At the stage of development of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe future work, the journalist needs to decide on the object of study. This capacity can also be a specific everyday situation, and a problem that requires careful consideration, and certain social phenomena, and the activities of people, etc. In all cases, the journalist is included in cognitive assembly activities and analysis of actual data. For the successful implementation of this stage of work, the journalist must be perfectly seized by various methods of information collection, since it is precisely from the quality of the material of the material that the meaningful saturation of the future work depends. Therefore, in journalistic practice, a whole arsenal of information collection methods are used.
The journalist before the investigation takes exactly the ratio of the chosen theme and the problem, classifying them. And the more difficult object of knowledge, the more adequate methods of studying of its study. In the most common sense method - The path or method of achieving the goal, in a certain way ordered activity.
All methods can be divided into two large groups: the first of them are used when collecting empirical data: observation, experiment, interview, etc., and the second - when analyzing the information received. Here you can call the classification, grouping, typology, etc.
One of the productive methods A.A. Terchly calls "the change of profession." We believe that this type of work can be attributed to the method of enabled or experiment.
The analysis of the literature under consideration suggests that it does not have a clear distinction of methods for obtaining information and its sources. So, at M.V. Grigoryan, in our opinion, there is a mixture of concepts: "... the sources with which the journalist works. It:
All of the above mentioned in theoretical literature both under the type of sources and as an investigation methods. In practice, analyzing methods and sources of information in the investigative films A.V. Mamontov, we were convinced that it was quite difficult to carry out the border between them. For example, an interview as a process is more likely to obtain information, and the meaningful part of the interview is the source of information. However, still it will be more logical to consider the source of the information of the person himself, which gives interviews.
Among traditional methods, the method of observation is allocated . Based on, writes G.V. Lazutina, lies "Man's ability to perceive the subject-sensual concreteness of the world in the process of audiovisual contacts with him" [Lazutin, URL: http://evartist.narod.ru/text10/09.htm (reference date: 04/26/13)]. Journalistic observation always has a targeted and clearly defined character. "It is precisely the deliberation of perception and awareness of tasks that allows you to look - and see" [Lazutin, URL: http://evartist.narod.ru/text10/09.htm (Date of handling: 04/26/13)]. The authors of the compilation "Journalist in search of information" note that, "In addition to observation, a journalist should be remembered about possible objective and subjective difficulties<…> People can change the tactics of their behavior if they find out what they are observed for them "[journalist in search of information, 2000, p. nine].
Based on these features of observation, theoretics in the field of socigenquicistism expressed the opinion that "as an independent method, the observation is best to apply in such studies that do not require the representativeness of the data, as well as in cases where information cannot be obtained by any other methods" Journalist in search of information, 2000, p. 10].
Systematic observation involves the conversation of the journalist to a particular situation in certain periods, and non-systematic - spontaneity in choosing the observed phenomenon.
The position of the observer in non-enabled observation is as follows: the journalist is usually located outside the observed situation and is not included in contacts with the participants of the event [journalism and sociology, 1995, p. 111]. It fully consciously occupies a neutral position, trying not to interfere with the course of what is happening. This type of observation is most often used to describe the social atmosphere, for example, around the elections, various public actions, socio-economic reforms, etc.
Included observation involves the participation of a journalist in the very situation. He goes to it consciously, changing, for example, a profession or "embodiment" into a certain social group in order to make an object from the inside. "Change of the profession" is possible in cases where the journalist is confident that he will not cause people or unqualified actions to people or physical or moral damage. For example, media employees are contraindicated with doctors, lawyers, judges, government officials, etc. This kind of prohibitions are provided for both the relevant norms of journalistic ethics and certain articles of the Criminal Code. This is what thoughts on this occasion the journalist N. Nikitin is divided: "The rules of the game with the observation included are too important to afford not to know them or remember. From the previous time ... One rule: a journalist cannot issue a professional, whose activities are closely related to life, physical and moral health, material well-being of people. The main rule: forget that you are a journalist. Here truly, and above all before yourself become for whom you give yourself. Information cannot be obtained by any other methods "[Nikitin, 1997, p. 25].
The method of experiment in journalism is often identified with the method of enabled observation: "Under the experiment, the research method is understood, based on the behavior of the object with a number of factors affecting it, control over the action of which is in the hands of the researcher" [journalist in search of information, 2000, p. 12].
In the experiment, the object, according to B.Ya. Mesonjikova and A.A. Yurkova, is a means to create an artificial situation. This is done so that the journalist in practice can test his hypotheses, "lose" some everyday circumstances that would allow him to better know the object being studied. By participating in the experiment, the journalist has the right to interfere in the situation, affecting its participants, managing them and taking some decisions [Mysonjikov, 2003, p. 116].
Researchers pay attention to the fact that "during the experiment, a journalist is not waiting for people, certain officials, entire services will reveal themselves spontaneously, i.e. Arbitrary, naturally. This disclosure is intentionally called, purposefully "organized" by themselves ... The experiment is observation, accompanied by an observer intervention in the processes and phenomena, under certain conditions - artificial challenge, conscious "provoking" these last "[Mysonjikov, 2003, p. 117].
Thus, the experiment is associated with the creation of an artificial impulse, designed to show certain aspects of the object being studied. The journalist can carry out an experiment on himself, introduced into the social group you need, become a "submarine figure", etc. At the same time, he not only affects the situation, but also seeks to bring to the experiment of all of those interested in his persons.
Experiment in journalistic practice should be carried out only in cases where the correspondent is the task of deeper penetration into life when it is necessary to identify the true behavioral reactions of people with the help of various influencing factors, when it is necessary to test hypotheses over a particular object of social reality. .
The term "interview" comes from the English. "INTERVIEW", i.e. conversation. Note that this is simultaneously an independent journalistic genre, and the method within the framework of another genre. This emphasizes the complex nature of the journalistic investigation genre.
In an informalized interview, issues are located in a different principle. Due to the fact that this method is focused on the deep knowledge of the object, it has a smaller definition of the content. Questions are determined by the topic of conversation, the situation of the conversation, the sphere of the problems discussed, etc. Scientist S.A. Belanovsky on the appointment of these two types of interviews writes: "The standardized interview is intended to obtain the same type of information from each respondent. The answers of all respondents must be comparable and to be classified ... non-standard interviews include a wide range of survey species that do not meet the requirement of comparability of questions and answers. When using non-standardized interviews, it is not attempting to obtain the same types of information from each respondent, and the individual is not an accounting statistical unit in them. "[Belanovsky, 1993, p. 86].
