Most often, the diameter of the handle, which is equipped with a screwdriver, is in the range from 10 to 40 mm, however, there are deviations from these sizes in one direction or the other. Here the simple mechanic is played here: the diameter of the handle and torque created by the screwdriver are directly dependent. That is why, screwdrivers intended for fine work and small parts (for example, for watchmakers) have thin handles, and vice versa.
The most common forms of screwdriver blades, depending on the configuration of the slots on the details, are presented in the figure.
A) Screwdrivers with straight slot. This is the simplest screwdriver with the most common name: "minus" or "minus".
Adopted in the technical literature Marking of such screwdrivers Next: SL., ("Slotted") - Slotsey. For example, labeling SL 5.5- means that the screwdriver has a blade width of 5.5 mm), and marking SL 0.5x4 - Blade thickness (slot) - 0.5 mm, and width 4 mm.
B) Screwdrivers with cruciform slot, "Cross screwdrivers". They are called "plus", "plus" or "self-drawing".
PH ("Phillips"). This designation happened from the name of the American company Phillips Screw Company, which patented it in 1933. It can be seen with the naked eye that the area of \u200b\u200bcontacting the working surfaces of the screwdriver and the parts are almost 2 times more than that of type screwdrivers SL..
C) a variety of screwdrivers PH - Cross screwdriver having additional guides. Such screwdrivers are often called "Pozamius", or "non-paying".
Generally accepted technical labeling: Pz.("Pozidriv"). Such screwdrivers are independently pushed out of the slot on the details, just as it happens at the type screwdrivers PH. Since such screwdrivers have a greater slot depth, then most often they are used where the screws have large heads, for example in furniture manufacturing. And it is this type of screwdriver designed so that they have so large torque that cannot be achieved when using screwdrivers PH ("Phillips").
D) "Star" screwdriver. Why it is so called - it can be seen from the drawing.
Technical designation: Torx. She patented a patent American company @Camcar Textron [Email Protected] Screwdrivers of this type in the pedigreed majority are used in the electronic instrument making and the automotive industry. In some cases, such screwdrivers can be an alternative type PH
E) a screwdriver called "Star with Pin". This is further development of screwdrivers of the previous type Torx.
F) Screwdriver - Hexagon.
Technical labeling: Hex.. Such screwdrivers are more similar to the keys and are used to twist screws with similar hexagon recesses. They are called - imbus keys (the name comes from the German InnensechSkantschraube Bauer und Schaurte - a screw with the internal hexagon of the company Bauer and Sharet).
The keys of this type have a torque of about 10 times greater than the one that can be achieved in the simplest flat screwdrivers of the type PH. The size of such screwdrivers, or keys, or rather the numbers that they assign are simply the distance in millimeters between the opposing hexagon angles.
G) rarely found screwdriver type - "Square screwdriver". It's just a kind, you need to scinting, quite rarely used, type screwdrivers Hex..
H) Another exotic screwdriver is a "thriller screwdriver".
Technical designation of such screwdrivers: Tri-Wing. They have a non-standard slot, so the products fastened with screws with such a slot very difficult to independently disassemble.
I) rare "cross asymmetric screwdriver."
In technical literature is referred to as Torq.. The most important property is a powerful tightening, which is practically unattainable in other types of screwdrivers. In everyday life, such types of screwdrivers are almost no applied, but are widely used in high-tech industries, such as, for example, aerospace. Those. Where enhanced requirements are presented to the attachment of parts.
K) And finally, a two-grinding screwdriver called "Sponner". The most frequent application is in elevator mechanisms, as well as in household appliances, for fastening the enforcement enclosures on warranty service.
Slides sizes
It is quite natural that the screwdrivers of the same type, i.e. Their slots, have different sizes. For example, straight screwdrivers (slots) are various depth and width.
Slots of other forms - may have dimensions that see each of their number according to a specific standard. IN Table 1. The correspondence of the designations of the crusades and the size of the fasteners are given.
Table 1
There is also the dependence of the diameters and lengths of the rods from the screwdriver number. This dependence can be reduced to the following table.
