Yarrow - Achillea millefoluim L. "style =" border-style: solid; border-width: 6px; border-color: # ffcc66; "width =" 250 "height =" 334 ">
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Other names: White gruel, Belogolovnik, Hare grass, Green grass, Porridge, Bloodworm, Motherwort, Cut grass, Woodworm.
Diseases and Effects: epistaxis, pulmonary and uterine bleeding, bleeding of the gums, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, gastritis, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, ulcerative spastic colitis, flatulence, hemorrhoids, wounds, cuts, ulcers, urolithiasis, inflammatory diseases of the bladder, acne.
Active substances: essential oil, chamazulene, azulenes, camphor, alpha-pinenes, beta-pinenes, borneol, cineol thujone, caryophyllene, esters, cineole, apigenin, luteolin, tannins, resins, formic acid, isovaleric acid, ascorbic acid, acetic acid carotene, vitamin K, bitter substances, millefolid, matycin, rutin, luteolin-7-glucoside, stachydrin, achillein, betonycin.
Time of collection and preparation of the plant: June July.
Perennial herb of the Asteraceae family - Composite, with a thin creeping cordlike rhizome, from which shoots with rosettes of basal leaves and unbranched flowering stems depart.
Stems from 20 to 80 cm high, straight, practically unbranched and fluffy.
Leaves lanceolate, alternate, twice or thrice pinnately dissected, 3-15 cm long and 0.5-3 cm wide, with numerous (15-30) lagging primary segments with 9-15 serrated lobules. The lower leaves are petiolate; medium - small, sedentary; the common core of the sheet is flat.
Inflorescences- numerous small baskets, at the top of the stems, collected in complex shields. Envelopes smooth or slightly pubescent, ovate, oblong, with a membranous bore margin.
Flowers bisexual staminate. Quantity from 14 to 20; ligulate flowers - 5, they are white, rarely pink.
Achenes 1.5-2 mm long, silvery-gray, oblong, flat.
Yarrow blooms from June to late summer. Achenes ripen in July-August. The method of reproduction is vegetative and seed.
except yarrow procurers collect closely related species, slightly different in morphological characteristics, but confined to certain growing areas: bristly yarrow usually grows in the steppe zone; thousand-leaf noble and cannonian yarrow found everywhere on slopes, in dry meadows, along the roadsides of rural roads and in the area of railways.
Yarrow is common throughout almost the entire territory of the CIS, with the exception of the northern regions of Siberia and the Far East, desert and semi-desert regions of Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the Lower Volga region. On the territory of Ukraine, yarrow can be found everywhere - in meadows, along river valleys, on forest edges and clearings, along roads, in gardens, on the slopes of ravines, on gentle hills. The main harvesting is carried out in the south of Ukraine, in the estuaries of the rivers of Odessa, Nikolaev and Kherson regions, as well as in the northern part of Zaporozhye and throughout Donetsk. In Crimea, yarrow mainly grows in the foothill and mountainous areas. In the southern region of Ukraine, it is possible to harvest up to 30-40 tons of raw materials annually, incl. in Crimea - 5-6 tons.
The leaves of the plant contain an essential oil (0.6-0.8%), which includes chamazulene, azulenes, camphor, alpha- and beta-pinenes, borneol, cineole thujone, caryophyllene; esters, cineole, glycosides - apigenin and luteolin, tannins, resins, formic, isovaleric, ascorbic and acetic acids, carotene, vitamin K, bitter substances. In addition, yarrow contains sesquiterpenes: millefolide, matricin, etc .; flavonoids: rutin, luteolin-7-glucoside.
Alkaloids were found in the leaves: stachydrin, achillein, betonycin, etc.
Yarrow herb has versatile pharmacological properties due to the presence of various biologically active compounds in medicinal raw materials. Galenic forms of yarrow herb have an antispasmodic effect on the smooth muscles of the intestines, urinary and biliary tract, and therefore expand the bile ducts and increase bile secretion into the duodenum, as well as increase urine output and can relieve pain caused by intestinal spasms. These properties of plant preparations are associated with the content of flavonoids and essential oils in it. Due to the bitter taste of Achilles, yarrow irritates the endings of the gustatory nerves and increases the secretion of gastric juice. Yarrow herb also reduces flatulence.
In an experiment on dogs, with the introduction of 10% of yarrow infusion, a decrease in heart rate is observed after 30 minutes. In addition, the flavonoids contained in the plant have antihypertensive properties.
Infusion of yarrow increases blood coagulability, which is manifested in a shortening of the time of recalcification of oxalate plasma, an increase in plasma tolerance to heparin, and a decrease in heparin time. On the fibrinolytic activity of blood, the infusion of yarrow does not have a definite effect, which may be associated with sharp fluctuations in the fibrinolytic activity of the blood of experimental animals. The concentration of Ac-globulin (factor V) and fibrin under the influence of yarrow infusion almost does not change.
The mechanism of the hemostatic action of yarrow drugs is somewhat reminiscent of the participation of calcium ions in the process of blood coagulation. Yarrow preparations activate the action of fibrin, but never lead to the formation of blood clots. The influence of galenic forms of yarrow on the process of hemocoagulation is moderately expressed and manifests itself only with prolonged use. The hemostatic effect of yarrow is based on an increase in the number of platelets and a shortening of the time to stop bleeding.
The combination of hemostatic properties and the ability to enhance the contractions of the uterine muscles determines the effectiveness of yarrow in uterine bleeding.
Galenic preparations from yarrow are widely used for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract both in their native form and in combination with other plants in the form of collections, teas or complex tinctures. They are used for gastritis with decreased secretion of gastric juice, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, ulcerative spastic colitis, flatulence and hemorrhoids.