Scientist M.N. Kim distinguishes the interview and in the degree of intensity: short (from 10 to 30 minutes), the average (sometimes for hours), sometimes they are called "clinical", and focused, conducted according to a certain technique, since they are mostly focused on studying the processes of perception and In terms of their duration, only the objectives and objectives of the study [Kim, 2001, p could be limited. 75]. For example, a journalist needs to identify certain socio-psychological aspects of perception by readers of individual texts dedicated to the election campaign. To achieve this goal, a focus group is created, a moderator is elected (leading focus group), the program and the study procedure are drawn up, finally, working with the focus group on the installed program.
Biographical method , Used in journalism, borrowed from adjacent areas of knowledge: literary studies, ethnography, history, sociology, psychology. For the first time, this method was applied by American scientists in the 1920s. It was then that in the USA began to be the beginning of big research on Polish peasants in Europe and America, performed by the Chicago sociologist V.I. Thomas and his Polish counterpart F. Knownetki [Biographical method, 1994, p. five].
In journalism, the biographical method is applied in adapted to professional needs. With it, various vital historical evidence, observations and memories of eyewitnesses of certain events, family-historical documents (letters, diaries, family records, descriptions, etc.) are collected. Due to the fact that many social processes are sometimes unavailable for direct studies, journalists turn to certificates and stories of members of various social groups. At the same time, the witness acts incognito. In journalistic material, it can be submitted under the fictional name or may appear as a kind of well-wisher who has given the editorial board. Thanks to these testimonies, the journalist recreates the processes that are difficult to observe.
Thus, we reviewed the various methods used in collecting and analyzing information. For each method, there are their own rules, and a special working toolkit is being developed, with which the goal is achieved. The features of their use depend, firstly, from the tasks facing the journalist, secondly, from the object and the subject of study and description, thirdly, on the scale of organizational measures related to the application in practice of a method or another. It should be noted that today there is a tendency to complement and interpenetration of methods, which increases the level of culture of journalistic labor. Especially such interpenetration is noticeably in the sphere of television journalist with its integrated approach and visualization of all processes.
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Requirements for information. Reporter work in the system of journalistic activity. Basic sources of information. Methods for checking actual information. Interview as a method for collecting information. The main features of the documentary method.
methodology added 13.06.2012
Methods for the functioning of journalism, an informational overview of its functions. The role of journalistic information. Functional features of the magazine "Expert" and "Spark": goals and level of information provided, the main subject and value for the audience.
course work, added 03/28/2009
Documentary sources of information. Subjectual environment as a source of journalistic information. Internet as a source of journalistic information. Man as a source of journalistic information. Communication of a journalist with colleagues.
course work, added 09/21/2007
Sources of information and methods of obtaining it. The attitude of journalists of "Russian Radio Ryazan" to the content of professional activities. The study of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of news releases. Studying the interests of the target audience.
course work, added 14.11.2013
The main types and features of the creative activity of the journalist. Professionalism and dilettantism in journalism. Methods for obtaining information, comprehension of essence, presenting information and impact on the audience. Theme, object and subject of journalistic development.
course of lectures, added 06/14/2012
Interview as the most common method of obtaining information. Description of his species depending on the purpose of the survey. Advantages of indirect communication. Stages of preparing interviews. Journalistic rules for holding and planning a conversation with the respondent.
abstract, added 01/08/2016
The overall characteristics of journalistic texts and methods of filing news in the media. Selective analysis of information feeding in BusinessWeek and analysis of the rating publications of the publication. Consideration of the main problems of journalistic texts.
course work, added 11/27/2012
Rates for the creation of a journalistic investigation. Features of the professional activity of the investigative reporter. Rights of journalists to receive information. Interview as a method for collecting facts. Projects of journalistic investigations on the example of COMPROMAT.RU.
course work, added 04/12/2012
The mission of any journalist is to collect information and present the facts in the most attractive for the target audience form. In the changeable modern world, journalists use research methods and social and behavioral disciplines to collect and analyze data. What kind?
They resort to computer software analysis methods. They collect information in databases, analyze the publications of other authors, including graphic tables and statistical diagrams, take into account the demographic factor, analyze the geographical display of system information. Methods for collecting information in journalism are quite diverse.
The tasks of the journalist include not only the accumulation of information, but also the ability to allocate the most important points. It must formulate, organize and interpret the existing information. That is, not only to get and publish, but also make sure that the material will perceive the target audience. The role of journalism is currently so multifaceted that it forces constantly in multitasking mode of control, processing and data analysis, while take care of the maximum process efficiency.
Scientific journalism
Scientific journalism is aimed at including data collection, the coverage of the achievements of science and the search for truth. Scientific journalism is characterized by methods of collecting and processing information, including objectivity and analytical approach to the resulting material. Some publications are based on the analysis of previously published data. The spectrum of admissible methods for collecting information in journalism are quite wide, can be used, including exclusive data, provided they are open to wide access. One of the popular information from information sources of information is specialized Internet sites, where the collected data is stored, the owners of which in most cases there is a similar approach, as it increases attendance of scientific sites.
There are two levels of journalism in the illumination of political events. One of them is the feed of a material oriented on the average news consumer, simply speaking, the average man. The target audience of the next level political browser is a potential participant in political events in the country and in the world, for which the news is not just an exchange of information, but a kind of ritual. A classic example is any election campaign, because during this period the percentage of people believe that their choice will change the course of history. It is this audience that will not only forgive the journalist or a political observer a sharp tone or abnormative vocabulary, but with a large share of probability will give them preference. In this case, the journalist can operate with publicly available data, the main thing to prevent them in spectacular interpretation.
Advantages of some methods for collecting information in journalism
Journalism is aimed at resolving conflicts between interest groups, based on the objective assessment of their impact and the ability to influence the result. Most of the methods of collecting and processing information of journalism advantageously include the analysis and forecast of electoral behavior, which, for fairness, should be noted, are almost always controversial. Nevertheless, interest in the news of science and political reviews is growing steadily, which is definitely the merit of journalists who take into account modern trends based on the methods of sociology and the results of surveys.
Observation as a method for collecting information and its types: open and hidden, included and unfinished. External study and vision from the inside with the method of observation. Studying documents and sources as a method for collecting information. Letters of readers as a source of information and work with them in the editors of newspapers. Interview as a method for collecting information. Types interview. Interview. Rules interview
(T k was already installed, journalism is primarily a collection of information. Only on the basis of the collected external information it is possible to manufacture internal information, that is, the creation of its own concept of events. In the overwhelming majority of cases, journalism is engaged in news from information sources and publication, publishing ( Those. reporting to the public) messages about them. The methods for collecting external information and is dedicated to this section.