Table 2.
|
Screwdriver number |
Rod diameter, mm |
Length of the rod, mm |
Any homemade master, not to mention professionals in a particular field of technology, always has a scroll tool in the arsenal and not one. The scope of application does not have restrictions, but its main purpose is to unscrew or wrap - it performs simply. The repair procedure depends on the quality of this tool. Therefore, the choice and acquisition of such a device must be suitable with full responsibility.
In the usual, since childhood, every familiar, diverter is distinguished by three components: the tip, the rod and the handle. All of them must be made from high-quality material, since the main criterion of such a tool - strength depends on the reliability and durability of each element.
Varieties of tips duplicate all types of fastening slots that are used for various economic and production needs. For a long time, the fastener with a straight slot was most widely used. However, in durability, he left much to be desired, as it was deformed after a few uses. He gradually changed another kind of cutting on the caps and heads of fasteners. Therefore, the tool with flat sting departed to the background.
Slots in the form of a cross are withstanding several working cycles due to the uniform propagation of push to the plane of the Hats. Accordingly, the torque above, the screws and screws are easier to enter the desired surface. Dumping with a cruciform tip is most common among such a tool. For the greatest effort there are six-sided slots and diligers. The remaining types of tips are less common.
For productive work with disperses, it is necessary to take into account not only the shape's shape, but also its length. There is an erroneous opinion that a short tip tool is universal. It is incorrect, because this end is applied the greatest strength on the point of exposure and, as a rule, the slot (even the crusade) is broken, or the adaptation itself breaks.
The third quality of the tip is hardness. The fragile tip will break with no strongest pressed. Proper material and hardening will help in gaining this quality. For a clear fixation in the slider on the stall should be roughness or notches. Often, a special spraying is applied to the edge. For ease of use in uncomfortable, constrained conditions has recently appeared twigs with the magnetized end.
The axial part of the turnover, as well as others, should be durable. GOST prescribes its limits from 42 to 52hrc (the unit of solidity of Rockwell on the C scale). At low indicators, the rod will bend, at high - burst. Therefore, in the manufacture of high carbon dura doped steel. It is determined by the marking on the Chrome - Vanadium stem. Sure, the inscription is not a guarantee of quality.Since the impression is easy to fake. But large manufacturers will value with their own name and produce high quality products on sale only.
To protect against corrosion, axial parts are covered with various spraying. There is a tool with rubber or plastic coating. Most likely, it is a special insulated device of an electrician. The most common devices with a base length of 100-200 millimeters are most common. This is optimal for most obscenities produced. Close places use small, and in hard-to-reach - elongated or telescopic tools.
The diameter of the rod depends on the size of the sting and the supplied loads. The cross section is most often round. To enhance it is made square or hexagon. Such a form allows you to pick up the scuffle wrench to increase the effort.
It is important how the axis is fixed in the handle. You can check it only in practice. If the supplier did not pay for due attention, the rod will quickly break and scroll into the case. Such a breakdown is not subject to recovery.
Exist impact dumps, in which the rod passes through the handle through and ends with a slaughter.
Tree, plastic, other materials - all this is suitable for the manufacture of screwdrivers. For the convenience, they may have rubber-free sides. The dimensions of such devices are selected based on the working conditions. The diameter is always proportional to them. Under fasteners little size It is suitable tool with a penny handle to avoid breaking the thread or a slot.
The shape of the handle should provide a dense, convenient attachment in the hand. But a number of manufacturers in the desire to allocate their products from among this forget about it. Especially sinning by these newcomers of the market. Rubber handles are comfortable in hand, but if you get into a chemically active environment, they are destroyed. Pistol handles enhance pressure, but they are not very compact.
The useful device is a hole in the handle where the lace or a belt for fastening on the belt.
For a long time, two types of screwdrivers were used for turning and fastening fasteners. They are now in the go in all spheres of human activity. But, besides them, other types of tools that facilitate work appeared. The classification of them is associated with the sting device.
The main advantage of this device is the possibility of using for many tasks. Split strip, the dimensions of which correspond to the fastener value, can be used everywhere. Such a tool can open the lock, configure the elements of the electronic circuit, use in debugging mechanical devices.
