Products made from chemical fibers. Several varieties of non-woven coatings are supplied for sale, differing in technical indicators and properties. Similar results were achieved using a variety of manufacturing techniques. In order to make it easier to decide, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the main types.
The preparation of such material is carried out by forcing the previously prepared raw material through special dies, the diameter of which is relatively small. Only after that the fibers are thoroughly cooled, stretched, and also laid on flat surface... In order to connect the prepared and cooled fibers, a calender is used.
The fabric prepared in this way is distinguished by an increased level of density, wear resistance, and strength. This material It is waterproof, easy to store and use. It is quite often used in the preparation of non-sterile products.
The preparation of this nonwoven fabric is carried out in almost the same way as spunbond. The only difference is that the fibers are intertwined using water jets that are fed under high pressure. This variety non-woven fabric is made from polypropylene, rayon and polyester fibers. In some cases, several types of fibers are combined. As a rule, several types of fibers are connected if it is necessary to enhance certain properties of the web.
This type of nonwoven fabric has the following advantages:
This type of non-woven fabric should not be used in an extremely humid climate, since it absorbs moisture well, and its weight increases.
This material includes three main layers:
Bonding of the above three layers is carried out at a certain temperature.
The material obtained in this way is distinguished by the uniform distribution of the fibers included in the composition. It is this property that made it possible to use it when preparing various filters.
Currently, nonwovens are made from:
In order to provide reliable connection fibers, manufacturers quite often use lavsan, glass, nylon or metal threads.
Before raw materials go to production, they must be prepared. Preparation processes are determined depending on what kind of raw materials, what manufacturing method is used.
Nonwovens have a number of unique properties:
Manufacturers supply non-woven fabric different density... In order to make it easier to navigate, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the features of canvases of various densities.
Material with this density is only white. You can use it without installing additional supports, placing it directly on plants and soil. Such actions will not cause any harm, since the material is light in weight. Its use will create an optimal microclimate for plants.
Despite the fact that the coating has a low density, it can be used to provide reliable protection of the root system, plants from insects, rodents.
A coating with this density is also available only in white. The number of areas in which it can be used is much greater. For example, it is great for constructing greenhouses, greenhouses.
Nonwovens, which have the highest density, are available not only in white, but also in black.
Dense coatings can also be used for mulching soils. Its introduction into the composition of the soil makes it possible to prevent the germination of various weeds. If a black coating is used for these purposes, then the seedlings can be provided with additional heat.
Not so long ago, they began to supply an innovative two-color canvas. It contains white and black layers. When laying, the black layer is placed directly on the ground. Since the white layer is at the top, the soil warms up more slowly. Temperature regime persists for an extended period. This has a positive effect on the growth of various plants. A denser canvas is beneficial to use when low temperatures, as it partially protects the root system from frost.
When buying a nonwoven fabric, you need to take into account various characteristics and technical indicators. Only in this case it will be possible to purchase quality material.
Non-woven fabrics are among the most common textile materials, which include a huge variety of types. Made from one or a combination of materials, a nonwoven fabric is a bonded structure of elements. It contains no knitted or woven fabrics.
One of the most famous materials of this type is geotex, which includes polypropylene fibers.
Subsequently, the most different materials... The demand for nonwoven fabric grew in an instant, its properties turned out to be so unusual and useful. Depending on the type of fibers that formed the basis for creating a new material, it was possible to obtain a variety of properties.
In France, they developed not only new types of machine tools, but also modernized the old ones for more advanced types of nonwoven fabric. To this day best performance in the equipment for creating such densities are the main advantage of French machines.
To date, many varieties of nonwoven material have been developed. Now the nonwoven fabric can be used as a drainage, filtering or membrane tool.
Until the end of the 20th century, the main producers of geotex and the like remained the countries of Europe, the USA and Japan. But soon they were not only joined, but also began to overtake Asian countries in terms of quantity and quality of production. In particular, non-woven fabrics are now supplied by Uzbekistan in huge quantities.
In our country, nonwoven fabric was originally produced only for domestic purposes and was used in the clothing industry. In the 90s, oddly enough, the rapid development of this industry began, and GOST began to actively develop and improve standards.
This development was caused by a shortage of cotton fabrics, and many woven materials in various fields were forced to be replaced by needle-punched nonwoven and other similar types. So there was a need to improve this industry. There is a huge demand for modern nonwoven fabric, which is growing steadily.
Geotex and other non-woven fabrics are made in three stages:
To form the canvas, a mass of natural and chemical fibers is used in different proportions. The finished fibers are mixed and refined. After combing them, a fibrous web is formed. The frame of threads is a mesh in the form of threads laid parallel to each other.
Binding of the base can be of three types: needle-punched, knitting-stitching and glue. Needle-punched fastening is performed on machines using needles. The needle, passing through the thickness of the entire layer, captures the fibers and pulls them through. This is how interlayer bonding takes place. The knitting and stitching method consists of knitting the canvas with yarn. Finally, the nonwoven fabric is produced by an adhesive process. In this case, the canvases are held together using polymeric substances. There are two types of gluing: wet and dry. Wet consists in applying a liquid substance to the canvases and then superimposing them on top of each other. For dry bonding, powder, thread, film or spatula fibers are used, which have a lower melting point than the webs being bonded. After applying the binder, the canvases are subject to heat treatment.
