Furniture Shield- This is a leaf wood material of a square or rectangular shape, made by gluing among themselves in width and, in some cases, along the length of wooden planed bars, with a width of each bar from 10 mm to 50 mm. In Ukraine, most of the furniture shields are made of coniferous wood (pine, spruce), also some popularity of hardening shields (oak, beech, ash, maple, birch) are also some popular. Furniture shields are used for the manufacture of furniture, decor elements and building elements, as an environmentally harmless and aesthetically more attractive analog of chipboard.
The furniture shield is used quite a long time and its manufacturing technology over the past 100 years has changed slightly. In the canonical version, wooden bars squeezed with each other with metal clamps, currently their functions are performed. A sharp increase in the consumption of the furniture shield began with the 70s of the 20th century, when it became possible to mass production of this product.
Currently, both in the furniture industry and in construction, among the glue wood materials, a large number of cheaper analogues have appeared, so wood shields are used in highly specialized cases, namely:
Advantages of the furniture shield in front of other slab materials:
The use of coniferous and hardwood makes a diverse type and design furniture shield with an individual texture and various properties. The glued shield is divided into a variety of quality from A to C. Grade is determined by two parties: a / a, a / in, a / s, in / in, in / s, with / s
In the manufacture of the furniture shield, you can receive a different shield depending on the area of \u200b\u200bits application. Here mostly distinguish two types. This is a single-layer glued shield, which is also called a massive shield, glued shield of PLI, just a single-layer shield. The single-layer shield has a thickness of 14 to 60 mm, made of wooden blanks (rails, boards or timber) with a width of 18 mm, which are glued together into one layer parallel to the direction of the fibers.
The second type of glued shield is a multilayer shield consisting of two facial layers and the desired, but odd number of medium layers. The layers should be laid symmetrically in thickness, which determines the positive properties of the multilayer shield. The multi-layered glued shield is usually thick from 12 mm to 60 mm (special size up to 75 mm), three- or five-layer, with symmetric laying and glued from several single-layer shields representing facial and medium layers.
The main stages of the technological process of manufacturing the furniture shield are:
Drying blanks
Drying blanks is the main stage of the technological process of manufacturing a furniture shield. It determines the further adaptation of the shield materials to the place of use. Drying material passes in three stages. The first is a preliminary drying of wood outdoors, naturally. Drying time of blanks depends on climatic conditions (temperature, air humidity and air movement). Depending on the time of year, fluctuations of climatic factors affecting the duration of drying may occur. On average, wood loses 3-5% of its humidity, and these values \u200b\u200bvary depending on the wood breed. The second stage is the drying of lumber in the drying chamber under the influence of high temperatures more than 100 ° C. The most common is the convective chamber drying method, i.e. Indoor equipped with electric heating or steam heating batteries with mandatory temperature adjustment and with a measurement of humidity inside the drying chamber. On the driveway, the dryer is placed in the dryer with mandatory gaskets between stacked stackers. Also an important point of the drying chamber is the adjustment of air flows inside, so that the air is constantly pulled out of the chamber. The third stage becomes uniform cooling of wood after evaporation. After the immediate drying process is completed, the wood has dried in places, other areas, on the contrary, too wet; It is necessary to schedule the phase of air conditioning, during which in the wood an unevenly distributed residual humidity is distributed over the cross section of the workpiece. At the same time, the relative humidity of the air increases, while the temperature in the drying chamber does not change. In addition, stresses decrease in wood, after the air conditioning is completed, the dried material should cool to a temperature of 30-40 ° C; Before the camera opens, the heating is turned off, but the climate is still preserved. It is necessary to know that after drying and in the future, the percentage of moisture in the wood for the manufacture of a furniture shield should be 9-11%. Tools of billets in the drying chamber
Cross cutting
Cross cutting, or pre-trimming, theft is curvature, - this stage of the process is decisive to exit and create the value of raw materials. Here is the profit for each shield. The transverse cutting, pruning along the length and ending is considered together, based on the maximum output and value creation. Thus, for each new board, the sequence of optimizing steps is calculated. The transverse discollity is mainly dried and twisted wood. After drying lumber, after drying often has curvature, twisting, which are seriously exposed to optimization to obtain a larger way out of wood. The day to minimize the deformation, the so-called trimmer is produced, which reduces the loss of the material upon subsequent processing of the billets. In the transverse portion, mainly tramer machines are used with the lower saw location.
