Moscow, 1981
The choice of a site for the construction of a power plant should be made in compliance with the "Fundamentals of Land Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics" of legislative acts on the protection of nature and the use of natural resources, norms and rules of construction design, linked to the regional planning scheme or the general scheme of an industrial hub.
2.1.9. Ash dumps should be designed taking into account their conservation or reclamation after filling them with ash and slag to the design height.
3.1.2. The site for the construction of a power plant should, if possible, meet the following conditions:
The soils that make up the site must allow the construction of buildings and structures, as well as the installation of heavy equipment without the installation of expensive foundations;
The groundwater level should be below the depth of the basements of buildings and underground utilities;
The surface of the site should be relatively flat with a slope providing surface drainage;
The site should not be located in places of occurrence of minerals or in the zone of collapse of workings, in karst or landslide areas and areas contaminated with radioactive waste, as well as in protective zones in accordance with current legislation;
When focusing on a direct-flow technical water supply scheme, the site should be located near water bodies and rivers in coastal areas not flooded by flood waters, taking into account the lowest height of the cooling water rise;
For cogeneration power plants, the site should be as close as possible to heat consumers.
To buildings and structures, and, if necessary, around them, a road is provided for the passage of fire trucks.
4.1.35. All indoor fuel transfer facilities, as well as raw fuel bunkers, are designed with dustproofing and dust removal facilities.
Dedusting installations are provided in transfer units, crushing devices and in the bunker gallery of the main building. For unloading devices, the choice of a dedusting system in each specific case is determined individually.
When dedusting with the help of aspiration units, the air removed by them from the fuel supply rooms should be replenished with a stream of cleaned air, and in the cold season, heated air. Unorganized inflow of outside air during the cold season is allowed in the amount of no more than one air change per hour.
4.1.36. Cleaning of dust and loose coal in the fuel supply premises should be mechanized. All heated fuel supply rooms should be designed taking into account the removal of dust and coal debris by means of hydraulic flushing.
4.2.32. Oil-contaminated water is drained from the bottom of any tank of the main and starting fuel oil facilities into a working tank, or into a receiving tank, or to a treatment plant.
Only steel fittings should be used on gas and fuel oil pipelines.
When designing pipelines:
The use of cast iron fittings is not allowed:
On gas pipelines of combustible gas, fuel oil pipelines with a nominal bore of 50 mm or more;
On water and steam pipelines with a nominal bore of 80 mm or more and a coolant temperature of 120 ° C;
On oil pipelines;
On pipelines from deaerators to the feed pump;
On pipelines of all diameters with a heat carrier temperature of 120 ° C with fittings having electric drives.
When developing projects for exhaust devices from safety valves, special devices are being worked out to reduce noise.
6.21. For oil coolers of turbine units, an oil cooling system is used, which excludes the ingress of oil into natural sources of water supply (rivers, reservoirs, etc.).
9.24. The premises of the central (main), block and group control panels, as well as premises for computer equipment are made with sound insulation and air conditioning. There are two exits from the premises of the shield.
The overlap of the switchboard room must be waterproofed.
The height of the central part of the room (central control room, control room, control room and main control room) in which the operational contour is located is taken as 4 m.
The interior of the shield is made according to a special project.
If a relay or other control system equipment is installed outside the control room in separate isolated rooms, the latter are ventilated.
Near the premises of the block control room, premises for the on-duty personnel of the TAI workshop and a bathroom are provided.
There are three strategic methods of protection against industrial hazards:
Ì Spatial or temporal separation of the noxosphere (a space in which a potential hazard is likely to be realized) and the homosphere (a space in which a person is, for example, a workplace).
Ì ensuring a safe state of the environment surrounding a person. At the same time, they use interlocks, fences separating dangerous mechanisms from a person, ventilation and air conditioning of the working area, etc. Collective protection means (SCS) are widely used, for example, protective screens on the path of noise propagation, etc.
Ì Adaptation of a person to the noxosphere, that is, an increase in the protective properties of a person. To solve this problem, personal protective equipment (PPE) is used, which allows you to descend into the depths of the sea, go beyond the space station, withstand 500 ° C in case of fire, etc. Along with PPE, methods are used that ensure human adaptation to the working environment, for example, training workers in safe working practices, instructions, etc.
The principles of ensuring labor safety are conventionally divided into four classes:
Ø orienting,
Ø technical,
Ø managerial
Ø organizational.
Guiding principles guide the search for safe solutions. At the same time, a systematic approach to solving problems is used, the principle of the possibility of replacing a person in a hazardous area with industrial robots, the principle of collecting information about an object and classification dangers, the principle of rationing (norms O luminosity, noise).
The group of technical principles includes:
Ø protection by distance and time;
Ø shielding hazard;
Ø weak link (fuses, valves);
Ø blocking, etc.
The organizational principles include:
Ø incompatibilities (for example, rules for the storage of chemicals);
Ø compensation (granting benefits to persons working in hazardous areas);
Ø rationing, etc.
The management group includes the following principles:
Ø planning (planning of preventive and other measures);
Ø feedback, recruitment, incentives;
Ø control and responsibility.
Security tools are divided into two groups:
Ø collective protective equipment;
Ø personal protective equipment.
Basic means of protection subdivided into:
protective
stationary (non-removable);
movable (removable);
portable (temporary)
Currently, the role of automatic safety equipment is increasing, for example, for preventing fires, monitoring water quality, etc.
1. Safety:
the presence of a weak link (fusible link in the fuse);
2. Blocking:
mechanical;
electrical;
photovoltaic;
radiation;
hydraulic;
pneumatic;
pneumatic
3. Signaling:
by appointment (operational, warning, identification means);
by the method of information transmission
light;
sound;
combined
4. Remote control protection
visual;
remote
6. Means of special protection that provide protection of ventilation, heating, lighting systems in hazardous areas of equipment.
Safety requirements must be taken into account at all stages of creative activity:
scientific intent,
research work (R&D),
development work (R&D),
project creation,
project implementation,
tests,
production,
operation,
modernization,
conservation,
liquidation
and burial.
Occupational safety controls are different. These include:
» fostering a culture of safe behavior;
» education of the population;
» the use of technical and organizational means of collective protection;
» use of personal protective equipment;
» use of the system of benefits and compensations, etc.
Ecobioprotective technique- devices, devices and systems designed to prevent air pollution, protect the purity of water, soil, to protect against noise, electromagnetic pollution and radioactive waste. If, during the improvement of technical systems, it is not possible to ensure the maximum permissible exposure of a person to harmful factors in the area of his stay, then it is necessary to use ecobioprotective technology:
ü dust collectors;
ü water treatment devices;
ü screens;
ü fences;
ü protective boxes
ü sanitary protection zones;
ü low-waste and non-waste technologies;
ü selection and use of individual and collective protective equipment.
Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the use of eco-bio-protective equipment
1 - devices that are part of the source of exposure to WF; 2 - devices installed between the VF source and the area of activity; 3 - devices to protect the area of activity; 4 - personal protective equipment.
In cases where the possibilities of collective use eco-bio-protective equipment are limited and do not provide MPC, MPC for harmful factors in the area where people are staying, personal protective equipment is used.
Classification and principles of application of eco-bio-protective technology. Collective protective equipment for workers against harmful factors must meet the following requirements:
Be strong enough, easy to manufacture and use;
Eliminate the possibility of injury;
Do not interfere with work, maintenance, repair;
Have reliable fixation in the given position.
Classification of eco-bio-protective equipment:
STANDARDS
TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS
Date of introduction 1981-10-08
INTRODUCED by the Institute "Teploelektroproekt"
AGREED by letter N AB-3430-20 / 4 dated 06.29.81 Gosstroy of the USSR
APPROVED the protocol of the Scientific and Technical Council of the USSR Ministry of Energy of August 17, 1981 N 99
REPLACE the norms of technological design of thermal power plants and heating networks, approved on May 8, 1973.
These standards were developed by the All-Union State Order of Lenin and the Order of the October Revolution by the Teploelektroproekt design institute, taking into account the feedback and suggestions of the V.I. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, VNIPIenergoprom, Soyuztekhenergo, Central Design Bureau of Glavenergoremont, Central Dispatch Office of the USSR UES, Gosgortekhnadzor of the USSR, NPO CKTI, Minenergomash, as well as other design, research, operating and repair organizations of the USSR Ministry of Energy.
The norms were considered, approved by the Scientific and Technical Council of the USSR Ministry of Energy and agreed with the USSR State Construction Committee letter N AB-3430-20 / 4 dated June 29, 1981 and are mandatory for the technological design of thermal power plants.
1. GENERAL PART
1.1. These standards are mandatory for the design of all newly constructed steam turbine thermal power plants with turbine units with a capacity of 50 thousand kW and above with the initial steam parameters for turbines up to 24 MPa (240 kgf / cm) and 510-560 ° C.
The standards also apply to expandable reconstructed steam turbine power plants and gas turbine plants with appropriate adjustments due to existing technological schemes, equipment layouts, buildings and structures.
Note: These codes do not apply to the design of nuclear, diesel and geothermal power plants.
When designing, one should be guided by the current regulatory documents, a list of which is given in the appendix to these standards.
These standards are the fundamental document in the design of power plants.
1.2. The complex of buildings and structures of thermal power plants includes:
a) buildings and structures for industrial purposes (the main building with chimneys, structures for the electrical part, technical water supply, fuel supply and gas and oil facilities);
b) ancillary industrial buildings and structures (combined auxiliary building, warehouses, starting boiler room, administrative building, repair shops, oil industry);
c) auxiliary buildings and structures (railway station, garage, facilities for collection and treatment of waste, oily and fecal waters, off-site structures, roads, fences and landscaping, civil defense structures, temporary structures).
1.3. The design of thermal power plants should be carried out at a high scientific and technical level, with the use of progressive highly efficient equipment.
1.4. The main technical decisions should be made taking into account: ensuring the reliability of the equipment; maximum savings in initial investment and operating costs; reduction of metal consumption; increasing labor productivity in construction, operation and repair; environmental protection, as well as the creation of normal sanitary and living conditions for operating and maintenance personnel.
Space-planning and design solutions for newly constructed, expanded and reconstructed TPPs should be made in accordance with SNiP.
The projects should take into account the possibilities of maximum use of waste water production, waste heat and ash and slag in the national economy of the country.
Sections of the organization of operation and repair are developed in the projects of power plants. These sections are developed in accordance with: for operation with the "Rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants and networks", and for repairs with the "Instruction for the design, organization and mechanization of repair of equipment, buildings and structures at thermal power plants".
1.5. The layout of the technological equipment should provide normal conditions for the maintenance and repair of equipment with its high mechanization with minimal use of manual labor.
1.6. For power plants built in areas with a design outside air temperature for heating minus 20 ° C and above, it is allowed to design the main buildings of power plants with an open boiler room, as well as with a semi-open installation of peak hot-water boilers operating on solid fuels.
Semi-open installation of hot water boilers for gaseous and liquid fuels is used in areas with a design outside air temperature for heating minus 25 ° C and above.
1.7. Service and auxiliary premises with a permanent stay in them should be located in places separated from the existing equipment by walls. Inside the premises, it is prohibited to lay technological pipelines, with the exception of heating pipelines, water supply, ventilation and pipelines necessary for the technology of work carried out in the room.
