In the Russian tradition, the accordion is customary to call the tools with right keyboardoh piano type, however also exist push-button accordions With a keyboard as an accordion. The very name was given
Main components:
Case. For the manufacture of the housing used and used most often wood beech, cock, alder, birch. But the accordions with the oak corps are extremely rare and are made only to order. But aluminum sheets are needed for making a grid. Outside, the housing is covered with celluloid.
Vulture The melody keys are placed on the grief, it is attached to the right half of the housing. And it is manufactured from the same material as the body.
Fur. For the manufacture of fur, the cardboard is placed with a cloth, hermetically sealed with the right and left half-row. Consists of 13 and more folds that create a circulation of air, forcing the "Sing" tool.
By the way, here is such a lifehak: Fur folds should be plated or a tape in order to avoid too fast wear of Kre Fur at points of contact with an artist's chest ...
Resonators. The necessary part of the sound recovery is the resonators with voice placams.
Voice strips. Voice placams are called metal plates with ribs over which tongues are located. Each note corresponds to a separate tongue. The shorter the tongue, the sound above, respectively, the longer - the lower. The tongues with their thickened end are sticking to the plate, the free end of the tongue is included in the plate slot and under the action of a passing jet of air fluctuates, forming sound. Voice strips are made of non-ferrous metals, brass and aluminum. The sound quality depends on the accuracy of the tongue fastening, from the quality of the material, as well as on the type of body of the enclosures.
Register system. Move from aluminum and brass. Used to change the timbre.
Device.Two keyboards are connected by fur To injected air into the key-pneumatic mechanism. Device air valves Accordion:
Musical instrument mechanismallows you to adjust the stream of air through the keystags , Up to its full cessation (green arrows in the diagram). Depending on the direction of air current, one of the two tongues of the same chamber tone ranges (in the blue and orange arrows in the diagram). In other musical instruments (for example,harmoshke ) The tongues of one chamber may differ in the musical tone -harmonist changing the direction of the fur movement changes the height of the sound (musical note) without removing the fingers from the key. Left (side, bass) Accordion keyboard arranged otherwise: pressing one button, thanks to the complex mechanism, several cameras opens at the same time (chord ). The mechanism is common to accordions,bayanov and other similar musical instruments.
There are several varieties of accordions: normal and ready-elected .
In the usual in bass ( left hand) Plays as expected according to the scheme of a number:
In the picture you see the scheme of the usual left keyboard in mirror (B - Major, M - Minor, 7 - Septakkord, mind - reduced chord).
But in the ready-elective, there is a switch with the above scheme to completely different. By switch, the accordion switches to the change mode of the entire left keyboard only on bass (notes). That is, where in the usual chords, in the electoral keyboard - notes.
Left keyboard In the sample - a mirror right keyboard on the bayan.
Accordions are also classified by size:
1.
Full - 4/4
- 41 keys; Range - OT f Male octaves before la Third octaves.
2.
7/8
- 37 keys; Range - OT f Male octaves before f third octave).
3.
3/4
- 34 keys; Range - OT salt Male octaves before mi. Third octaves.
4.
Half - 1/2
- 26 keys; Range - OT s. Male octaves before before Third octaves.
It seems like everything ... something like that. If there are any additional questions or something is incomprehensible - do not hesitate - contact.
Oh yeah, more accordions are electronic, but this is a completely different story ...
P.S. If you notice some errors in text, please let me know about it.
The left keyboard consists of five (and sometimes out of six) longitudinal rows. These rows are considered to the direction from fur to the edge, that is, the first call a row closest to the fur.
The keys of the longitudinal rows of the left keyboard are located not accurately against the keys of the first row, and each row is slightly shifted upwards with respect to the previous one. Thus, several beveled transverse rows are created.
Keys of the 1st and 2nd longitudinal rows when pressed allowed bass sounds. Each key of the 3rd, 4th and 5th rows (and in some instruments and the 6th row) gives the sound of finished chords.
The main "next to the left keyboard is the second longitudinal row of bass, which is called the main one.
The keystap keys are not in the order of the gamma steps, and so that each adjacent key, counting from the bottom up along the keyboard, gives the sound of the quint above the previous one.
In about the middle of this row, there are seven bass keys, of which the first white bayan sound gives the lowest side of the fabric. The adjacent white key gives the sound to a large octave, etc.
