an open structure: it can be continued by adding other PUs with the same grammatical meaning (enumerative). Relationships are autosemantic. The situations reflected in the PE are thought by the speaker as simultaneous. The grammatical means of expressing simultaneity are the forms of the non-syn. type of verbs-predicates: smells - shines.
Scheme: and , and .
4. Analysis of each PU.
1 PE: And the sluggish grass smells, from crystal hoarfrost.
grass smells
b) Complete.
c) Common: grass (what?) sluggish
from frost crystal, expressed by an adjective with dependent words.
2 PE: and, barely visible, the star shines sadly.
a) A two-part sentence. Subject star expressed by a noun in I.p. Simple verb predicate glitters expressed by conjugated verb present. temp. inconsistent in
b) Complete.
c) Common: star (what?) sad - an agreed definition expressed by an adjective.
d) Complicated by a common isolated definition barely visible, expressed participle turnover.
Suggestions for parsing
1. I don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, muddy and unclear, like a dream (A. Serafimovich).
2. The kick is short - and the ball is in the goal.
2.3. COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH OPPOSITIONAL UNIONS.
Compound sentences of closed structure With adversarial unions: ah but yes(= but), however, but, but, yes(in meaning but).
According to the structural features and basic grammatical meanings, all compound sentences with adversative conjunctions are divided into two groups: 1) comparative and 2) adversative sentences.
Comparative relations characteristic of BSC with interchangeable unions and (meanwhile)(conjunction-particle), where phenomena that are dissimilar in some way are compared, but with all the dissimilarity they do not cancel each other, but seem to coexist: Need brings people together a wealth separates them(Need brings people together, wealth same separates them). His comrades treated him with hostility, while his comrades loved him.(Kuprin). Often relationships are based on antithesis (antonymy). Hence the presence in the predicative parts of comparative sentences of typified lexical elements - the compared words of one thematic group.
The most common among such sentences are sentences with the broadest meaning and stylistically neutral union. a. For instance: The bottom of the tower was stone, and the top was wooden...(Chekhov); He is already over forty, and she is thirty ...(Chekhov).
Union same, associated in origin with the amplifying particle same, retains its excretory-enhancing value; the origin of this union determines its position; it does not stand between the predicative parts, but after the first word of the second part, highlighting it. Such sentences are called comparative-excretory sentences. For instance: Comrades treated him hostilely, the soldiers same truly loved(Kuprin); From our battery Salty will go on a barge, we same with a combat unit(Chekhov).
Offers from adversarial relationship according to semantics (i.e., according to the nature of the relationship between the parts of the BSC) are based on the inconsistency of the events referred to in the predicative parts, and are divided into four groups.
1) antagonistic-restrictive sentences (unions however, but, yes), in which the phenomenon of the second part limits the possibility of implementation, effectiveness or completeness of the manifestation of the phenomenon named in the first part. This grammatical meaning can be traced most clearly in constructions with the subjunctive or “invalid” forms (with the particle It was) moods, with auxiliary verbs want, wish and under.: Perhaps I would have eaten some snow, but on Sukharevka the snow was dirty(V. Kaverin). He began to pour her tea but she stopped(V. Kaverin). In other cases, restrictive relations are formalized by lexical means: A good flower, but a sharp spike.
These SSPs are close in semantics to sentences with a connective-restrictive meaning, where the word only performs the union function: The flower is good, only the thorn is sharp.
Unions and that, not that match the words otherwise, otherwise; sentences with them are usually used in colloquial everyday speech: 1) You, Tisha, come quickly,otherwise mother will scold again(Sharp).2) Tell the truthnot that you will get.
2) In the opposite-concessive The SSP, the adversative meaning is complicated by the concessive one (such an SSP can be replaced by a complex sentence, in the subordinate part of which there are unions although, despite the fact that ): [I had my own room in the house], but[I lived in the yard in a hut](A.P. Chekhov ). – (Though I had my own room in the house), [I lived in the yard in a hut] . Possible specifiers nevertheless, nevertheless, in spite of this, meanwhile, in spite of this and etc.: The bird has told you nonsense but anyway he is a good person(N. Ostrovsky) .
3) B adversative-compensatory SSP (unions but, but yes) events are assessed: positive in one part, negative in the other: Cannons rust in the arsenals, but shako sparkle(K. Simonov). A shako is a solid high headdress of some military units.
4) B adversarial The SSP second part complements the first. As in connective-distributive sentences, in the second part there is a concretizing word it: I turned my back on him, but it seems to heighten his suspicions(V. Kaverin).
compound called complex sentences , in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a compound sentence do not depend on each other and form one semantic whole.
Depending on the type of coordinating union that connects the parts of the sentence, all compound sentences (CSP) are divided into three main categories:
1) BSC with connecting unions(and; yes in the meaning of and; neither ... nor; also; also; not only ..., but also; both ..., and);
2) BSC with dividing unions (then ... then; not that ..., not that; or; or; whether... or);
3) SSP with opposing alliances (but, but, yes in the meaning of but, however, but, but, only, the same).