It is prohibited to place office and auxiliary premises below elevation. 0.0 m, in the area of flange connections of pipelines and fittings under excessive pressure of the medium, under the bunkers of coal, dust, ash, accumulator, gas ducts of boiler units, at the sites for servicing technological equipment.
When office and auxiliary premises are located near places of potential injury hazard, two exits from opposite sides should be provided from them.
Ancillary premises should be located in places with the least exposure to noise, vibration and other harmful factors, if possible in places with natural light.
The levels of harmful factors inside the premises should not exceed the values established by the relevant scientific and technical documents:
microclimate - GOST 12.1.005-76 "Occupational safety standards. Air of the working area. General sanitary and hygienic requirements". GOST 12.1.007-76 "Occupational safety standards. Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements";
noise - GOST 12.1.003-76 "Occupational safety standards. General safety requirements";
vibration - GOST 12.1.012-78 "Occupational safety standards. Vibration, general safety requirements".
Illumination in auxiliary rooms must meet the requirements of SNiP II-4-79. "Natural and artificial lighting".
1.8. Gas pipelines supplying combustible gas to TPPs, including those passing through the territory of the power plant up to the valve at the inlet to the hydraulic fracturing station, are not part of the power plant structures and belong to the main gas networks.
2.1.1. The choice of a site for the construction of a power plant should be made in compliance with the "Fundamentals of Land Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics" of legislative acts on the protection of nature and the use of natural resources, norms and rules of construction design, linked to the regional planning scheme or the general scheme of an industrial hub.
2.1.2. When developing power plant projects, one should:
- use, as a rule, non-agricultural land and unproductive land;
- to provide for the removal and storage of the fertile soil layer (on lands of temporary and permanent allotment) in order to apply it to reclaimed (restored) lands and unsuitable lands;
- provide compensation for the withdrawn agricultural land;
- when allocating land plots for temporary use, the subsequent reclamation of these plots should be envisaged.
2.1.3. The area of land allotted for the construction of power plant facilities should be used rationally and determined by the following conditions:
- optimal blocking of industrial buildings and structures;
- the placement of auxiliary services and ancillary industries in multi-storey buildings;
- compliance with the standard building density in accordance with the requirements of the SNiP chapter;
- taking into account the necessary reserve of areas for the expansion of power plants in accordance with the design assignment and with an appropriate feasibility study;
- determination of the area of ash dumps taking into account the use of ash and slag in the national economy.
2.1.4. Land allocation should be carried out in turns, taking into account the actual need for them of construction objects. Temporarily allotted land for quarries, soil dumps, etc. after all the necessary reclamation works have been carried out on them, they should be returned to land users.
2.1.5. The power plant project should include a section on the reclamation of land allotted for temporary use and the improvement of unproductive land as compensation for the withdrawn agricultural land. Reclamation projects are carried out with the involvement of design organizations of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture, the USSR State Forestry Agency and the USSR Ministry of Fisheries. Projects for the improvement of unproductive lands should be carried out with the involvement of design institutes for land management (hygrozems) of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture.
2.1.6. When placing power plants in developed power systems, it is necessary to consider in projects the possibility of refusing to build or reducing the volume of construction at the site of the power plant of a central repair workshop, material warehouses and a repair and construction workshop at a TPP, bearing in mind the centralized provision of the needs of the power plant.
2.1.7. When designing a power plant, one should consider the possibility of using the existing construction bases and enlarged sites near the located enterprises of the USSR Ministry of Energy.
2.1.8. Access railways and highways, as well as external engineering communications, heat pipelines, power transmission and communication lines, supply and discharge channels of technical water supply, etc., if they coincide in direction, should, as a rule, be placed in the same right-of-way and trace them, if possible, without violating the existing boundaries of agricultural land and crop rotation fields.
2.1.9. Ash dumps should be designed taking into account their conservation or reclamation after filling them with ash and slag to the design height.
2.2.1. In the projects of thermal power plants, measures should be provided to reduce the concentration of harmful substances and dust in the surface layer of atmospheric air, to values that do not exceed the permissible sanitary standards (PVK).
This condition must be ensured taking into account the operation of the power plant at its final capacity, as well as taking into account the background generated by other sources of atmospheric pollution.
The concentration is calculated when the power plant is operating at its full electrical and thermal load, corresponding to the average temperature of the coldest month.
When calculating for the summer operation of a power plant in cases where three or more turbines are installed on it, one of them is stopped for repairs.
2.3.1. To protect the water basin from pollution by various industrial waste waters, appropriate treatment facilities must be provided to ensure compliance with the sanitary standards of the USSR Ministry of Health.
2.3.2. The choice of the method and scheme for processing industrial wastewater is made depending on the specific conditions of the projected power plant: capacity and equipment to be installed, operating mode, type of fuel, ash removal method, cooling system, water treatment scheme, local climatic, hydrogeological and other factors with appropriate technical and economic calculations ...
Wastewater discharge into water bodies should be designed in compliance with the "Rules for the protection of surface waters from sewage pollution" and, in accordance with the established procedure, agreed with the bodies for regulating the use and protection of waters, state sanitary supervision, for the protection of fish stocks and regulation of fish farming and other interested bodies.
2.3.3. The design of cooling reservoirs, ash dumps, sludge dumps, evaporation ponds, water treatment facilities, etc. should be carried out taking into account the development of comprehensive measures to protect surface and ground waters from sewage pollution.
When developing measures, it is necessary to consider:
- the possibility of reducing the amount of contaminated industrial wastewater due to the use of perfect equipment and rational circuit solutions in the technological process of the power plant;
- the use of partially or completely circulating water supply systems, reuse of waste water in one technological process at other installations;
- the possibility of using existing, projected treatment facilities of neighboring industrial enterprises and settlements or the construction of common facilities with proportional equity participation;
- the project should exclude the filtration of contaminated water from ash storage facilities into the ground flow.
3.1.1. The region or construction site of a thermal power plant is determined by the energy system development scheme or the district heat supply scheme. The selection of a construction site, as well as the determination of the main characteristics of the power plant, is made on the basis of a feasibility study of competing options, carried out in accordance with the requirements of the "Instructions for the development of projects and estimates for industrial construction", as well as the relevant chapters of building codes and regulations.
3.1.2. The site for the construction of a power plant should, if possible, meet the following conditions:
- the soils composing the site must allow the construction of buildings and structures, as well as the installation of heavy equipment without the installation of expensive foundations;
- the groundwater level should be below the depth of the basements of buildings and underground utilities;
- the surface of the site should be relatively flat with a slope providing surface drainage;
- the site should not be located in places of occurrence of minerals or in the zone of collapse of workings, in karst or landslide areas and areas contaminated with radioactive discharges, as well as in protective zones in accordance with the current legislation;
- when focusing on a direct-flow technical water supply scheme, the site should be located near water bodies and rivers in coastal areas not heated by flood waters, taking into account the lowest height of the cooling water rise;
- for cogeneration power plants, the site should be as close as possible to heat consumers.
3.1.3. Planning solutions for the placement of power plant facilities, including a residential settlement, should take into account the prevailing wind direction, as well as existing and prospective residential and industrial buildings.
3.1.4. The layout of the general plan of industrial sites should be decided taking into account the approaches of railways and highways, the conclusions of power lines and other communications according to the most rational scheme in conjunction with the general scheme of the development of the region, taking into account the architectural requirements and requirements for the zoning of the territory.
3.1.5. The general plan of the power plant is carried out taking into account:
Development of the power plant at full capacity;
- optimal technological dependence of auxiliary production auxiliary services in relation to the main production in compliance with the necessary sanitary, fire-prevention and other norms regulating the distance between buildings, structures and utilities;
- the location of railway stations and fuel depots, as a rule, outside the fence of the industrial site (when the fuel depot is located behind the railway station of the power plant, a pedestrian bridge (tunnel) should be provided for the passage of personnel and the passage of communications);
- architectural design of the site of the main entrance to the power plant, free from construction of temporary buildings and structures.
To buildings and structures, and, if necessary, around them, a road is provided for the passage of fire trucks.
3.1.6. Construction and assembly bases, as a rule, should be located on the side of the temporary end of the main building. The set of temporary buildings and structures should provide for their maximum blocking, as well as the use of permanent structures of the power plant of a suitable purpose, if possible. Installation sites should be located no further than 100 m from the temporary end of the main full power building.
When several power plants are built in one area, the location of their common construction, installation and repair regional production completing (RPKB) base of power plants and the village is determined by the regional planning scheme.
The construction, installation and repair facilities are taken of the minimum size with a rational blocking of production and auxiliary buildings, taking into account their further use.
3.1.7. The choice of the elevation of the main building should be carried out on the basis of a technical and economic comparison of options for reduced costs, taking into account the capital costs of construction and operating costs for raising the cooling water.
3.1.8. To ensure surface drainage, as a rule, an open system should be used by arranging cuvettes, trays and ditches. The use of a closed drainage system must be justified.
3.2.1. The choice of the type of passenger transport must be determined on the basis of a technical and economic comparison of options.
3.2.2. The choice of the type of transport for external and internal transportation of goods from power plants (railway, conveyor, road, water, pipeline, etc.), as well as the type of rolling stock for railway or road transport of fuel should be made on the basis of technical and economic comparisons of options.
3.2.3. For passenger transportation during construction and operation periods, the most efficient modes of transport should be used, ensuring the least time spent for the movement of workers between places of residence and work.
3.2.4. For power plants located in an industrial area or at industrial enterprises, railway transport is linked to the general scheme for the development of railway transport of an industrial hub.
3.2.5. It is necessary to provide for cooperation with neighboring enterprises and the Ministry of Railways for the construction and operation of unified railway stations, access tracks, common outfitting devices and locomotive-car depots.
3.2.6. All objects of railway transport should be designed for the full development of the capacity of power plants with the allocation of volumes of work according to the stages of construction.
3.2.7. The construction of railway sidings for gas-oil power plants when fuel oil flows through pipelines or by water transport should be determined by the maximum volume of cargo transportation during the periods of construction and installation of the power plant.
3.2.8. The useful lengths of the receiving and departure tracks at the adjoining stations and railway stations of the power plants are taken, as a rule, on the basis of setting the routes of the future weight norm of the train.
In some cases, with appropriate justification and agreement with the Railway Administration at railway stations of power plants, it is allowed to reduce the useful track lengths, but provided that the route is accepted in no more than two or three feeds.
3.2.9. The number of tracks at the railway station of the power plant is determined by the number of incoming routes per day, taking into account the coefficient of uneven train traffic of 1.2.
Receipt of other household and construction goods at the power plant is accounted for with a coefficient of uneven train traffic of 1.5.
3.2.10. When determining the number of routes, the daily fuel consumption is taken based on the 24-hour operation of all installed boilers at their nominal capacity.
3.2.11. For the needs of construction, permanent railways should be used as much as possible.
Permanent railroad entrances to the turbine and boiler rooms are provided only from the temporary end of the main building. From the permanent end of the main building and along the front of the installation of transformers, it is envisaged to arrange the paths for rolling the transformers. For a CHP plant, it is allowed to arrange transformer rolling paths from the side of the temporary end.
3.2.12. Electric pushers or, if justified, electric locomotives with remote control should be used to push cars onto car dumpers.
Special shunting devices must be used to roll back the empty load.
The ways of sliding and rolling of cars must be fenced in accordance with safety requirements.