The bass of the second row are the main sounds in relation to the sounds of chords of the rest of the rows, that is
Neighboring Fa down the black key gives the sound of a C-bembol, the second down the black key-sound m-bembol, etc. Thus, the sounds removed on the white keys of the 2nd row, as a whole make up a di-major gamma. But are not located as usual. The five black keys of this row with respect to the white keys give sounds chromatically modified (i.e. chest and dieting).
Seven white and five black keys give all 12 chromatic sounds within the same octave. In addition to seven whites and five black, in the same row there are still white and black keys, which are the repetition of the above; They are designed for convenience (to avoid jumps).
The first row of the left keyboard is called auxiliary. The keys of the first row are located in each other in the same way as in the second row and are the repetition of the 2nd (main series), but the first row relative to the second in height is shifted to the larger term up (by writing notes).
Thus, the sound of the 2nd longitudinal row (the first bottom of the white key) is the sound of la.
Auxiliary row, giving sounds to the main row of bass (2nd row), presents great convenience and greatly facilitates the game on bass.
The auxiliary row keys in the notes are conventionally designated by the letter B, which is placed under or over the note.
The bass of each key of the main and auxiliary series are recorded by one note, although when the appropriate key, the corresponding key sounds not one sound, and the three sound of the same sound in three octaves:
The third longitudinal row gives major sober (or their appeals), built from the main bass of those sounds, which are extracted by the adjacent keys of the second longitudinal row. The fourth row gives the chords of minor sober (or their appeals), and the fifth row gives dominanttespeccord (or their appeals).
In the bayans, some designs have another sixth longitudinal row, which gives the sounds of chords of reduced sober.
The basins of the second row are the main sounds in relation to the sounds of chords of the rest of the rows, that is, chords depend on the name of that bass, against which they stand in the transverse (braid) row. In other words, each main bass on the transverse oblique row has three ready-made chord.
When you press only one key of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th longitudinal rows, a whole chord sounds immediately, but all the sounds included in the chord are neat. The sound of these chords does not go beyond the limits of small and the first octave.
To facilitate the finding of chords on the accordion in notes, conventions are applied:
1) major chords (large sober) are denoted by the letter B;
2) minor chords (small sober) are denoted by the letter M;
3) dominantxpeccords are designated 7;
4) Reduced sober designs are denoted by the letter W.
If after the bass is a chord, having one of these conventions, then this chord is taken in accordance with the designation in the same transverse (braid) row in which the bass is located.
For easier finding on the keyboard the desired key at the bottom of the chord is written a small note in brackets, which indicates which the main bass should take a chord:
In example, 2 bass si is taken in auxiliary row, and the next major chord from the salt of salt is in the same transverse row with a nota of SI.
If the chord is standing above the bass note, the bass and chord are performed at the same time, that is, two keys, bass and chord, pressed together.
In these cases, a small note can also be signed under the chord in brackets, which indicates which bass should perform chord:
If bass is recorded notes of large durations, and the chord has a smaller length, the note in the notes is as follows:
Musical instrument: Bayan
The timbre palette of the existing musical instruments are extremely rich, because each of them has its own vote. For example, in a violin, he has a chant, in the pipe - shrill brilliant, in Cheeseta - transparently crystal. However, there is one tool that has a rare ability to simulate various timbres. It can sound like a flute, clarinet, a fagoth and even as an organ. This tool is called Bayan and rightfully can be called a small orchestra. Bayan, with its large artistic possibilities, subject to much - from the accompaniment of simple folk songs, to complex masterpieces of world classics. Having very popular, it sounds in large concert scenes and is an unchanged participant in festive feasts, no wonder Bayan is called the "soul of the Russian people."
Bayan is one of the most advanced varieties of harmonic having a chromatic sound.
History and many interesting facts about this musical instrument are read on our page.
Sound
Bayan, having a rich musical and expressive potential, opens up the performers with great opportunities for creativity. A bright sound is distinguished by saturation, expressiveness and melody, and the finest milling gives the timbre of special colorfulness. On the instrument it is possible to perform beautiful romantic melodies, as well as dramatically gloomy musical works.
The sound on the bayan is formed due to the fluctuations in the tongues in the voice placas under the action of air, which creates a fur chamber and is characterized by a special dynamic plasticity. The instrument is possible to perform a pretty transparent piano and fanfar forte.