With the systematic use of herbal preparations of the plant in patients, the secretion and motility of the digestive tract are normalized, bile secretion and secretory activity of the pancreas improve, appetite increases, pain disappears.
The hemostatic properties of the plant are used for gastrointestinal, hemorrhoidal bleeding. In a clinical study of the infusion of the herb yarrow, its high therapeutic efficacy was noted in patients, especially in combination with other medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties (chamomile, calendula, medicinal plantain, peppermint, etc.). Good results are given by enemas with yarrow infusion for hemorrhoids. Yarrow is used as a hemostatic agent for nasal, uterine, pulmonary bleeding. The liquid extract and infusion of the herb of the plant are especially effective for uterine bleeding due to inflammatory processes, fibroids, and heavy menstruation.
External use of infusions or liquid extract of yarrow is based mainly on the anti-inflammatory properties of the plant. Dressings moistened with plant extract are applied to wounds, cuts, ulcers. Wounds are washed with infusion of yarrow.
Infusions and decoctions of yarrow are also used for urolithiasis, inflammatory diseases of the bladder.
In folk medicine, fresh young leaves of yarrow are rubbed and used as a hemostatic agent for external wounds and nosebleeds. The squeezed juice from the plant, mixed with honey, is drunk to stimulate appetite and improve metabolism, in case of liver diseases. A decoction of inflorescences is used to wash the face to remove blackheads, cleanse and refresh the skin.
For food purposes, yarrow powder can be used as a seasoning and flavoring when pickling vegetables. Yarrow is well eaten by livestock, while the appetite of animals increases, which contributes to their productivity.
This plant is widely used in home gardens, garden plots as an insecticidal agent to combat aphids, ticks and other garden pests.
The herb and flowers of the yarrow are medicinal. They are harvested during the flowering period in June-July. External signs of raw materials are whole or partially crushed flowering shoots. Stems are rounded, with alternate leaves, up to 15 cm long. The color of the stems and leaves is grayish-green, the marginal flowers are white, less often pink, the middle ones are yellowish. The smell is weak, fragrant. The taste is spicy, bitter.
The raw material must contain at least 0.1% essential oil with a moisture content of not more than 13%; total ash - no more than 15%; brown, yellowed and blackened parts of the grass - no more than 1%; organic impurity - no more than 0.5%, mineral impurity - no more than 1%.
Grass is harvested by cutting off the tops of the stems up to 15 cm long with sickles and knives. Dried in the open air in the shade or under awnings with good ventilation, spreading out in a thin layer, as well as in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 50 ° C.
Shelf life is 5 years.
Infusion of Yarrow Herb(Infusum herbae Millefolii): 15 g (2 tablespoons) of raw material is placed in an enamel bowl, 200 ml (1 glass) of hot boiled water is poured, covered with a lid and heated in boiling water (in a water bath) for 15 minutes. It is cooled at room temperature for 45 minutes, filtered, the remaining raw material is wrung out. The volume of the resulting infusion is brought to 200 ml with boiled water. The prepared infusion is stored in a cool place for no more than 2 days.
It is taken orally in a warm form, 1 / 2-1 / 3 cup 2-3 times a day 30 minutes before meals as a hemostatic agent for pulmonary, intestinal, hemorrhoidal, uterine, nosebleeds, bleeding from the gums and wounds, with gastritis, peptic ulcer.
Produced in packs of 100 g. The herb is stored in a dry, cool place.
Yarrow Liquid Extract(Extractum Millefolii fluidum) take 40-50 drops 3 times a day.
Yarrow herb is a part of mouth-watering teas and potions.
Collection number 1
It is used for gastritis, acidity, peptic ulcer
Collection number 3
It is used for gastritis, secretory insufficiency. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 4
It is used for gastritis, hanged acidity. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 5
It is used for gastritis, low acidity. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 7
Collection number 8
The collection has an appetite-stimulating effect. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 9
It is used for diseases of the stomach. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 16
It is used for peptic ulcer disease. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 17
It is used for diarrhea. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 18
It is used for dysbiosis. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 21
It is used for hepatopathy. According to the method of preparation and use - a decoction.
Collection number 23
It is used for hepatitis. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 29
It is used for hepatitis, hepatocholecystitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis. The collection has a choleretic effect. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 31
It is used for cholelithiasis. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 43
It is used for algomenorrhea. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 45
It is used for vulvitis, colpitis, cervicitis. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 54
It is used for dysmenorrhea. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 61
It is used for constipation, colitis, enterocolitis. The collection has a laxative effect. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 66
It is used for hepatitis, liver cirrhosis. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 67
It is used for gastritis. According to the method of preparation and use - infusion.
Collection number 92
It is used for tracheobronchitis
Collection number 93
It is used for sinusitis (rhinitis). According to the method of preparation and use - inhalation.
Yarrow herb -HerbaMillefolii
Yarrow flowers -FloresMillefolii
Yarrow - Achillea millefolium L.
Aster family - Asteraceae
Other names:
- trees
- cut grass
- soldier's grass
- white porridge
- gulyavitsa
- blood man
- tenacious grass
- whitehead
- cutter
- blood man
- thigh
- snake grass
- fragrant grass
- cutter
Botanical characteristics. A perennial herb with a creeping, rooting rhizome. Stems are erect, up to 80 cm high, branching upward into a corymbose inflorescence of small baskets. Baskets resemble a flower up to 5 mm long and consist of 5 reed white or pink and 14-20 tubular yellowish-white flowers. Leaves are basal, rosette, alternate on stems, lanceolate, double-, triple-pinnate, to short lobes. The fruit is achene. Blooms from June all summer, fruits ripen in July-September.