The length of the stitched segments is chosen in such a way that of them can get a fixed-length passage lamella and that it is easy to use. At the same time, only large defects are cut out of the workpiece and a climb on the ends is made. In the future, the technological process, cut-out boards or lamellae have a straight location of fibers directed by a parallel edge.
Trimming and cutting
Pruning involves removing rounded parts of the board (obol) from the board or timber. There are various types of trimming. One of them is parallel trimming. The workpiece in one working pass is trimmed in such a way that the parties and edges are located in parallel to each other. At the same time, at least one of the two machining units should be adjusted, since otherwise the material is not optimized in width. When stripping narrow blanks from edged lumber parallel to the edge, the resulting billets have a direct location of the fibers.
Cutting is cutting wide blanks (speech on lumber) in the longitudinal direction to narrow blanks. In most cases, the core is cut out of the blanks, which is located directly in the center of the log and surrounds the core tube. Thanks to the cutting of lumber, especially very wide blanks, most of the internal stresses are removed. In this way, quality improvement is achieved, the boards are less cracking and boxed. For this technological operation, depending on the magnitude and performance of the company, both technically simple and very complex machines are used. Simple installations include longitudinal edged circular windows, which, with a processing unit, a round lumber is cut off, separating useful material and racks from wide billets.
Preliminary planing
With preliminary planing, a certain layer with a blank seed saw is removed, which allows visual surface control. Four-sided pre-planing is carried out after cutting. It is necessary if all parties are controlled, such as a scanner, and high demands are presented to the material of the material. Under the contaminated surface, published from the panel of the workpiece, it is difficult to determine the flavors of wood, changing the color and the direction of the fibers. For the scanner, which is used in the following technological operation with optimizing ending, pattern recognition can be difficult due to the weak contrast of wood.
Fantasy and sorting
Facial or destroying is called cutting blanks to certain lengths. In the manufacture of the furniture shield, it is mainly about the process of optimization, in which the qualitative characteristics are taken into account and, thus, the length of the workpiece is set. A tormenting of so-called wood defects are produced, such as fallen knots, blue, squeezing, etc., as a result, not containing cut defects are obtained. Short segments are further connected in the workpiece of the required length, for example, with the help of a mini spit. Further option - cutting into fixed lengths. At the same time, the long board is cut into the required lengths without special accounting of large defects. Some wood breeds may not contain vices for several meters. So you can get fixed lengths that do not contain vices. Such blanks are subsequently sorted mainly in length and color. In the production of furniture shield, ending and sorting are optimizing operations that can be carried out manually or fully automatically.
When processing manually, the defects are made by the worker, which marks the defective place with a fluorescent shallow or laser. The machine reads the label and makes the cut on this site. Then the unfolded blank is supplied to the sorting station, where it is distributed according to certain criteria.
With the full automation of the crossing process, the scanner scans up to four sides of the undergoing workpiece, covers material data and transmits them to a tracing machine. The cut is produced, and the blank is transported further. At the end of the machine there are sorting areas, which, depending on the criteria for sorting, have different lengths. Here, the blanks automatically are distributed using dischargers by certain criteria. Basically, the tightened segments are optimized and sorted here in color and / or length.
Optimization of blanks on the Paul machine. Left sorted blanks
Splice
Short downward billets with a length of 150-300 mm should not be sorted into waste, they must be further fed into production. For example, to obtain billets of various lengths that do not contain vices. The butt connections in length do not have the strength required for stretching and bending. These loads without problems can be perceived with a thorough compound, the strength of the scrambled blanks compared to the lamellas is much higher.
Splicing for vertical spike. Vertical spike is cut on vertically located lamella. The toothed profile is visible on the surface of the shield. It finds use mainly in the production of window, construction and constructionar. The milling of the gear profile is subjected to a package of blanks. In some countries and in some industries, a visible vertical spike on the surface of the shield is accepted. This type of compounds on the products can be found, where it is invisible.