3.2.13. All wagons with solid and liquid fuel arriving at the power plant must be weighed; at the same time, scales should be used that allow weighing the wagons on the move without stopping the train.
The weight of liquid fuel supplied to rail tank cars is periodically determined by weighing or measuring.
3.2.14. Diesel locomotives or electric locomotives should be used for shunting work on the tracks of the power plant.
At power plants, if it is impossible to cooperate with other enterprises, it is envisaged to build an outfit and repair unit for locomotives and mechanisms of a coal warehouse, or a locomotive depot for gas and oil stations. In cases of acquisition of a fleet of specialized cars for a power plant, a locomotive-carriage depot should be provided.
At the TPP railway station, a service and technical building, a control and technical maintenance point for cars, if necessary, an electrical interlocking point or switch posts should be provided.
Filling the axleboxes of cars with grease and the production of uncoupling repair of cars should be carried out at the departure points of the railway station of the TPP, for which there should be a lubrication facility, racks for storing spare parts, asphalting the track along the repair tracks for the delivery of spare parts with a corresponding increase in the distance between the tracks.
If necessary, the shipping tracks should be equipped with devices for testing automatic brakes.
Uncoupling repair of wagons must be carried out on a special railway track.
Station railway tracks, rolling stock maintenance tracks, passenger platforms and crossings must be illuminated in accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Railways.
3.2.15. In the case of the delivery of fuel routes directly by locomotives of the Ministry of Railways, the access railway lines of the power plant adjacent to the electrified highways must also be electrified.
When electrifying the railway tracks of power plants, one should use the possibility of connecting to traction substations of the Ministry of Railways, blocking traction substations with general industrial transformer substations, as well as blocking duty points and workshops of the contact network with locomotive-carriage depots or car inspection points.
You should also check the possibility of using the overload capacity of the existing traction transformers and rectifier units of the Ministry of Railways.
3.2.16. The choice of a railway station signaling system (electrical interlocking, key dependence of switches and signals, or another system) is determined by a technical and economic calculation.
Inactive arrows should be left for manual maintenance by the shunting crew.
3.2.17. Railroad tracks and switches associated with the operation of the car dumper must be equipped with electrical interlocking.
The turnouts that determine the exit of the electric pusher for moving the cars should be controlled only by the person on duty at the railway station with the obligatory control of the position of the electric pusher.
3.2.18. Unloading and releasing devices must be equipped with automatic exit and entry light and sound alarms.
3.2.19. Highways are being designed for the full development of the power plant. The design of the pavement and the width of the carriageway of highways are selected in accordance with SNiP, based on the size of traffic and types of vehicles both during construction and during operation.
3.2.20. When choosing the direction of external highways, the prospects for the development of the region and the most effective combination of the projected road with the network of existing and projected communication routes are taken into account. The routes and main parameters of the projected highways are selected on the basis of a technical and economic comparison of options.
3.2.21. The main driveway connecting the power plant site with the external road network is designed for two lanes with an improved capital-type pavement and, as a rule, should approach from the side of the permanent end of the main building.
3.2.22. External highways for servicing water intake and treatment facilities, outdoor switchgear, art wells, ash and slag pipelines, open discharge and supply channels should be designed for one lane with an improved lightweight coverage or transitional types of coatings.
Access roads to fuel depots should be provided with improved lightweight pavement.
3.2.23. On the square at the main entrance to the power station, there will be parking areas for public transport, as well as for private cars, motorcycles, scooters, and bicycles. The dimensions of the sites (their capacity) are determined depending on the number of operating personnel.
4.1.1. The daily fuel consumption is determined based on 24 hours of operation of all power boilers at their nominal capacity. The fuel consumption of hot water boilers is determined based on 24 hours of operation when covering heat loads at the average temperature of the coldest month.
4.1.2. The hourly productivity of each fuel supply line is determined by the daily fuel consumption of the power plant, based on 24 hours of fuel supply operation with a 10% margin.
For power plants with a capacity of 4000 MW and above, or with a fuel consumption of more than 2000 t / h, the fuel supply is carried out with two independent outlets to the main building.
4.1.3. With a fuel supply capacity of 100 t / h and more, for unloading the railway. for cars with coal and oil shale, car dumpers are used.
4.1.4. With a fuel supply capacity from 100 to 400 t / h, one car dumper is installed, from 400 to 1000 t / h - two car dumpers.
The number of car dumpers for power plants with a fuel supply capacity of more than 1000 t / h is determined based on 12 dumping per hour of wagons with an average carrying capacity, in which fuel is supplied to these power plants, plus one backup car dumper.
4.1.5. When installing one wagon dumper at the fuel storage, an unloading ramp with a length of 120 m or a receiving hopper for one car is provided.
When installing two or more car dumpers, an unloading ramp 60 m long is provided in the warehouse, designed to unload faulty cars.
4.1.6. For power plants operating on milled peat, the type of unloading device (capacityless, trench with multi-bucket loaders, etc.) is determined in each specific case, taking into account the consumption of peat and the type of wagons.
4.1.7. For power plants with a fuel supply capacity of less than 100 t / h, as a rule, capacityless unloading devices are used.
4.1.8. When supplying the power plant with dry non-freezing coal or milled peat, fuel delivery can be carried out in self-unloading cars equipped with a remote control for opening and closing hatches. In this case, car dumpers are not installed.
4.1.9. Railroad is used for unloading sludge. a trestle at the fuel storage, next to which a site for storing sludge should be provided.
4.1.10. When freezing fuel is supplied to the power plant, defrosting devices are constructed. In the absence of a car dumper, in addition to the defrosting device, mechanization of fuel unloading is provided. The capacity of the defrosting device should be determined taking into account the heating time of the wagons, daily fuel consumption and related to the lengths of the thrust path and incoming fuel routes.
4.1.11. In the unloading devices for crushing freezing and lumpy fuel, including milled peat, on grates, it is envisaged to install special crushing machines. The grates above the bunkers of car dumpers should have cells no more than 350x350 mm in size, expanding downward. In other cases, the dimensions of the cells above the bunkers are taken in accordance with the requirements of the Safety Rules.
With appropriate justification, the dimensions of the gratings under the car dumper with a cell of more than 350x350 mm are allowed; at the same time, in addition to crushing machines, additional coarse crushing crushers should be provided.
4.1.12. Fuel supply to the boiler room is carried out, as a rule, by a two-line system of belt conveyors designed for three-shift operation, of which one line is a reserve one; at the same time, the possibility of simultaneous operation of both lines of the system must be ensured. Fuel supply to the warehouse is carried out by a single-line system.
4.1.13. Fuel supply from each car dumper is carried out by one belt conveyor with a capacity equal to that of the car dumper.
4.1.14. When installing one car dumper, the productivity of each line of the fuel supply system to the boiler room is taken equal to 50% of the productivity of the car dumper.
4.1.15. In the fuel supply line of power plants operating on all types of solid fuels, including milled peat, fine crushing hammer crushers are installed, which provide fuel crushing to a size of 25 mm. When working on peat and other small fuels (0-25 mm), it is possible to supply fuel in addition to crushers.
The capacity of all installed fine crushers should be no less than the capacity of all fuel lines to the boiler room.
With a technical justification, the performance of crushers is selected taking into account the screening of fines using a screen.
4.1.16. In the fuel supply path on conveyors for capturing metal from coal, the following are installed:
- in the dumping unit - a suspended self-unloading electromagnetic metal divider and a metal detector;
- before hammer crushers - suspended self-unloading electromagnetic metal separator and metal detector, and after hammer crushers - pulley and suspended electromagnetic metal separators.
In medium-speed mills, non-magnetic metal catchers are additionally installed after hammer crushers.
In drum ball mills, metal catchers are installed only upstream of the crushers.
4.1.17. To catch wood from coal, the following are installed:
- in the unit for transferring conveyors to crushers - catchers of long objects;
- on conveyors after hammer crushers - chips catchers.
Caught objects must be removed mechanically.
4.1.18. In the fuel supply path on conveyors after fine crushers, sampling and sample-cutting installations are provided to determine the quality of the fuel supplied to the boiler room.
4.1.19. To weigh the fuel entering the boiler room, belt scales are installed on the conveyors.
4.1.20. Crossfills in the fuel supply system are provided for:
- after the conveyors of the unloading device;
- after the conveyors from the warehouse;
- in the transfer tower of the main building.
4.1.21. The angle of inclination of the belt conveyors is assumed to be no more than 18 ° for all types of solid fuels. In places where large-lump fuel is loaded, the angle of inclination of the conveyors is taken to be 12 °, and when justified, no more than 15 ° is allowed.
4.1.22. As a rule, stationary plow spreaders are used to distribute fuel to the bunkers of the boilers.
4.1.23. The angle of inclination of the walls of receiving bunkers of unloading devices with car dumpers and transfer bins is taken for anthracites, coal and shale at least 55 °, for peat and brown coal - 60 °, for high-moisture coals, industrial products and sludge - at least 70 °. The walls of the bunkers of the unloading devices and the fuel storage must be heated.
4.1.24. The angle of inclination of the transfer boxes and leaks for coal and shale is taken at least 60 °, and for peat and high-moisture coals at least 65 °. Boxes and chutes are made as round as possible, without fractures and bends.
For grouting coals, transfer hoses, chutes and tees, with the exception of dampers, are made with heating.
The working surfaces of the leaks are made of a thickened sheet or with special wear protection.
4.1.25. Conveyor belts are usually installed in closed galleries. The vertical height of the galleries in the clear is taken at least 2.2 m. The width of the galleries is selected based on the need to have passages between the conveyors at least 1000 mm, and the side ones - 700 mm. When the columns are located between the conveyors, the passage from one column should be 700 mm. Local narrowing of the side passages up to 600 mm is allowed.
With one conveyor, the passage should be 1000 mm on one side, and 700 mm on the other (all dimensions are indicated before the protruding parts of building structures and communications).
In the galleries, every 100 m, it is necessary to provide walkways through the conveyors. In these places, the height of the gallery should provide free passage.
4.1.26. The level of mechanization of coal warehouses should ensure their operation with a minimum number of personnel both for performing warehouse operations and for repairing mechanisms.
Coal warehouses should apply:
- mechanisms of continuous action (rotary loaders, stackers) on caterpillar or rail tracks with maximum automation of their work;
- powerful bulldozers, in combination with a stacker or conveyors of the required length.
It is recommended to take the mileage of the bulldozer when dispensing coal from the warehouse up to 75 m.
The choice of a mechanization system for coal warehouses in each case is determined by a feasibility study, taking into account the climatic conditions of the area where power plants are located, hourly consumption and fuel quality.
Peat warehouses are equipped with continuous loaders or grab cranes.
Continuous machines are not redundant.
Other storage mechanisms, besides bulldozers, are backed up by one mechanism. When mechanizing a warehouse with bulldozers only, the reserve should be 30% of their estimated number.
When mechanizing coal warehouses with continuous-action machines for leveling coal and compacting it in a stack, 2-3 bulldozers are provided, which are also used to dispense coal from a buffer stack.
4.1.27. In order to avoid downtime of loaded wagons during the period when the bunkers of the boiler room are full, a buffer stack with a capacity of two to four railway routes should be provided at power plants with capacityless unloading devices.