All my life, especially at the beginning of the career, the journalist has to fulfill the role of a reporter - an honorable role in the field of mass-information activities. "Foot journalist is fed," there is no wonder there is such a professional saying. Of course, in this case we are talking about the collection of external information, the accumulation of facts, and not about the development of internal information, the content of which is to generalize and explain the facts.
It is hardly fair, however, to argue. What a journalist, reaching the status of the essay, the browser or fechelonist is exempt from a severe profession to collect information and passes only to its generalization, receiving it in a finished form from other sources. The experience of leading journalists, an example, the same A. Agranovsky, and K. Simonov, S. Aleksievich and many others testify that the journalist never stops collecting information; Only its individual approaches may vary, depending on the personal tasks, the genre, the nature of the material.
Journalist's work can be comparable to Iceberg. Only 1/9 it looks out over the surface of the ocean. This visible part of mass-information activity is written or oral text. But 8/9 of the mass of the ice mountain is hidden under water. This is a huge preparatory work of a journalist for collecting information, and falls into the basis of the material. As a rule, weak journalistic works are obtained not as a result of a bad ability to work with the word, to process the verbally assembled material, but as a result of the superficial idea of \u200b\u200bthe problem itself, which is chosen for the subject of the article or essay, insufficient activities in the collection of information, education of information insufficiency , immediately affects the quality of the final result of journalistic work - test.
Professional journalist is not in a hurry to complete the process of collecting information, realizing that this is a decisive part of his work. For example, Anatoly Agranovsky in a letter to a colleague V. K. Chetsevova dated July 1, 1980 told: "Some articles I cook six months, and one (about ophthalmologist Fedorova)" collected "five years. But this does not mean that nothing else journalist in This time is not busy. Other articles are written, and "cherished" is noticed. "
The need to accumulate a large amount of information, various types of data and points of view on the problem as the basis of mass-information activities concerns the strategic genres of journalism, in particular the foundations of art and journalistic creativity - essay. "Good things - evidenced by an outstanding publicist Yuri Chernichenko, - unfortunately, they are slow, especially if it makes a recognized master who is responsible for everything that his name stands. Essay F. Abramova and A. Chistyakova in the eighth number" Moscow "For 1978 - called" Niva Live and Dead "- was sold for nine years. So, in any case, it follows from the essay itself." It is clear, under the author's term "was done" should be understood not the time of writing text, but when collecting material for the essay.
Given the efficiency as a significant principle of information journalism, it is necessary to take into account the principle, proclaimed by the essay of Yu. Chernichenko: "Slowly done - long lives." As an example, for him, the Creativity of the outstanding prosaika, Master of the "Rustic Prose" Fyodor Abramova (19201983). "For me, for example, I wrote Y. Chernichenko, - Abra-Movsky essay" Around and about "is still alive. From that essay, I think, and Abramovsky" House "arose, and - to a large extent - the whole northern story Sprinkle. " It is about the artistic and journalistic story "around yes about" (1963), which was devoted to the problems of the Russian northern village, and the following novelty creativity F. Abramova: the trilogy of "straightly", which consisted of the novels "Brothers and Sisters" (1958), "Two winters and three summer" (1968), "expensive coupling" (1971) and was noted by the State Prize of the USSR in 1975, and the novel "House" (1978) is attached. In this case, Yu. Chernichenko focused on the fact that the writer took possession first as a sketch, a publicist, and then as an artist.
Classic sample in Ukrainian culture: writing by Afanasiya peaceful first travel essay "from Poltava to Gadyach" (1872, published in 1874 in the journal "Pravda"), and then creating on his thematic basis and on his renowm " Full? "(1872-1875, in collaboration with Ivan Bilac, published 1880).
The above historical examples show the close connection of journalism and fiction, between which the creative energy constantly flows. Literature and journalism resemble reporting vessels: the level of one type of creativity immediately affects the second. Therefore, not only for journalism, but even for fiction, the problem of collecting information, learning life is updated. Recall: the total success of the journalistic and literary work depends on this stage.
There are only three methods for collecting external information:
Observation
Study of documents and sources
Interview.
I. Observation - Passive method of collecting information. The essence of him is to, looking, noticing who or anything, pay attention to someone.
Each journalist should be vigilant, careful to the details of the observer. In many cases of observation, the initial stage of the preparation of the material is the impetus, then the extensive intent of the article or essay then leads to a journalistic investigation. But, as a rule, there are always elements in a significant journalistic material, the source of what is the method of observation. This is all that seen by his own eyes of a journalist: portraits, interiors, landscapes and the like. Consequently, observation, playing as if a minor role in collecting information, occupies a significant place in the journalistic work, which is available in every extensive material.
Journalist is a daily, eternal observer. He will never pass by an interesting event, whose witness has become unwittingly, by chance. He will never miss the chance to get acquainted with an interesting person. He watches on the way to work and on the way home, on weekdays, on holiday and on a day off. All the observed it collects in the piggy bank of his journalistic experience, if not for immediate, then for future use.
Journalism knows such types of observations as an open and hidden, included and unfinished. The essence of them is that the journalist (and often it is resorted to this and writers) becomes a member of any team, organization, institutions, institutions, in order to be perfectly, closely, from close distance to explore their activities, people's moods, working conditions , mechanisms for implementing financial or barter operations. Open observation involves awareness of others with the fact that they are studying, hidden is the lack of such awareness. Hidden observation gives the author of the future journalistic work more opportunities to familiarize themselves with the actual status of cases, guarantees an impartial attitude towards it members of the team. The included observation provides for the enrollment of a journalist to a staffing position and the fulfillment of certain official duties. The inconcedent makes it possible to study the situation from the outside, but provides a wider acquaintance of the journalist with the object of study, the opportunity to visit various structural divisions of a large company or institution.
Each type of observation has its advantages under certain conditions. To study the Labor of a large enterprise or educational institution, unfinished observation will be more convenient, which will enable the journalist to draw up a stereoscopic picture of the activities of the institution. If we are talking about the study of hidden mechanisms of movement of goods or capital, finding out what is a mystery and is hidden by the institution, it is best to use the method of hidden, enabled observation.
