Confusion often arises when calculating monthly payments for heating and hot water. For example, if in an apartment building there is a common heat meter, then the calculation with the heat energy supplier is carried out for the consumed gigacalories (Gcal). At the same time, the hot water tariff for residents is usually set in rubles per cubic meter (m3). To understand payments, it is useful to be able to convert Gcal to cubic meters.
Most of all, in the frosty winter months, all people are waiting for the New Year, and least of all - receipts for heating. They are especially disliked by residents of apartment buildings, who themselves do not have the ability to control the amount of incoming heat, and often the bills for it turn out to be simply fantastic. In most cases, in such documents, the unit of measurement is Gcal, which stands for "gigacalorie". Let's find out what it is, how to calculate gigacalories and convert to other units.
Supporters of a healthy diet or those who strenuously monitor their weight are familiar with the concept of calorie. This word means the amount of energy received as a result of the processing of food eaten by the body, which must be used, otherwise a person will begin to recover.
Paradoxically, the same value is used to measure the amount of thermal energy used to heat rooms.
As an abbreviation, this value is referred to as "feces", or in English cal.
In the metric system, the joule is considered the equivalent of a calorie. So, 1 cal = 4.2 J.
Besides developing various weight loss diets, this unit is used to measure energy, work and warmth. In this regard, such a concept as "calorie content" is common - that is, the heat of the combustible fuel.
In most developed countries, when calculating heating, people no longer pay for the amount of consumed cubic meters of gas (if it is gas), but for its calorie content. In other words, the consumer pays for the quality of the fuel used: the higher it is, the less gas will have to be consumed for heating. This practice reduces the possibility of diluting the substance used with other, cheaper and less caloric compounds.
As the definition suggests, 1 calorie is small. For this reason, it is not used for calculating large quantities, especially in power engineering. Instead, a concept such as a gigacalorie is used. This value is equal to 10 9 calories, and it is written in the form of abbreviation "Gcal". It turns out that there are one billion calories in one gigacalorie.
In addition to this value, a slightly smaller one is sometimes used - Kcal (kilocalorie). It holds 1000 calories. Thus, we can assume that one gigacalorie is a million kilocalories.
It should be borne in mind that sometimes a kilocalorie is recorded simply as "feces". Because of this, confusion arises, and in some sources it is indicated that 1 Gcal - 1,000,000 cal, although in reality it is about 1,000,000 Kcal.
In the energy industry, in most cases, it is used as a unit of measurement, Gcal, but it is often confused with such a concept as "hecacalorie" (aka hectocalorie).
In this regard, some people decipher the abbreviation "Gcal" as "hecacalorie" or "hectocalorie". However, this is wrong. In fact, the above-mentioned units of measurement do not exist, and their use in speech is the result of illiteracy, and nothing more.
In addition to the fictitious value under consideration, such an abbreviation as "Gcal / hour" is sometimes found in receipts. What does it mean and how does it differ from the usual gigacalorie?
This unit of measure shows how much energy was used in one hour.
While just a gigacalorie is a measure of the consumed heat for an indefinite period of time. It depends only on the consumer what time frames will be indicated in this category.
Reduction of Gcal / m3 is much less common. It means how many gigacalories you need to use to heat one cubic meter of a substance.
Having considered the definition of the studied value, it is worth finally learning how to calculate how many gigacalories are used to heat a room during the heating season.
For especially lazy people on the Internet, there are a lot of online resources where specially programmed calculators are presented. It is enough to enter your numerical data into them - and they themselves will calculate the amount of consumed gigacalories.
However, it would be nice to be able to do it yourself. There are several formula options for this. The simplest and most understandable among them is the following:
Heat energy (Gcal / hour) = (М 1 х (Т 1 -Т хв)) - (М 2 х (Т 2 -Т хв)) / 1000, where:
Carrying out your own calculations, it is worth noting that housing and communal services slightly overestimate the standards for thermal energy consumption. The opinion that they are trying to earn extra money on this is wrong. After all, the cost of 1 Gcal already includes services, salaries, taxes, and additional profit. Such a "surcharge" is due to the fact that when hot liquid is transported through a pipeline in the cold season, it tends to cool down, that is, inevitable heat loss occurs.
In numbers, it looks like this. According to the regulations, the temperature of the water in the pipes for heating must be at least +55 ° C. And if we take into account that the minimum t of water in power systems is +5 ° C, then it must be heated by 50 degrees. It turns out that 0.05 Gcal is used for each cubic meter. However, to compensate for heat loss, this coefficient is overestimated to 0.059 Gcal.
Thermal energy can be measured in various units, but in the official documentation from housing and communal services it is calculated in Gcal. Therefore, it is worth knowing how to convert other units to gigacalories.
The easiest way to do this is when the ratio of these quantities is known. For example, consider the watts (W), which measures the power output of most boilers or heaters.
Before considering the conversion of Gcal to this value, it is worth remembering that, like a calorie, a watt is small. Therefore, more often use kW (1 kilowatt, equal to 1000 watts) or mW (1 megawatt equals 1000,000 watts).
In addition, it is important to remember that power is measured in W (kW, mW), but they are used to calculate the amount of consumed / produced electricity.In this regard, it is not the conversion of gigacalories to kilowatts that is considered, but the conversion of Gcal to kW / h.
How can this be done? In order not to suffer with the formulas, it is worth remembering the "magic" number 1163. This is how many kilowatts of energy must be spent in an hour to get one gigacalorie. In practice, when converting from one unit of measurement to another, it is simply necessary to multiply the amount of Gcal by 1163.