Related species: Asian yarrow (Achillea asiatica Serg.), Bristle yarrow (A. setacea Waldst. Et Kit.), Pannonian yarrow (A. pannonica Scheele).
Spreading. It is ubiquitous, except for northern regions and desert places.
Habitat. In meadows, near roads, in fields and vegetable gardens, in littered places.
Harvesting, primary processing, drying. The grass is harvested during the flowering phase (June - first half of August). Cut off flower-bearing leafy shoots up to 15 cm long with knives, sickles or pruning shears without coarse, leafless stem bases. On the thickets, you can mow with scythes, and then select the yarrow grass from the mowed mass. Harvested in dry weather, after the dew has melted. The collected raw materials are quickly sent for drying, after removing rough stems and foreign plants.
Plants must not be uprooted, as this leads to the destruction of thickets. With correct harvesting in the same areas, harvesting can be carried out for several years in a row, then the thickets are given a "rest" for 1-2 years.
Yarrow raw materials are dried in the open air, in attics, under awnings, spreading them in a thin layer (5-7 cm) on the litter and stirring occasionally. Raw materials dry out in 7-10 days. Heat drying is allowed at a raw material heating temperature up to 40 ° C.
Security measures. After 2-3 years of collecting raw materials, it is rational to give "rest" to the thickets for 1-2 years.
Standardization. The quality of raw materials is regulated by the GF XI and Amendments No. 1 of 04/27/98 and No. 2 of 06/16/99.
External signs.Grass represented by whole or partially crushed shoots. Stems up to 15 cm long. Leaves up to 10 cm long and 3 cm wide, pinnately dissected twice or three times into linear segments no wider than 1.5 mm. Baskets oblong-ovate, 3-4 mm long, 1.5-3 mm wide, solitary or forming a scutellum. The envelope of the basket consists of tiled ovate or oblong-ovate glabrous or slightly pubescent leaflets with membranous, often brownish margins. Common bed of baskets with filmy bracts. Marginal flowers 5, median tubular 14-20. The color of the stems and leaves is grayish-green, the marginal flowers are white, less often pink, the middle ones are yellowish. The smell is weak, pleasant. The taste is spicy, bitter.
Shredded raw materials- a mixture of pieces of stems, leaves and inflorescences passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm.
Powder: particles of stems, inflorescences, flowers, leaves passing through a sieve with holes 2 mm in diameter.
Microscopy. The leaves are examined to determine the authenticity of the yarrow herb. Numerous simple hairs, which contain 4-7 short thin-walled cells at the base and a long, thick-walled, slightly tortuous terminal cell, are of diagnostic value. An important feature is the presence of essential oil glands, characteristic of Compositae, on both sides of the leaf. The epidermis is sinuous, with folded cuticle. The stomata are anomocytic on both sides of the leaf.
Numerical indicators. To assess the quality of whole and crushed raw materials, the following indicators are determined: essential oil not less than 0.1%; humidity not more than 13%; total ash no more than 15%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 3%; the content of blackened, browned and yellowed parts of the plant is not more than 10%; stems thicker than 3 mm no more than 3%; organic impurity no more than 0.5%, mineral - no more than 1%. For crushed raw materials, in addition to the above indicators: the content of particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, no more than 17%, and particles that pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.5 mm, no more than 16%. For powder: particles passing through a sieve with holes of 2 mm, no more than 10%, particles passing through a sieve with holes of 0.18 mm, no more than 10%.
Distinctive features of different types of yarrow
Plant name | Diagnostic signs | Distribution areas |
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pubescence | |||||
Yarrow - Achillea millefolium L. | 40-100 cm high, single | Twice, triple dissected into linear lobes | Elongated ovate | Forest and forest-steppe regions of the European part of the country and Siberia |
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Yarrow -Achillea nobilis L. | 30-50 cm high, including 2-3 | Thick, greyish-tomentose | Double-, triple-dissected into linear-lanceolate, wider lobes | Ovoid | Steppe and forest-steppe regions of the European part of the country, Ciscaucasia and Western Siberia |
Chemical composition. Yarrow herb contains up to 0.8% of essential oil, which includes mono- (thuyol, cineole, camphor) and sesquiterpenoids. In addition to essential oil, 12 sesquiterpene lactones (acetylbalchanolide, millefin, achillicin, achillin, etc.) were isolated from leaves and inflorescences. Hamazulen as such was not found in the plant. It is formed from some of the sesquiterpene lactones (prochamazulenes) during the stripping of the essential oil. Also found flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin and their 7-0-glucosides, cacticin, artemethin, rutin), polyacetylenes, sterols (b-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, cholesterol), triterpene alcohols (a- and b-amyrins), taraxasterol as well as substances of a basic nature (concreteicin, achillein, stachydrin, choline, betaine, etc.). It has been established that the hemostatic effect is due to the presence of concreteicin.
Storage. According to the rules of storage of essential oil raw materials, packed in bales. Shelf life up to 3 years.
Pharmacological properties. The variety of biologically active substances in yarrow provides its many-sided pharmacological effects. The hemostatic properties of the plant are best known. To study the effect on blood clotting, an infusion of yarrow (1:10) at a dose of 1.5 and 10 ml was administered to dogs with food. The experimental animals showed an increase in blood coagulability by 27%, an acceleration of the time of recalcification of oxalate plasma by 33% and heparin time by 45%; reduction of prothrombin time by 39%. There was an increase in the number of platelets and reticulocytes in the peripheral blood. Subsequently, inhibition of the fibrinolytic activity of the blood, a decrease in free heparin in the blood and an increase in heparinase were found. The juice from the plant in the experiment also accelerates blood clotting. In terms of the effect on blood coagulation processes, 0.5% yarrow infusion is superior to calcium chloride solution at a concentration of 1: 2000-1: 5000. The alkaloid Achillein also has hemostatic properties. However, the mechanism for increasing blood clotting under the influence of yarrow is not entirely clear, since the preparations of yarrow do not lead to the formation of blood clots. Hemostatic properties are manifested both when taking yarrow inside, and when applied externally of juice and decoctions.