The method of enabled (other names: "MASK METHOD", "DEVELOPING METHOD", "PROFESSION METHOD") Soviet journalism widely used. The author of the future essay in the direction of the editorial office or the Union of Writers (journalists) went to the creative business trip to the enterprise to study the working class and write essays about the heroes of the Socialist
Labor. Often the initiative of such shares proceeded from the obligations. In the late 1970s, only in Kharkov appeared a collective collection of essays "Morning Meetings" (1976), Documentary Tale Boris Silay "Circle of Light" (1976) and Radia Polonsky "Wings of My City" (1977). The frank ideological defense of the Labor writers in the role of journalists in this and in many other cases compromised the method of enabled observation. Some authors seemed that the method of the game and the "mask" was almost artificial invented for servicing the dubious ideological head of the tribute to power. But this is far from that.
The mask method emerged spontaneously, in the depths of the journalistic craft. As the journalist and scientist Lyudmila Vasilyeva indicates, which dedicated this method a lot of interesting thirds of his book "We make news!", The discoverer of the mask method in Russian journalism was the legendary Vladimir Gilyarovsky. This method revived Mikhail Koltsov in the 1930s, and in the 1960th-ethorter of the "Economic Newspaper" Anatoly Gudimov, which wrote a whole book of essays "Mystery of someone else's profession. Seven days in a taxi. Face to face" (1965). Lyudmila Vasilyeva itself in annexes to the named book made his essays of the 1990s - early 2000s, initially printed in the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper (Far Eastern representative office). Information for them is collected by the Mask Mask Mask.
Most recently, Galina Sapozhnikov recalled (it is noteworthy that, too, with the aim of coverage of the journalistic investigation) that the German journalist Günther Valraf in the mid-1970s used the method of enrollment, pretended to Turkom-Gastarbayter and in the essay series told about all the "beauty" of emigrant life, Pushing the nose of the Germans in their own xenophobia.
Therefore, it is impossible to associate this method with totalitarian manipulative journalism, it is immanent for journalistic creativity as a whole, it serves to search for truth, the disclosure of the truth.
The young journalist should still be borne in mind the following: Today, when journalism is guided not by party, but universal moral morality, and the organization of the mass media, enterprises, the institutions belong to various private owners, and "hidden observation" turned out to be outside the ethical norms of journalism. In the textbook on journalistic ethics (and this is a mandatory course, without the knowledge of which it is impossible to enter the profession today), the future specialist will read that the ethical norm today "report on its belonging to a certain mass media". According to the ethical codes of leading information corporations, journalists are forbidden to "hide their name, when they are submitted," "Fix the conversations to the voice recorder without the permission of the interlocutor", "deliberately introduce an interlocutor in confusion." A unconditional advantage is given to honest information collection methods. "Hidden observation", of course, does not apply to such, it provides for the deliberate deception, and not combined with the ethical standards of modern journalism.
At our universities, educational discipline under the name "Journalistic Investigation" is taught. There are already a number of textbooks under the name. But it is a discipline, so to speak, "on the increase", for the future, to ensure the comprehensiveness of academic training of a journalist. In fact, no teacher will send a student in practice to make a real journalistic investigation. This is an unjustified risk. The author must grow to journalistic investigation, to take an independent decision to work in this genre. It should not start your way into journalism, just as in the competition of heavyweights should not begin to raise more weight without workout, preliminary training.
If you still have to do journalistic investigation, consider some safety rules:
1) Try to master the new profession you can quickly and better and fulfill your duties flawlessly;
2) Do not put a lot of questions, everything you need to see, and not hear;
3) Do not rush: often what is trying to learn about the risk today, it's easy enough to find tomorrow,
4) Do not try to learn more than it is necessary; Your awareness in any case has its limits, oversail through which it is impossible, without changing their position in the institution;
5) Do not seek to be especially "interesting": try to reduce friendly conversations on current problems, plans, cases of life, etc., of their interlocutors, and not their own;
6) does not consider the future publication at leisure until the end of collecting information: take a look at the overall picture through the eyes of a journalist will still be enough.
In addition to the security rules when collecting information, there are such rules for creating text. So, how to tell about visible to avoid suspicion? Store the following recommendations:
1) Avoid descriptions of those details, strokes and small things that have a pronounced individual character, as well as accurate numbers, replacing them with approximate;
2) change, if possible, those details that, without having a fundamental value may indicate on you
3) Avoid even the approximate similarity of the construction of the phrase in your oral speech and on paper, not to mention the use of expressions, revolutions, words, etc., which are often used by you in daily conversations;
4) Your alias should not contain any biographical instructions under which the place or month of birth is understood, the maiden name of the mother, etc., the more not to overlapping how with the present name;
5) And, of course, the circle of persons who know about your assignment should be reduced to a minimum, regardless of the degree of confidence and kinship (the latter is especially important, then create your own close and native unnecessary reason for alarm).
It is quite obvious that to build a journalistic work only on observation is almost impossible. Most often, it is adjacent to other ways to collect information, among which the second place occupies the study of documents and sources.
II century Study of documents and sources - An important stage of the journalist's work over difficult, reporters, and analytical materials. As is known, one of the most important signs of journalism as mass-information activity is documentaryism. If observations (as well as interviews) supplies subjective knowledge to the journalist, then the documents, on the contrary, give accurate, objective information. With the exception, of course, those cases when it is a pseudocumen, that is, specifically, at the organizational level, created for disinformation.
Under the document today it is understood by any material carrier created by a person to consolidate by any way of social information in order to transfer it in space and time.
The material carriers of the information today is paper, tape recorder, film, photography, electronic information storage and the like. From this point of view, sources are varieties of documents, namely: written texts, handwritten or printed, audio and video recording conversations and events, photographs, floppy disks, text materials, on the basis of which journalistic (as well as scientific) works are created. S. G. Kor-Konosenko in his textbook "Fundamentals of Journalism" referred to the statements of the former Sobcar of the Komsomolskaya Pravda, who, who stopped at the collection of information, wrote: "Interesting books of accounting and other documents ... to the magazine telephones."
First of all, it should be said that, working within a certain topic, the journalist should study it all the time, deepen his knowledge in a certain area of \u200b\u200blife, get acquainted with novelties of literature and periodicals, to be in libraries, know the rules of the bibliographic search, contact the necessary sources in the case need. Without working with a book, magazine, newspaper is unthinkable by a modern journalist. Book, newspaper, magazine - these are the most important sources of operational and fundamental information. First of all, the media officer should work with them.
The main basis for the operation of a journalist with documents and sources is impartiality. He should not look for in them a confirmation of a pre-invented concept, but, on the contrary, the concept is to build on documented facts. There are cases when after completing the formation of the concept, a new fact is detected that this concept destroys; Then the new uncomfortable fact is subject to a rejection, and a toener and clarification itself is ready for the concept.