For example, let's convert 0.05 Gcal, required to heat one cubic meter of water by 50 ° C, in kW / hour. It turns out: 0.05 x 1163 = 58.15 kW / hour. These calculations will especially help those who are thinking about switching from gas heating to a more environmentally friendly and economical electric one.
If we are talking about huge volumes, it is possible to translate not into kilowatts, but into megawatts. In this case, you need to multiply not by 1163, but by 1.163, since 1 mW = 1000 kW. Or simply divide the result in kilowatts by a thousand.
Sometimes it is necessary to carry out the reverse process, that is, to calculate how many Gcal is contained in one kW / hour.
When converting to gigacalories, the number of kilowatt-hours must be multiplied by another "magic" number - 0.00086.
The correctness of this can be verified by taking the data from the previous example.
So, it was calculated that 0.05 Gcal = 58.15 kW / h. Now it's worth taking this result and multiplying it by 0.00086: 58.15 x 0.00086 = 0.050009. Despite the slight difference, it almost completely coincides with the original data.
As in previous calculations, it is necessary to take into account the fact that when working with especially large volumes of substances, it will be necessary to convert not kilowatts, but megawatts to gigacalories.
How is this done? In this case, again, you need to take into account that 1 mW = 1000 kW. Based on this, in the "magic" number, the comma moves by three zeros, and voila, 0.86 is obtained. It is on him that you need to multiply in order to make a transfer.
By the way, there is a slight discrepancy in the answers due to the fact that the coefficient 0.86 is a rounded version of the number 0.859845. Of course, you should use it for more accurate calculations. However, if we are talking only about the amount of energy used to heat an apartment or house, it is better to simplify.
Having received a receipt for the payment of the "communal", many Russians look at it in bewilderment, trying to understand what is encrypted in the mysterious abbreviations, and for which services you need to lay out rather large sums.
Unfortunately, until now the utilities have not bothered to bring to a single sample the receipts issued in different regions of Russia. The content of these payment documents lies entirely within the imagination and administrative delight of local authorities.
The list of services that need to be paid for residents of apartment buildings is clearly defined by Article 154 of the main industry document - the Housing Code. Homeowners and tenants are required to pay for maintenance and repairs. In addition, they are responsible for paying for the services:
Cold water supply (HVS), i.e. supplying cold water through the water supply to the tenant's apartment;
Hot water supply (DHW), which consists of payment for the supply and heating of water;
Wastewater disposal, i.e. ensuring the operation of a sewer collector that removes waste water;
Gas supply;
It is unacceptable to change the names of these services, although some regional housing and communal services arbitrarily enter into their payment receipts such lines as "hot water heating", "hot water supply" or "hot water and cold water disposal". It is not at all necessary for the consumer to know how much water heating costs; the final amount that is presented for payment is important to him.
Of course, in the event that a tenant of the house wants to know about each utility service, the housing and communal services are obliged to provide him with all the information about the costs of this or that utility tariff.
Since utilities are in no hurry to bring payments to a single standard, payers will not hurt to navigate the abbreviations that can be used to encrypt certain components of utility bills.
- KhVS DPU- this is cold water supply (payment for cold water supply) by a home metering device, i.e. according to the readings of the general house meter (if there is one in your house). In the case when the meter is installed in your apartment, the receipt may indicate KhVS KPU(apartment metering device).
- DHW DPU- respectively, hot water supply, calculated by the home metering device.
- Vodootv.- sewerage services, which in bills is called wastewater disposal.
- Cold water supply for DHW- this is the intricate concept of cold water supply for hot water supply. As conceived by the employees of the public service, you must pay separately for the supply of cold water for heating, and on another line - the cost of heating this cold water. The cost of hot water supply consists of the sum of these lines
- Heating. main pl.- this is usually the heating of the main area of your apartment, i.e. the minimum that is required for the residents registered in the apartment.
- Heating outl. pl.- This is the cost of heating the surplus area of your apartment. It usually costs more than heating your minimum square footage.
- Opl. lived. Is the payment for housing.
- Contents and rem.- means payment for the maintenance and repair of your apartment. This includes the maintenance of engineering networks inside your home, their current repair, repair of technical devices and structures of a residential building, as well as many other costs.
- Lived. outl. pl.- payment for housing surplus area.
Now it will be easier for you to understand the contents of the utility bill. A separate topic is the formation of tariffs for which payment is calculated.
The most impressive fraudulent payment frauds take place here. As a rule, only a specialist with experience in utility networks can assess how justified each figure of the utility tariff is.
Payment for hot water is one of the main expenses for apartment owners in apartment blocks. Management companies regularly receive questions about both charging fees for this service and current tariffs. In the article, we will deal with all the points mentioned and provide useful reference material, including a table with updated tariffs for hot water in Moscow in 2019.
Many consumers are still surprised by the appearance of the “water heating” position in the payment system for housing and communal services. This innovation appeared a long time ago - in 2013. According to Government Decree No. 406 of May 13, 2013, in houses with a centralized water supply system, payment must be made at a 2-component tariff.
The traditional hot water tariff has been split into two parts:
For this reason, a line appeared in the receipt indicating the amount of heat spent on heating cold water. It seems to many that the payment for this heating is being charged illegally, although it is indeed legitimate. The head of the expert support of the help system "MKD Management" answered the question of how to calculate the payment for hot water supply for different categories of houses? ...