Bayan, because of his constructive features (The presence of registers), has a varied voice palette of sound - from the solven aforementioned organ, to a soft and warm violin. Thremolo on the bayan is very similar to the tremolo violin, and the dynamic volume of the tool creates the impression that the full orchestra plays.
Bayan range quite large and amounts to 5 octave, starting from the "Mi" of the big octave and ending with "La" fourth.
Photo:
Interesting Facts:
Bayana design
Bayan, representing a rather complicated design, consists of two main sections: the left and right, interconnected fur.
1. Right part of the instrument - This is a box of rectangular shape, with a rug and deck attached to it, with mechanisms mounted in it. When you press the key, the mechanism raises the valves, thereby passing the air to the resonators with voice placams and the tongues.
For the manufacture of boxes and decks, wood resonator breeds are used: spruce, birch, maple.
The lattice is attached to the box, as well as register switches (if such are provided by the design) which serve to change the grade. The box also contains two large belts to fix the tool during execution.
The play keys in three, four or five rows are located on the grief in chromatic order.
2. Left housing - This is also a box of a rectangular shape in which the left keyboard containing five is on the outside, and sometimes six rows of buttons: two - bass, other rows of finished chords (major, minor, sepkord and reduced sepkord). On the left case there is a register for switching the finished or elective sound survey system, as well as a small belt, with which the left hand drives the fur chamber.
In the left corps, there is a deck with complex mechanisms for extracting sounds in two systems for the left hand: ready and ready-to-select.
The fur chamber attached to the case framework is made of special cardboard and from above is floating with a cloth.
The weight of the multi-dimmable concert bayana reaches 15 kg.
Bayana varieties
A large bayan family is divided into two groups: ordinary accordions and orchestrals.
The usual have two types that differ from each other by the accompaniment systems in the left hand: ready and ready-elective.
Orchestral accordions, due to their constructive features having a keyboard only with right side The housings are also divided into two types:
Application and repertoire
The range of use of the accordion is very wide, it can be heard on the scenes of large concert halls as a soloing, ensemble, orchestral instrument and in amateur ensembles and orchestras of folk instruments. Collective consisting of only bayanists are very popular. Very often, the bayan is used as an accompanied tool or simply in everyday life on various family holidays.
The tool is very universal, it is performed by the works of composers of past epochs, as well as the music of modern genres: jazz, rock and techno.
Surride sounds on the accordion writings I.S. Bach V.A. Mozart , N. Paganini, L.V. Beethoven , I. Brahms, F. Sheet , K. Debussy, D. Verdie , J. Bizet. D. Gershwin, Mahler, M. Mussorgsky, M. Ravel, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Scriabin, D. Shostakovich, P. Tchaikovsky, D. Verdie and many other classics.
Today, more and more modern composers write different works: Sonata, concerts and original pop plays. L. Prigogin, G. Bashchikov, S. Gubaidulin, S. Akhunov, H. Valpol, P. McConen, M. Murto - their musical compositions for the accordion very effectively sound on the concert scene.
Works for Bayana
N. Chaykin - Concerto for Bayana and Orchestra (Listen)
P. McConen - "Flight Over Time" (Listen)
Performers
Since in Russia, Bayan very quickly won popularity, the performing arts on it developed very intensively. Due to the constant improvement of the instrument, the musicians opened more and more creative possibilities. Especially it should be noted in the development of the performers of bayanist innovators: A. Paletheyev, who first moved to the five-paltse application instead of the four-paltsev used, thereby increasing technical capabilities tool; Yu. Kazakova - First Artist at Multi-Membled Finish-Elektrome Bayan.
The Russian accordion school is now very well known all over the world, and performing arts currently more flourishes. Our musicians are constantly becoming laureates of various international competitions. A lot of young performers come to a big concert scene, however, it is necessary to highlight the names of such outstanding musicians as I. Panitsky, F. Lips, A. Sklyarov, Yu. Vostrov, Y. Tkachev, V. Petrov, Zaitsev, V. Gridin , V. Profamilnov, V. Zubitsky, O. Sharov, A. Belyaev, V. Romantko, V. Galkin, I. Zavadsky, E. Mitchenko, V. Rozanov, A. Flytayev, who, with his unmarked, filled with art, made Weighing contribution to the development of modern executive school.
History Bayana
Each tool has its own story, and the accordion also has a prehistory. It began in ancient China in 2-3 millennia BC. It was there that the tool was born, which is the progenitor of modern accordion. Sheng - Language Brass musical instrumentrepresenting a housing with attached bamboo tubes or reeds with copper tongues inside. In Russia, he appeared in the times of Mongol-Tatar yoke, and then in the trade routes came to European countries.