4.1.28. The delivery of fuel from the warehouse is carried out by a single-line system of belt conveyors. The delivery of fuel from the buffer stack to the main fuel supply path is carried out by bulldozers or other mechanisms and an independent single-line conveyor.
4.1.29. The hourly productivity of all mechanisms dispensing fuel from the warehouse must be at least the productivity of a single-line conveyor system.
4.1.30. For the repair of bulldozers and their maintenance, closed heated rooms are provided, equipped with the necessary repair facilities for the number of machines equal to 30% of the estimated fleet of bulldozers, but not less than two cars. Average repair of bulldozers, as a rule, is carried out in the equipment and repair unit.
4.1.31. The storage capacity of coal and oil shale is taken (excluding the state reserve), as a rule, equal to 30-day fuel consumption.
For power plants located in the area of coal mines or mines at a distance of 41-100 km, the storage capacity is taken equal to 15-day consumption, and at a distance of up to 40 km - equal to 7-day consumption.
4.1.32. At the projected power plants, with the prospect of their expansion, the possibility of expanding the warehouse should be envisaged.
4.1.33. The reserve supply of peat is provided for a 15-day consumption. The peat storage can be located at a distance of 5 km from the territory of the power plant.
The warehouse should have a direct connection with the main fuel supply path, performed by single-line conveyors or railway tracks that do not go onto public railway tracks. It is allowed to place a reserve stock of peat at a nearby peat enterprise, which is not more than 30 km from the power plant and is connected to it by railways without access to public railways. In this case, near the power plant, a consumable storage of peat with a capacity of 5 daily consumption, but not more than 60,000 tons, is built.
4.1.34. Closed warehouses are allowed for power plants located in large cities in confined areas, as well as with special justification in remote northern regions.
4.1.35. All indoor fuel transfer facilities, as well as raw fuel bunkers, are designed with dustproofing and dust removal facilities.
Dedusting installations are provided in transfer units, crushing devices and in the bunker gallery of the main building. For unloading devices, the choice of a dedusting system in each specific case is determined individually.
When dedusting with the help of aspiration units, the air removed by them from the fuel supply rooms should be replenished with a stream of cleaned air, and in the cold season, heated air. Unorganized inflow of outside air during the cold season is allowed in the amount of no more than one air change per hour.
4.1.36. Cleaning of dust and loose coal in the fuel supply premises should be mechanized. All heated fuel supply rooms should be designed taking into account the removal of dust and coal debris by means of hydraulic flushing.
It is recommended to provide devices for the disposal of sludge.
4.1.37. In order to prevent the accumulation of dust on building structures, the number of protruding elements should be limited as much as possible, and where protruding parts are unavoidable, they should have an angle of inclination of at least 60 °.
4.1.38. Galleries of belt conveyors, rooms for transfer units, as well as the underground part of unloading devices must be equipped with heating to maintain a temperature of + 10 ° C in them; crusher rooms +15 ° C.
The overhead part of the unloading devices (with the exception of the car dumper building and other devices with continuous movement of cars) is equipped with heating to maintain the temperature in them not lower than +5 ° C.
The gallery of conveyors supplying fuel to the warehouse for areas with a design temperature of minus 20 ° C and below are equipped with heating to maintain a temperature in them not lower than + 10 ° C, in other areas they are not heated, and the conveyors are equipped with a frost-resistant belt.
Cabins of car dumper drivers must be closed with heating and ventilation.
4.1.39. On the fuel supply for the performance of repair work, appropriate sites and premises should be provided.
4.2.1. The fuel oil facility is constructed to supply fuel oil (hereinafter fuel oil) to power and hot water boilers of power plants using fuel oil as the main fuel, as well as power plants for which the main fuel is gas, and fuel oil is a backup or emergency fuel.
The estimated daily consumption of fuel oil is determined based on the 20-hour operation of all power boilers at their nominal capacity and 24-hour operation of hot water boilers when covering thermal loads at the average temperature of the coldest month.
4.2.2. For power plants operating on solid fuel with its chamber combustion, a starting fuel oil farm is being built. If gas-oil peak hot-water boilers are installed at such power plants, their fuel oil economy is combined with the firing one.
The starting boiler house is supplied with fuel oil from the main or starting fuel oil facility, respectively.
4.2.3. For heating and draining of fuel oil from tanks, both drain racks with heating of fuel oil with "open" steam or hot fuel oil, and closed drain devices-heating houses can be used. The choice of the type of drainage device is determined by a technical and economic calculation.
The fuel oil is drained from the tanks into the rail channels (trays). Of these, fuel oil is sent to a receiving tank, in front of which a coarse filter mesh and a water seal should be provided.
4.2.4. The intake and drainage device of the fuel oil industry is designed to receive tank cars with a carrying capacity of 50, 60 and 120 tons. less than 1/3 of the route length. At the same time, the delivery of fuel oil is accepted by tanks with an estimated carrying capacity of 60 tons with a feed irregularity factor of 1.2.
The length of the unloading front of the fuel oil storage facility for power plants with a total boiler output of up to 8000 t / h is assumed to be 100 m, and with a boiler output of over 8000 t / h - 200 m.
4.2.5. The inlet and outlet device provides for the supply of steam or hot fuel oil to the tanks, to heat the drain trays and to the water seal.
Along the entire length of the unloading front of the main and ignition fuel oil facilities, ramps are provided at the level of steam heating devices of tanks.
On both sides of the drain and discharge trays, concrete blind areas are made with a slope towards the trays. The slope of the trays is taken as one percent.
4.2.6. When fuel oil is supplied to the power plant through pipelines from nearby oil refineries, devices for receiving fuel oil by rail are not provided.
4.2.7. The value of the receiving capacity of the main fuel oil industry is taken to be at least 20% of the capacity of tanks installed for unloading. The pumps must ensure the pumping of fuel oil drained from the tank installed for unloading in no more than 5 hours. Pumps pumping fuel oil from the receiving tank are installed with a reserve.
The receiving capacity of the fuel oil farm must be at least 120 m; pumps that pump fuel oil out of it are installed without a reserve.
4.2.8. Heating of fuel oil in the tanks of the fuel oil economy is assumed to be circulating, while heating is carried out, as a rule, along a separate specially designated circuit. Local steam heating devices may be used.
The fuel oil supply scheme (one- or two-stage) in the main and ignition fuel oil farms is adopted depending on the required pressure in front of the nozzles.
4.2.9. In the fuel oil farms of power plants, steam is used with a pressure of 0.8-1.3 MPa (8-13 kgf / cm) with a temperature of 200-250 ° C. The steam condensate must be used in the power plant cycle and monitored and cleaned from heavy fuel oil. Condensate from fuel oil heaters, satellites and heating houses should be supplied separately from condensate from steam pipelines for heating trays and containers.
4.2.10. The equipment of the main fuel oil facility must ensure continuous supply of fuel oil to the boiler room during the operation of all working boilers with a nominal capacity.
The viscosity of the fuel oil supplied to the boiler room should be:
- when using mechanical and steam-mechanical injectors, no more than 2.5 ° HC, which for "100" fuel oil corresponds to a temperature of about 135 ° C;
- when using steam and rotary nozzles, no more than 6 ° HC.
4.2.11. To ensure the circulation of fuel oil in the main fuel oil pipelines of the boiler house and in the outlets to each boiler, a pipeline for recirculation of fuel oil from the boiler house to the fuel oil sector is provided.
4.2.12. In the pumping room of the main fuel oil industry, in addition to the estimated number of working equipment, it should be provided:
- one element of backup equipment - pumps; heaters, fine filters;
- one element of the repair equipment - the main pumps of the I and II stages.
The number of fuel oil pumps in each stage of the main fuel oil facility must be at least four (including one standby and one repair).
4.2.13. The capacity of the main fuel oil pumps with a dedicated heating circuit is selected taking into account the additional fuel oil consumption for recirculation in the return line at the minimum permissible speeds. The capacity of the circulating heating pump must ensure the preparation of fuel oil in the tanks for uninterrupted supply of the boiler room.
For circulating heating of fuel oil, one standby pump and one heater are provided.
4.3.14. The installation diagram of fuel oil heaters and fine filters should provide for the operation of any heater and filter with any stage I and II pump.
4.2.15. In fuel oil farms, an external (outside the fuel oil pump) drainage tank should be provided.
4.2.16. Fuel oil is supplied to power and hot water boilers from the main fuel oil sector through two pipelines, each calculated for 75% of the nominal capacity, taking into account recirculation.
4.2.17. Steam is supplied to the fuel oil facility through two pipelines, each calculated for 75% of the estimated steam consumption.
At least two condensate pumps are installed, one of them is backup.
4.2.18. On the suction and discharge fuel oil pipelines, shut-off valves should be installed at a distance of 10-50 m from the oil pumping station for shutdowns in emergency cases.
At the inlets of the main oil pipelines inside the boiler room, as well as at the outlets to each boiler, shut-off valves with remote electric and mechanical drives must be installed, located in places convenient for maintenance.
4.2.19. To maintain the required pressure in the main fuel oil pipelines, “upstream” control valves are installed at the beginning of the recirculation line from the boiler house to the fuel oil facility.
4.2.20. Remote emergency shutdown of fuel oil pumps should be carried out from a switchboard located in the main building.
In the boiler room and in the fuel oil pumping room, an automatic signaling of an emergency decrease in the pressure of fuel oil in the main fuel oil pipelines should be provided.
4.2.21. The supply of fuel oil to the fuel oil sector from the refinery must be carried out through one pipeline; in some cases, when justifying, it is allowed to supply fuel oil through two pipelines, while the throughput of each of them is assumed to be equal to 50% of the maximum hourly fuel consumption by all working boilers at their nominal capacity.
4.2.22. All fuel oil pipelines are usually laid on the ground.
All fuel oil pipelines laid in the open air and in cold rooms must have steam or other heating satellites in common insulation with them.
Only steel fittings should be used on fuel oil pipelines.
On the fuel oil pipelines of boiler rooms, flange connections and fittings (places of probable omissions) should be enclosed in steel casings with a discharge of the passed fuel oil into special containers.
4.2.23. At gas-oil power plants, it is necessary to provide a nozzle calibration stand located in the boiler room.
4.2.24. Metal tanks of the fuel oil economy must have thermal insulation in areas with an average annual temperature of +9 ° C and below.
4.2.25. The capacity of the fuel oil storage (excluding the state reserve) for power plants for which fuel oil is the main, reserve or emergency fuel is taken as follows:
|
Fuel oil industry |
Tank capacity |
|||
|
Essential for fuel oil power plants |
||||
|
When delivered by rail |
For 15 days consumption |
|||
|
When feeding through pipelines |
For 3-day consumption |
|||
|
Back-up for gas-fired power plants |
For 10 days consumption |
|||
|
Emergency for gas-fired power plants |
For 5-day consumption |
|||
|
For peak hot water boilers |
For 10 days consumption |
|||
For gas-fired power plants with a year-round supply of gas from two independent sources, the fuel oil industry may not be built with appropriate justification.
4.2.26. For power plants where coal is selected as the main fuel, and fuel oil for peak hot water boilers, the capacity of the combined fuel oil storage is determined by the consumption for hot water boilers, taking into account the fuel oil supply for kindling and lighting.
For power plants operating on gas, with a year-round supply from one source, an emergency fuel oil facility is envisaged, and with a seasonal gas supply - a reserve fuel oil facility.