The innovation was required due to the fact that tenants additionally use an unaccounted amount of energy. Towel warmers and risers are connected to the hot water system, which consume heat. Previously, these costs were not taken into account in any way when calculating the payment for corporate governance. It is allowed to take money for heat supply only during the heating season, therefore, heating the air due to the operation of a heated towel rail as a public service was not subject to payment. The solution was found precisely in the form of such a division of the tariff into two parts.
For a better understanding, it is worth describing the situation with DHW heating in numbers. If nothing more is required from cold water, except for purity and pressure, then with hot water everything is a little more complicated. In the case of DHW, another parameter is added - temperature. The supplier must withstand it, otherwise complaints are received, an audit is scheduled and, upon confirmation of the fact of violations, the fee is reduced. For hot water, the temperature should be at least + 60 ° C.
During the analysis, it turned out that heating the hot water circulating through the pipelines consumes about 40% of the heat, in general, necessary for the domestic hot water supply. The hot water coming from the supplier is not consumed in full and is sent through the return pipe to the heat exchanger, where it is heated by the boiling water supplied to the house. As it passes through the pipes, it cools down. If little water is consumed in an apartment building, then heat loss can reach significant values, and the payment made by the owners at a one-component tariff will not be enough to cover all costs.
Dividing the tariff so that water heating costs are separately taken into account was the solution to this problem.
The introduction of a new tariffication system in Russia, which implies payment for heating hot water, is taking place gradually. The decision on this is made at the regional level, therefore, news about the transition to the new system periodically appears. For example, a 2-component tariff for hot water was introduced in the Altai Territory at the beginning of July 2018. Let's describe what this separation looks like.
The moment with the standard for heating cold water for hot water supply requires a separate explanation. It is understood as the amount of thermal energy that is spent on bringing a cubic meter of water to the required temperature. This standard is approved at the level of the agency working in the regional administration that regulates prices and tariffs.
If in the Altai Territory the transition to 2-component tariffication took place on July 1, 2018, in the Chelyabinsk region it happened earlier. In some regions, the system is already working, in others, the transition is still being postponed. For example, in the Volgograd region, it was decided to postpone the introduction of the new system until January 1, 2020. Until this moment, the cost of the service will be charged according to the previous principle - simply for the consumed volume, depending on the tariff for 1 cubic meter of hot water.
The transition to a two-component tariff is a federal initiative that implies a certain freedom of action for the regions. The new system should eventually start working throughout the country, but now the subjects have the right to start working with it or postpone this moment. For example, by a recent decision of the Government, the deadline for adopting standards for heat consumption for heating cold water for hot water supply was postponed to the beginning of 2020.
In the table, we present the tariffs for hot water in Moscow, taking into account the increase that has occurred since July 1, 2018.
The tariff rate for hot water supply for Muscovites does not include the commission that payment system operators and banking organizations take for their services when they accept this payment. According to the established practice, the specified tariff will be valid for 1-2 years, after which it will be increased again to overcome inflationary fluctuations.
As you can see, in Moscow, at the moment, a one-component tariff for hot water supply is used, in which consumers pay for the service in the amount of consumed cubic meters according to the installed meters or, in their absence (which is already a rarity today), according to the standard.
In the capital, as in many other cities, the cost of a number of utilities has increased since July 1 of this year. The average growth by order of the Moscow government should not exceed 5.5 percent, while there was no increase at all for some items. If we talk about hot water, it has become 4.4 percent more expensive for citizens living in "old" Moscow, and now its price is the already mentioned 188.53 rubles per cubic meter.
Today, the main document that defines the requirements for accounting for thermal energy is the "Rules for accounting for thermal energy and heat carrier".
The Rules provide detailed formulas. I'll simplify a little here for better understanding.
I will only describe water systems, as there are most of them, and will not cover steam systems. If you understand the essence of water systems as an example, you can count the steam yourself without any problems.
To calculate heat energy, you need to determine the goals. We will count the calories in the coolant for heating purposes or for hot water supply.
If you have a mechanical hot water meter (spinner) or are going to install one, then everything is simple here. How much I clocked, so much will have to be paid, according to the approved tariff for hot water. The tariff, in this case, will already take into account the amount of Gcal in it.
If you have installed a metering unit for heat energy in hot water, or you are just going to install it, then you will have to pay separately for heat energy (Gcal) and separately for network water. Also at the approved tariffs (RUB / Gcal + RUB / ton)
To calculate the number of calories received with hot water (as well as steam or condensate), the minimum that we need to know is the consumption of hot water (steam, condensate) and its temperature.
The flow rate is measured by flow meters, temperature - by thermocouples, temperature sensors, and Gcal is calculated by a heat meter (or heat recorder).
Qgv = Ggv * (tgv - txv) / 1000 = ... Gcal
Qgv - the amount of heat energy, in this formula in Gcal. *
Gгв - consumption of hot water (or steam, or condensate) in cubic meters. or in tons
thw - temperature (enthalpy) of hot water in ° С **
tхв - temperature (enthalpy) of cold water in ° С ***
* divide by 1000 in order to get not calories, but gigacalories
** it is more correct to multiply not by the temperature difference (t gv-t xv), but by the difference enthalpy(h gv-h xv). The values of hgw, hkhv are determined from the corresponding temperatures and pressures averaged over the period under consideration measured at the metering unit. The enthalpies are close to the temperatures. At the heat metering unit, the heat calculator calculates both the enthalpy and Gcal by itself.