Splicing on the horizontal spike. In the production of a furniture shield, as a rule, a connection to a horizontal spike is used. A stepped joint is visible on the shield surface. On the narrow side visible toothed profile. Lamins are horizontally fed into a continuously running splicing line. The submission in the longitudinal direction of the pressed fragmented mini-thorns of short blanks is made mainly arbitrarily, the location of the annual rings is not taken into account.
Planing
Longitudinal milling in order to remove glue, steps between lamellas, obtaining accurate geometric parameters is called planing.
Rectangle lamellas. Separate lamellas must be rectangular, with an angle, exactly equal to 90 °. The thicker the workpiece, the more critical rectangle. The glue seam should not be open, otherwise the shield takes a curved or wavy shape or glue seams remain open.
Parallelism lamellae. When gluing lamellae into a shield, very small inaccuracies in the width of individual lamellas can be folded and leading to the discovery of glue seams. At the same time, the billets of soft rocks in the press glued better than the harvesting of solid rocks. The accuracy of work is important.
For optimal gluing, the following conditions must be performed in the massive shield:
Gluing
In this stage of the immediate production of the furniture shield on the narrow side of the ready-made lamellae, glue is applied, and then the lamellas are connected to the shield. The glue is applied on one side of the lamellae. Loading in the press is made by a batch method. Lamels are in contact with each other and mainly mechanically pushed into the pressing area. The press is closed, and is driven by side clamp, leveling irregularities, at the same time the necessary pressure on glue seams is applied.
For each breed of wood should be their pressing temperature. Recommended billets must be pressed at low temperatures. With very hot pressing, steam can be formed. There is a danger of changing the color of the blanks (steam effect) and the occurrence of cracks in the wood. This is especially true of the recommended wood breeds, such as oak. With long pressing at a temperature of more than 100 ° C, drying and shrinkage of wood occurs. A change in color may occur, for example, a beech, as a result of a greenhouse effect. A small difference in temperatures between the upper and lower heating plates can lead to a shield curvature. The temperature difference is 5 ° C causes a shield warping. The higher the pressing temperature, the greater the danger of deformation. For the production of a shield from oak, a cold pressing or pressing using high frequency currents is particularly suitable. Oak lamellae, however, at a maximum temperature of 50-60 ° C are pressed into a high-quality single-layer shield. The basis is a short pressing time. At high temperatures, microcracks are possible, which become visible after the shield varnish. The surface of the shield dries very quickly, the shield has a tendency to a partial long-term storage. Pressing using currents is very recommended for the production of a massive shield.
With a hot method during the pressing process, heat is served. Due to the supply of heat, the pressing time can be strongly reduced. Depending on the required temperature of the pressing, warm water, hot water, thermal oil are used as a coolant. Pressing time very much depends on the warming time. What it is more, the longer the pressing process. When using hot water in pipes, the average temperature is 55 ° C. Hot water heats wood up to 90-110 ° C. The thermal oil in the pipes can reach a temperature of 110-130 ° C
It should be borne in mind that not every coolant is suitable for any wood breed and each type of glue. PVA glue has thermoplastic properties. When pressing with the use of hot water glue remains plastic, does not cure. It can glue only at the maximum press of the press 50-60 ° C. Pressing time is reduced from 10-30 minutes. On average up to four minutes. Saving time is up to 86%. Glabamide-based glue is cured only at high temperatures. The temperature is required from 60 ° C and higher. The temperatures of warm water is not enough. When using this glue, hot water should be applied as a coolant, thermal and high frequency currents. The gluing method using high frequency currents is based on capacitive or dielectric heating in a high-frequency variable voltage field. The high frequency in the industry is limited to the frequency range of 3-13.56 MHz to avoid faults and overlapping oscillations - for example, the transmitting frequency from television, radio and military gears. Other frequencies need special permission. High frequency currents do not heat the wood. The current is looking for the path of least resistance. Since glue has high humidity, it heats up stronger and faster than its surrounding wood (selective heating). In an alternating field, the electrons begin to fluctuate, produce friction on each other and thus heat the glue seam. Water "rolls out." Upon completion of the pressing process, the seam is fully cured, during the gluing convention process, a certain time is required for curing.
Formatting
Formatting is called the cutting of the shield in the pure size (length x width). In industrial formatting, various machines can be used. As a rule, a double tracing machine is used in the production of a furniture shield.