In Europe, at the beginning of the 19th century, using the principle of Schan's sound recovery, the German organ master Friedrich Bushman came up with a mechanism that helped him in setting up tools, and which later became the predecessor of harmony. Somewhat later, Austrian of Armenian origin K. Demian modified the invention F. Bushman, converting it to the first harmonic.
In Russia, harmonics appeared in the second quarter of the 19th century, she was brought from abroad, they bought in fairs from foreign trading people as a wonder. A tool that could play a melody and accompanied, quickly gained popularity among urban and rural residents. Without her participation, it was not one festival, the harmonica along with the balalaica became a symbol of Russian culture.
In many Russian provinces, workshops began to be created, and then factories that have manufactled their local varieties of harmony: Tula, Saratov, Vyatskiy, Lebanese, Bologoye, Cherepovetsky, Casimovsky, Yelets.
In the first Russian harmony, there were only one number of buttons, two-row they became in the second half of the 19th century, by analogy with the design, which was then improved in Europe.
The harmonic musicians were mostly self-taught, but the miracles of performing skill got out, despite the fact that the instrument in the design was quite primitive. One of these nuggets was a worker from the city of Tula N.I. Beloborov. Being an avid harmonist, he dreamed of creating a tool that would have more performing opportunities.
In 1871 under the leadership of N.I. Beloborodova Master P. Stulakov created a two-row harmonic, having a complete chromatic system.
At the end of the 19th century, in 1891, after improving the German master of Mirvald, the harmonica became a three-row, with a chromatic sound sequentially located on oblique rows. Somewhat later in 1897, the Italian master P. Soprava patented its new invention - extracting ready-made major and minor sober, dominanttespeccord on the left keyboard. In the same year, but in Russia, the master P. Chulkov at the exhibition was presented a tool with bent mechanics in the "left hand", which also allowed one pressure on the retrieve the finished chords. Thus, the harmonic was gradually transformed and became bayan.
In 1907, the master designer P. Sterligov. On behalf of the Harmonist Musician Orlan-Titarenko. A complex four-row tool was made, called "Bayan", in the memory of the ancient Russian narrator. The tool was quickly improved and already in 1929 P. Sterligov invented the bayan with a ready-elective system on the left keyboard.
The increase in the popularity of the tool is accompanied by its constant development and improvement. The deformities of the accordion make it truly unique, because it can sound like an organ or as brass and string tools. Accordion In Russia, lovely love - this is a academic tool that sounds from the scene in the Great Concert Hall, and the symbol have a good mood, funny people on rural zawalinka.
Video: Listen to Bayan
Bayan refers to a fairly small group of tools that have a wide sounding range and do not require accompaniment (accompaniment). This group, as you know, belong primarily piano, organ, harp, and from folk harmonics, guitar and some others. It is the versatility of the tool, its compactness in combination with excellent sound qualities, among which the cost control is the most valuable, determined its democraticity and enormous popularity, both in our country and abroad. Bayan is considered to be one of the most advanced and common types of harmonics. This is a tongue key-pneumaticmatic tool with twelve-step uniform-tempered build.
The button accordion consists of two parts (right and left), which are connected by the chamber (fur), it is made from beech or ate. The surface is thoroughly polished or closed with a celluloid. A fur chamber that has 14-15 folds (Borin) is performed from an electrocarter, is glued with silk and granite and fixed by metal corners of a rounded form. On the right half-rope is a row with a keyboard located on it to play with the right hand. The most common bayans having three rows on the right keyboard and the number of keys from 52 to 61.
Its range from Si-Beleol or a large octave octave salt to up-diasa or fourth octave salt. Low sounds are extracted by keys located in the top of the grid, and the highest at the bottom of the grid. The presence of four or five rows on the right keyboard does not increase the tool range. These additional rows, called auxiliary, are the repetition of the main and allow the performer without much difficulty to transpose the musical work into any other tonality.
On the outdoor side of the left half-row, the keyboard is located for the left hand with five or six rows of keys. Their number is usually 100-120. From the side of the half-row there is a belt for the left hand, which performs in addition to the game function and the function of the fur science. Two shoulder straps hold a tool when playing. Another belt connects them on the back can be applied. 
