House, design, renovation, decor. Courtyard and garden. With your own hands

^ Political behavior is a set of reactions of social subjects (social communities, groups, individuals, etc.) to the activities of the political system. Political behavior is subdivided into political participation and absenteeism

The main features of mass political behavior:

· Static, inertial (masses do not possess the property of self-organization, they are passive and inertial in choosing the methods of their actions).

· Stochasticity, probability (in mass behavior, there is great chance, disorder of relations between people).

· Situational (the nature of the actions of the masses is often determined by the place, time, reason; long-term, rational interests coexist with emotional manifestations).

· Anonymity (members of the masses are not interested in the individual properties, personal qualities of each other).

· Disclaimer of personal responsibility.

Political participation- This is the influence of citizens on the functioning of the political system, the formation of political institutions and the process of making political decisions. Varieties - actions to delegate authority (electoral behavior), activism to support candidates and parties in election campaigns; attendance at rallies and participation in demonstrations; party activity, etc. The opposite of political participation is absenteeism- avoidance of participation in political life, loss of interest in politics and political norms. The rise in absenteeism is an indicator of the loss of the legitimacy of power.

Exists different options classifications of political participation:

The English scientist A. Marsh, according to his influence on the political system, distinguishes:

1. orthodox - participation that ensures the stability and functioning of the political system, as well as the requirements for it, expressed in legal forms;

2. unorthodox - unauthorized actions related to the expression of demands or directed against the political system; (boycotts, strikes)

3.political crimes - political activity with the use of illegitimate violence (seizure of premises, hostages, sabotage, murder, war)

In relation to the current law, W. Millbright (USA) distinguishes:

1.conventional (legal and regulated by law) - voting, participation in political parties and election campaigns, participation in the political life of society, contacts with officials.

2.unconventional (illegal or rejected for the most part society for moral, religious and other reasons) - participation in demonstrations, riots, protests against the government, refusal to obey, etc.

A) non-violent - demonstrations, pickets, rallies

C) violent - riot, terrorism

By the level of activity, political participation can be divided into:

Active

Passive

According to the form of participation and the degree of activity, such types of political participation are distinguished as:

· Actively acceptable - participation in elected bodies, parties; lobbying, demonstrations

Passively acceptable - obedience to the law, voting

Actively unacceptable - violence, disorganization, bribery of officials

Passively unacceptable - disregard for the law

By motivation and nature of participation:

Autonomous (free and voluntary activity of individuals pursuing personal and group interests)

Mobilization - is coercive in nature, the incentives for political activity are fear, traditions, administrative coercion, etc., that is, in fact - quasi-participation inherent in totalitarian and authoritarian societies

In terms of intensity - political participation can be -

Systematic or

Episodic

Depending on the type of motivation, it is possible to distinguish open forms of citizens' behavior (having the character of direct political action, for example, participation in elections, demonstrations, pickets, etc.) and closed (characterizing the evasion of people from fulfilling their civic and political duties, for example, absenteeism).

From the point of view of the correspondence of the direction of civic actions to the generally accepted values ​​and norms of the "political game" in the political system, they speak of normative forms of political behavior (oriented towards the dominant principles) and deviant (deviating from them). Where the influence of ideology stimulates the routine, constantly repeating motives and actions of citizens, it is customary to single out traditional forms of political behavior and innovative ways of practical achievement of political goals (in which creative forms of political activity prevail) that oppose them.

As a special kind of political participation is considered political leadership.

Features of political leadership:

· Political leadership is multifunctional, multi-role, it is focused on more or less consistent implementation of certain programs, ideological attitudes;

· Political leadership is institutionalized to one degree or another; leader's activity is limited to one degree or another by existing social relations, norms, decision-making procedures;

· Between the national political leader and society, as a rule, there is no direct interaction, it is mediated by parties, interest groups, the media;

Political leadership is at the same time personified and corporate: a political leader single-handedly personifies the existing regime, the state power itself or the characteristic features of the political movement he heads, but his leadership is corporate in essence - the decisions made by top leaders always hide the work of numerous experts invisible to society , the closest circle of the leader.