*** cold water temperature, it is also the make-up temperature, is measured on the cold water pipeline at the heat source. The consumer generally does not have the option to use this parameter. Therefore, a constant calculated approved value is taken: during the heating period tхv = + 5 ° С (or + 8 ° С), in non-heating tхv = + 15 ° С
If you have a turntable and it is not possible to measure the temperature of hot water, then for the allocation of Gcal, as a rule, the heat supply organization sets a constant calculated value in accordance with the regulatory documents and the technical capability of the heat source (boiler room, or heat point, for example). Each organization has its own, we have 64.1 ° C.
Then the calculation will be as follows:
Qgv = Ggv * 64.1 / 1000 = ... Gcal
Remember that you will have to pay not only for Gcal, but also for network water. According to the formula and we calculate only Gcal.
Consider the differences in calculating the amount of heat with an open and a closed heating system.
Closed heating system- this is when it is forbidden to take the coolant from the system, neither for the purpose of hot water supply, nor for washing a personal car. In practice, you know how. Hot water for DHW purposes in this case enters through a separate third pipe or there is none at all, if DHW is not provided.
Open heating system- this is when it is allowed to take the coolant from the system for hot water supply purposes.
With an open system, the heating medium can only be taken out of the system within the framework of the contractual relationship!
If during hot water supply we take all the coolant, i.e. all network water and all Gcal in it, then during heating we return some part of the coolant and, accordingly, some part of Gcal back into the system. Accordingly, you need to calculate how much Gcal came in and how much it left.
The following formula is suitable for both an open heating system and a closed one.
Q = [(G1 * (t1 - tхв)) - (G2 * (t2 - tхв))] / 1000 = ... Gcal
There are also a couple of formulas that are used in accounting for thermal energy, but I am taking the superior one, because I think that it is easier to understand how heat meters work on it, and which give the same result in calculations as the formula.
Q = [(G1 * (t1 - t2)) + (G1 - G2) * (t2-tхв)] / 1000 = ... Gcal
Q = [(G2 * (t1 - t2)) + (G1 - G2) * (t1-tхв)] / 1000 = ... Gcal
Q is the amount of consumed thermal energy, Gcal.
t1 - temperature (enthalpy) of the coolant in the supply pipeline, ° С
tхв - temperature (enthalpy) of cold water, ° С
G2 - coolant flow rate in the return pipeline, t (cubic meters)
t2 - temperature (enthalpy) of the coolant in the return pipeline, ° С
The first part of the formula (G1 * (t1 - tхв)) counts how much Gcal came, the second part of the formula (G2 * (t2 - tхв)) counts how many Gcal came out.
Activist Fyodor Moiseev wrote this publication to our blog of housing and communal services at the request of those elders at home, to whom he verbally told how to sort out the bills for hot water. We warn you that the opinion of the editorial board may not coincide with the opinion of the author on the problems he touches on in his blog speeches on the Chelny LTD website.
How to convert Gigacalories to cubic meters
To understand the payments for hot water, it is useful to be able to convert Gigacalories to cubic meters. Why? Yes, because with the heat energy supplier, calculations are made for the consumed Gigacalories, and the payment for residents is calculated in rubles per cubic meter of water.
It should be noted that heat energy, which is measured in Gigacalories, and the volume of water, which is measured in cubic meters, are completely different physical quantities. This is known from the high school physics course. Therefore, in fact, we are not talking about converting Gigacalories to cubic meters, but about finding a correspondence between the amount of heat spent on heating the water and the amount of hot water obtained.
A calorie is the amount of heat required to heat one cubic centimeter of water by 1 degree Celsius. A gigacalorie is a billion calories. One cubic meter contains 1 million centimeters. Thus, to heat a cube of water by 1 degree, it will take a million calories or 0.001 Gcal.
The temperature of hot water flowing from our tap must be at least 55C (this is for a closed system, and for an open system - 60C). For example, if cold water at the entrance to the so-called ITP - an individual heating station has a temperature of 5C, then it will need to be heated by 50C. Heating of 1 cubic meter will require 0.05 Gcal, i.e. it turns out that this is 0.055. (Let's keep silent for now about the heat loss arising from the movement of water through the pipes, and the amount of energy spent on providing hot water supply, since we are assured that all heating occurs in the basement of the house, which means that heat is not lost during transportation through pipes from the CHP). The average standard of thermal energy consumption for obtaining a cube of hot water is assumed to be 0.059 Gcal. That is, this should be Qmz or the heat content standard, that is, what is written in the receipts below. In simpler terms, this is the amount of heat required to heat 1 cube of cold water to a temperature of 60C. Or if we multiply 0.059 by the cost of 1 Gcal of 1,439 rubles, it turns out that the price of heating 1 cube of cold water is 85 rubles. To this must be added the tariff for cold chemically treated water (now it is 26.44 rubles) and multiplied by a coefficient. heat losses on a non-insulated heated towel rail (1 + K), where K = 0.03. That is, the formula is almost obtained from the decree of the government of the Russian Federation No. 306 as amended by the decree No. 258 and the price for 1 cubic meter of hot water is 115 rubles.
A small note: I started from a cold water temperature of -5C, and LFTS uses 6 +1.33 = 7.33C. For your information, in Moscow the average temperature of cold water is 8.90 degrees, in Orel - 9.16, in Tyumen - 8.59, even in Petrozavodsk, where the climate is colder, it is 8.16. That is, for some reason there is more everywhere than here. And further. We often receive a receipt with a heat content value of 0.09 or 0.101. It turns out that the water was heated up to 90C-101C ?!