The longitudinal side when leaving the press is direct and parallel. In the longitudinal direction, the shield has an indefinite shift of lamellae, which makes it impossible to accurately laying according to the existing restraint. Therefore, the shield is copied first in length. When the end shift of the lamella is removed in length and the base surface is reached for cutting in width. After the shield is cut down in length, formatting in width. The result is a rectangular shield with parallel edges, which corresponds to the required dimensions.
Grinding
Calibration of the shield with removal of glue residues, the achievement of the required size of the thickness and grinding the surface of the shield to obtain a given purity is called grinding. After formatting the shield, it is transmitted to the surface finish by grinding. In this case, the dropper of the lamellas is removed. The more accurately the press is running, the smaller the material must be removed. The service life of the grinding ribbon increases, and the costs are reduced.
When grinding with a broad grinding machine, the first grinding step is the manufacture of the base plane. First, the so-called contact roller alignment is performed. The next step is the calibration at which the material is removed on a certain thickness. Finishing machining is made using a grinding shoe mainly with graininess 100, but the wishes of customers are taken into account.
Packaging
After grinding, the glued shield is packing into a shrink plastic film in order to protect against contamination and mechanical effects.
Filter
In the manufacture of natural, environmentally friendly fittings, the use of a self-made furniture shield is the most correct solution. Since the furniture shield looks sophisticated its analogues, chipboard or MDF, and also has several advantages over. How to make a furniture shield with your own hands, let's say further.
The furniture shield is a type of wood materials that are manufactured by glued together with planed bars made of wood.
During the production of the furniture shield, an array is used:
This material is characterized by high strength and environmental friendliness, therefore is an identical analogue of the wood massif. Used for the manufacture of wooden furniture, in the construction and finishing sphere. The furniture shield differs from a wooden array in a kind of chess pattern, which forms fascinated bars.
The furniture shield is characterized by the presence of internal voltage, so requires special work skills. Improper use or processing of this material leads to deformation of the finished product. Furniture, made of furniture shield will also last long as wooden.
Furniture shield photo:
1. Full environmental friendliness - this material does not cause allergies and does not distinguish harmful substances into the environment.
2. With the proper handling of the furniture shield - the furniture from it looks very exquisite and resembles a natural woody array.
3. Practicality is another quality of use of this material, damaged accessories - very quickly restored, due to the homogeneity of the tree structure.
4. Furniture made of furniture shield - has a long service life, which is equal to furniture made of wood array.
5. The naturalness of the texture of the tree, contributes to the improvement of the aesthetic properties of the furniture shield.
6. In the process of operation of items that are made from the furniture shield, there are practically no cracks, deformation or shrinkage of this material.
7. Shield furniture dimensions are very different, since this material is made from fragments of wooden bars, and not from a solid array.
8. Furniture, made of this material has the property to absorb harmful substances and regulates the level of air humidity in the room.
The production of furniture shield manufacturing use special equipment for the preparation, processing and gluing wood.
The production facilitation of the furniture shield includes such steps:
1. The process of drying the cutting board, during which the material is communicated to a certain humidity.
2. Calibration and the process of opening places on which defects are present. At this stage, a base surface is ensured, before further processing.
3. The process of opening defects, allows you to get rid of irregularities and dark spots on the surface.
4. The step of crossing in size - assumes cutting wood to certain bars in width and cutting the defective places.
5. The next process is cutting and adjusting the tree in length.
6. Calibration removes the remnants of glue and adjusts the forms with an accuracy of a millimeter. During the manufacture of a splice shield, the dissolution of the lamella is made, followed by their gluing.
7. Bonding involves applying glue to the surface and bruck connection into a holistic base.
8. After drying, the shield is cut to longitudinal parts, to remove defective seams, and then re-gluits. This process gives additional stiffness to the furniture shield.
10. The shield is attached to the final form, it is calibrated and grinding.
The ratio with production technology is distinguished:
One piece of shield consists of fragmented lamellas that form a solid surface. One piece of shield is also called one-layer or massive, due to integrity and fortress. The thickness of such a shield is from 1.4 to 6 cm. For its manufacture, wooden slats, boards or bars, which glued depending on the direction of the fibers are used. The fool or multi-layer shield is made of small bars, which glue in length or width. The number of medium layers must necessarily be odd, layers are placed in compliance with symmetry. The thickness of such a shield is from 1.2 to 6 cm.