When turning out, you do not need to put the tool strongly. The sting itself is fixed itself in the Slice and does not jump off, if the gap between them is minimal. A well-chosen handle provides a good torque that can be enhanced in the presence of a hex rod using a wrench.
The disadvantage is the only work in the same plane due to the initial design of the tool. If you slightly squeeze in the application effort, then the dumping will slip out of the groove.
This type of tool appeared to replace a flat screwdriver. Such a construction of the slot, unlike a competitor, provides more dense wrapping and its safety at high efforts and several cycles.
The main type of crosshead fastener and the tool is now the design of Philips. The world-famous electronics producer is not related. Just such a surname was the inventor of the slot. The cruciform structure of the slot allows you to twist the screw with a slight slope without damage to the surface of the cap and not reducing applied effort. Due to such a slot, the lateral displacement is minimal. This makes it possible to apply a similar tool in places with limited space and at the corner location of the fastener.
But such a design also has its own shortcomings:
Despite these disadvantages, the overwhelming part of the structures uses just such fasteners. There is a variation of a similar fastener system with a double cross, or an eight-pointed asterisk.
Such a slot has the name Pozidriv and is characterized by stronger fixation in the slot and the smaller possibility of work at an angle. These pumping has its own scope:
For operation, screws with a double crusade slot are produced by the screws of the corresponding profile, as a rule, golden color.
In addition to the two main, there are also such types of turning, the names of which are little known to a wide range of users. They are invented to perform special operations. Such figured dumps are not available in large quantities, but mentions are worthy:
There is also a tool with handles from a special material for use in an aggressive medium and sets consisting of a shaft - ratchets with a set of replaceable heads with slots of various types.
There is a flat screwdriver, the dimensions of which are denoted by the letters SL and numbers meaning the width of the tip. It ranges from 2 to 18 millimeters. For household use enough to have in a set required tool Devices with inscriptions SL 3, SL 5 and SL 8.
The labeling of the crusades, the Phillips begins with the pH:
The most running size is pH 2.
The tool with the Pozidriv tip is marked with PZ indicating the size number. Unscakes that have the designation PX are equipped with a spinal cruciform sting for use in radio engineering.
For the use of the house or not frequent application, it will be suitable inexpensive, but acceptable quality tool of the Stayer, Fit, Matrix company, worth about one hundred rubles. If planned professional activityIt is recommended to purchase a tool for more expensive. It is presented, for example, the company KRAFTOOL, Arsenal worth one hundred and fifty - two hundred rubles. The most durable pumping produces a manufacturer of Gedoro. The cost of its models may exceed a thousand rubles.
The main rule is to apply the size tool corresponding to the slots of fasteners. The tip of the dumping should sit tightly in the head. It will not allow the device to check in the groove and rip off the slot. Also, the correspondence of the sizes is favorable on the service life of the device itself. Paint and rust before work you need to remove special fluids. The tip of the sting is not sharpened. The angle between the flat end and side faces form as a skate blade, as close as possible to the ninety degrees.
A huge amount of dumping, which is found on store shelves, can put the buyer in a dead end when choosing a device. You can choose a useful item for repair only Holding it in your hands and pickyly inspected. And both in any field, to acquire better products of well-known manufacturers who sin defective products less than those who make the first steps in the market.
Even relatively recently in the convenient builder or homemade Masters An exclusively one type of screwdriver was present, the tip of which resembled a stupid chisel - today such a screwdriver is called direct and is used very rarely. She replaced a screwdriver of another type, as, in principle, the screws with bolts themselves. Species of modern screwdrivers are quite a lot, and most of them are popular in demand in household And repair - they have a different destination with which we will understand this article. Together with the site, we will study the types of modern screwdrivers and define them with their appointment.
How to choose a screwdriver photo
A man screwdriver entered into life in the XVI century together with the advent of such a fastener, like a screw. At first, she represented some kind of wrench, but later, when the screw head acquired more or less modern view and got such constructive elementAs a slot, the screwdriver turned into an independent class of the instrument. Wisdom heads even share it into component elements.