There is a direct proportional relationship between the heat content and the temperature of hot water and it can be clearly seen from the formula of heat engineering Qm3 = c * p * (Tgws - Tkhvs) / 1000 (Gcal / m3). Where c is the heat capacity and p is the density of water, which we conditionally equate to 1. Multiply this value of heat content by 1000 and get an approximate value of the temperature of water from the tap in the apartment. Look at this temperature and ask your management company how this is possible.
But all these calculations are just a classical understanding of how the process happens. In our case, during the heating period, cold water is heated using a plate heat exchanger in the basement (for some reason we call it a "boiler" and with its help an open heat supply system turns into a closed one) occurs due to the energy of the heat carrier from the heating pipe. That is, all thermal energy is calculated already at the entrance to the house. Minus heat energy from it from the return pipeline. The same thing happens with an open heat supply system, when all heat energy is also calculated by a heat meter at the entrance to the house. That is, the tariff for hot water should be calculated according to the formula 1 of Appendix No. 2 from the decree of the government of the Russian Federation No. 354 as amended by the decree No. 344: P = V x T. Where T is the tariff for cold chemically treated water (heat carrier), and V is the entire volume of consumed resource, that is, the number of consumed cubes of hot water.
By the way, as it turned out now, with a closed heat supply system, for all its environmental friendliness (clean cold water heats up and goes to the hot water supply system at home), the corrosiveness increases and the surface of metal pipes is very quickly "eaten away". Because of what, as one serious specialist told me (I cannot name him, the conversation was private), there is a high-level debate in the republic about lowering the temperature of hot water to 50C. I want to warn you that an open heat supply system also has its drawbacks. In this case, we use hot chemically purified water from the heating pipe, but it is generally not harmless to health. Therefore, the dishes must be rinsed with cold water when washing. And you can smile, but in my opinion, in those houses where there is an open heating system, the number of balding men and people with skin problems is much greater than in houses with boilers.
Best regards, Fedor Moiseev 8 917 263 39 55
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How to convert a gigacalorie to cubic meters
When receiving bills for utilities, it is quite difficult to understand many aspects of the calculations and understand: where did this or that figure come from? One of the striking examples of such “translation difficulties” is payment for the supplied heat. If a single heat meter is installed in your house, then you will receive bills for the used Gcal (gigacalories), but the tariff for hot water, as you know, is set for cubic meters. How to deal with the calculation of the cost of heat?
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Perhaps the greatest difficulty lies precisely in the technical impossibility of converting gigacalories to cubic meters or vice versa. These are completely different physical quantities: one serves to measure thermal energy, the other - to volume, and, as the basic course of physics suggests, they are incomparable. The task of the consumer of public services ultimately comes down to calculating the ratio of the consumed amount of heat and the volume of consumed hot water.
In order not to get completely confused, it is worth starting by determining the calculated values. So, a calorie is understood as the amount of heat that is necessary to heat one cubic centimeter of water by 1 ° C. In Gcal, there are a billion calories, in a cubic meter - a million centimeters, therefore, to heat one cubic meter of water by 1 ° C, you need 0.001 Gcal.
Considering that hot water should not be colder than 55 ° C, and cold water is supplied at a temperature of 5 ° C, it is obvious that it will need to be heated by 50 ° C, that is, to spend 0.05 Gcal of thermal energy for each cubic meter. In the area of housing and communal services tariffs, there is a slightly higher standard for heat consumption for heating one cubic meter of water - 0.059 Gcal, this is due to heat losses that occur when water is transported through the pipeline.
Further, everything is simple, the heat consumption according to the readings of the house meter, divide by the number of residents. In this way, get the heat consumption for each tenant, and dividing the resulting figure by the standard 0.059 is the volume of hot water in cubic meters that must be paid for by each tenant. The only subtlety in this calculation is the need to subtract from it those tenants who have installed consumption meters in the apartment.
Confusion often arises when calculating monthly payments for heating and hot water. For example, if in an apartment building there is a common heat meter, then the calculation with the heat energy supplier is carried out for the consumed gigacalories (Gcal). At the same time, the hot water tariff for residents is usually set in rubles per cubic meter (m3). To understand payments, it is useful to be able to convert Gcal to cubic meters.
By definition, a calorie is the amount of heat required to heat one cubic centimeter of water by 1 degree Celsius. A gigacalorie, used to measure heat energy in thermal power and utilities, is a billion calories. In 1 meter there are 100 centimeters, therefore, in one cubic meter - 100 x 100 x 100 = 1,000,000 centimeters. Thus, to heat a cube of water by 1 degree, it will take a million calories or 0.001 Gcal.
The temperature of hot water flowing from the tap must be at least 55 ° C. If the cold water at the entrance to the boiler room has a temperature of 5 ° C, then it will need to be heated by 50 ° C. Heating of 1 cubic meter will require 0.05 Gcal. However, when water moves through the pipes, heat loss inevitably occurs, and the amount of energy spent on providing hot water supply will in fact be about 20% more. The average standard of heat energy consumption for obtaining a cube of hot water is taken equal to 0.059 Gcal.