The following rules for working with documents are formulated in a special study:
Make sure that
the document was created by competent (on official position) or a person specifically authorized for this purpose;
the situation in which the document was created was not affected by its content;
it does not distort the names of officials; The content of the document corresponds to print prints and an angular stamp;
the document was signed by an authorized person for this purpose.
The skill of the journalist is measured, except for other factors, as far as deeply he can comprehend the spring base of the future work, take advantage of it, to give the necessary references to documents in the text itself, which will become a weighty argument and will kill the reader in the correctness of the author's position.
Finally, there are areas of journalism, where knowledge of documents and sources is mandatory, dominates in the material. Such, for example, performances on historical topics, criminal chronicle, etc.
Starting work on any material for Omi, a journalist is obliged to ask if there are some documents and sources on this topic. In many cases, the acquaintance with them is the initial stage of understanding the topic. It happens when it comes to studying a certain industrial facility, construction, consideration of the complaint.
An important source of topics and problems for a journalist is the letter of readers. Traditional is the opinion that in the modern world there has been a tangible depletion of epistolary creativity as a whole. This form of individual, interpersonal communication, which for a long time of history remained the only means of communication between people in space, they say, today is ousted by telephone, electronic communication tools. In the "good old days" Nikolai Gogol wrote Alexander Pushkin to the other end of St. Petersburg: "If you knew how I regretted that, instead of you a single note on my desk, I would return to me before, and I would see You still in yourself. " Now such a letter is simply impossible - all this face will tell another on the phone, and the friend will not apply a visit, without making sure with the help of the same phone, the owner of the house. Once Pavel Zagrebal said: "The nineteenth century - in letters, as the twentieth - in the phones." So, to reduce the number of letters in the editorial, there are objective reasons.
Despite this, periodic publications continue to receive letters. The chief editor of the "Komsomolskaya Pravda" V. N. Sungorkin noted in a special interview: "We have a big mail. Over 300,000 letters every week, up to one hundred thousand monthly, and this is not counting feedback on publications on our website on the Internet." Lyudmila Vasilyeva herself, from the preface to the book of which the above statement was taken, also notes the great importance of editorial epistolary: "But letters, she exclaims, is an exciting information klondike!" . Further, however, it reduces all the variety of letters to a friend of their genre: "Cry of help." And even offers a resume: "If the letter to the editor has written, it means that the author" got "."
It is unlikely that the situation with letters in modern journalism can be so simply explained. Thirty thousand letters every week can not be so monotonous. It seems the source of the sheets with good reasons for their elimination from the information field in another. In the modern world there is an alienation of a person from its entity. Modern lone man and often confused before the world of absurd. She is looking for warmth and complicity, often just like-minded people, those who think and feels like she, and the same lonely as she. Here is the main reason why the editorial post will never run out. In the youth newspaper "Arthmozaica" (Kharkiv) with a weekly circulation of 334,000 copies, many years persistently continues to exist the rubric "Eternal Feather". Each room of the newspaper serves two pages of letters. Their problems are varied, such that is not amenable to generalization. But here is the motives - to express yourself, to tell about your life experience and his lessons, entrust paper what you will not tell publicly verbally - it is tracked clearly. Therefore, it is logical to assume that the reasons for Epistolar creativity are the reasons for psychological, and the editorial post will always exist. So, you should be able to work with it.
Through letters to the editor, there is important information on public contradictions, the brewing of conflict situations, the movement of public opinion in one direction or another. People turn to the newspaper, as a rule, in difficult cases of their lives, looking for support, social justice, protection against the arbitrariness of officials. In Soviet times, in the editors of almost all (including district), newspapers were the departments of letters, the responsibilities of which included only work with the mail, to systematize and summarize epistolar information, check complaints, prepare for publishing letters or passages from them. The newspapers existed the headings "Although the letter was not printed," where the editorial reported readers about the measures taken on the appeals of citizens and the actions of government agencies in solving problems supplied in letters.
The young journalist should be aware that the letters of readers can serve as a source of only preliminary information, still requires a thorough check. Work with letters is built on the following principles:
1. Careful accounting of all letters, providing each of its number or cipher, grouping letters on topics or problems.
2. When determining the decision on the publication, the authorship of the letter needs check. Employee of the editorial staff must necessarily contact the author of the letter and to personally receive confirmation of his authorship. If it fails to achieve such a confirmation, the letter is considered anonymous and is not considered. Especially necessary, such an inspection is in cases where it comes to compromising facts, the publication of which may somehow influence the fate of people.
3. If you wish, publish a letter requires the verification of the facts given in it. It also constitutes the duty of editorial staff. To do this, letters should be inquired by the sources of its information and the journalist itself to go through this way, compare various points of view on an event or phenomenon, etc.
In many editions of the old newspapers, there is a tradition, according to which the editor-in-chief entering the general address of the publication, follows first the editor-in-chief, he also imposes resolutions and transfers letters to the departments for further use or adoption of measures.
Letters serve as a channel of reverse communication communication with readers, give journalists to feel the pulse of public opinion, and at the same time the effectiveness of one's own labor.
Through the impoverishment of a significant part of the population of Ukraine, which was the result of the economic crisis in the entire post-Soviet space, the flow of letters in the editorial office of newspapers was significantly reduced. But they did the right editors correctly, did not want to lose ties with the audience. They offered readers to call up the editor, published the phone number and allocated a special employee to receive such messages.
As a result, the link "Newspaper - the reader - the newspaper" was completely destroyed, the publication retained the importance of conducting a dialogue with readers, to know about their own labor assessment. It was from this communicative channel and even more importantly: nothing increases the prestige of the publication and its circulation As the effectiveness of publications, the effective assistance to specific citizens in solving their specific problems associated with various life spheres: by the life, communal services, the payment of wage arrears and pensions and the like.
Many years of journalistic experience suggests that work on the establishment of a dialogue with readers (in writing, telephone) should enter the circle of daily concerns of each edition, and its activity is a measure of the authority of the publication, its popularity.
III. Interview. This is the main method of collecting information in journalism, the essence of which is to receive news and communications through oral communication of the subject (journalist) with an obstomynuyker (politician, scientist, artist, or just an interesting interlocutor). It is believed that this method gives from 80 to 90 percent necessary journalist information. It is clear that the interview method should be distinguished from the journalistic genre under the same name, the essence of which lies in the dramaturgical (dialogic) construction of the material in the form: the question is the answer. The interview genre does not play such a secury role in journalism, as a method, although its proportion on the pages of modern newspapers is growing.