Infusion of yarrow acts as an antihypertensive agent, cuts heart contractions.
Due to the bitter taste, yarrow stimulates the secretion of the salivary glands, increases the secretion of gastric juice, bile secretion. In addition, preparations of yarrow reduce flatulence.
Yarrow herb has an anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, bactericidal, wound healing effect, which is due to the presence of azulenes, tannins and flavonoids in the plant. Yarrow relieves spasms of the stomach, intestines, bile ducts. urinary tract; tones up the muscles of the uterus.
In experiments on frogs, a 10% infusion of yarrow slows down the development of seizures caused by strychnine. At the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, a fraction with a cytotoxic effect was isolated from the plant. When applied topically, preparations of yarrow have anti-burn properties in experimental burns.
Medicines. Yarrow flowers, infusion, briquettes. It is part of the mouth-watering and anti-hemorrhoid preparations.
Application. Infusion of yarrow (20.0: 200.0) is used for gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. ulcerative colitis, acute and chronic dysentery, hepatitis, chole cystitis and angiocholitis 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day after meals. With a tendency to diarrhea, the following medicinal collection is recommended: yarrow (30 g), rosehip (50 g), St. John's wort (30 g), oak bark (30 g). A tablespoon of the mixture is poured with 200 ml of hot water, boiled in a water bath for 15 minutes, insisted for 40 minutes, filtered, honey or sugar is added to taste and 1 tablespoon is taken 5-6 times a day. With flatulence, yarrow is combined with caraway seeds, dill and valerian root. Yarrow herb is included as a bitterness in the mouth-watering collection.
For nephrological and urological diseases accompanied by hematuria (acute and chronic cystitis, urethritis, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, etc.), yarrow infusion is also used, more often in a mixture with other medicinal plants. For example, a mixture of 40 g of yarrow and bearberry leaves, 20 g of birch buds and calamus root is recommended. A tablespoon of the mixture is poured with a glass of hot boiled water, heated in a water bath for 5-7 minutes, and filtered for 30-40 minutes. The infusion is drunk during the day in several doses.
In case of uterine bleeding due to fibroids, inflammatory processes and endocrinopathies, yarrow herb is used with nettle leaves (1: 1). A tablespoon of the mixture is poured with a glass of hot boiled water, insisted for 15 minutes, filtered, drunk as tea, 1/2 cup 2-3 times a day. With nosebleeds, hemoptysis due to pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, the same infusion is taken cold.
A decoction or juice of yarrow is used topically for nosebleeds, minor cuts, abrasions, scratches. For bleeding from the eroded cervix, tampons moistened with sterile yarrow infusion are used. With inflammation of hemorrhoids and bleeding hemorrhoids, napkins soaked in cold broth of yarrow are applied.
Good results are given by enemas with yarrow infusion for hemorrhoids. Infusion of yarrow is prepared as follows: 20 herbs are poured with a glass of water at room temperature, heated in a water bath for 15 minutes, insisted for at least 45 minutes, filtered. The infusion can be stored in a cool place for no more than 2 days.
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Rice. 5.56 (A). Yarrow - Achillea millefolium L.
Yarrow herb- herba millefolii
Yarrow flowers- flores millefolii
- achillea millefolium l.
Sem. Asteraceae- asteraceae (compositae)
Other names: trees, cut grass, soldier's grass, goulavitsa, bloodstain, tenacious grass, snake grass, odorous grass, cutthroat.
Perennial herb with a long, rooting rhizome (Fig. 5.56, A).
Stems erect or ascending, 20-100 cm high, branched in the upper part, with shortened leafy branches in the axils of the upper and middle leaves.
Leaves alternate, 10-15 cm long, generally lanceolate, oblong, twice or thrice pinnately dissected, with two- or three-incised segments and almost linear terminal lobes, with punctate glands below.
Root leaves petiole, stem - sessile.
Flowers collected in baskets, the latter form a corymbose inflorescence.
Baskets up to 5 mm long, consist of 5 false-ligate white or pink and 14-20 tubular yellowish-white flowers.
Fetus- achene.
Blooms from June to late summer; fruits ripen in August - September.
A closely related species (Achillea asiatica Serg.) Often grows together with common yarrow.
It differs in closely approximated primary segments of the leaf, pink or dark pink false-lingual flowers, looser scutes (Fig.5.56, B). In terms of chemical composition and pharmacological properties, Asian yarrow is close to common yarrow, is used and harvested along with it.
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Spreading. In the European part of the country, it grows everywhere, except for the northern regions and desert places. In Siberia, the border of the area reaches 68º E. In Eastern Siberia and the Far East of Russia, there are isolated habitats.
Habitat. It grows in forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones on dry meadows, in forest belts, on fallow lands, near roads, in fields and vegetable gardens, sometimes forms continuous thickets.
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Whole or partially crushed flowering shoots up to 15 cm long. Stems are round, pubescent, with alternate leaves.
Leaves up to 10 cm long, up to 3 cm wide, oblong, twice or three times pinnately dissected into lanceolate or linear segments.
Baskets oblong-ovate, 3-4 mm long, 1.5-3 mm wide, in corymbose inflorescences or solitary.
Basket wrap consists of tiled oblong-ovate leaflets with membranous brownish margins.