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Confusion often arises when calculating monthly payments for heating and hot water. For example, if in an apartment building there is a common heat meter, then the calculation with the heat energy supplier is carried out for the consumed gigacalories (Gcal). At the same time, the hot water tariff for residents is usually set in rubles per cubic meter (m3). To understand payments, it is useful to be able to convert Gcal to cubic meters.
Confusion often arises when calculating monthly payments for heating and hot water. For example, if there is a general house heat meter in an apartment building, then the calculation with the heat energy contractor is carried out for the consumed gigacalories (Gcal). At the same time, the tariff for hot water for residents is traditionally set in rubles per cubic meter (m3). In order to understand the payments, it is beneficial to be able to transfer Gcal to cubic meters.
1. It should be noted that the heat energy, which is measured in gigacalories, and the volume of water, which is measured in cubic meters, are ideally different physical quantities. This is evident from the physics course in high school. Consequently, in fact, we are not talking about converting gigacalories to cubic meters, but about finding a correspondence between the amount of heat spent on heating the water and the volume of hot water received.
2. By definition, a calorie is the amount of heat required to heat one cubic centimeter of water by 1 degree Celsius. A gigacalorie, used to measure heat energy in thermal power and utilities, is a billion calories. In 1 meter there are 100 centimeters, therefore, in one cubic meter - 100 x 100 x 100 = 1,000,000 centimeters. Thus, in order to heat a cube of water by 1 degree, you need a million calories or 0.001 Gcal.
3. The temperature of the hot water flowing from the tap must be at least 55 ° C. If the cold water at the entrance to the boiler room has a temperature of 5 ° C, then it will need to be heated by 50 ° C. Heating of 1 cubic meter will require 0.05 Gcal. However, when water moves through pipes, heat losses inevitably appear, and the amount of energy spent on providing hot water supply will in reality be about 20% more. The average standard for the consumption of thermal energy for the purchase of a cube of hot water is taken equal to 0.059 Gcal.
4. Let's see an easy example. Let it start in the inter-heating period, when all the heat goes only to provide hot water supply, the heat energy consumption according to the readings of the general house meter was 20 Gcal per month, and the residents, in whose apartments water meters are installed, consumed 30 cubic meters of hot water. They bring 30 x 0.059 = 1.77 Gcal. Heat consumption for all other residents (let them be 100): 20 - 1.77 = 18.23 Gcal. For one person, 18.23 / 100 = 0.18 Gcal is brought. Converting Gcal to m3, we get the consumption of burning water 0.18 / 0.059 = 3.05 cubic meters per person.
Confusion often arises when calculating monthly payments for heating and hot water. For example, if in an apartment building there is a common heat meter, then the calculation with the heat energy supplier is carried out for the consumed gigacalories (Gcal). At the same time, the hot water tariff for residents is usually set in rubles per cubic meter (m3). To understand payments, it is useful to be able to convert Gcal to cubic meters.
It should be noted that heat energy, which is measured in gigacalories, and the volume of water, which is measured in cubic meters, are completely different physical quantities. This is known from the high school physics course. Therefore, in fact, we are not talking about gigacalories per cubic meter, but about finding a correspondence between the amount of heat spent on heating the water and the amount of hot water obtained.
By definition, a calorie is the amount of heat required to heat one cubic centimeter of water by 1 degree Celsius. A gigacalorie, used to measure heat energy in thermal power and utilities, is a billion calories. In 1 meter there are 100 centimeters, therefore, in one cubic meter - 100 x 100 x 100 = 1,000,000 centimeters. Thus, to heat a cube of water by 1 degree, it will take a million calories or 0.001 Gcal.
The temperature of hot water flowing from the tap must be at least 55 ° C. If the cold water at the entrance to the boiler room has a temperature of 5 ° C, then it will need to be heated by 50 ° C. Heating of 1 cubic meter will require 0.05 Gcal. However, when water moves through the pipes, heat loss inevitably occurs, and the amount of energy spent on providing hot water supply will in fact be about 20% more. The average standard of heat energy consumption for obtaining a cube of hot water is taken equal to 0.059 Gcal.
Let's take a look at a simple example. Suppose that in the inter-heating period, when all the heat goes only to provide hot water supply, the heat energy consumption according to the readings of the general house meter was 20 Gcal per month, and the residents, in whose apartments water meters are installed, consumed 30 cubic meters of hot water. They account for 30 x 0.059 = 1.77 Gcal. Heat consumption for all other residents (let there be 100): 20 - 1.77 = 18.23 Gcal. One person accounts for 18.23 / 100 = 0.18 Gcal. Gcal in m3, we get hot water consumption 0.18 / 0.059 = 3.05 cubic meters per person.
Activist Fyodor Moiseev wrote this publication to our blog of housing and communal services at the request of those elders at home, to whom he verbally told how to sort out the bills for hot water. We warn you that the opinion of the editorial board may not coincide with the opinion of the author on the problems he touches on in his blog speeches on the Chelny LTD website.
How to convert Gigacalories to cubic meters
To understand the payments for hot water, it is useful to be able to convert Gigacalories to cubic meters. Why? Yes, because with the heat energy supplier, calculations are made for the consumed Gigacalories, and the payment for residents is calculated in rubles per cubic meter of water.
It should be noted that heat energy, which is measured in Gigacalories, and the volume of water, which is measured in cubic meters, are completely different physical quantities. This is known from the high school physics course. Therefore, in fact, we are not talking about converting Gigacalories to cubic meters, but about finding a correspondence between the amount of heat spent on heating the water and the amount of hot water obtained.