With a certain metaphoricity, it can be said that the journalist's work is an eternal interview, and the journalist himself must be a good communicator. Its activity consists of conversations with people and the descriptions of what heard. Moreover, the problems of creativity and skill of the journalist include not only the direct creation of the text, but (and above all) the art of collecting material for him. Journalism is the art of communication, and with the development of audiovisual media - also the art of public communication in front of a microphone or a television game.
Modern journalism on the type of communication knows such types of interviews:
Interview in the workplace. It is believed that it has especially fruitful opportunities for a journalist. Having met the object at its workplace, it can not only set the interviews scheduled for interviews, but also to connect other methods of collecting information: observation and study of documents and sources, and in the future material describe the workplace situation, the atmosphere of the institution, to bring what eloquent parts characterizing The interlocutor, in addition, during a conversation, a journalist may require the object to documented certain facts about which oral information sounded. The journalist should always seek an interview in convenient conditions, and those are conversations in the workplace of objects.
Interview at home with the object. Especially advantageous when the journalist meets with a private person. Then it is not a working situation in office, and the life, home environment can play a leading role and advantage the same as a meeting with employees at its workplace, and guarantee use as additional methods of observing and studying documents and sources.
The sign of a democratic society is to conduct the days of the open doors of the house in significant politicians. A few such days were held in 2005 immediately after the Orange Revolution for the demonstration of journalists of openness and transparency of the new government.
Interview in the editorial office. It should be agreed in extreme cases when the object refuses everything else. You accept the interlocutor at your workplace, and no longer you watch him, and he is yours. You are deprived of the opportunity to observe, require documentary confirmation of his words, you just have to ask and write the answers.
Interview by phone. It should be resorted to achieving special efficiency, check individual details in the already existing information in the editorial office. It is impossible for a full interview on the phone, but for reference, clarify certain facts, consultations on individual issues it can be productively used. A larger effect reaches a journalist when calling a familiar official or a leader who has already met earlier. Then it is easier, recalling himself and explaining difficult circumstances, causing the phone, and not ask for a personal meeting, to achieve the desired result - to get the necessary information.
However, in modern life, a new generation of journalists, telephone, including mobile, becomes the subject of more and more consumption. In the press, there was no full-fledged interviews, taken by phone, as well as on the radio or television programs to achieve maximum efficiency, the message of correspondents reported on the telephones connected to the phones connected to the studio telephones, a certificate of nyushetherizer, comments of independent experts and the like.
Interview in inter-situations. Let us explain the term proposed by us. The word "Inter" (Inter) in Latin means "between, between" and is used as a prefix in difficult words to designate an intermediate situation, staying between something. In a modern intense world, where the schedule of the day of famous people is not painted not by the hour, but in minutes, the journalist is often refused to be interviewed not because they initially do not want to meet with the presses representative, but because they really do not have free time. Then the journalist proposes to meet at any inter-situation: at dinner or dinner in the restaurant, in a hairdresser, right on the street and walk a person home, aligning a walk with a conversation.
It is difficult to submit a Ukrainian journalist for taking an interview in a restaurant, but in the West this common method of oral information collection, which means that our future journalists know about it. In large newspapers of the West, the interview in the restaurant is paid by the editorial board, so high there are recent, competitive information, raises the prestige of the publication.
Moreover, the interview in inter-situations is increasingly in the practice of a modern Ukrainian journalist. Thus, in the newspaper "Ukraine Young" on June 16, 2000, an interview was published by the journalist Maya Eagle with the famous TV presenter Olga Gerasimework called "a woman who wins in the men's world." This journalistic work is a typical sample interview in the inter-situation. "Olga Gerasimyuk suggested me to meet in a hairdresser's salon," Maya Eagle starts to acquaint readers with the situation of conversation. "Couffer to conjure her hairstyle, and I will be interviewed."
The conversation conducted in such a situation turned out to be a full-fledged information on the information side, even in his own deep, nothing was inferior to the content of highly efficient interviews, which is, for example, an interview in the workplace. And the exotic situation that Maya Eagle emphasized at it from time to time, the presence of silent, but with a mysterious smile, Couffer, representing a problem in the opposing problem ("Tender features of achieving success"), the male world, adds an interview with special freshness and charms, Works on the embodiment of the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe journalistic work.
Interview not for recording. It is often used when the journalist deals with criminogenic circles. The object is not against that the journalist told about him, but it is afraid that the recorded materials can be somehow used against it. Therefore, he gives consent to the interview, but without recording. Such an interview should be immediately recorded after the meeting, as long as the impressions of fresh, or immediately create material in another planning the genre you. The main thing is that the information obtained using an interview is not for recording can still be used in the future.
Interview not for recording and use. It should be agreed in extreme cases, since the information obtained in this way, you cannot use in your journalistic work. But you can use it with an internal goal. There are two aspects of its possible use:
a) to sort out the question itself that it worries you, understand the effect of hidden mechanisms;
b) to go to other sources of information that you can take advantage legally, publicly with reference to them.
This type of interview should agree when, in the process of journalistic investigation, legitimate ways of searching for information are exhausted. The main rule of the behavior of the journalist in the conditions of this interview is the strict compliance with all the claims of the object. It should be clearly understood that he agreed to give dangerous information from the publication of which fate of people depend.
Interview Includes such components:
Total preparation. The entire professional life of the journalist continues and is to create self, acquiring a general erudition necessary to communicate with people of a high intellectual level, assimilating the main rules for the art of communication and technologies of receptions "to solve languages" h
Specific preparation. It is to study the issue of a complex of the problems that you want to find out by interview. Provides for the study of special literature, new approaches and views on the problem, familiarization with possible documents and sources, the face of the object; In short - in the acquisition of special knowledge, which will then be used by you directly in this interview.
Knowledge of the subject of the upcoming conversation and preliminary orientation in the problem is not only a prerequisite, but also a guarantee of the successful operation of the journalist. In modern conditions in the labor market and skill of journalists, leadership seizes the one who exhibits in a conversation with the object of interviews the greatest competence in its field, a deep understanding of phenomena. In this case, the journalist himself becomes an interesting interlocutor for the facility, it is interesting to communicate with him, he begins to treat him as his colleague who works in journalism and can bring a lot of benefit with a lot of benefit.
We will conduct a mental experiment. The regional office of the Ministry of the Interior appointed a new boss. It is clear that even after a press conference (it can be considered as a type of collective interview) there are many mass media workers seeking to publish exclusive materials about the new boss.