There are several classes of furniture shields. The highest or premium class does not allow the presence of jar, deformations, damaged areas or bitch on the surface of the shield. The middle class has a lower cost, but is characterized by the presence of small bitch on the surface. Low-quality wood is used for the production of low-quality furniture shield. Separation and designation of classes:
A-A, A-B, A-C, B-B, B-C, C-C.
Grade A means a complete imitation of a tree texture. Grade B is characterized by monophony, without the selection of the pattern, lack of defects. Grade C - has minor swirls and some damage to mechanical nature.
Depending on the material manufacturing material, the furniture shield is distinguished:
1. Furniture shield from pine - due to the presence of a large amount of glue in the pine, high strength and elasticity.
2. Furniture shield from oak - suitable for the manufacture of lifting frames, as it has high strength. This material is distinguished by the presence of a beautiful texture, therefore it is also used for the manufacture of furniture. The cost of the furniture shield from oak - the highest.
3. The furniture shield larch has a beautiful wood texture, is distinguished by a variety of shades and colors, is able to withstand greater humidity and does not fulfill with rotting. Used for the manufacture of window sills, furniture, worktops, interior items. It is inexpensive material.
4. Furniture shields from chipboard are characterized by reduced strength, low cost and exposure to moisture. Are not environmentally friendly, due to the use of binding resins.
To make a furniture shield at home will need:
To make a furniture shield, use the rails or bars, the option of sawing a one-piece board into small segments is also possible.
1. The first stage includes the process of preparing bars.
To make a furniture shield, use the material, only one tree of wood. For example, birch, oak, pine, larch, clear or aspen.
Requirements for Bruckam:
The best size of the thickness and length of finished bars 1: 1. To obtain a high-quality billet, the ratio between the thickness and width should not exceed 1: 3.
During the sawing, the board should take into account the fact that the corner of the cut must be exclusively direct. If you have irregularities, use the planer.
2. The second stage includes preparations for the gluing process.
During this stage, you need to build a device that will help glue the bars in the shield. This device must be absolutely even for this, it is possible to use the usual chipboard of the sheet. Two surface edges must contain two fixed planks. Their height depends on the height of the bars. You still need two blades and two planks.
Between the planks should lay out bars that are tightly adjacent to each other and created a beautiful drawing. All the gaps are eliminated by Fugansky. If the square-shaped bars are used, it is easier to obtain a harmonious pattern, since their location easily changes through rotation.
3. The third stage involves gluing bars.
To glue the bars, use any kind of glue that is designed to work with wood. The optimal version is a joiner or PVA. The surface that is subjected to gluing is completely flawed. Watch out for the glue distribution, a large amount will lead to the fact that all seams will become noticeable, and the lack of glue will reduce the strength of the structure. Lubricated bars firmly press each other.
On two strips, which are located on the sides of the chipboard sheet should be laid two more planks perpendicularly, and consolidate them with self-tapping screws. This action will reduce the risk of disintegration of the furniture shield during gluing. For more dense adjacent, bars use wedges. Do not strongly clamp bars by wedges, as soon as the surfaces of the glue appear on the surface, this action should be discontinued. Leave the workpiece for an hour, then remove the design and leave another day.
4. Finish stage of work on the furniture shield.
For pre-grinding, a ribbon grinder is used, which establishes the sandy paper of the coarse-grained view. After that, the surface is subjected to the processing of the plane oarsal machine. To remove the pile, the surface is covered with a small amount of water, after the water is dry, the veins are raised, which are removed by grinding equipment. After that, the furniture shield is used to facilitate tables, shelves, stairs, bedside tables and other items.
Furniture shield video:
Today, furniture items made with their own hands are very popular. After all, it is in them the master can embody all their original ideas that will help to decorate and make an individual dwelling interior. In this regard, the question arises how to make.
Furniture shield can be purchased in a construction store, and you can do it yourself, saving money.
Many people who never engaged to gluilding boards believe that in this process there is nothing complicated and the work technology is quite simple. But gluing shields is far from simple work that hides a lot of features.
Not only the material and its texture are affected on the quality of the furniture shield, but also the skill of the wizard combine the drawing of the wood, the accuracy of the joint and the quality of the glue.