A calorie is the amount of heat required to heat one cubic centimeter of water by 1 degree Celsius. A gigacalorie is a billion calories. One cubic meter contains 1 million centimeters. Thus, to heat a cube of water by 1 degree, it will take a million calories or 0.001 Gcal.
The temperature of hot water flowing from our tap must be at least 55C (this is for a closed system, and for an open system - 60C). For example, if cold water at the entrance to the so-called ITP - an individual heating station has a temperature of 5C, then it will need to be heated by 50C. Heating of 1 cubic meter will require 0.05 Gcal, i.e. it turns out that this is 0.055. (Let's keep silent for now about the heat loss arising from the movement of water through the pipes, and the amount of energy spent on providing hot water supply, since we are assured that all heating occurs in the basement of the house, which means that heat is not lost during transportation through pipes from the CHP). The average standard of thermal energy consumption for obtaining a cube of hot water is assumed to be 0.059 Gcal. That is, this should be Qmz or the heat content standard, that is, what is written in the receipts below. In simpler terms, this is the amount of heat required to heat 1 cube of cold water to a temperature of 60C. Or if we multiply 0.059 by the cost of 1 Gcal of 1,439 rubles, it turns out that the price of heating 1 cube of cold water is 85 rubles. To this must be added the tariff for cold chemically treated water (now it is 26.44 rubles) and multiplied by a coefficient. heat losses on a non-insulated heated towel rail (1 + K), where K = 0.03. That is, the formula is almost obtained from the decree of the government of the Russian Federation No. 306 as amended by the decree No. 258 and the price for 1 cubic meter of hot water is 115 rubles.
A small note: I started from a cold water temperature of -5C, and LFTS uses 6 +1.33 = 7.33C. For your information, in Moscow the average temperature of cold water is 8.90 degrees, in Orel - 9.16, in Tyumen - 8.59, even in Petrozavodsk, where the climate is colder, it is 8.16. That is, for some reason there is more everywhere than here. And further. We often receive a receipt with a heat content value of 0.09 or 0.101. It turns out that the water was heated up to 90C-101C ?!
There is a direct proportional relationship between the heat content and the temperature of hot water and it can be clearly seen from the formula of heat engineering Qm3 = c * p * (Tgws - Tkhvs) / 1000 (Gcal / m3). Where c is the heat capacity and p is the density of water, which we conditionally equate to 1. Multiply this value of heat content by 1000 and get an approximate value of the temperature of water from the tap in the apartment. Look at this temperature and ask your management company how this is possible.
But all these calculations are just a classical understanding of how the process happens. In our case, during the heating period, cold water is heated using a plate heat exchanger in the basement (for some reason we call it a "boiler" and with its help an open heat supply system turns into a closed one) occurs due to the energy of the heat carrier from the heating pipe. That is, all thermal energy is calculated already at the entrance to the house. Minus heat energy from it from the return pipeline. The same thing happens with an open heat supply system, when all heat energy is also calculated by a heat meter at the entrance to the house. That is, the tariff for hot water should be calculated according to the formula 1 of Appendix No. 2 from the decree of the government of the Russian Federation No. 354 as amended by the decree No. 344: P = V x T. Where T is the tariff for cold chemically treated water (heat carrier), and V is the entire volume of consumed resource, that is, the number of consumed cubes of hot water.
By the way, as it turned out now, with a closed heat supply system, for all its environmental friendliness (clean cold water heats up and goes to the hot water supply system at home), the corrosiveness increases and the surface of metal pipes is very quickly "eaten away". Because of what, as one serious specialist told me (I cannot name him, the conversation was private), there is a high-level debate in the republic about lowering the temperature of hot water to 50C. I want to warn you that an open heat supply system also has its drawbacks. In this case, we use hot chemically purified water from the heating pipe, but it is generally not harmless to health. Therefore, the dishes must be rinsed with cold water when washing. And you can smile, but in my opinion, in those houses where there is an open heating system, the number of balding men and people with skin problems is much greater than in houses with boilers.
Best regards, Fedor Moiseev 8 917 263 39 55
Most of all, in the frosty winter months, all people are waiting for the New Year, and least of all - receipts for heating. They are especially disliked by residents of apartment buildings, who themselves do not have the ability to control the amount of incoming heat, and often the bills for it turn out to be simply fantastic. In most cases, in such documents, the unit of measurement is Gcal, which stands for "gigacalorie". Let's find out what it is, how to calculate gigacalories and convert to other units.
Supporters of a healthy diet or those who strenuously monitor their weight are familiar with the concept of calorie. This word means the amount of energy received as a result of the processing of food eaten by the body, which must be used, otherwise a person will begin to recover.
Paradoxically, the same value is used to measure the amount of thermal energy used to heat rooms.
As an abbreviation, this value is referred to as "feces", or in English cal.
In the metric system, the joule is considered the equivalent of a calorie. So, 1 cal = 4.2 J.
Besides developing various weight loss diets, this unit is used to measure energy, work and warmth. In this regard, such a concept as "calorie content" is common - that is, the heat of the combustible fuel.
In most developed countries, when calculating heating, people no longer pay for the amount of consumed cubic meters of gas (if it is gas), but for its calorie content. In other words, the consumer pays for the quality of the fuel used: the higher it is, the less gas will have to be consumed for heating. This practice reduces the possibility of diluting the substance used with other, cheaper and less caloric compounds.