General - Democrat in the worldview, respectfully refers to the press. He takes the first journalist ... But disappointed with the conversation with him, she did not go for the circle of general topics and came down to questions: "What would you like to tell our readers? What do you wish readers of our newspaper?" Having spent 2:00 work time, the general the next day with a smaller hunt agreed to a meeting with another correspondent. He also turned out to be incompetent in the problems of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the region and for him the story had to start from scratch, for a long time to introduce him to the case itself. The boss concluded that journalists only prevent him from working, to perform immediate official duties.
It is already a chance that the editor of the most authoritative in the city has managed to persuade the general to accept the correspondent of his newspaper. It was a completely different meeting. The journalist immediately discovered competence on the UMVD, a whole layer of the least important issue rejected, the questions asked only about the most important thing: about the work of the management of organized crime, corruption within the police office, which, in fact, led to the change in the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The journalist asked how the investigation of the "loud" cases was promoted, which newspapers were previously written; How to defend human rights during the investigation.
The general immediately felt a high professional level of this journalist, allocated it among others, eagerly talked with him 3:00, ordered the adjutant to always connect this correspondent with himself in the case of telephone calls, and when he needed to give personally exclusive information for the press, he invited This is the author as the most competent and knowledgeable industry.
Undoubtedly, the purpose of the interview is to "promote", talk the interlocutor, and not speak himself. But the successful implementation of this task is possible only under the condition of the adequacy of the interlocutors. It is difficult and not easy - every time to enter the circle of new problems, but the professional activity of the journalist is impossible without this stage of his work. Today, officials are increasingly interested in journalists, what they want to talk about, and, having heard a common answer: "Well, there ... about updates in your industry," categorically refuse to meet with such authors.
Consequently, specific training is becoming increasingly important when applying the interview method in mass-information activities.
Psychological training. It is your inner mood to a conversation intended for her convenient time and place, choosing clothes and creating a certain image of a journalist, should provide for the object the best conditions for self-discharge. The journalist must be a professional communicator, possess the necessary knowledge and skills in this area.
From the very beginning, it was originally understood that mostly people were internally arranged extremely chaotically. For the successful receipt of information from them necessary for you, you must mobilize all your external and internal resources. There are no smallest things here, ranging from the details of the clothing and ending with your choslome voice, whose species certainly should also possess.
Going to the plant to talk with workers, you should get dressed as a worker. Walking on an interview to the bank's director, it is necessary to have a corresponding appearance so that you are not talking without a conversation from the threshold without looking into the journalistic certificate.
A journalist should always be tuned to flexibility and behavior, as well as possess sensory experience to understand for itself, which model of behavior gives the most tangible result when communicating. Preparing for an interview, you should decide on the behavior model, choose one as the main thing, but must have two or three spare options in the case when the first model does not work. By interviewing, it should be quickly tuned to the communications wave of the object and respond flexibly to its behavior, looking for the greatest openness.
A journalist is at the same time an actor and director, and his every interview is a small one-act representation, which he plays alone with the object.
In the most general form, the interview rule can be formulated as follows:
First of all, you should know what you want to know; Allocate for yourself the main or group of the main issues, to carry out a clear cycle package and steadily move towards it in the conversation process.
The journalist must proceed from the idea of \u200b\u200bthe self-sufficient value of his profession. He is a hunter for information. He hunts her. She, how to game, hiding from him. The journalist should know that information from it can be deliberately, but they can simply not understand the content of the issues raised; Finally, some objects may be simply not informed, and themselves for an exhaustive explanation of the situation or problem. Hence the deep awareness of his tasks, finding out what he should know about is a prerequisite for mass-information activities.
Be scrupulous to use your language. Know that only it will provide you with getting the result you want to achieve. Remember the rule: if you are accurate in the wording of questions, then you will receive both accurate information.
Brothers Comment on the problem of your future material follows only in the first competence of a person in this industry. Imagine a conference on which 200 scientists were present. The journalist, writing an article or even gives an informational message about it, should apply for an interview not to young graduate students who are present on it, not to associate professors or professors, but to Academician H., spoke by the conference organizer, said at the plenary meeting when opening it Program report. Only such a comment first at this event will be the most productive from the information side, deep will reveal the event, will cause the interest of readers.
Take a rule to enjoy the slogan, which came to us from the ancient Romans: "Audiator et altera Pars!" ("Listen and the opposite side!"). Its application is mandatory in situations of journalistic investigation, studying the conflict situation in which the parties will accuse each other's journalist and try to incline him to their side. No matter how at first glance did not seem to be a convincing position of the first side, take the rule to learn the arguments of opponents. Only such a comprehensive study can be considered sufficient to compile their own concept of events.
Feel free to your ignorance. It is better to be a profan in a conversation and sincerely admit to the object in its misunderstanding of certain problems than to be a profan in a public speech, to admit annoying inaccuracies, for which the journalist will be ashamed, and the publication itself.
Having prepared for an interview in the library, after reading the source available on this problem, having exhausted Internet resources, the journalist must, however, to understand its level of competence to understand the object. It should be understood that the higher the level of the competence of the media employee, the greater the trust he causes an interview with the object, gives rise to a desire to illuminate the problem deep and comprehensively. It is quite prohibited to go to an interview without prior preparation, without having examined the problems in detail. It is forbidden during the interview to use verbal formulas such as: "I, of course, I do not understand anything in it, but you tell me ..."
However, having met with a little-known or and incomprehensible material, it is not necessary to shy his ignorance or misunderstanding it, and consistently and persistently seek clarification and comments.
Sport with the object, be the actor, make it upload to new and new arguments in your favor.
If the object goes from the answer to the question that they seem essential, repeat them several times in other formulation and it will definitely reveal somewhere. If there are sensational data, be sure to ask: "How do you know?" So you will go to new sources of information and you can check the object readings.
Put only one question, following the rules: one question is one answer. When you put a few questions at once, the object begins to answer the last and, ending with the answer, no longer remembers other issues, is experiencing psychological discomfort from the need to spend the forces on their remember. All questions, except for the latter, still have to repeat again. Therefore, do not rush.
Use the same words, expressions and intonation, and your interview object. By this you will call his trust and witness in front of him that you understand it well. On the other hand, it will be easier for him to talk to you. Do not use low-touch terms, try to minimize the use of foreign words. Speak simply, short sentences. The implementation of this rule is the observance of an important psychological basis for accession to the interlocutor during a conversation, entry into the model of the world.
If you collect material for article or essay, try to use other methods of information collection, Align an interview with a report, take an interview at the scene of the incident, to like along with the object, asking to show the location of the items and characters of the event. This will give the opportunity to get not just the amount of the facts, but to build a plot.