Some screwdrivers, and rather even their handles, at the end can be equipped with a metal tip - it can be either flat (this is a shock screwdriver, which can be beaten with a hammer) or hexagon. The last variety is intended to create a maximum torque.
On the modern market There are five most frequently used types of screwdriver tips.
In addition to the above types of screwdrivers, and rather the forms of their tip, there are other options - so to speak, specialized. Often they are designed by manufacturers of corporate products that try to protect their products from fake and unauthorized opening of non-specialists.
Any construction Materials And the tools are marked not just like that, because someone wanted. In an alphanumeric labeling code, some meaning is laid - understanding it, a lot of product and its purpose can be said. This code is made of letters that indicate the type of screwdriver tip, as well as the numbers - it is its size from which the following follows.
And this is not all - the screwdriver number can also point to the diameter of the screw that can be unscrewed with it.
And for clarity, a simple example is PH2 * 120. It is nothing but a cross-shaped screwdriver with a rod diameter of 6mm and a length of 120mm.
Universal screwdriver is optimal option for home useAnd there are no secrets in this - professionals prefer not to use them, since they have many replacement nozzles remain unclaimed. Yes, it is a screwdriver, in which the tip can be changed. As a rule, at the end of their rod there is a hexagon deepening - so to speak, the stinging hole for the sting, which for some reason is called a bit. This changeable nozzle from the gross is held six faces, and from the falling out of a powerful magnet inside the rod. In addition, this most magnet, magnetizing the bit, creates the conditions under which the screw itself or screws reliably holds on the slots, which is very important when the screw to the hole is to do.
This concerns the device of the screwdriver itself, but besides it, choosing such a set, you should pay attention to the nozzle, or rather to their work part. Sets of such a plan very much, and not every of them may be in demand in the household. A standard domestic craft screwdriver in universal design contains five to six replaceable nozzles. In most cases, these are flat and crucible tips different numbers. In principle, having a screwdriver at hand, it can at any time you can do the necessary nozzle. In such a situation, however, there will be a problem with storage - complete bits neatly fit into a special cartridge, which, in turn, hides in the handle, and there is no place for the new bits in it.
Universal screwdriver photo
One more thing. A very useful option of a universal screwdriver is a telescopic rod - in some way it loosens a screwdriver. Reduces permissible load On it, but it allows you to get a fallen fastener from inaccessible to human hands or fingers.
And at the conclusion of the topic about the types of screwdrivers, the ladies have several recommendations for their choice - except for the described varieties, the very first thing to pay attention to is on the value of the instrument. A good and high-quality screwdriver, capable of serve for a long time, simply can not cost cheaply: Kalenny Steel, a reliable handle - these are the most important things for which money will have to pay. As for cheap tools of this type, they can be bought for one-time work.
I completely forgot more about two types of screwdrivers, which can be highlighted in general in a separate class - this is an indicator screwdriver (electrician drill, allowing to determine the phase and zero in the outlet) and, which in the modern world did not find much demand. The fact is that when it is power, it is practically no good for anything - for the same price you can buy household, the sense of which will be much more.
Screwdriver, is perhaps one of the few tools that is in every home or apartment. This is a universal tool without which it is practically not to do. To date, there are many different types of screwdrivers, and all of them, in this article we will try to talk. To cover all types of screwdrivers, it is not enough to bring only their names and describe them. It should also be aware of which materials make screwdrivers, and which of them will be better. Well, about everything in order, in this article.
One of the most popular types of screwdriver is the cross screwdriver. It is it that is used and suitable for screwing and unscrewing self-tapping and screws, standard sizes, and to which special requirements are not presented. As a rule, such a screwdriver is marked with two letters - pH, as well as a cross.
Also, it is worth distinguishing the crusades in size. So, the most small size of the cross screwdriver has index No.000. This screwdriver is most often used in electronics where very small screws are used - for example, in mobile phones or tablet computers, and so on. After, cross screwdrivers have large sizes that are marked:
- № 00 and №0;
- № 1 and No. 2;
- № 3 and №4.