Political participation should be distinguished from political activities. ^ Political activities- This is the interaction of organized and exercising power functions of individuals and groups. Its characteristic features are the concentration of efforts on the problems and needs common to this group; the perception of the state, political institutions as the main means of solving these problems; the use of political power as the main means of achieving the set goals; constant, often professional participation in the political process; the fundamental importance of political activity for all other aspects of the individual's personal life. The forms of political activity are professional employment in the system of government bodies, work in local government bodies, work in the apparatus of political parties and public organizations.

Political participation characterizes the actions of individuals and groups taken to influence the political process, participation in political meetings, actions, political discussions or other forms of expression of personal opinion. Political participation cannot be the sphere of professional employment of a person.

Political participation theories

One of the most common is rational choice theory. The main point of this theory is that political participation is due to the desire of a free individual to maximize the realization of his interests and goals. Thus, the participation of an individual in politics is possible when the possible income from participation exceeds his costs. Based on this position, the American researcher E. Downes proposed the following formula for rational participation:

R = pB-C + D, where

R - net profit from participation in elections;

B - political benefits from participation in elections;

C - possible costs;

D - direct benefit from voting.

^ Motivational theories political participation proceeds from the fact that a certain motivation underlies each of the forms of political behavior (typical or individual).

A motive (from Lat. Moveo - move) is a material or ideal object, the achievement of which is the meaning of activity. The motive exists in the form of specific experiences (positive emotions from the expectation of the achievement of a given object or negative ones associated with the incompleteness of the achievement), rational, conscious needs or irrational, purely psychological manifestations. The motivation for political activity is rarely associated only with the realm of politics. It has an extremely deep social nature and is conditioned by numerous, varied factors.

The deep level of education of political motivation can be considered the biopsychological characteristics of each individual. The most important are the following: volitional attitudes (will is the ability of a person to achieve his goals in the face of overcoming obstacles), the degree of emotionality, impulsivity of behavior, the ratio of rational and irrational factors of motivation, temperament (temperament is the individual pace and rhythm of mental processes, the degree of stability feelings), reactive thresholds (the threshold is the magnitude of the stimulus, upon reaching which the individual responds to it), the presence or absence of aggressiveness as a special form of self-affirmation, the degree of psychological self-sufficiency, phobia or mania, which have deep, biopsychological roots.

Along with the manifestation of deeply personal psychological characteristics, political activity also characterizes the objectively existing, stable lines of interaction between a person and various components of the public, including the political system. These interactions create external, social and institutional factors of political motivation. Among these motives for political participation, one can single out

· Normative motives - determine the political behavior of a person according to the rules established by the political system, without correlation with personal values ​​and attitudes. The individual recognizes the power of power and views submission as the only correct orientation

Role motives - are predetermined by the social role of the individual in the existing political system and depend on his social status and self-esteem

Depending on the level of education and the effect of these factors, they can be divided into macroenvironment (state, class, stratum, nation, cultural community) and microenvironment (institutionalized group communities, informal group communities, family, educational institutions, individuals). Experiencing the influence of these factors, reacting to them, the individual not only corrects internal motivational attitudes, but also acquires special, impersonal characteristics. Among them are:

status - a stable position of an individual in social structure that creates certain rights and obligations, opportunities and prohibitions (and, as a consequence, behavioral stereotypes);

role - a special way of behavior, reflecting the obligatory, desirable or possible norms of behavior characteristic of a particular social community, institution, structure, type of activity;

form of behavior - a complex of behavioral models consciously chosen or imposed from the outside.

The motives of political participation in the interpretation of the supporters of "humanistic" psychology (A. Maslow) are determined by the hierarchy of needs inherent in the individual

Physiological - the need to improve living standards

The need for security - the desire for social peace, order and legality

The need for love - the need for social identity, belonging

The need for self-affirmation - to increase social status and prestige

The need for self-actualization - the need to express and realize interests in politics

As the lower needs are satisfied, human actions begin to determine the higher needs, and vice versa - unrealized primary needs determine the direction of political behavior - that is, people advocate better living standards, social protection and security.