As the definition suggests, 1 calorie is small. For this reason, it is not used for calculating large quantities, especially in power engineering. Instead, a concept such as a gigacalorie is used. This value is equal to 10 9 calories, and it is written in the form of abbreviation "Gcal". It turns out that there are one billion calories in one gigacalorie.
In addition to this value, a slightly smaller one is sometimes used - Kcal (kilocalorie). It holds 1000 calories. Thus, we can assume that one gigacalorie is a million kilocalories.
It should be borne in mind that sometimes a kilocalorie is recorded simply as "feces". Because of this, confusion arises, and in some sources it is indicated that 1 Gcal - 1,000,000 cal, although in reality it is about 1,000,000 Kcal.
In the energy industry, in most cases, it is used as a unit of measurement, Gcal, but it is often confused with such a concept as "hecacalorie" (aka hectocalorie).
In this regard, some people decipher the abbreviation "Gcal" as "hecacalorie" or "hectocalorie". However, this is wrong. In fact, the above-mentioned units of measurement do not exist, and their use in speech is the result of illiteracy, and nothing more.
In addition to the fictitious value under consideration, such an abbreviation as "Gcal / hour" is sometimes found in receipts. What does it mean and how does it differ from the usual gigacalorie?
This unit of measure shows how much energy was used in one hour.
While just a gigacalorie is a measure of the consumed heat for an indefinite period of time. It depends only on the consumer what time frames will be indicated in this category.
Reduction of Gcal / m3 is much less common. It means how many gigacalories you need to use to heat one cubic meter of a substance.
Having considered the definition of the studied value, it is worth finally learning how to calculate how many gigacalories are used to heat a room during the heating season.
For especially lazy people on the Internet, there are a lot of online resources where specially programmed calculators are presented. It is enough to enter your numerical data into them - and they themselves will calculate the amount of consumed gigacalories.
However, it would be nice to be able to do it yourself. There are several formula options for this. The simplest and most understandable among them is the following:
Heat energy (Gcal / hour) = (М 1 х (Т 1 -Т хв)) - (М 2 х (Т 2 -Т хв)) / 1000, where:
Carrying out your own calculations, it is worth noting that housing and communal services slightly overestimate the standards for thermal energy consumption. The opinion that they are trying to earn extra money on this is wrong. After all, the cost of 1 Gcal already includes services, salaries, taxes, and additional profit. Such a "surcharge" is due to the fact that when hot liquid is transported through a pipeline in the cold season, it tends to cool down, that is, inevitable heat loss occurs.
In numbers, it looks like this. According to the regulations, the temperature of the water in the pipes for heating must be at least +55 ° C. And if we take into account that the minimum t of water in power systems is +5 ° C, then it must be heated by 50 degrees. It turns out that 0.05 Gcal is used for each cubic meter. However, to compensate for heat loss, this coefficient is overestimated to 0.059 Gcal.
Thermal energy can be measured in various units, but in the official documentation from housing and communal services it is calculated in Gcal. Therefore, it is worth knowing how to convert other units to gigacalories.
The easiest way to do this is when the ratio of these quantities is known. For example, consider the watts (W), which measures the power output of most boilers or heaters.
Before considering the conversion of Gcal to this value, it is worth remembering that, like a calorie, a watt is small. Therefore, more often use kW (1 kilowatt, equal to 1000 watts) or mW (1 megawatt equals 1000,000 watts).
In addition, it is important to remember that power is measured in W (kW, mW), but they are used to calculate the amount of consumed / produced electricity.In this regard, it is not the conversion of gigacalories to kilowatts that is considered, but the conversion of Gcal to kW / h.
How can this be done? In order not to suffer with the formulas, it is worth remembering the "magic" number 1163. This is how many kilowatts of energy must be spent in an hour to get one gigacalorie. In practice, when converting from one unit of measurement to another, it is simply necessary to multiply the amount of Gcal by 1163.
For example, let's convert 0.05 Gcal, required to heat one cubic meter of water by 50 ° C, in kW / hour. It turns out: 0.05 x 1163 = 58.15 kW / hour. These calculations will especially help those who are thinking about switching from gas heating to a more environmentally friendly and economical electric one.
If we are talking about huge volumes, it is possible to translate not into kilowatts, but into megawatts. In this case, you need to multiply not by 1163, but by 1.163, since 1 mW = 1000 kW. Or simply divide the result in kilowatts by a thousand.
Sometimes it is necessary to carry out the reverse process, that is, to calculate how many Gcal is contained in one kW / hour.
When converting to gigacalories, the number of kilowatt-hours must be multiplied by another "magic" number - 0.00086.
The correctness of this can be verified by taking the data from the previous example.
So, it was calculated that 0.05 Gcal = 58.15 kW / h. Now it's worth taking this result and multiplying it by 0.00086: 58.15 x 0.00086 = 0.050009. Despite the slight difference, it almost completely coincides with the original data.
As in previous calculations, it is necessary to take into account the fact that when working with especially large volumes of substances, it will be necessary to convert not kilowatts, but megawatts to gigacalories.
How is this done? In this case, again, you need to take into account that 1 mW = 1000 kW. Based on this, in the "magic" number, the comma moves by three zeros, and voila, 0.86 is obtained. It is on him that you need to multiply in order to make a transfer.
By the way, there is a slight discrepancy in the answers due to the fact that the coefficient 0.86 is a rounded version of the number 0.859845. Of course, you should use it for more accurate calculations. However, if we are talking only about the amount of energy used to heat an apartment or house, it is better to simplify.