Listen to silently, do not interrupt the interlocutor. Remember: you met in order to listen, and not in order to speak. People, as a rule, do not even know how much they know, you must spend their path of their memory. Come to the interlocutor, as to the Zhuban, full information, and try to empty it.
Do not be afraid of acute questions. There are no questions that confuse, there are only answers, confuse. Re-read your records, quickly focus on the rogs, which remain and if necessary, seek repeated interviews.
At the end of the interview, you will definitely ask that an interesting interlocutor could also report readers outside the topic outlined by your questions. Often people have a lot of stories worthy of newspaper publication. So you fill not one topic for future creativity.
Contact advantage, feel like an official representative of your Omi. Take a rule not only thanks for the interview, but also to bring an object with a newspaper with a material that appeared with his participation or help. People appreciate a good attitude towards them, remember you and will continue to eagerly agree to conversations.
Written due to an interview Text should be displayed before publishing, to ask him to carefully read, correct possible errors in numbers, surnames, facts, if such were allowed. Ask the object to curl your material. In modern editions, caused by signing by the object on the turnover of each text of the text interviews.
However, in views, there are differences between domestic and foreign sources. A. S. Moskalenko to "Acts that limit the right of citizens to freedom of expression" referring such a situation: "If a journalist, contrary to the request of the author of a material or a person who took an interview, does not coordinate with it prepared for publication the final text, or allow for The text is significant changes without consent and publishes it "therefore, even in domestic journalism this rule does not act categorically, but allows selectivity to use. It is applied at the request of the object.
Western techniques do not require agreement with the object of the text of its material at all. "The interview has its own task to get more information than the interlocutor wants to provide the interlocutor - the preparation of employees of the journalist's Guide is described in the French methodology. - It is better to avoid text approvals for those who gave it. The interview should be built in a clear harmony with its basic message and the supply key. "
How to understand this contradiction? Her origins in the different status of journalism are at home and in the democratic countries of the West. Our legislation in the information sphere is so imperfect that the journalist always stands before the threat of a lawsuit even in case of an invisible mistake, not to mention the acute critical material directed against the government or institution. In this case, of course, it is better to agree in advance to publish with a source of information. There is nothing to say that in this case, all critical assessments will almost be eliminated and there will be no place for constructive proposals. After all, the authority of the newspaper directly depends on how consistently it is in opposition to power, how criticism is inaction or improper actions of officials or state structures. Western journalism has already passed the difficult path of struggle for the freedom of speech, won the right in the conditions of responsibility, it is noger to criticize the authorities and officials, right up to the presidents inclusive. Therefore, in Western methods there are requirements, which in our conditions seem non-constructive. In fact, they are not deprived of meaning, and our journalism will eventually approach their introduction into practice.
Modern technique puts a journalist before choosing to record an interview in a notebook or fix it to the voice recorder. Here, it is impossible to give any unambiguous recommendations, especially to keep the Ukrainian journalist from the temptation to use the technical means. But it should be borne by the following:
firstly, Deciphering an interview recorded on the voice recorder takes much more time than recorded in the notebook. The recorder gives only consistent reproduction of the conversation, while the records in the notebook are covered by vision at the same time, it creates good opportunities for composite permutations, grouping material on the headings;
secondly, The recorder provides for the repeated use of the tape recorder. As a rule, the interview recorded on the voice recorder is erased shortly after the publication of the journalistic work. This makes it impossible to return to the previously published material, re-use it. But every experienced journalist knows that not the entire amount of information obtained from the interviews is then used in the journalistic work. Looking through old entries, you can find not one topic for a new performance. Working with a voice recorder, the journalist begins every time as if from scratch and leaves nothing in his archive from his work.
In favor of the interview recorded on the tape, the object says that the object will not be possible to abandon his words, even if he wants to do this later; Film rule for a document in the event of a complaint about the inaccuracy of publication.
The best technical provision of the interview is a combination of records in the notebook of the main theses and provisions with the full text of the conversation on the voice recorder. This will allow you to combine the advantages of each method and eliminate some of their shortcomings.
Let these considerations be taken into account by young journalists in their further professional activities.
Before you begin searching and collecting information, the journalist chooses the topic. The choice is always depends, determined and explained by the public needs, life peripetias, events, conflicts that require a journalist intervention to attract public attention to them.
After the topic is selected, the journalist proceeds to its development, which includes the definition of sources of information and how to obtain it.
Getting Started with Sources, a journalist solves three main problems: choosing the most reliable source of information, ensuring access to it and verify the information received.
Why does the source choice becomes a problem? One of the reasons is that quite a lot of people would be readily given the journalist information, but they do not have adequate powers and competences, and therefore information received from them cannot be considered reliable. A journalist, first of all, is responsible for such questions: what organization is really dealing with questions that are interested in the correspondent? How is it organized? Who is the key figures (leaders)? Who can give exhaustive and accurate information?
By choosing a source and getting access to it by collecting the necessary information, the journalist checks the information received. And the check should be carried out at a convenient case, without sorry for this time. A conscientious journalist is characterized in that it will make five calls more calls to clarify information than its unnecessarily carefree colleague.
Usually, mass workers media use the three most common method of collecting information: interviews, observation, study of documents. Among them, the least reliable - interviews and observation, when using which the dubes of a journalist and objects of its interest are strongly manifested, and it is difficult to overcome. However, most of the materials are still preparing on the basis of conversations with people.
Interview. The success of the interview depends on many conditions and first of all from well done homework. It includes the most detailed acquaintance with the theme and interviewed. (I don't reveal the essence of the interview. There is a "general characteristic" in the question, and all the depth will be learned in previous questions)
Observation. Allows, firstly, collect figurative details about people, places and events, secondly, check information or impressions, thirdly, to obtain evidence, fourth, restore events for readers, listeners, audience.
Studying documents. Document, i.e. Information recorded in a print or handwritten text, on a magnetic tape, a film or a video tape, is hardly the most important tool in the journalist's work. With it, the information obtained during the interviews and observation is checked. It also becomes an argument and proof when the journalist needs to prove its rightness in court. But here the authenticity of the document is important!
Sociological methods for obtaining information. In the practice of the media, a technique borrowed from sociology is sometimes used. In particular, the survey is used to study the opinions about the newspaper or channel, audience representations on significant social problems, as well as to collect additional statistical material. Content analysis involves the analysis of the content. It implies the preparation of the quantitative characteristics of the phenomenon. For example, as often, one or another deputy appears on the newspaper strip? The journalistic experiment - its essence is that the journalist creates a situation that makes people show their "canned" qualities (example: a journalist "Evening Vedomosti" decided to stretch ... husband right on the street)