R. Inglehart's theory of "silent revolution" explains the change in political behavior in a stable, economically developed society by a shift that occurs towards post-material values, when the needs for improving the quality of life, ecology, harmonizing social relations, etc. come to the fore.

The third group of theories are theories of social factors. Political behavior in the context of these theories acts as a derivative of social factors, such as institutionalization, the level of socio-economic equality, social mobility, etc.

S. Lipset identifies 2 models of the relationship of political participation with social factors

Liberal - the growth of social economic development ensures the stability of society and determines the democratic nature of political participation

· Populist - political participation is aimed at the redistribution of wealth and property, which impedes economic modernization and leads to the undermining of stability.

The relationship between political participation and stability was also studied by S. Huntington - in his work "Political order in changing societies" he deduces the following formula for the interaction of political participation and stability:

· Political participation= political instability

Political Institutionalization

· Social frustration= political participation

Mobility

· Social mobilization= social frustration

_96_ BULLETIN OF UDMURT UNIVERSITY_

2017.Vol. 27, no. 1 SERIES PHILOSOPHY. PSYCHOLOGY. PEDAGOGY

UDC 316.6 D.D. Severukhin

POLITICAL CONDUCT AND PARTICIPATION. FORMS AND FACTORS OF PARTICIPATION AND NON-PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS

The article presents a theoretical overview of the problem of political behavior and citizen participation, describes the main theories explaining the reasons for this or that political behavior, and highlights the factors influencing this or that behavior. The analysis of the concepts of "political behavior", "political participation", "absenteeism" and "protest behavior" is carried out; their forms and types are described. An overview of the main theories of political and electoral behavior is presented: sociological, socio-psychological, rational choice. Various models of political participation are considered: the value model of R. Inglehart, the motivational model of J. McClelland, etc. Classifications of forms of political behavior are described; a separate emphasis is placed on the concepts of absenteeism and protest behavior. An analytical review of works on the topic of absenteeism and protest behavior was carried out; the degree of elaboration of these topics is analyzed.

Key words: political behavior, political participation, electoral behavior, protest behavior, absenteeism.

Introduction

Among the important democratic rights and freedoms of citizens, we will single out the opportunity for everyone to participate in politics and to influence the political process. Different people take part in politics with varying degrees of intensity: some are interested in political news, speak at rallies and demonstrations, are members of various political organizations; others, on the contrary, try not to delve into political issues and do not show any electoral activity. Thus, some people make the most of the opportunities given to them by the Constitution; others, on the contrary, refuse to exercise their rights. In the political science and political-psychological literature, there are many theories explaining the reasons for this or that political and electoral behavior, which have their own advantages and disadvantages, but to one degree or another explain various aspects of the political behavior of citizens. At present, there is a high interest of domestic political scientists and psychologists in the topic of political participation, as evidenced by many studies on this topic. The purpose of this work is to study the current research on political behavior and citizen participation, forms and factors that influence political behavior and participation. The paper presents an analysis of the concepts of "political behavior" and "political participation", in connection with which various theories and models are considered; also presents the results of modern domestic research in the field of absenteeism and protest behavior. However, before proceeding with the review, let us dwell in more detail on the differences in the interpretation of the basic concepts that describe the political activity of a person.

The concepts of "political behavior" and "political participation" are often used in books on political and political-psychological topics, but they receive an ambiguous interpretation. Let us dwell on clarifying some of the nuances in their definition. Let's start by defining the terms "political behavior" and "political action". Initially, the use of these terms was motivated by the need to distinguish between conscious (rational) and unconscious or partially conscious grounds for political activity. However, there are more contradictions in their definition than it might seem at first, since political processes are not limited to rational or emotional principles, which many researchers pay attention to. So V.A.Melnik writes:

“Political activity encompasses any political activity that manifests itself in the sphere of politics - conscious and unconscious, organized and spontaneous. At the same time, we see no obstacles to using the concept of "political behavior", which reflects the phenomena associated with the response of policy actors to stimuli or demands presented by the external environment. So, political behavior encompasses all manifestations of human activity in the field of politics. Individuals or social communities always behave in some way, but they do not always act in this case. If this behavior is deliberate

and purposeful, then it certainly represents a political action. When behavioral acts are of an unconscious or not fully motivated nature, then they are nothing more than a manifestation of unconscious political behavior.