Properly prepared shields have the following characteristics:
I think that it is necessary to make any piece of furniture, it is necessary to choose the material correctly. Typically, furniture shields, having a thickness of 2 cm (or 20 mm), are used in production. It means that at home it is necessary to make billets of such a thickness. Here and the difficulties begin: the boards of a total thickness of 20 mm are not suitable for gluing the shield. Even the most perfect wood with gluing will require additional processing. It will need to be plane or grind. Therefore, the boards must be taken with a margin.
The best option for the manufacture of a furniture board - boards with a thickness of 2.5 cm. The allowance of 0.5 cm is removed in 2 reception: when processing surface defects before gluing and with finishing after it. Thus, the workpiece is adjusted to 2 cm thick.
Choosing the material, it should be immediately abandoned the vigorous or uneven wood. It is better to cut blanks from a massive boards with a thickness of at least 5 cm: sawing it along into 2 parts, you will get boards with the same color and texture. It is also necessary to pay attention to the length of blanks. It should have a stock from 2 to 5 cm, which will allow efficiently processing the end cuts of glued shields.
For the manufacture of material with your own hands at home, it is necessary to prepare conventional carpentry tools:
Machine device for gluing blanks.
It will also be necessary to prepare wood from which bars will be cut. It is better if it will be such woods such as pine, aspen, birch or oak. Each furniture shield is made from the bars of one breed. Typically, the sizes of bars have a ratio of width and thickness 1: 1, but other dimensions can also be used, for example, 1: 3.
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After the material is prepared, its surface must be chopped thoroughly, and then cut the wood by the timber of the desired size. Sections should be made strictly at an angle of 90 degrees.If any defects or irregularities are formed, the shield will not work. In some cases, it is possible to eliminate small chains with a planer or fuganka.
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An extremely responsible step is the combination of blanks in color, texture and drawing. It is not necessary to hurry here, you need to pick up bars as accurately as possible to each other. A properly glued shield must be even the same color, with a continuous pattern across the entire width. If parallel patterns of the pattern pass on one edge of the workpiece, they should pass on another edge of the product.
In the case when the bars are glued incorrectly, an inverted shield is similar to a fence from individual boards. That this does not happen, it is necessary to try to choose wood for a product with direct, rather than a curvilinear or oval location of the fibers. In addition, close attention is required to devote to the orientation of annual rings on wood sections. They have them according to two basic principles:
Each wood has its own shade, so it is very important to choose the right color for each shield.
In the first case, the surface of the shield after the manufacture has a slightly wavy pattern, resembling numerous deficits. With the second method, the figure resembles one big deflection. This method of manufacture can be used when working with solid and stable wood rocks, such as cherries.
An annual rings orientation should be taken into account in the manufacture of furniture of various purposes. So, when assembling countertops, which are experiencing small loads and are almost not blocked, this factor may not have a decisive value. And in the manufacture of door canvases or massive tables that do not have enhancement elements, preference should be made by assembling the alternation of rings on bars.
After all the elements are selected to each other, they are marked with triangles. It allows you to fold the bars during gluing the way you have thought.
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In order to glue the furniture shield qualitatively, it is necessary to construct an easy fixture. The main feature of such a fixture should be in its smooth surface. Prepare the following materials:
You can use grinders for grinding the shield.
The next step is to assemble the device. List chipboard put on the table. Along the sheet with clips or screws, planks are installed. Prepared rails are laid out between the planks according to the marks made with their sorting. The principle of operation of the device is indicated in the diagram: Image 1.
Then wake each side of the bars in contact with each other. Here will suit any glue used to glue the elements of wood. It may be PVA or "Stolar". To apply glue, a soft brush is used, but you can work, smearing the composition with your finger. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the adhesive is enough to glue the elements, but not very much.
All surface melted surfaces are tightly pressed against each other. To fix the future shield on the edges of the planks perpendicular to them, 2 more planks are installed. They can also be fixed with clamps or screws. Planks protect glue elements from bent and deformation.
For a more dense contact, the bars can be pressed to each other with wedges. Wedges are driven under the straps until the glue drops will appear between the blanks. This is the first sign that the procurement is sufficient for high-quality gluing pressure. In this position, the shield should be left no more than 1 hour. Then it is taken out and dried during the day.