4.2.27. In the fuel oil economy of power plants, it is necessary to provide devices for receiving, draining, storing the preparation and dosing of liquid additives into fuel oil.
4.2.28. Fuel oil firing facilities are performed for solid fuel power plants with a total boiler output:
a) more than 8000 t / h - with three tanks with a capacity of 3000 m each;
b) from 4000 to 8000 t / h - with three tanks with a capacity of 2000 m each;
c) less than 4000 t / h - with three tanks with a capacity of 1000 m each.
4.2.29. Fuel oil is supplied to the boiler room from the fuel oil utility through one pipeline.
The number of fuel oil pumps in each stage of the fuel oil industry is assumed to be at least two, including one reserve.
4.2.30. The throughput of the fuel oil pipelines and the performance of the pumps of the fuel oil firing facilities are selected taking into account the total number and capacity of units (power units) at the power plant, the operating mode of the power plant in the power system and the characteristics of the area where the power plant is located.
In this case, the number of simultaneously melted units should not exceed:
- at GRES - units of 4x200 MW, 3x300 MW and more with a load of up to 30% of their nominal capacity;
- at the CHPP of the two largest boilers with a load of up to 30% of their nominal capacity.
4.2.31. The fuel oil storage facility is allowed to be combined with the storage of oil and fuels and lubricants.
For tractors (bulldozers) of the fuel economy of pulverized coal power plants, a storage of fuels and lubricants is provided, including one underground tank with a capacity of 75-100 m for diesel fuel and one or two underground tanks with a capacity of 3-5 m for gasoline.
4.2.32. Oil-contaminated water is drained from the bottom of any tank of the main and starting fuel oil facilities into a working tank, or into a receiving tank, or to a treatment plant.
4.2.33. Fuel facilities of power plants for other types of liquid fuel (diesel, gas turbine, crude oil, stripped oil, etc.) must be designed in accordance with special regulatory documents.
4.3.1. A gas control point (GSP) is provided for power plants operating on gas, which is used as the main and seasonal fuel. The productivity of hydraulic fracturing at power plants where gas is the main fuel is calculated for the maximum gas consumption by all working boilers, and at power plants that burn gas seasonally - according to the gas consumption for the summer mode.
Hydraulic fracturing stations are located on the territory of the power plant in separate buildings or under sheds.
4.3.2. The gas supply from the gas distribution station (GDS) to the hydraulic fracturing station is carried out through one gas pipeline for each hydraulic fracturing station, the reserve gas supply is not provided.
4.3.3. At gas-oil condensing power plants with a capacity of up to 1200 MW and thermal power plants with a steam flow rate of up to 4000 t / h, one hydraulic fracturing station can be constructed. At power plants of greater capacity, respectively, two or more hydraulic fracturing stations are constructed.
For gas-fired power plants in the absence of fuel oil facilities, at least two hydraulic fracturing stations are constructed regardless of the power plant's capacity.
The number of parallel gas pressure control units in each hydraulic fracturing station is selected taking into account one standby one.
4.3.4. All gas pipelines within the hydraulic fracturing and up to the boilers are laid on the ground.
Gas supply from each hydraulic fracturing station to the main line of the boiler room and from the main line to the boilers is not redundant and can be carried out one line at a time.
The gas manifold, which distributes gas to the boiler units, is laid outside the building of the boiler room.
4.3.5. Only steel fittings should be used on gas pipelines.
4.3.6. The gas facilities of power plants burning blast furnace or coke oven gas, as well as gas generating gases, waste technological gases, natural moist and sulphurous gases, etc., must be designed in accordance with special regulatory documents.
4.4.1. Each power plant is equipped with a centralized oil facility for turbine and transformer oils, including equipment, tanks for fresh, recovered and used oils, pumps for receiving and transferring oil, and installations for drying oils and recovering zeolite or silica gel.
Mobile installations for degassing transformer oil should be provided to power systems for the period of filling transformers equipped with nitrogen or film protection.
4.4.2. The oil farm is equipped with four turbine and transformer oil tanks and two machine oil tanks for mill systems. The capacity of tanks for turbine and transformer oils must not be less than the capacity of a railway tank car, i.e. 60 m, in addition, the capacity of each tank must provide:
- for turbine oil - the oil system of one unit with the largest oil volume and topping up oil in the amount of the 45-day requirement of all units;
- for transformer oil - one of the largest transformer with a 10% margin; if the volume of each tank for turbine and transformer oils is less than the indicated values, then it is necessary to install a double number of tanks;
- for machine oil - oil systems of four mills and oil refill in the amount of 45-day requirement of all units.
The storage of auxiliary lubricants is envisaged in the amount of 45 days.
4.4.3. The supply of turbine and transformer oils to the main units and their discharge is carried out separately through single pipelines equipped with heating in an unheated area.
4.4.4. For emergency discharge of turbine oil from the units at the power plant, a special container is provided, equal to the capacity of the system of the largest unit.
5.1.1. At condensing and cogeneration power plants with reheating of steam, block schemes (boiler-turbine) are used.
At CHPPs without reheating of steam with a predominantly heating load, block schemes are used, as a rule.
At TPPs without reheating of steam with a predominant steam load, block schemes are used and, with appropriate justification, with cross-links.
5.1.2. Power boiler units with a steam capacity of 400 t / h and above, as well as peak boilers with a heating capacity of 100 Gcal / h and above, must be gas-tight; Gas-oil power and hot water boilers of the specified capacity are performed either under pressure or under vacuum, and pulverized coal boilers only under vacuum.
5.1.3. The steam capacity of boiler units installed in a block with turbine units is selected according to the maximum flow of live steam through the turbine, taking into account the steam consumption for auxiliary needs and a reserve of 3%.
The steam output and the number of boiler units installed at cross-linked cogeneration power plants are selected according to the maximum steam consumption by the machine room, taking into account the steam consumption for auxiliary needs and a reserve of 3%.
5.1.4. Heating capacity and the number of peak hot water and low pressure steam boilers are selected based on the condition that they cover, as a rule, 40-45% of the maximum heat load of heating, ventilation and hot water supply.
At power plants with a block diagram, it is envisaged to install backup hot water boilers in an amount at which, when one power unit or one boiler of a double-unit leaves operation, the power units remaining in operation and all installed peak boilers must ensure the maximum long-term supply of steam for production and supply heat for heating, ventilation and hot water supply in the amount of 70% of heat supply for these purposes at the outside air temperature calculated for the design of heating systems.
At power plants with cross-links, the installation of backup low-pressure hot water and steam boilers is not provided. For power plants of this type, in the event that one power boiler goes out of operation, the power boilers remaining in operation and all installed hot water boilers must provide the maximum long-term steam supply for the production and supply of heat for heating, ventilation and hot water supply in the amount of 70% of the heat supply for these goals for the design of heating systems, the outside air temperature; At the same time, for power plants with cross-links, which are part of power systems, it is allowed to reduce the electrical power by the value of the power of the largest turbine unit of the CHPP.
5.1.5. Power and peak boilers are usually installed in a basementless room. For these boilers, dry cleaning of heating surfaces is provided (blowing, shot cleaning, etc.).
5.1.6. For CHPPs with subcritical steam pressure, as well as for hydroelectric power plants operating on sea water, drum boilers are usually used.
5.1.7. For solid fuel power plants, regardless of the type of fuel, as a rule, a closed individual dust preparation system is used.
5.1.8. With ball drum mills, the dust preparation plant is usually performed according to the scheme with intermediate hoppers. At least two mills are installed on a boiler with a steam capacity of 400 t / h and more. For boilers with a lower steam capacity, as well as for hot water boilers with a capacity of 180 Gcal / h and below, the installation of one mill per boiler is assumed. At the same time, in all cases, communication is carried out via dust bins with neighboring boilers. The capacity of the mills is selected on the basis of providing 110% of the nominal steam capacity (heating capacity) of the boiler.
5.1.9. For medium-speed mills, fan mills, and hammer mills, the dust preparation plant is usually carried out according to a direct injection scheme. The use of dust bins for these mills is allowed with appropriate justification.
The number of mills in systems with direct injection for boilers with a steam capacity of 400 t / h and more is selected at least three; for boilers with a lower steam capacity, as well as hot water boilers of 180 Gcal and below, at least two mills are selected. The performance of these mills is selected so that when one of them stops, the remaining without taking into account the possibility of forcing, provide: with two installed mills not less than 60%, with 3 mills - not less than 80%, with 4 mills not less than 90% , with 5 or more mills - 100% of the nominal boiler productivity. When these mills are installed in a pulverizing system with a dust bin, the safety factor for the performance of the mills is selected with two installed mills per boiler 1.35, with three - 1.2, with four or more - 1.1.
5.1.10. The fuel is weighed in the fuel supply path. No automatic scales are installed in front of the mills.
5.1.11. The capacity of raw coal feeders is taken with a safety factor of 1.1 to the capacity of mills.
The capacity of the dust feeders is selected on the basis of ensuring the nominal capacity of the boiler when all feeders are operating at a load of 70-75% of their nominal capacity.
Raw coal feeders for hammer mills with direct injection schemes and dust feeders are equipped with electric motors with the possibility of a wide speed control (up to 1: 5).
5.1.12. The useful capacity of the raw fuel bunkers of the boiler house is taken from the calculation of at least:
for bituminous coals and ASh - 8 - hour reserve for ASh;
for peat - a 3-hour supply.
The angle of inclination of the walls of the bunkers and the dimensions of their outlets are taken:
a) for coals with normal free-flowing properties (angle of repose not more than 60 °), the angle of inclination of the walls is 60 °, hole dimensions are not less than 1.1 m in all directions;
b) for coals with impaired free-flowing properties (the angle of repose is more than 60 °), the angle of inclination of the walls is 65 °, the size of the hole is not less than 1.6 m, in all directions;
c) for sludge, middlings and other coals with an angle of repose of more than 70 ° - the angle of inclination of the walls is not less than 70 ° and the size of the hole is not less than 1.8 m in all directions.
It is allowed to use smaller sizes of the outlet openings of the bunkers, depending on the design and size of the coal feeders and the productivity of the mills, while maintaining the area of the outlet openings.
The outlet section of raw coal bunkers and leaks to the feeder is taken at least 1000 mm in any direction.
The inner edges of the bin corners are rounded or overlapped by a plane.
Bunkers of raw coal and peat of the boiler house are supplied with pneumatic breakers.
5.1.13. The useful capacity of the intermediate dust bins in the boiler room must provide at least 2-2.5 hours of the nominal demand of the boiler, in excess of the "non-working" capacity of the bunker, which is necessary for the reliable operation of the dust feeders.
When installing one mill per boiler, the useful capacity of the dust bin should provide a 4-hour supply of dust.
5.1.14. The characteristic of the smoke exhausters and blowing fans is selected taking into account the reserves against the calculated values: 10% in terms of productivity and 20% in terms of pressure for smoke exhausters and for fans with a pressure of 15%. The indicated reserves also include the necessary reserves in the characteristics of the machines for the purpose of regulating the boiler load.
At the rated load of the boiler, the smoke exhausters must operate at an efficiency of at least 90%, and the fans at least 95% of the maximum value.
5.1.15. When installing two smoke exhausters and two blowing fans on the boiler, the performance of each of them is selected at 50%. For boilers on ASh and lean coals, in the case of operation of one smoke exhauster or one blower fan, the boiler load must be at least 70%.