L.S. Sanisteban gives the following definition: “The term 'political participation' is used to describe rational, deliberate forms of political behavior. Political participation is understood as the participation of citizens in the formation of government bodies, in recognizing the legitimacy of power, in shaping the policy pursued by the ruling group and in monitoring its implementation. "

D.V. Olshansky in his work "Fundamentals of Political Psychology" offers the following definition: "Political participation is understood as an inalienable property of the political or other governing (or self-governing) activities of people, which serves as one of the means of expressing and achieving their interests. Political participation becomes when an individual or a group is involved in political power relations, in the process of decision-making and management, which are of a political nature. Free, voluntary participation of citizens in politics is one of the most important indicators of the qualitative features of political systems, the degree of their democracy ”.

Let us also say separately about the concept of "electoral behavior". It is usually understood as the participation of citizens in the elections of state and municipal authorities. I.V. Okhremenko describes electoral participation as "a form of manifestation of the political behavior of citizens regarding the delegation of their powers." Thus, electoral behavior manifests itself during the pre-election campaign, directly during the election procedure, and also subsequently associated with the recall or re-election of deputies, etc.

In political science, there are three main theories that describe the political behavior of people and the factors influencing this behavior: sociological, socio-psychological and the theory of rational choice. Each of them considers mainly one of the aspects of political behavior, focusing on only some of the factors influencing it. Let's dwell on each of them separately.

The foundations of the sociological approach to the analysis of political behavior were laid as a result of a study conducted by a group of American scientists led by P. Lazarsfeld on the materials of the 1948 presidential election. beliefs, but belonging to a large social group. So the very fact of the expression of will is not the result of a conscious choice, but rather a manifestation of solidarity with the large group to which the individual belongs. Within the framework of this theory, one can also consider the studies of S. Verba and N. Nye. In their work "Participation in America," they identified the dependence of participation in politics on some indicators of social status. So, for example, men, representing middle-status and high-status groups, participate more actively in politics. Elderly people, women, citizens with a low level of education, housewives and the unemployed are less active in politics. Later, a number of researchers confirmed the conclusions of the Lazarsfeld group, showing the applicability of this theory to most Western democracies. However, the predictive ability of this theory turned out to be low, so a group of American scientists led by E. Campbell developed an approach that, from their point of view, complements the sociological theory.

This is how a socio-psychological approach appeared, in which the object of voters' solidarity is not just a large social group, but a party, so that the choice of voters is associated with their tendency to identify themselves with a particular party in the process of early political socialization. And further, a person often votes for a party for which his grandfather, father, etc. also voted. Such a choice is called “party identification”, which is an important value for an individual, which is not easy to refuse even due to more beneficial current interests. This approach has been successfully used to predict electoral behavior in elections in Western Europe and the United States. It was also revealed that people who identify themselves with a particular party often ascribe their own attitudes to the party, which may not correspond to reality.

Attempts were also made to create an approach that would integrate the provisions of the sociological and socio-psychological approaches. However, both of them have significant disadvantages.

wealth: they are unable to explain significant shifts in electoral preferences, since party identification and the distribution of social statuses are fairly stable parameters.

Fundamental to rational choice theory is the principle that "every citizen votes for the party that he believes will provide him with more benefits than any other." It received the name "maximization of benefits" and was put forward in the classic work of E. Downes "The Economic Theory of Democracy." Thus, an ordinary voter was viewed as a person striving for the greatest realization of his interests and casting his vote to achieve his own goals. However, such a view did not correspond much to reality. Nevertheless, the works of M. Fiorina brought some clarity to this theory, who writes: “Usually citizens have only one kind of relatively“ hard ”data: they know how they lived under the given administration. They do not need to know in detail the economic or foreign policy of the current administration in order to judge the results of this policy. " Thus, Fiorina points to a direct connection between the situation in the economy and the results of voting.