Common basket bed with filmy bracts. There are 5 marginal false-lingual flowers, 14-20 median tubular flowers.
Colour stems and leaves are grayish-green, marginal flowers - white, less often pink, median - yellowish.
Smell weak, fragrant.
Taste spicy, bitter.
Pieces of baskets, individual flowers, leaves, stems of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm.
The color is grayish-green with whitish-yellowish blotches.
The smell is weak, fragrant.
The taste is spicy, bitter.
Particles of stems, inflorescences, flowers, leaves passing through a sieve with holes 2 mm in diameter. Colour grayish green with whitish yellowish blotches. Smell weak, fragrant. Taste spicy, bitter.
Rice. 5.58. Microscopy of a yarrow leaf:When examining the leaf from the surface, epidermal cells are visible, somewhat elongated along the length of the leaf segment, with sinuous walls and folded cuticle, the epidermis on the lower side is distinguished by smaller cells and strongly sinuous walls. The stomata on both sides of the leaf, mainly on the bottom, are surrounded by 3-5 cells of the epidermis (anomocytic type). On both sides of the leaf, especially on the bottom, there are numerous hairs and essential oil glands. The hairs are simple, at the base they have 4-7 short cells with thin walls, the terminal cell of the hair is long, slightly sinuous, with a thick wall and a narrow filamentous cavity; in the raw material it is often broken off. The glands consist of 8 (less often 6) excretory cells arranged in 2 rows and 4 (less often 3) tiers. Leaf veins are accompanied by secretory passages with yellowish granular or oily contents (Fig.5.58).
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Blank. The grass is harvested in the flowering phase (June - the first half of August), cutting off flower-bearing leafy tops of shoots up to 15 cm long with sickles, knives or pruning shears, without coarse, leafless stem bases. On the thickets, harvesting can be done with scythes, and then the yarrow grass can be selected from the mowed mass.
Yarrow flowers are also approved for medical use. When collecting inflorescences, cut off the shields with a peduncle no longer than 2 cm and separate flower baskets.
Cannot be procured steppe species - noble yarrow (Achillea nobilis L.), characterized by oblong-elliptical, doubly pinnate leaves with a small number (7-10) pairs of primary segments, dense grayish-tomentose pubescence and a short oblique rhizome (Fig.5.57).
Security measures. Plants must not be uprooted, as this leads to the destruction of thickets. With correct harvesting in the same areas, harvesting can be carried out for several years in a row, then the thickets are given a "rest" for 1-2 years.
Drying. Yarrow raw materials are dried in the open air under awnings, in attics, spread out in a thin layer (5-7 cm) and stirring occasionally. Heat drying is allowed at a raw material heating temperature up to 40 ºС. The end of drying is determined by the fragility of the stems. Flowers are easily crushed when dried.
Standardization. GF XI, no. 2, Art. 53 and Amendments No. 1 of 27.04.98 and No. 2 of 16.06.99 (grass); FS 42-44-72 (flowers).
Storage. The raw materials are stored in dry, cool rooms on racks or pods according to the rules for storing essential oil raw materials, packed in bales. The shelf life of whole and crushed herbs is 3 years, powder - 2 years.
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The yarrow herb contains
From leaves and inflorescences in addition to essential oil, 12 sesquiterpene lactones were isolated, some of them, the so-called prokhamazulenov, in the process of distillation of the essential oil, hamazulen which gives the oil a dark blue color.
Found also
Whole raw materials. Essential oil not less than 0.1%; humidity not more than 13%; total ash no more than 15%; ash insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, no more than 3%; yellowed, browned and blackened parts of the plant no more than 1%; stems thicker than 3 mm no more than 3%; organic impurity no more than 0.5%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.
Shredded raw materials. Essential oil not less than 0.1%; humidity not more than 13%; total ash no more than 15%; ash insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, no more than 3%; yellowed, browned and blackened parts of the plant no more than 1%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, no more than 17%; particles passing through a sieve with holes of 0.5 mm diameter, no more than 16%; organic impurity no more than 0.5%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.
Powder. Particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes 2 mm in diameter, no more than 10%; particles passing through a sieve with holes 0.18 mm in diameter, no more than 10%.
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Pharmacotherapeutic group... Hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic.
The variety of biologically active substances in the yarrow herb determines the many-sided pharmacological effects of this raw material.
The most famous hemostatic properties of the plant due to the content of vitamin K and concreteicin. Achillein also has hemostatic properties. but clotting mechanism blood under the influence of yarrow drugs is not entirely clear, since their use does not lead to the formation of blood clots.
Hemostatic properties are manifested both when taking preparations of yarrow inside, and when used externally.
Bitter taste caused by Achillein, yarrow stimulates the secretion of the salivary glands, increases the secretion of gastric juice, bile secretion.
Besides, yarrow preparations reduce flatulence.
Yarrow herb renders
Yarrow
When applied topically, yarrow preparations have anti-burn properties.
Yarrow preparations are used at
Yarrow is used also
Infusion, liquid extract or yarrow juice is used locally
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Yarrow is a herbaceous perennial of the Asteraceae family. The widespread and pronounced healing properties of yarrow have been appreciated by herbalists and adherents of natural healing.
This plant has such names as woodworm, white-headed forest, goulavitsa. Among military doctors, it has taken root - a tenacious herb, since in case of injury, this plant can save lives. A peculiar, recognizable smell is also characteristic - those who have felt the scent of yarrow will no longer forget it.
Today, yarrow is used both in folk recipes and in official pharmacology. The beneficial properties and contraindications of yarrow are well studied. Knowing them, some health problems are solved without resorting to synthetic drugs, which is important in case of intolerance to the latter.