For boilers with a steam capacity of 500 t / h or less, as well as for each boiler of the double-block, one smoke exhauster and one fan are installed, the installation of two smoke exhausters and two fans is allowed only with appropriate justification.
5.1.16. To regulate the operation of centrifugal smoke exhausters and blowing fans in boilers of modular installations, guide vanes with swivel blades are used in combination with two-speed electric motors. For other boilers, the advisability of installing two-speed motors is checked on a case-by-case basis.
For axial smoke exhausters, guide vanes with single-speed electric motors are used.
5.1.17. Open installation of smoke exhausters and blowing fans is used for power plants operating on liquid or gaseous fuel in areas with a design heating temperature above minus 30 ° C.
Blowers with turbo drives are installed in closed rooms.
An open installation of external tubular and regenerative air heaters is used in climatic regions with a design heating temperature above minus 30 ° C.
5.1.18. When burning sulphurous fuels, measures and devices are provided to protect the heating surfaces of boilers and gas ducts from corrosion.
When installing hot water boilers at CHPPs, for which fuel with a reduced sulfur content () of more than or equal to 0.1% is allocated as the main or reserve, the temperature of the heating water at the boiler inlet must be at least 110 ° C.
5.1.19. In the boiler rooms of the state district power station and the thermal power station, a dead-end railway drive of the normal gauge is envisaged; the length of the drive must ensure the removal of loads from the railway platform by means of lifting mechanisms. With an appropriate justification, it is allowed to construct a dead-end railway track combined with a road track along the entire length of the boiler room. In the boiler rooms, a through passage of vehicles is provided. When the number of power units is six or more, one side entry of vehicles from the side of the chimneys is envisaged.
The dimensions of roadways are set in the technical project when developing the mechanization of installation and repair work and the layout of the boiler room.
5.1.20. In the boiler room at several elevations (zero, control site), repair zones should be provided for transportation and placement during repair of materials and equipment with floor loads of 0.5-1.5 t / m.
5.1.21. Regardless of the type of lifting mechanisms for repair work in the boiler room, lifts for operating personnel should be provided at the rate of one cargo-passenger elevator for two units with a capacity of 500 MW or more, and one for four units of lower power.
Maintenance elevators are used for operation at the same time.
5.1.22. A pneumatic suction system with piping is provided for cleaning dust in the boiler rooms of pulverized coal power plants, and for cleaning floors, a water flush system.
5.2.1. All solid fuel boilers are equipped with ash collectors.
The ash collection factor, depending on the power of the power plant and the reduced ash content of the combusted fuel, is taken accordingly:
- for condensing power plants with a modality of 2400 thousand kW and above and CHP plants with a capacity of 500 thousand kW and above, highly efficient electrostatic precipitators with a degree of gas purification of at least 99% with a reduced ash content of 4% or less and, 99.5% with a reduced ash content above 4 should be used %;
- for condensing power plants with a capacity of 1000-2400 thousand kW and a thermal power plant with a capacity of 300-500 thousand kW - not less than 98% and 99%, respectively, of the reduced ash content;
- for condensing power plants with a capacity of 500-1000 thousand kW and a combined heat and power plant with a capacity of 150-300 thousand kW not less than 96% and 98%, respectively, of the reduced ash content;
- for IES and CHPPs of lower capacity, the gas purification factor is assumed to be 93% and 96%, respectively, of the reduced ash content.
5.2.2. The height of the chimneys is selected in accordance with the approved method for calculating the dispersion of emissions in the atmosphere and is checked for permissible dust content in front of the smoke exhauster.
The calculation is based on the fuel consumption at the maximum electrical load of the power plant and the heat load at the average temperature of the coldest month. In summer mode, in the case of installing five or more turbines, the calculation is carried out taking into account the stop of one of them for repairs.
5.2.3. As a rule, ash collectors at power plants are used:
- for cleaning gases with a degree higher than 97% - electrostatic precipitators;
- for cleaning gases with a degree of 95-97% - wet ash collectors of the MS-VTI and MV-UOOR GRES type. If it is impossible to use wet devices (because of the properties of ash or for its further use, etc.), electrostatic precipitators are installed with a purification degree of at least 98%;
- for cleaning gases with a degree of 93-95% - battery cyclones of the BTsU-M or BTsRN type.
The use of ash collectors of other types is allowed with appropriate justification.
5.2.4. As a rule, an open installation of ash collectors with closure in all climatic zones of the lower hopper part and the upper irrigation nozzles of wet ash collectors should be used.
In areas with a design heating temperature of minus 20 ° C and below, wet ash collectors are installed indoors.
5.2.5. The system of gas ducts before and after the ash collectors, as well as their layout, must ensure uniform distribution of flue gases through the apparatus with a minimum resistance of the gas path.
In the gas ducts, if necessary, guide vanes or other gas distribution devices are installed.
5.2.6. The temperature and moisture content of the flue gases entering the electrostatic precipitators must ensure the possibility of highly efficient cleaning of gases from the ash of the combusted fuel, taking into account its electrophysical properties.
If the temperature and moisture content of the flue gases downstream of the steam generator do not provide favorable electrophysical properties of the ash required for the efficient operation of the electrostatic precipitators, the required temperature and moisture content of the gases are achieved by appropriate measures for the boiler or a special installation in front of the electrostatic precipitator.
5.2.7. High-voltage power supply units for electrostatic precipitators are located in a special room.
5.2.8. It is not allowed to discharge air or gases from the aspiration system, shot cleaning, etc. into the bunkers of the electrostatic precipitators. Discharge of the drying agent from the open-loop dust preparation system into the flue gases in front of the electrostatic precipitator is allowed provided that the requirements of explosion and fire safety are met.
5.2.9. The temperature of the flue gases behind the wet ash collectors under any operating conditions of the steam generator must be at least 15 ° C above the dew point of gases in water vapor.
5.2.10. On the gas ducts of each ash collector, according to the instructions of the organization designing the ash collectors, hatches and platforms are provided for determining the efficiency of ash collection.
5.2.11. Electrostatic precipitators and battery cyclones are equipped with a dry ash collection and transport system. Devices are installed under the ash collector bins to prevent air from sucking into the bunker. These devices must ensure the normal operation of dry and wet ash removal systems in all modes of shaking of the collecting electrodes.
5.2.12. Dry ash collectors must have thermal insulation and a heating system for the lower part of the bunker, which ensures the temperature of the walls of the bunkers at least 15 ° C above the dew point of flue gases in terms of water vapor.
5.3.1. The on-site ash and slag removal to the pumping stations is carried out separately using pneumohydraulic or hydraulic methods.
If there are dry ash collectors at TPPs, in-plant pneumohydraulic ash removal is accepted, in which ash from under the ash collectors is collected by pneumatic systems into the industrial bin. From the industrial bunker, ash is fed through the hydraulic removal channels to the pumping station. If there are ash consumers, it is pneumatically transported from the industrial bunker to the dry ash warehouse or is delivered directly from the industrial bunkers to the consumer's vehicles.
In the case of wet ash collectors, hydraulic ash removal by canals into the pumping station is adopted.
With appropriate justification, other methods of internal ash and slag removal can also be used.
5.3.2. Slag and ash channels within the site, including those located in the pumping station, are usually taken separately.
Slag channels for solid bottom ash removal are performed with a slope of at least 1.5% and for liquid bottom ash removal - at least 1.8%. Ash channels are made with a slope of at least 1%.
Channels, as a rule, are made of reinforced concrete with lining of stone-cast products. Incentive nozzles are installed along the length of the channels. Channels should be covered with easily removable structures at floor level.
5.3.3. The dredge pumping station is located in the boiler room. If it is impossible to locate the pumping station in the main building, with appropriate justification, it is allowed to locate the dredging pumping station outside the main building.
At the suction of the dredging pumps, a receiving tank is provided for at least two minutes of pump operation for the pumping station located in the main building, and at least three minutes for the remote dredging pumping station.
5.3.4. At least 6 boilers with a steam capacity of 320-500 t / h are connected to one dredging pumping station; at least 4 boilers 640-1000 t / h each; at least 2 boilers 1650-2650 t / h each.
5.3.5. The pumping equipment of ash removal systems is accepted as large standard sizes as possible. Irrigation, flush, ejection, seal water and slurry (ash) pumps are installed with one standby unit in each pump group.
Drying pumps are installed with one standby and one repair unit in each pumping station.
If there is a danger of formation of mineral deposits in the system, one additional pump is installed in each group of pumps (except for dredge and sludge pumps) to enable cleaning.
If it is necessary to pump slag ash slurry in several stages of dredging and slurry pumps, 2 pump stages are installed in one pumping station.
5.3.6. When the pH of the clarified water is 12.0, its mixing with technical make-up water is not allowed.
5.3.7. Slag crushers are usually installed under boilers. The installation of slag crushers in the dredging pumping room is provided if it is necessary to obtain smaller fractions of slag according to the conditions for using a dispersed alluvium at the ash dump.
5.3.8. When designing power plants, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of collecting and dispensing ash and slag to consumers. It is necessary to identify consumers of ash and slag and, taking into account their requests, design devices for dispensing ash and slag.
5.3.9. To collect dry ash in the industrial bunker and transport it to the warehouse, pneumatic systems with air slides and pneumatic lifters, vacuum systems, low-pressure pipe systems are accepted. With a significant reduced length of transport to the warehouse (up to 1000 m), pressure pneumatic systems with pneumatic screw or chamber pumps are used.
The storage of dry ash for its delivery to consumers is taken with a capacity of no more than a two-day supply with an average annual ash delivery.
5.3.10. If it is necessary to dispense slag to consumers, hydraulic systems with a three-section slag settler, systems for washing slag into heaps or into supply dumps are provided.
The slag settler is made of reinforced concrete, with a drainable base. The capacity of one section of the settler is taken to be not less than the daily supply and slag settling.
5.3.11. For flushing the slurry pipelines, supplying water to the seals of the dredging and slurry pumps and adjusting the level in the receiving tank in front of the dredging pumps, recirculated clarified water is used.
5.3.12. If there is a danger of the formation of mineral deposits in the slurry pipelines and pipelines of clarified water, an installation for cleaning the hydraulic ash removal pipelines with a mixture of water and flue gases or other methods of cleaning pipelines should be provided.
5.3.13. Drainage of wastewater from hydraulic washout from the fuel supply rooms is provided to the hydraulic ash removal system - to the dredging pumping station or to gravity chutes.
6.1. The unit capacity of the turbine units of condensing units at power plants included in the interconnected power systems is selected as large as possible for a given type of fuel, taking into account the future development of the integrated system, and at power plants included in isolated systems, on the basis of a technical and economic analysis, taking into account the size of the emergency reserve and the costs of network construction, as well as future development.
6.2. The unit capacity and type of heating units at TPPs included in the power systems are selected as large as possible, taking into account the nature and prospective value of the district's heat loads.
Turbines with production extraction of steam are selected taking into account the long-term use of this extraction throughout the year.
Back pressure turbines are selected for the covered base section of the production steam and heating loads and are not installed by the first CHP unit.
The CHP pipeline scheme provides (if necessary) the possibility of implementing measures to maximize the load of back-pressure turbines by reducing production and heating withdrawals from condensing turbines.