The most consumed is the number two screwdriver. As a rule, the cross screwdriver has a magnetic tip to not lose the screws or screws. Large screwdriver number 4 is used, as a rule, to repair large equipment - cars, motorcycles, and so on.
Also, a variety of cross screwdriver is a PZ screwdriver. It has almost the same "crusade", but somewhat smoothed. This is done to improve the adhesion with the detail, which will be screwed or unscrewed. As a rule, it is distributed in this form of activity as the production of furniture, as well as during the installation of other structures made of wood or aluminum profile.
Calculate such a screwdriver under the flat type of slot. Purpose of this screwdriver - spinning screws, as well as screws. Unlike the cross screwdriver, visually, a flat screwdriver can be recognized on a flattened tip in the form of "-". According to history, this is one of the first types of screwdrivers that appeared and distributed in everyday life. Such a screwdriver is marked by the width of the tip. As a rule, the width of the slot is approximately equal to 1 mm, to 10 mm.
The size of the "sting" flat screwdriver is determined, marked with two digits - for example, 0.5x4. This means that the tip of the screwdriver has a thickness of 0.5 mm, and a width of 4 mm. Naturally, under each slot, it is necessary to pick up the corresponding screwdriver. But, as a rule, it turns out that one screwdriver becomes almost universal, although it is certainly not correct. But here you can spend some adjustments.
For example, if you have a head with a fastener diameter of 6 mm, and a slot width is about 0.8 mm, then you can take a screwdriver with a sting not more than 6 mm, but at the same time not less than 5 mm. The thickness of the tip of the screwdriver in this case should be 0.7 mm. That is, it will make it possible to provide convenience and perform twisting qualitatively. We also note that recently wetted flat screwdrivers with notches, which are applied on the sting plane. This increases the friction between the screwdriver, as well as the slot of the fastener.
It is not difficult to guess that such a screwdriver is intended for use in fasteners having a hex chalk. This kind of screwdriver also has another name - inbus. As a rule, it is a slightly bent in a r-shaped rods that have different sizes of hexagon.
This tool is characterized by the fact that it has a very large torque, which is at times exceeding the torque of the ordinary cross screwdriver. The scope of use of such a screwdriver is very wide - it is used in the repair of electronics, as well as to unscrew fasteners on objects that are under voltage. The hex screwdriver has the label "Neh". At the same time, square screwdrivers also have exactly the same labeling.
Hex screwdriver, the people have a more familiar name - Hexagon. It is used almost everywhere - both in construction and repair and in the automotive industry, bicycle building, in furniture production and so on. This is a familiar tool that, along with crosses or flat screwdrivers, is included in the multi-key set. In this case, you cannot use the wrong size key - it or simply does not fit into the part head, or it will be too small and it can "lick" the detail threads.
A screwdriver that came to us from the West. After all, indeed, in countries former USSR There was no this type of screwdriver, which is characterized by a tip in the shape of a six-pointed star. But today this type of screwdriver, and, at the same time, fasteners are very common, and is used in many areas of production and industry. So, fastened under this type of screwdriver are present in cars in foreign cars, in mobile phones and other electronics, and so on. Like all types of screwdrivers, it has standard dimensionsStarting from small (4 mm) and ending with large sizes.
In this section, we describe it so - there are many other types of fasteners that require special species Screwdrivers This is caused by different reasons - in some situations, it is simply forced to use this type of fastening, and at the same time apply the special type of screwdriver. In other cases, this is such a whim of the manufacturer. For example, in Mairstedes cars, the mount under the spare wheel is attached to a special screwdriver, which has a company sign of the company Mairscedes, in the form of a three-pointed star.
source photo in the article site https://f.ua
In general, in this regard there are quite a lot of screwdrivers, which are physically impossible to list everything. We mentioned the most basic views and know about them. Now it's time to learn about the materials from which screwdrivers are made.
It is clear that we are not talking about chinese production screwdrivers, which are made not clear from what, but certainly not from high-quality metal. Normal screwdrivers are made of high-quality steel or alloys, very durable. Also, it is often used intelligent steel or chromium-molybdenum alloy. In addition to metal, which is used as a base for a screwdriver, a very important component is the pen. If it is made of dielectric material, you can work with such a screwdriver in the current networks. However, most of them are only suitable for working under no more than 1 square meter.