The basis of sound formation on the accordion is the oscillation of metal tongues (votes) under the influence aerial jet. The tongue is rigidly attached by one end to a metal frame, freely slips in it under the air pressure from its clips. Under the influence of pressure on the other hand, it is not excited due to the overlap of the opening for the sounding voice of the glued strip of the husky (skin).
Therefore, for the extraction of the same sound on the spinning and sliding mechanics, two identical tongues are needed attached from different sides of two identical openings in the frame. Frames along with the tongues are called straps. 
The planks are attached on special beds - resonators, divided into cells - air or resonator cameras. The entrance to each chamber is called a resonator socket. Through the openings of the socket, air is available from the fur chamber to voice tongues, reinforced on the sophisticated chambers of the resonators. For a good tightness of the design, the surface of the contact of the socket with the deck and voice slats with the resonators is shred like a husky. Resonators for deck are attached wooden bars and special bolts.
The sound volume depends on the amplitude of the oscillation of the tongue: the stronger the pressure of the air jet, the louder the sound, and vice versa. The height of the sound depends on the length of the tongue: shorter makes high tone sounds, longer - low. So that the sounds of low register sounds were not excessively large, additional weights are stuck on them.
The voice timbre depends on the design of the deck and the resonator, the shape and volume of the resonator cameras, as well as from the thickness and material of the bar, from the quality of the metal from which the voice is made and from the voice profile.
Leonid Gurulev
On the right keyboard, as we already know, the melody of the musical work is fulfilled; The left keyboard serves to perform accompaniment (accompaniment) of this melody. However, there are cases when the melody takes place in the bass voice and is executed on the left keyboard of the accordion.
For the recording of bass sounds there is a bass key, or the "Fa" key, which is depicted by a special sign (see Fig.). It indicates that on the fourth line of the Notopian, a note is recorded by Fa Male Octave:
Knowing the location of this sound on a music lot, it is not difficult to determine the remaining sounds of bass;
On the left side of the accordion there are buttons located a bit inclined transverse rows. This whole part is called a bass keyboard.
When playing on the accordion in the bass keyboard, four fingers are used. They are referred to:
2 - index finger (second finger)
3 - medium (third finger)
4 - Unnamed (fourth finger)
5 - Mysinetse (Fifth Finger)
The 1st finger in the game is not involved. It is consumed for pressure air valve.
The first two longitudinal rows from fur contain basic bass sounds. These rows play a melodic line in the left keyboard.
The second row, counting from fur, called basic. Here is a button with a small recess, which corresponds to the note before. Click this button 3rd with a finger:
Above the base sound buttons to the Salt Sound button. Push it 2nd finger:
Below the bass sound buttons are the FO sheet button. Press it 4th finger.
Bass sounds are made to record within the same octave.
Sometimes for clarity, the image of the melodic line bass is recorded in different octaves. In reality, they sound within the above octave.
Characteristic for the accordion is the presence of buttons, when naked which sounds not one sound, and several. Such simultaneous sound of several sounds is called accord. In the right keyboard, to obtain a chord it is necessary to press several specific keys at the same time, and in the left keyboard the chords are already given in the finished form. Pressing one button, we will hear a chord consisting of several sounds.
Chords are recorded by the following notes:
Of these sounds, ready-made chords are formed. All notes included in the chord are discharged on a new one above the other:
Chords are there major, minor, dominantSepekkorda and reduced (Reduced chords we will look later).
Chords are built from the main bass of oblique transverse rows and have the same names. Below is the bass ( before) and chord from this bass ( d-Major):
For easier definition of chords, they use symbols.
Major chords in the third row of the keyboard are denoted by the letter " B.".
Minor chords (fourth keyboard) are denoted by the letter " M.".
Dominantxpekkord (fifth row) are denoted by the number " 7
".
Below is a diagram of chords of the left keyboard. While we consider chords only from the main sounds ( up, re, mi, fa, salt, la, si). The first (auxiliary) series will be studied in the following lessons, so while this series I "painted" in gray.
If after the bass is the designation (b, m or 7), then this chord (button) is taken from the same bass located in the main row.
When repeating the same chords, the conditional designations may not be discharged:
If bass and chord are written one on the other, then they are executed at the same time, that is, both buttons must be pressed together.
When learning exercises, try to play exactly, with a score out loud. Follow the applicature while in the following order: the main series is the third finger, a number of major chords - the second. Watch out for the movement of fur for sound.