Ancient legends are associated with culture, which eloquently demonstrate its properties. The Latin name of the plant Achillea is consonant with Achilles. That was the name of the famous hero of the Trojan War. According to legend, Achilles stopped bleeding with the help of yarrow. Dioscorides healed open wounds and skin lesions with "wound grass". The famous Avicenna in his "Canons" also described the healing properties of the plant and the state in which it is indicated. The ancient Scythians and loyal warriors of Alexander the Great used the plant to stop bleeding. The commander Suvorov, who took care of every soldier, went into battle only if the detachment was equipped with plant powder.
Farmers have been using yarrow herb for a long time to obtain a decoction, the properties of which help to destroy pests of agricultural plants, such as aphids and spider mites.
“Mille” in Latin means “thousand”, and “folium” is a leaf. Those. the literal translation of yarrow sounds like a thousand leaves. When examined, the leaves of this plant are dissected into many lobes.
The plant is officially recognized as medicinal not only in Russia. Yarrow is also used in Finland, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, the Netherlands for many diseases.
The plant has a branched horizontal rhizome. Stems are erect, sometimes slightly pubescent, reaching a height of 15 - 80 cm, branching only at the top. Yarrow leaves are alternate, lanceolate or linear, dissected into thin segments. The upper leaves sit on the stem, while the lower ones have petioles.
Small flowers of yarrow are white or pink and are collected in compact inflorescences-baskets. The inflorescences form a common corymbose inflorescence at the tops of the shoots, which consists of a large number of baskets. In each basket, the median flowers are tubular, bisexual, and the marginal ones are ligulate, feminine.
The plant blooms during the summer, from June. The silvery fruits of yarrow ripen en masse in August-October. Pollination is carried out by insects - the culture is considered a good honey plant. Yarrow propagates both with the help of rhizomes and seeds.
It grows mainly on forest edges, meadows, grows well in the steppes, on roads and along the edges of fields, on the banks of reservoirs, among shrubs, on fallow lands and wastelands, in villages. Yarrow is widespread in Asia and Europe, is ubiquitous in all regions of the European part of Russia, in many regions of the Caucasus, in Siberia.
The herb and yarrow inflorescences are of medicinal value. Grass and inflorescences are harvested from the beginning to the middle of flowering, i.e. from June to August. To do this, the tops of the stems are cut at a distance of 15 cm from the top. The leaves are simply torn off from the thickest part of the stem. When harvesting flowers, the peduncles are carefully cut to a length of 4 cm.
The grass is dried under wide awnings, in the attic or veranda. If a dryer is used, the air temperature should not exceed 40-45 C. When drying, the raw material must be turned over. Dry raw materials have a peculiar smell. You need to store the herb in dry and dark places in paper bags for 2 years.
Collecting yarrow in urban areas or along roads is prohibited. In an unfavorable ecological environment, yarrow easily accumulates toxic substances, and its grass is unsuitable for collection.
Yarrow leaves contain an essential oil rich in chamazulene, the alkaloid achillein, esters, camphor, borneol, thujone, glycosides (luteolin and apigenin), cineole, tannins, resins, carotene, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins K, C, bitterness. Minerals have also been found - magnesium, potassium, boron, zinc, calcium, selenium, copper and molybdenum.
The medicinal properties of yarrow are diverse and are associated with the chemical composition of the plant, which includes many biologically active substances.
Since the beneficial properties and the spectrum of therapeutic action of yarrow preparations are very wide, it is used for:
Chop fresh yarrow grass and squeeze the juice from the gruel. Bitter juice, before use it is mixed with natural honey. The average dose for a reception is 1-1.5 tsp. Take three times / day.
1 tsp pour 250 gr. boiled water, boil the broth for 5-10 minutes over low heat and strain. The average dose is 50 ml per dose / three times a day.
2 tbsp Pour boiling water over dry flowers (0.5 l) and boil over low heat for no more than 10 minutes. Daily washing with a decoction helps in the treatment of acne.
Pour boiling water (250 ml) into a thermos, place 2 tbsp. dry herb plants. Cork and insist the product for an hour, strain and squeeze the raw materials. Take the infusion for half an hour, 1/3 cup before meals three times / day (store no more than 2 days in the refrigerator).
Take 4 tbsp. l. dry raw materials, grind thoroughly. Put everything in a jar and pour vodka (100 ml), put in a cool and dark place for a week. Strain the medicine and squeeze the raw material well.
A handful of fresh leaves and flowers are crushed and thoroughly ground in a mortar, mixed in half with melted lard. If there is no fresh herb, take one part of the yarrow tincture and mix with four parts of petroleum jelly.
It is used fresh for bruises - for treatment, an ointment is applied to the skin with a thin layer.
A decoction of yarrow according to the recipe above, added to the bath in a volume of 1-2 liters, helps with scabies and lichen (scaly).
2 tbsp leaves, brewed in a liter of boiling water, should be taken to treat hemorrhoids instead of tea.
This is a pharmacy preparation that is not easy to obtain at home. It is taken three times a day, 5-7 drops with water as a urinary and choleretic, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic agent.
The use of yarrow in combination with other herbs is an effective and common way to treat a wide range of diseases:
All dosage forms of the plant have some toxic effect, so internal consumption requires caution. Especially it is impossible to exceed the recommended dosage, as well as to use yarrow for a long time.
Despite the absence of direct contraindications, yarrow preparations are prescribed with caution with a tendency to form blood clots. You should not use the plant with increased secretion of the gastric glands.
In a number of patients, long-term therapy with drugs based on yarrow leads to side effects in the form of dizziness, skin rash. In case of any unusual phenomena and reactions to yarrow, treatment should be discontinued.