The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can send:
Phenomena happening at the same time.
For example: And far to the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth trembled from bombing attacks, clearly approaching at night (in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);
Phenomena that occur sequentially.
For instance: Dunya got into the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped on the pole, the driver whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, the permutation of sentences is not possible).
1. BSC with connecting unions (and, yes /=and/, neither - nor, how - so and, not only - but also, also, also, yes and).
In compound sentences with connecting unions, the following can be expressed:
- temporary relationship.
For instance: Morning came, and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);
Unions and yes can be either single or repetitive:
For instance: The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the hoarfrost, and the river glistens under the ice.(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating unions in each part.
I AM shouted and echo answered me- the second phenomenon follows the first.
- action and its result.
For instance: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.
- causal relationships.
For instance:
Several dugouts, which were blocked especially powerfully, remained completely intact, and the people, who had become chilled, exhausted by the battle, fell down from fatigue and the desire to sleep, rushed there with all their might to warm themselves;
I was unwell, so I didn't wait for dinner- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the concretizer - adverb because.
Neither the sun I can see the light, nor for my roots there is no space(I. A. Krylov).
The narrator froze in mid-sentence, I also heard a strange sound- unions too and also have the peculiarity that they are not at the beginning of the part.
Unions too and also introduce the meaning of assimilation into the sentence. For instance: And now I lived with my grandmother, she also told me stories before going to bed. Unions too and also always stand inside the second part of a compound sentence. Union too, usually used in colloquial speech, conjunction also- in the bookstore.
The union also has a colloquial character. Yes in meaning and .
For instance: It was useless to hide the truth, and Serpilin did not consider himself entitled to do so.
2. SSP with opposing alliances (but, yes /=but/, however, but, but, but).
V compound sentences with opposing conjunctions, one phenomenon is opposed to another.
For instance: The storm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.
With the help of the union, however, a reservation is transmitted to what was said earlier. For instance: She could hardly force herself to smile and hide her triumph, but she soon managed to assume a completely indifferent and even stern air.
The sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:
She was about thirty, but she seemed like a very young girl.- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.
Some helped in the kitchen, while others set the tables.- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, a matched with it (replacement union a on the but impossible).
Unions but , but indicate the reimbursement of what was said in the first sentence.
For instance: The moose was gone, but nearby there was a sound made by some living and, probably, weak creature; He has a lot of work to do, but in the winter he will rest.
Particles are used in the meaning of adversative conjunctions same , only .
For instance: The head still hurt, but the consciousness was clear, distinct; The war did not cancel anything, only all feelings became sharper in the war.
Union same like the unions too and also, always stands not at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part.
For instance: All the trees have put out sticky leaves, but the oak is still without leaves.
3. BSC with dividing unions (or / il /, either, not that - not that, either - either, that - that).
In compound sentences with divisive conjunctions, phenomena are indicated that cannot occur simultaneously: they either alternate, or one excludes the other.
For instance: In the sweltering air now there was a sound of pickaxes hitting stone, now the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully; Now it was drizzling, then large flakes of snow fell- union then- then indicates an alternation of phenomena.
On Peresyp, something was burning, or the moon was rising- union not that -not that indicates mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Only sometimes a birch will flash or a spruce will stand in front of you like a gloomy shadow.- union or indicates mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Either the gate creaks, or the floorboards crackle- union either - either indicates mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Divisive unions or and or can be single or repetitive.
For a more detailed description of the types of SSP There are three more types of SSP: SSP with connecting, explanatory and gradational unions.
Unions are affiliated yes and, also, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting unions.
Unions are explanatory. that is, namely :
For instance: He was expelled from the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened to him.
gradation unions - not only ... but also, not that ... but .
For instance: It wasn't that he didn't trust his partner, but he did have some doubts about him.
Compound sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating unions.
| Compound sentences | Simple sentences with homogeneous sentence members |
| With a whistling whisper, centennial pines exchanged among themselves, and dry frost with a soft rustle poured from the disturbed branches. | And suddenly another beetle fell away from the swarm dancing in the air and, leaving behind a large, magnificent tail, swept straight to the clearing.
|
| The stars were still shining sharply and coldly, but the sky in the east was already beginning to lighten. | Obeying this powerful feeling, he jumped to his feet, but immediately, groaning, sat down on the bear carcass.
|
| The forest is noisy, the face is hot, and a prickly cold creeps from the back. | In good weather, the forest swirled with caps of pine peaks, and in bad weather, shrouded in gray fog, it resembled a darkened water surface. |
For a change, a white cobblestone flashes in the weeds, or a gray stone woman grows for a moment, or a gopher crosses the road, and again weeds, hills, rooks run past the eyes. | I had to stand with my eyes closed, leaning back against a tree trunk, or sit down on a snowdrift and rest, feeling the pulse in my veins. |