Geotextile fabric must be finished.
When assessing the quality of such materials, it is necessary to proceed from the area of their application. The filter non-woven fabric should have high strength, and good aesthetic characteristics for the photo will be useful, but no more.
Some types of matter have high requirements for density, strength, elasticity. And excellent external indicators, perfectly demonstrated in the photo, allow nonwovens to successfully compete with fabrics. Taking into account the economic component, the advantage in most cases is given to nonwoven fabrics.
Geotextile fabric is used for a wide variety of needs. In the garment industry, this material is used to make clothes for all sorts of purposes: dresses, suits, underwear, robes, coats, swimwear, children's clothes. Often geotex materials are used for insulation.
Geotextile fabric is widely used in other areas. Geotex is used in road construction, installation of drains, in residential buildings and finishing of premises. In addition, geotex can even be used to decorate residential areas. For example, geotextile can be seen on the seamy side of table oilcloths or linoleums.
In terms of its properties, the described material is in many ways superior to tissue counterparts. And he is constantly improving. So it will not be surprising that soon this matter will be needed absolutely everywhere.
Nonwovens are textile fabrics that are made from various fibers without traditional weaving or weaving techniques.
According to the scope of application, they are distinguished:
According to the bonding method, nonwovens are made by the following methods:
Stitched canvas is made by carefully combing pre-prepared fibers and passing it through a special transducer, which arranges the fibers perpendicular to each other. The resulting canvas is stitched on a knitting machine. These are: flannel, bike, cloth, drape, batting.
Qualitative indicators: wear-resistant, highly elastic, low crease, breathable, not subject to shrinkage.
Thread-stitching fabrics are obtained by weaving a system of two threads. In a special way. They are superimposed on one another and fastened with a chain stitch. These are: blouse, dress fabric, used for sewing swimwear.
Such fabrics are: shape-stable, have low thermal conductivity, hygroscopic, breathable, practically do not crumble at the sections, and are well stretchable.
Non-stitched fabrics are made by threading textile loops on a knitted basis. These are terry cloths of the type "jintars" and "teika", artificial furs.
Such fabrics are highly hygroscopic, hygienic and durable.
Glued canvases are made by gluing fibers with liquid adhesive solutions, dry plastic substances, due to adhesive substances applied to the fiber structure. An example of such canvases are: edging, heat-insulating canvases, non-woven fabric, proklamelin, iso, artificial leather base.
Such fabrics are resistant to heating, washing and dry cleaning, have high elasticity and rigidity, and air permeability.
Needle-punched webs It is made by numerous punching of the canvas with red-hot needles with notches. Representatives: batting, synthetic winterizer, cushioning cloth, heat-insulating cloth.
They are characterized by high strength, thermal insulation, and dimensional stability.
Canvases received in a felted way: felt, felt, blanket fabrics. These are durable, heat-insulating fabrics.
Aeroforming: the process consists in mixing the fibers with air, the resulting cotton wool is then sprayed onto a special tape. This technology is used for the production of napkins and baby diapers.
Non-woven materials are called a special type of fabrics made without the use of flat weave technology. There are many types of such products to date, as well as the methods for their manufacture. The wide and scope of application of the material of this variety. Most often, nonwoven fabric is used in construction and agriculture, as well as when sewing clothes.
For the first time nonwoven fabric was made in the second half of the 19th century in the USA. The first canvases of this variety were made from starch bonded to each other. This material, called a pellon, did not receive much distribution in the 19th century. It began to be used quite widely only during the Second World War. The Americans used it to make camouflage products.
In the 70s of the last century, pellon was first used in agriculture as a covering material. On currently it is it that is used on 30% of the agricultural area of the EU countries. In the USSR, such material was produced in very small quantities and was used mainly in Wide use in our country, he received it only in the 90s. Now it is produced by many Russian companies... For example, a very high-quality product of this type is produced by the Podolsk nonwoven fabric factory "Ves Mir", founded in 2000.
Non-woven fabric can be made different ways, have different thickness, appearance and purpose. However, the main characteristic of such sheets in most cases is strength. The latter, in turn, depends on the surface. This parameter in groups of different purpose can vary within the range of 10-600 g / m 2. So, for example:
The nonwoven fabric is typically 235 to 490 g / m 2.
For needle-punched fabrics, this figure is 210 g / m 2.
The density of fabric-stitched materials is 216-545 g / m 2.
Non-woven has surface density- 90-110 g / m 2.
For thread-stitched fabrics, this figure is 63-310 g / m 2.
The density of the glued nonwoven fabric is 40-330 g / m 2.
Canvases of this type can be produced mechanically or by glue. The basis of any such material is a canvas made of natural and synthetic fibers, laid in rows. To obtain a fibrous structure, such a web is combed.