This herbaceous plant can be found throughout Russia, as well as in most of Eurasia. Many consider it to be a completely useless, weedy plant. And completely in vain. After all, even the Latin name of the plant Achillea comes from the famous ancient Greek hero Achilles. The plant, which was appreciated by the legendary heroes of Hellas, cannot be ordinary. And indeed it is.
Yarrow belongs to the genus Achillea, the Asteraceae family. And its exact specific name is common yarrow (Achillea millefolia). The plant got its name from the shape of the leaves. In fact, of course, yarrow has a lot less than a thousand leaves, but from the outside it seems that each leaf of grass consists of many small sections. The leaves of the plant are very elongated. They are approximately 15 cm long and no more than 3 cm wide. Numerous oil glands are located on the back of the leaf. The stem is medium in size, about half a meter in height, although some specimens can grow over a meter in height. The inflorescence consists of many small white or pink flowers, grouped in baskets. In the upper part, the flowers form a shield-shaped inflorescence surface. The growing grass also gives off a characteristic odor. Flowers are pollinated by insects. The seeds are small, about 1.5-2 mm in length. The plant reproduces both with seeds and vegetatively, with the help of roots.
Photo: Anastasia Nio / Shutterstock.com
Yarrow is very unpretentious. It can adapt to a variety of conditions and grow anywhere - in meadows, fields, forest edges, along roadsides, between bushes, in ravines, on the banks of reservoirs, landfills, and in some places forms a continuous cover. Prefers light areas, and does not like shadows too much. Yarrow blooms throughout the summer, bears fruit from July to September.
The people have long known the beneficial properties and contraindications of yarrow. They were known even in ancient times, as evidenced by the name of the herb. The myths of ancient Greece tell that yarrow was used by the hero of the Trojan War Achilles and a skilled healer - the centaur Chiron.
The leaves and flowers of the plant have long been used in cooking as a seasoning. In this case, both dried parts of the plant and oils obtained from it can be used. In addition, yarrow is known as a good melliferous plant. Gardeners and florists were also attracted by the plant's decorative properties, its unpretentiousness and long flowering period. Therefore, the plant can often be found in flower beds, in parks and in suburban areas. Low-growing varieties of yarrow are used as lawn grass.
But nevertheless, the yarrow has earned the main fame because of its medicinal properties. Perhaps the time has come to get acquainted in more detail with its medicinal properties and contraindications. The plant has long been used by traditional healers in the treatment of ailments. And this is not surprising, because yarrow contains a huge number of active biological components. These are flavones, coumarins, the alkaloid achillein, organic acids (salicylic, formic, acetic and isovaleric), bitterness, tannins, resins, asparagine, mineral salts, essential oils, carotene, choline, vitamins C and K.
In addition to the official name, the popular names of the plant are also known - cut-grass, woodcutter, sickle cutter, sneezing grass, porridge, white-headed grass, tenacious grass, goulavitsa, bloodstain. Most of these names are very eloquent and indicate that the plant was widely used to heal wounds. For medicinal purposes, not only common yarrow is used, but also other types of yarrow - Asian and bristly.
Historical evidence also confirms this fact. The useful properties of the plant were known to the Indians and residents of Tibet. Roman legionnaires even specially cultivated yarrow near their military camps, so that after battles they always had a supply of herbs on hand to heal the wounded. Yarrow was also widely used in later times. And as it turns out, the beneficial properties of yarrow are not a myth. Nowadays, they are confirmed by official science.
Of course, this is not the only medicinal plant used for. But it has one significant advantage. The fact is that the enzyme Achillein contained in the herb has strong hemostatic, or, more scientifically, hemostatic properties. This explains its popularity among doctors of past eras. Moreover, the effect of the plant is manifested not only in the case of superficial bleeding, but also in the case of internal bleeding - pulmonary, uterine, gastric, nasal, uterine, menstrual, hemorrhoidal. At the same time, preparations from yarrow are no worse than synthetic hemostatic drugs and can be used even in patients.
But stopping bleeding is not the only beneficial property of yarrow. It has anti-inflammatory, hypoallergenic, choleretic and antibacterial properties. The plant also has a positive effect on various organs of the human body - heart, musculoskeletal system, liver and kidneys, gastrointestinal tract. It has a beneficial effect on the walls of blood vessels, preventing. Reduces the level of toxins in the body, improves immunity. Reduces the aggressiveness of gastric juice.
The plant is also used for:
Can be used like:
In gynecology, the plant is used in the treatment of cervical erosion, fibroids, removal of the effects of menopause and other diseases, as one of the means in complex therapy.
The herb of yarrow is often used in dermatology and cosmetology, to eliminate problems with skin and hair. Cosmetologists believe that yarrow preparations can have a tonic and soothing effect on the skin. Due to the use of masks from pink yarrow flowers, the skin pores are narrowed. The plant is also useful in the treatment of sunburn.
Yarrow is also found in masks and rinses that improve the condition of hair, making it healthy, supple and silky. Essential oils from inflorescences obtained by distillation are also used. Many cosmetic products made from yarrow can be bought at pharmacies. Yarrow extract is also added to many deodorants, shampoos, soaps and shower gels.
In dermatology, the herb is used to combat problems such as:
Yarrow baths are beneficial for acne and shingles.
There are plant components with which certain medicinal properties of yarrow are associated. Thus, essential oils and flavonoids provide its choleretic agents. Bitterness provides irritation of taste buds and secretion of gastric juice. Vitamin K is useful for strengthening capillaries.
The main dosage forms of preparations from a plant are tinctures (water and alcohol), decoctions, extracts, powder from crushed plants. Yarrow ointments are also used. In addition, the components of the plant are often included in various herbal preparations used to treat diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys, and increase appetite.