So, according to sociological theory, the factors determining the political behavior of an individual will be belonging to a large social group; according to socio-psychological theory - party identification; and according to rational choice theory, economic welfare. Of course, each of these factors in one way or another affects the political behavior of an individual, but there are many other factors that influence him.

There are a number of models of political participation, within which factors such as values, motives, attitudes, etc. are considered. Thus, the classical model of political participation is the value model of R. Inglehart. The main focus of his theory is on the influence of certain values ​​on the political participation of the individual. Inglehart divides values ​​into materialistic and post-materialistic. Studies have shown that individuals with prevailing post-materialistic values ​​were more inclined to protest and unconventional forms of political behavior due to the fact that they are more interested in changing the existing order of things than in preserving it.

The “attitudinal” model of political participation is close to this model. Scientists using this model study the influence of political attitudes on political behavior and participation. At the same time, within the framework of this model, the facts of discrepancies between attitudes and real behavior are recognized. In particular, G. Diligensky notes the existence of at least three reasons for the discrepancy between attitudes and political behavior, which are noted by social psychologists:

“... existing social and political relations and a person's position in these relations limit the possibilities of free choice of the type of individual behavior; a person, for objective reasons, is not able to realize his beliefs and values, developed by him in the process of comprehending reality and borrowed from others. As a result, he is forced to be guided by an actual attitude that contradicts these convictions ”;

". in the psyche of the individual, different or opposite attitudes coexist in relation to the same object or situation (which is ultimately explained by the contradiction between consciousness and social and individual experience); one of the attitudes is actualized under the influence of a specific combination of situational factors. Thus, people who, in principle, have a negative attitude towards strikes, often nevertheless participate in them, because at the same time they see strikes as an inevitable way of acting in certain extreme situations ”;

"The immediate cause of the mismatch is the individual's involvement in a social group or interpersonal contact (as in the Lapierre case), in the interests of" others ", prompting him to act in accordance with the role function in the group or group expectations."

In general, representatives of this approach, in addition to attitudes, also take into account the influence of other factors, and view political attitudes as translators of environmental and situational conditions.

Let us also note the need-motivational models of political participation, which are based on A. Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs. The researchers proceed from the assumption that the needs of a higher level cannot be met until the needs of a lower level are met. Needs induce a person to take action, but for the implementation of any action an additional incentive force is needed, which directs this action and

gives it meaning - namely, motive. Quite impressive and well-developed in this direction is the motivational theory of D. McLelland, who identifies three main groups of motives of political behavior:

The motive for the possession of power and / or the motive for controlling people and the situation;

Motive of achievement (goal, success);

Affiliation motive (building warm, friendly relationships with others).

According to D. McLelland, the predominance of this or that motive determines this or that type of political behavior of a person. For example, a politician's predominance of the affiliation motive can contribute to reaching a compromise in negotiations, seeking the approval of partners, etc.

Speaking about the factors influencing political and electoral behavior, it is worth highlighting the manipulative approach. Based on the provisions of classical behaviorism, this approach represents that a person is a blank slate and political agitation and propaganda form his opinion regarding certain political events. Accordingly, the most successful is the party or candidate that possesses the most advanced technologies for convincing the electorate. At the same time, a person is still not just a blank slate, but has his own motives and beliefs, which also affect his political behavior. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the dissertation work of E.B. Bogatova "Factors of socio-psychological resistance of voters to information-psychological pre-election influences", in which the author comes to the following conclusions - high indicators of intellectual development, active social activity, radicalism, non-conformism and criticality contribute to the formation of high resistance to information and psychological influences. And factors such as a high degree of social frustration and personal anxiety, especially in combination with factors of low intellectual development and low criticality, lead to a person's vulnerability to information and psychological influence.