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND ELECTRIFICATION OF THE USSR
I APPROVE:
Minister of Energy and Electrification of the USSR
I.S. Unpolished
STANDARDS
TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS
in agreement with the USSR State Construction Committee, letter No. AB-3430-20 / 4 dated 06/29/81.
Moscow, 1981
These standards were developed by the All-Union State Order of Lenin and the Order of the October Revolution by the Teploelektroprokt design institute, taking into account the feedback and suggestions of the V.I. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, VNIPIenergoprom, Soyuztekhenergo, Central Design Bureau of Glavenergoremont, Central Dispatch Office of the USSR UES, Gosgortekhnadzor of the USSR, NPO CKTI, Minenergomash, as well as other design, research, operating and repair organizations of the USSR Ministry of Energy.
The norms were reviewed, approved by the Scientific and Technical Council of the USSR Ministry of Energy and agreed with the USSR State Construction Committee letter No. AB-3430-20 / 4 of June 29, 1981 and are mandatory for the technological design of thermal power plants.
1.1. These standards are mandatory in the design of all newly constructed steam turbine thermal power plants with turbine units with a capacity of 50 thousand kW and above with the initial steam parameters for turbines up to 24 MPa (240 kgf / cm 2) and 510-560 ° C .
The standards also apply to expandable reconstructed steam turbine power plants and gas turbine plants with appropriate adjustments due to existing technological schemes, equipment layouts, buildings and structures.
Note: This code does not apply to the design of nuclear, diesel and geothermal power plants.
When designing, one should be guided by the current regulatory documents, a list of which is given in the appendix to these standards.
These standards are the basic document in the design of power plants.
1.2. the complex of buildings and structures of thermal power plants includes:
a) buildings and structures for industrial purposes (the main building with chimneys, structures for the electrical part, technical water supply, fuel supply and gas and oil facilities);
b) auxiliary production buildings and structures (combined auxiliary building, warehouses, starting boiler room, administrative building, repair shops, oil industry);
c) auxiliary buildings and structures (railway station, garage, facilities for collection and treatment of waste, oily and fecal waters, off-site structures, roads, fences and landscaping, civil defense structures, temporary structures).
1.3. The design of thermal power plants should be carried out at a high scientific and technical level, with the use of progressive highly efficient equipment.
1.4. The main technical decisions should be made taking into account: ensuring the reliability of the equipment; maximum savings in initial investment and operating costs; reduction of metal consumption; increasing labor productivity in construction, operation and repair; environmental protection, as well as the creation of normal sanitary and living conditions for operating and maintenance personnel.
Space-planning and design solutions for newly constructed, expanded and reconstructed TPPs should be made in accordance with SNiP.
The projects should take into account the possibilities of maximum use of waste water production, waste heat and ash and slag in the national economy of the country.
In the projects of power plants, sections for the organization of operation and repair are developed. The above sections are developed in accordance with: for operation with the "Rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants and networks", and for repairs with the "Instruction for the design of organization and mechanization of repair of equipment, buildings and structures at thermal power plants" ...
1.5. The layout of technological equipment should provide normal conditions for maintenance and repair of equipment with its high mechanization with minimal use of manual labor.
1.6. For power plants built in areas with a design outside air temperature for heating minus 20 ° C and higher, it is allowed to design the main buildings of power plants with an open boiler room, as well as with a semi-open installation of peak hot water boilers operating on solid fuel.
Semi-open installation of hot water boilers for gaseous and liquid fuels is used in areas with a design outside air temperature for heating minus 25 ° C and higher.
1.7. Service and auxiliary premises with a permanent stay in them should be located in places separated from the existing equipment by walls. Inside the premises, it is prohibited to lay technological pipelines, with the exception of heating pipelines, water supply, ventilation and pipelines necessary for the technology of work carried out in the room.
It is prohibited to place office and auxiliary premises below elevation. 0.0 m, in the area of location of flange connections of pipelines and fittings under excessive ambient pressure, under bunkers of coal, dust, ash, accumulator, gas ducts of boiler units, at sites for servicing technological equipment.
When office and auxiliary premises are located near places of potential injury hazard, two exits from opposite sides should be provided from them.
Ancillary premises should be located in places with the least exposure to noise, vibration and other harmful factors, if possible in places with natural light.
The levels of harmful factors inside the premises should not exceed the values established by the relevant scientific and technical documents:
microclimate - GOST 12.1.05-76 "Occupational safety standards. Air of the working area. General sanitary and hygienic requirements". GOST 12.1.007-76 "Occupational safety standards. Harmful substances. Classification of general safety requirements";
noise - GOST 12.1.003-76 "Occupational safety standards. General safety requirements";
vibration - GOST 12.1.012-78 "Occupational safety standards. Vibration. General safety requirements".
Illumination in auxiliary rooms must meet the requirements of SNiP II-4-79. "Natural and artificial lighting".
1.8. Gas pipelines supplying hot gas to TPPs, including those passing through the territory of the power plant up to the valve at the inlet to the hydraulic fracturing station, are not part of the power plant structures and belong to the main gas networks.
2.1.1. The choice of a site for the construction of a power plant should be made in compliance with the "Fundamentals of Land Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics" of legislative acts on the protection of nature and the use of natural resources, norms and rules of construction design, linked to the regional planning scheme or the general scheme of an industrial hub.
2.1.2. When developing power plant projects, one should:
Use, as a rule, non-agricultural land and unproductive land;
Provide for the removal and storage of the fertile soil layer (on lands of temporary and permanent allotment) in order to apply it to reclaimed (restored) lands and unsuitable lands;
Provide compensation for seized agricultural land;
When allocating land plots for temporary use, the subsequent reclamation of these plots should be envisaged.
2.1.3. The area of land allotted for the construction of power plant facilities should be used rationally and determined by the following conditions:
Optimal blocking of industrial buildings and structures;
The placement of auxiliary services and ancillary industries in multi-storey buildings;
Compliance with the standard building density in accordance with the requirements of the SNiP chapter;
Taking into account the necessary reserve of space for the expansion of power plants in accordance with the design assignment and with an appropriate feasibility study;
Determination of the area of ash dumps taking into account the use of ash and slag in the national economy.
2.1.4. Land allocation should be carried out in turns, taking into account the actual need for them of construction objects. Temporarily allotted land for quarries, soil dumps, etc., after all the necessary reclamation work has been carried out on them, must be returned to land users.
2.1.5. The power plant project should include a section on the reclamation of land allotted for temporary use and the improvement of unproductive land as compensation for the withdrawn agricultural land. Reclamation projects are carried out with the involvement of design organizations of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture, the USSR State Forestry Agency and the USSR Ministry of Fisheries. Projects for the improvement of unproductive lands should be carried out with the involvement of design institutes for land management (hyprozem) of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture.
2.1.6. When placing power plants in developed power systems, it is necessary to consider in projects the possibility of refusing to build or reducing the volume of construction at the site of the power plant of a central repair workshop, material warehouses and a repair and construction workshop at a TPP, bearing in mind the centralized provision of the needs of the power plant.
2.1.7. When designing a power plant, one should consider the possibility of using the existing construction bases and enlarged sites near the located enterprises of the USSR Ministry of Energy.
2.1.8. Access railways and highways, as well as external engineering communications, heat pipelines, power transmission lines and communications, supply and discharge channels of technical water supply, etc., if they coincide in direction, should, as a rule, be placed in the same right-of-way and trace them, if possible, without violating the existing boundaries of agricultural land and crop rotation fields.
2.1.9. Ash dumps should be designed taking into account their conservation or reclamation after filling them with ash and slag to the design height.
2.2.1. In the projects of thermal power plants, measures should be provided to reduce the concentration of harmful substances and dust in the surface layer of atmospheric air to values that do not exceed the permissible sanitary standards of MPC).
This condition must be ensured taking into account the operation of the power plant at its final capacity, as well as taking into account the fund created by other sources of atmospheric pollution.
The concentration is calculated when the power plant is operating at its full electrical and thermal load, corresponding to the average temperature of the coldest month.
When calculating for the summer operation of a power plant in cases where three or more turbines are installed on it, one of them is stopped for repairs.
2.3.1. To protect the water basin from pollution by various industrial waste waters, appropriate treatment facilities must be provided to ensure compliance with the sanitary standards of the USSR Ministry of Health.
2.3.2. The choice of the method and scheme for processing industrial wastewater is made depending on the specific conditions of the projected station: capacity and installed equipment. Mode of operation, type of fuel, method of ash removal, cooling system, water treatment system, local climatic, hydrogeological and other factors with appropriate technical and economic calculations.
Wastewater discharge into water bodies should be designed in compliance with the "Rules for the protection of surface waters from sewage pollution" and, in accordance with the established procedure, agreed with the bodies for regulating the use and protection of waters, state sanitary supervision, for the protection of fish stocks and regulation of fish farming and other interested bodies.
2.3.3. Design of cooling reservoirs, ash dumps, sludge dumps, evaporation ponds, water treatment, etc. Should be carried out taking into account the development of comprehensive measures to protect surface and ground waters from sewage pollution.
When developing measures, it is necessary to consider:
Possibility of reducing the amount of contaminated industrial wastewater due to the use of perfect equipment and rational circuit solutions in the technological process of the power plant;
The use of partially or completely circulating water supply systems, reuse of waste water in one technological process at other installations;
The possibility of using the existing, projected treatment facilities of neighboring industrial enterprises and settlements or the construction of common facilities with proportional equity participation;
The project should exclude the filtration of contaminated water from ash storage facilities into the ground flow.
3.1.1. The region or construction site of a thermal power plant is determined by the energy system development scheme or the district heat supply scheme. The selection of a construction site, as well as the determination of the main characteristics of the power plant, is made on the basis of a feasibility study of competing options, carried out in accordance with the requirements of the "Instructions for the development of projects and estimates for industrial construction", as well as the relevant chapters of building codes and regulations.
3.1.2. The site for the construction of a power plant should, if possible, meet the following conditions:
The soils that make up the site must allow the construction of buildings and structures, as well as the installation of heavy equipment without the installation of expensive foundations;
The groundwater level should be below the depth of the basements of buildings and underground utilities;
The surface of the site should be relatively flat with a slope providing surface drainage;
The site should not be located in places of occurrence of minerals or in the zone of collapse of workings, in karst or landslide areas and areas contaminated with radioactive waste, as well as in protective zones in accordance with current legislation;
When focusing on the direct-flow scheme of technical water supply, the site should be located near reservoirs and rivers in coastal areas not heated by flood waters, taking into account the lowest height of the cooling water rise;
For cogeneration power plants, the site should be as close as possible to heat consumers.
3.1.3. Planning solutions for the placement of power plant facilities, including a residential settlement, should take into account the prevailing wind direction, as well as existing and prospective residential and industrial buildings.
3.1.4. The layout of the general plan of construction sites should be decided taking into account the approach of railways and highways, the conclusions of power lines and other communications according to the most rational scheme in conjunction with the general scheme of the development of the area, taking into account the architectural requirements and requirements for sensing the territory.
3.1.5. The general plan of the power plant is carried out taking into account:
Development of the power plant at full capacity;
Optimal technological dependence of auxiliary production support services in relation to the main production in compliance with the necessary sanitary, fire-prevention and other norms regulating the distance between buildings, structures and utilities;
Locations of railway stations and fuel depots, as a rule, outside the fencing of the industrial site (when the fuel depot is located behind the railway station of the power plant, a pedestrian bridge (tunnel) should be provided for the passage of personnel and the passage of communications);
The architectural design of the site of the main entrance to the power plant, free from construction of temporary buildings and structures.