Not in each house there is a large set of tools, but in each there is a pair of screwdrivers, with which you can engage in such work as:
Nowadays to picify - unscrewing various selfselsry And the screws have such a wonderful power tool as a screwdriver, but not always and everywhere it is convenient and justified. 
For example, it is quite difficult to "bring up" into a bottleneck.
In addition, it needs electricity to work, which does not always have access.
Well, the main thing - just for nothing, because minor repairs You can do with a simple compact and inexpensive screwdriver.
The screwdriver appeared in the life of humanity along with the screw for about the 16th century. Initially, for unscrewing - screwing was used by the key, since the screw head was hexagon. But with the advent of the groove in the head head, it was to use such a tool as a "dull chisel", which over time and turned into a screwdriver.
In the design of the screwdriver, three parts can be distinguished:
The shape of the tip corresponds to the shape of the slot of the fastening element - screw, screw, self-press. In the previous times, the most popular tool was the tool with a straight slot, but now the cross-shaped is much more often used.
There are six-sided slots and slots in the form of an asterisk. Other forms are rare.
For tip, such properties as durability and hardness are very important. In order for it better to hold in the Slice, it is subjected to a special spraying with an increased coefficient of friction.
The rod can have different lengths, diameter and shape. It usually has a length of 100 - 200 mm. To protect against corrosion, it can be covered with protective spraying.
Short screwdrivers are used to work in close places, and for hard to reach places Better fit long.
The cross section of it can be round, square or hexagon. In the latter case, if necessary, create a greater torque, you can capture it with a wrench.
The rod must be fixed as secure as possible in the handle. If the connection is low-quality, that is, the risk of turning it. Sometimes the rod is passed through the entire handle and from the reverse side ends with a plate - heel. By such a screwdriver, you can knock with a hammer without harm to the handle.
The handle can be made of wood, plastic. Some are equipped with rubber inserts.
The shape of the handle may be the most different, but most manufacturers try to make it ergonomic - for the convenience of capturing the tool.
The shape of the handle is most often cylindrical, but you can meet the T-shaped or pistol type.
Some handles on back side Can be equipped with a metal head under the wrench.
Well, if there is a pass-through hole in the handle, then the screwdriver can be hung on a hook or lace.
The screwdriver evolved together with the complicating technique. New types of bolts appeared, and with them and new varieties of screwdrivers. And now you can meet screwdrivers of the most different form, but many of them are used only in combination
Today there are five most frequently used types of screwdrivers:
Screwdrivers in stores for sale a lot. How to find out what exactly you need? To do this, there is a screwdriver marking.
For example, for cruciform screwdrivers (pH and pz) there is a table of compliance of the designations of screwdrivers and the size of the fastening elements for which they can be used:
| Screwdriver No. | Rod diameter, mm | Length of the rod, mm |
| 0 | 4 | < 80 |
| 1 | 5 | 80 – 100 |
| 2 | 6 | 100 – 120 |
| 3 | 8 | 120 – 150 |
| 4 | 10 | 150 — 200 |
There is also a correspondence between the screwdriver number, its diameter and the rod length:
| Screwdriver No. | Diameter of the outer thread screw, mm |
| 0 | <2 |
| 1 | 2,1 — 3 |
| 2 | 3,1 — 5 |
| 3 | 5,1 — 7 |
| 4 | >7,1 |
Marking may contain both record and digital part. For example, PH3 * 150, where letters mean a type of screwdriver - straight; 3 is a number that determines the diameter of the fastener; 150 - screwdriver length.
Also in the marking may be present on the metal used for the manufacture of the working part. For example, CRMO - chromolibdden steel, CRV - chromvanadium. Tools from these steels to temperature effects, mechanical damage and corrosion.
There are screwdrivers designed to work in certain conditions and equipped with special devices. These include:
Thus, having several screwdrivers of various types and lengths, you can produce almost any work in everyday life.