In addition to yarrow, the collection may also include the following components:
For some diseases, baths with yarrow can be used.
How to treat various diseases with yarrow? It depends on the disease. For the treatment of gastritis and colitis, the following recipe is suitable - 250 ml of hot water is taken for a teaspoon of raw materials, which is poured into grass. This composition must be boiled for 10 minutes and then filtered. It is recommended to take the composition 3 times a day for half a glass.
You can take a decoction of yarrow and for food poisoning. The recipe is as follows - three tablespoons of the crushed plant are added to 0.5 liters of water and boiled for five minutes, then filtered. This broth should be drunk in a third of a glass three times a day before meals.
With cystitis, the recipe is different. Take 20 g of plant materials and a glass of water, everything is mixed and cooked for 10 minutes, infused, and then filtered. Recommendations for admission - 3 times a day, 1 tbsp. l. after eating. Urinary incontinence can be treated in the same way.
Various inflammations of the gastrointestinal tract can also be treated with yarrow infusion. However, its flowers are more suitable for this purpose. To prepare a remedy, you need a spoonful of crushed flowers and two glasses of water. This mixture must be cooked for 20 minutes and then filtered. You need to drink the composition half a glass 3 times a day. Also, a decoction of yarrow is used for acute respiratory diseases, bleeding gums, stomatitis. In this case, they need to rinse the mouth. For this purpose, an infusion is used, obtained from two tablespoons of leaves and a glass of boiled water.
Yarrow is also often used along with chamomile. For example, for pain in the stomach, the following recipe is used - two tablespoons of a mixture of yarrow and chamomile are infused in a glass of boiled water for 20 minutes and this solution is taken 3-4 times a day for half a glass.
The sap of the plant mixed with mint juice and grape wine helps with arrhythmias. You should take 30 drops of a solution where all of the above ingredients are presented in equal parts.
Tea made from the leaves of the herb is also useful. In particular, it is accepted at. Dosage - 2 tablespoons of leaves per liter of boiled water.
Alcohol tincture of the herb is often used in folk medicine. It is prepared as follows: for 100 ml of an alcohol solution of 76%, 30 g of a dry plant is taken. The mixture is infused in a tightly closed dark glass vessel for 10 days. Instead of alcohol, you can take ordinary vodka, but in this case, the mixture needs to be infused for two weeks.
Tincture of the herb with alcohol can be used for internal bleeding and the treatment of inflammatory processes. The tincture is also convenient for external use. Dressings soaked in tincture can be used to treat wounds, cuts, and purulent formations on the skin. The advantage of alcoholic tincture over water is its long shelf life.
A plant-based ointment is also used. It can be prepared at home. Vaseline or ghee unsalted lard can be used as the basis of the ointment. In the first case, for the preparation of the ointment, one share of the tincture and four shares of petroleum jelly are taken, in the second, finely chopped dry grass is mixed with lard in equal proportions. The ointment is used to treat bruises and furunculosis.
For skin diseases and menstrual irregularities, a herb bath is useful. How to prepare a bath from a plant? It’s very simple. 100 g of crushed raw materials are mixed with a liter of hot water. After insisting, the resulting liquid is poured into a bath of warm water. The duration of the bath is 20 minutes.
It is used in folk medicine and freshly squeezed juice of the plant. It is commonly used as a hemostatic for cuts. It can be mixed with various ingredients - mint, honey, olive oil. Together with these ingredients, the juice can be used in the treatment of furunculosis, arrhythmias, to improve appetite.
Yarrow has not only medicinal properties, but also contraindications. Preparations based on it can not be used during pregnancy, children under 6 years of age. The plant is also not used for arterial bleeding, increased acidity of the stomach, heartburn. With low blood pressure and a tendency to form blood clots, the drug should be taken with caution. The leaves of the plant contain some toxic substances, therefore, in case of an overdose of its preparations, poisoning is possible.
Side effects when using plant preparations are rare. They can appear mainly only when the dosage is exceeded and the constant use of drugs. Side effects include rash, nausea, and dizziness. In women, the plant can delay menstruation. To check if the plant preparations have a negative effect on you, you should take it for the first time no more than 2 weeks. The next time, in the absence of negative effects, the duration of the course of taking yarrow drugs can be increased.
Of course, the herb of the plant can also be bought at the pharmacy. Nevertheless, collecting the herb yourself and making herbal raw materials from it, you can be sure that this is not a fake and that the medicinal herb does not contain harmful impurities.
For medicinal purposes, the most suitable grass is collected in natural conditions - in the forest or in the meadow. Harvesting takes place in the first half of summer, no later than mid-August. During the flowering period, the plant contains the largest amount of useful compounds.
When collecting a plant, it should be borne in mind that it is perennial and one root can produce shoots for 3-5 years. Therefore, it is not recommended to pluck the plant along with the root. It is necessary to take a small piece of the stem 15 cm long, with several leaves. The leaves must be young and healthy. Picking the stems with your hands is very difficult, so it is recommended to use a knife, scissors or pruning shears to separate the stem. The flowers must be cut and folded separately from the main body of the plant. When drying, do not expose the plants to direct sunlight. Therefore, the plants can be spread out under some kind of awning.
Drying continues until the stems and flowers crumble easily. The dried yarrow herb can be used for up to 5 years. But it should be borne in mind that the longer the raw materials are stored, the less biologically active substances are in it, therefore it is recommended to use the freshest grass possible.
A plant grown on fertilized soils contains fewer nutrients. It is also not recommended to collect grass along highways, in cities - because of the possible contamination of raw materials with toxic substances.