To buildings and structures, and, if necessary, around them, a road is provided for the passage of fire trucks.
3.1.6. Construction and assembly bases, as a rule, should be located on the side of the temporary end of the main building. The set of temporary buildings and structures should provide for their maximum blocking, as well as the use of permanent structures of the power plant of a suitable purpose, if possible. Installation sites should be located no further than 100 m from the temporary end of the main full power building.
When several power plants are built in one area, the location of their common construction, installation and repair regional production completing (RPKB) base of power plants and the village is determined by the regional planning scheme.
The construction, installation and repair facilities are taken of the minimum size with a rational blocking of production and auxiliary buildings, taking into account their further use.
3.1.7. The choice of the elevation of the main building should be carried out on the basis of a technical and economic comparison of options for reduced costs, taking into account the capital costs of construction and operating costs for raising the cooling water.
3.1.8. To ensure surface drainage, as a rule, an open system should be used by arranging cuvettes, trays and ditches. The use of a closed drainage system must be justified.
3.2.1. The choice of the type of passenger transport must be determined on the basis of a technical and economic comparison of options.
3.2.2. The choice of the type of transport for external and internal transportation of goods from power plants (railway, conveyor, road, water, pipeline, etc.), as well as the type of rolling stock for railway or road transport of fuel should be made on the basis of technical and economic comparisons of options.
3.2.3. For passenger transportation during construction and operation periods, the most efficient modes of transport should be used, ensuring the least time spent for the movement of workers between places of residence and work.
3.2.4. For power plants located in an industrial area or at industrial enterprises, railway transport is linked to the general scheme for the development of railway transport of an industrial hub.
3.2.5. It is necessary to provide for cooperation with neighboring enterprises and the Ministry of Railways for the construction and operation of unified railway stations, access tracks, common outfitting devices and locomotive-car depots.
3.2.6. All objects of railway transport should be designed for the full development of the capacity of power plants with the allocation of volumes of work according to the stages of construction.
3.2.7. The construction of railway sidings for gas-oil power plants when fuel oil flows through pipelines or by water transport should be determined by the maximum volume of cargo transportation during the periods of construction and installation of the power plant.
3.2.8. The useful lengths of the receiving and departure tracks at the adjoining stations and railway stations of the power plants are taken, as a rule, on the basis of setting the routes of the future weight norm of the train.
In some cases, with appropriate justification and agreement with the Railway Administration at railway stations of power plants, it is allowed to reduce the useful track lengths, but provided that the route is accepted in no more than two or three feeds.
3.2.9. The number of tracks at the railway station of the power plant is determined by the number of incoming routes per day, taking into account the coefficient of uneven train traffic of 1.2.
Receipt of other household and construction goods at the power plant is accounted for with the coefficient of uneven train traffic 1.5.
3.2.10. When determining the number of routes, the daily fuel consumption is taken based on the 24-hour operation of all installed boilers at their nominal capacity.
3.2.11. For the needs of construction, permanent railways should be used as much as possible.
Permanent railroad entrances to the turbine and boiler rooms are provided only from the temporary end of the main building. From the permanent end of the main building and along the front of the installation of transformers, it is envisaged to arrange the paths for rolling the transformers. For a CHP plant, it is allowed to arrange transformer rolling paths from the side of the temporary end.
3.2.12. Electric pushers or, if justified, electric locomotives with remote control should be used to push cars onto car dumpers.
Special shunting devices must be used to roll back the empty load.
The ways of sliding and rolling of cars must be fenced in accordance with safety requirements.
3.2.13. All wagons with solid and liquid fuel arriving at the power plant must be weighed; at the same time, scales should be used that allow weighing the wagons on the move without stopping the train.
The weight of liquid fuel supplied to rail tank cars is periodically determined by weighing or measuring.
3.2.14. Diesel locomotives or electric locomotives should be used for shunting work on the tracks of the power plant.
At power plants, if it is impossible to cooperate with other enterprises, it is envisaged to build an outfit and repair unit for locomotives and mechanisms of a coal warehouse, or a locomotive depot for gas and oil stations. In cases of acquisition of a fleet of specialized cars for a power plant, a locomotive-carriage depot should be provided.
At the TPP railway station, a service and technical building, a control and technical maintenance point for cars, if necessary, an electrical interlocking point or switch posts should be provided.
Refueling of axleboxes of cars with grease and the production of non-decoupled repairs of cars should be carried out at the departure points of the railway station of the TPP, for which there should be a lubrication facility, racks for storing spare parts, asphalting the track along the repair tracks for the supply of spare parts with a corresponding increase in the distance between the tracks.
If necessary, the shipping tracks should be equipped with devices for testing automatic brakes.
Uncoupling repair of wagons must be carried out on a special railway track.
Station railway tracks, rolling stock maintenance tracks, passenger platforms and crossings must be illuminated in accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Railways.
3.2.15. In the case of the delivery of fuel routes directly by locomotives of the Ministry of Railways, the access railway lines of the power plant adjacent to the electrified highways must also be electrified.
When electrifying the railway tracks of power plants, one should use the possibility of connecting to traction substations of the Ministry of Railways, blocking traction substations with general industrial transformer substations, as well as blocking duty points and workshops of the contact network with locomotive-carriage depots or car inspection points.
You should also check the possibility of using the overload capacity of the existing traction transformers and rectifier units of the Ministry of Railways.
3.2.16. The choice of a railway station signaling system (electrical interlocking, key dependence of switches and signals, or another system) is determined by a technical and economic calculation.
Inactive arrows should be left for manual maintenance by the shunting crew.
3.2.17. Railroad tracks and switches associated with the operation of the car dumper must be equipped with electrical interlocking.
The turnouts that determine the exit of the electric pusher for moving the cars should be controlled only by the person on duty at the railway station with the obligatory control of the position of the electric pusher.
3.2.18. Unloading and releasing devices must be equipped with automatic exit and entry light and sound alarms.
3.2.19. Highways are being designed for the full development of the power plant. The design of the pavement and the width of the carriageway of highways are selected in accordance with SNiP, based on the size of traffic and types of vehicles both during construction and during operation.
3.2.20. When choosing the direction of external highways, the prospects for the development of the region and the most effective combination of the projected road with the network of existing and projected communication routes are taken into account. The routes and the main parameters of the projected automobile roads are selected on the basis of a technical and economic comparison of options.
3.2.21. The main roadway connecting the power plant site with the external road network is designed for two lanes with an improved capital-type pavement and, as a rule, should approach from the side of the permanent end of the main building.
3.2.22. External highways for servicing water intake and treatment facilities, outdoor switchgear, art wells, ash and slag pipelines, open discharge and supply channels should be designed for one lane with an improved lightweight coverage or transitional types of coatings.
Access roads to fuel depots should be provided with improved lightweight pavement.
3.2.23. On the square at the main entrance to the power station, there will be parking areas for public transport, as well as for private cars, motorcycles, scooters, and bicycles. The dimensions of the sites (their capacity) are determined depending on the number of operating personnel.
4.1.1. The daily fuel consumption is determined based on 24 hours of operation of all power boilers at their nominal capacity. The fuel consumption of hot water boilers is determined based on 24 hours of operation when covering heat loads at the average temperature of the coldest month.
4.1.2. The hourly productivity of each fuel supply line is determined by the daily fuel consumption of the power plant, based on 24 hours of fuel supply operation with a 10% margin.
For power plants with a capacity of 4000 MW and above, or with a fuel consumption of more than 2000 t / h, the fuel supply is carried out with two independent outlets to the main building.
4.1.3. With a fuel supply capacity of 100 t / h and more, for unloading the railway. for cars with coal and oil shale, car dumpers are used.
4.1.4. With a fuel supply capacity from 100 to 400 t / h, one car dumper is installed, from 400 to 1000 t / h - two car dumpers.
The number of car dumpers for power plants with a fuel supply capacity of more than 1000 t / h is determined based on 12 dumping per hour of wagons of average carrying capacity, in which fuel is supplied to these power plants plus one reserve car dumper.
4.1.5. When installing two or more car dumpers, an unloading ramp 60 m long is provided in the warehouse, designed to unload faulty cars.
4.1.6. For power plants operating on milled peat, the type of unloading device (capacityless, trench with multi-bucket loaders, etc.) is determined in each specific case, taking into account the consumption of peat and the type of wagons.
4.1.7. For power plants with a fuel supply capacity of less than 100 t / h, as a rule, capacityless unloading devices are used.
4.1.8. When supplying the power plant with dry non-freezing coal or milled peat, fuel delivery can be carried out in self-unloading cars equipped with a remote control for opening and closing hatches. In this case, car dumpers are not installed.
4.1.9. Railroad is used for unloading sludge. a trestle at the fuel storage, next to which a site for storing sludge should be provided.
4.1.10. When freezing fuel is supplied to the power plant, defrosting devices are constructed. In the absence of a car dumper, in addition to the defrosting device, mechanization of fuel unloading is provided. The capacity of the defrosting device should be determined taking into account the heating time of the wagons, daily fuel consumption and related to the lengths of the thrust path and incoming fuel routes.
4.1.11. In the unloading devices for crushing freezing and lumpy fuel, including milled peat, on grates, it is envisaged to install special crushing machines. The grates above the bunkers of car dumpers should have cells no more than 350x350 mm in size, expanding downward. In other cases, the dimensions of the cells above the bunkers are taken in accordance with the requirements of the Safety Rules.
With appropriate justification, the dimensions of the gratings under the car dumper with a cell of more than 350x350 mm are allowed; at the same time, in addition to crushing machines, additional coarse crushing crushers should be provided.
4.1.12. Fuel supply to the boiler room is carried out, as a rule, by a two-line system of belt conveyors designed for three-shift operation, of which one line is a reserve one; at the same time, the possibility of simultaneous operation of both lines of the system must be ensured. Fuel supply to the warehouse is carried out by a single-line system.
4.1.13. Fuel supply from each car dumper is carried out by one belt conveyor with a capacity equal to that of the car dumper.
4.1.14. When installing one car dumper, the productivity of each line of the fuel supply system to the boiler room is taken equal to 50% of the productivity of the car dumper.
4.1.15. In the fuel supply line of power plants operating on all types of solid fuels, including milled peat, fine crushing hammer crushers are installed, which provide fuel crushing to a size of 25 mm. When working on peat and other small fuels (0 - 25 mm), it is possible to supply fuel in addition to crushers.
The capacity of all installed fine crushers should be no less than the capacity of all fuel lines to the boiler room.
With a technical justification, the performance of crushers is selected taking into account the screening of fines using a screen.
4.1.16. In the fuel supply path on conveyors for capturing metal from coal, the following are installed:
In the dumping unit there is a suspended self-unloading electromagnetic metal divider and a metal detector;
Before the hammer crushers there is a suspended self-unloading electromagnetic metal separator and a metal detector, and after the hammer crushers there is a pulley and suspended electromagnetic metal separators.
To produce does not mean to buy cheap and sell dear. Rather, it means buying raw materials at similar prices and converting them, with possibly negligible additional costs, into a good-quality product ...
Henry Ford
ALL DOCUMENTS -->27 ENERGY AND HEAT ENGINEERING -->27.100 Power plants in general
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