Bonding the base of the nonwoven fabric using this technology is performed using additional threads. For example, stitching materials are made mechanically. In this case, the fibers of the base are fastened together by stitching them with threads. When using needle-punching technology, the elements forming the canvas are pre-mixed with each other. The result is a fairly dense fabric in structure. To give it greater strength, it is stitched with thick threads. In this case, they use special tools with notches. The needle-punched method of making canvases is currently the most popular. This technology is used by every nonwoven fabric factory.
Thread-stitching materials are made by passing the warp with one or more fiber systems. Such a canvas differs from a canvas-stitched one, first of all, in its appearance. The material of this group is similar to terry cloth.
There are also mechanically stitched fabrics on sale today. This variety is produced on a very light basis also by stitching it with a pile thread system. Such canvases can be either smooth or terry.
This technology is used in the manufacture of most types of nonwovens. In this case, the fibers are bonded in the canvas by impregnating them with various kinds of adhesives. Most often, synthetic latex is used for processing. Another common technology is hot pressing. In this case, the fibers are bonded with thermoplastics at a very high temperature.
Sometimes the oldest technology is also used for the production of nonwoven glued materials - on paper machines. It was with the use of such equipment that Pellon was produced in America. In this case, the binder can be introduced either directly into the mass supplied to the machine, or already into the finished web.
Such non-woven material is distinguished by its great thickness, massiveness and looseness. Its main advantage is its high heat-shielding properties. Stitched fabrics are very dense and wear-resistant materials that can give significant shrinkage. They are used most often as lining in the manufacture of clothing. They are also sometimes used as a base in the manufacture of artificial leather.
Due to the porous structure, this group of canvases also has good heat-shielding properties. In addition, the advantages of such a material include resistance to washing and dry cleaning. Needle-punched fabrics are usually used when and floor coverings... Like canvas stitched ones, they are also used for the manufacture of linings for coats, jackets and fur coats. However, in the latter case, the needle-punched nonwoven material usually has to be additionally impregnated with adhesives. The fact is that its fibers are quite tough, and therefore, in a free state, they are able to penetrate through the upper one and spoil its appearance.
It is the needle-punched method that is also made the most common non-woven material - dornit. Geotextiles are used when laying out lawns, erecting foundations, etc. Also, the needle-punched method is sometimes used in the production of the most popular type and greenhouses - spunbond. However, more often this type of fabric is still made by the glue method (hot pressing).
Both of these varieties are also quite in demand in the industry. The main advantage of thread-stitching cloths is considered to be a variety of appearance... This method can be used to produce both very thin translucent materials and massive furniture materials. Suits, evening dresses, casual wear, scarves, napkins from non-woven material are often made using this technology.
The advantages of fabric-stitched materials are their stable structure and hygiene. In terms of wear resistance, they surpass all other types of nonwovens. This fabric is used mainly for sewing dressing gowns and beach suits.
Most often, such a non-woven material is made from a mixture of cotton and nylon fibers. It is usually used when sewing clothes. For example, it is inserted into collars, tabs and slots to give the latter rigidity. Materials made on paper machines are most often used for the production of all kinds of medical dressings.
As you can see, the field of application of nonwoven fabrics in our time is really very wide. Their excellent performance characteristics make them indispensable for sewing many types of clothing, growing plants, installing drainage systems, etc. The technologies for the production of such materials are not particularly complex, and therefore their cost is usually low. Basically, this is what explains the extraordinary popularity of this type of canvases.
Nonwovens are produced by bonding a fibrous substance with polyester fibers during heat treatment. Such fabrics are essential for the manufacture of mattresses and other products. The latest technologies are used in production, which fully correspond to the trends of the times. With their help, you can get an excellent result that will fully meet all existing safety and reliability requirements. The fabric of the mattress must necessarily "breathe", as this will allow the product to last as long as possible, and it will always remain fresh. It is very important that the mattress does not absorb sweat inside, because then harmful microorganisms will develop inside that can harm human health.
In total, there are several types of nonwovens that are used for different purposes. Sintepon is a synthetic fabric made of special polyester fiber. It is used as a heater in the manufacture of various clothes and has excellent properties that make it in demand in the market. Sherstepon is a woolen cloth made from natural wool. Its main purpose is also to act as a heater, only in terms of its characteristics it will be slightly better than the previous model and, moreover, it consists of natural components. Cotton-wool is, in turn, a cotton cloth made of cotton fiber. It is also natural and is used for warmer seasons as it does not have outstanding heating properties.
Flaxon, as you might guess, is a linen cloth made of bast fibers (flax, jute, hemp, kenaf). It is used in the manufacture of very light things that fit the body pleasantly and make it possible to feel free in the heat. Vatex is a regenerated fiber web. It is the least common in production, since it does not have outstanding properties and is only needed so that you can somehow usefully dispose of waste.
White wadding is a non-woven canvas made of synthetic polyester fiber. It is used as a heater in down jackets and winter pants. Wool is a canvas made of natural sheep wool... It has an incredible ability to retain heat and is suitable for making things for polar explorers. Batting - non-woven canvas stitched from regenerated fibers.