Summing up, we note that, in view of the considerable number of factors influencing the political behavior of an individual, the study of their influence on behavior is becoming a frequent subject of research for political scientists and political psychologists.

Having considered the basic theoretical concepts and provisions, let's move on to the forms of political behavior of citizens. The most common division into passive and active forms of political participation. Let us dwell on the classification in the works of E.B. Shestopal, in which the basis for identifying types is both the objective characteristics of political behavior and the subjective perception of politics by a person, his understanding of his own role in it.

Here is one of the most developed schemes of political activity, taking into account both its political qualities and psychological forms of manifestation.

1. Reaction (positive or negative) to the impulses emanating from the political system, from its institutions or their representatives, not associated with the need for high human activity.

2. Participation in activities related to the delegation of authority (electoral behavior).

3. Participation in the activities of political and related organizations.

4. Performing political functions within the institutions that are part of the political system or act against it.

5. Direct action.

6. Active (including leading) activity in extra-institutional political movements directed against the existing political system, seeking its radical restructuring.

It is fair to pay attention not only to the forms of political action, but also to the forms of immobility, such as:

a) exclusion from political relations due to a low level of social development;

b) political exclusion as a result of an overorganized political system, low efficiency of feedback mechanisms between such a system and civil society as a whole, disillusionment with political institutions;

c) political apathy as a form of rejection of the political system (for example, after a foreign conquest and occupation, the victory of the counter-revolution, the bloody suppression of mass social and political movements);

d) political boycott as an expression of active hostility to the political system and its institutions.

Of course, the above forms of political behavior are by no means identical in both quantitative and qualitative respects. Some of them occupy a very modest place in political practice and are represented by isolated actions, while others are unusually developed and seriously influence the course of events. The development or underdevelopment of each of these specific forms of behavior are indicators by which one can judge the political system in general, and political culture in particular. Thus, of all forms of political activity in the political systems of the developed countries of the West, electoral behavior stands out above all.

As already mentioned, the most common form of such participation is electoral behavior, namely, participation in elections. However, despite the possibility of influencing the political life of the country, an increasing part of the population of Russia does not use it. Refusal to participate in the political life of an increasing percentage of the population can negatively affect the effectiveness of the electoral mechanism as a democratic institution. In this regard, it becomes relevant to study the problem of absenteeism.

Also, a phenomenon that requires close attention is the protest behavior of citizens, since it can often lead to illegal and even dangerous actions. Note that the reasons for absenteeism and protest behavior have common grounds. Let's consider this problem in more detail.

Protest forms occupy a certain place among the forms of political behavior and participation. Political protest, as Diligensky notes, is an open demonstration of a negative attitude towards the political system as a whole, its individual elements, norms, values, and decisions made. Protest forms of behavior include rallies, demonstrations, processions, strikes, picketing, mass and group violent actions.

The most popular concept explaining the reasons for protest behavior is the concept of deprivation. Deprivation is a state of dissatisfaction of the subject, resulting from the discrepancy between the real (or estimated) and expected by him (the subject) state. When this discrepancy becomes significant, and discontent becomes widespread, motivation arises to participate in protest actions. The reasons for deprivation can be the increase in taxes, prices, loss of the usual social status, economic recession, etc. Most often, the growth of protest moods is observed during the recession from economic recovery to deep depression, when people begin to compare their previous standard of living with the situation in the present. The activation of pro-test forms of behavior can also occur during the period of economic growth, when reforms and the pace of economic development do not keep pace with the demands of society. However, dissatisfaction is an important but not the only factor causing protest sentiments. These factors may include adherence to radical ideologies, distrust of the authorities, lack of faith in the effectiveness of other ways of expressing demands. Forms of protest behavior can be rallies, demonstrations, strikes, pickets, etc. These actions without the proper degree of control and organization can lead to riots, clashes and riots. Therefore, in a number of democratic countries, these actions are regulated by special laws.

Let us dwell separately on the degree of elaboration of this topic. Protest forms of behavior began to be studied most actively in the twentieth century, characterized as the era of wars and revolutions. The concept of "political protest" appeared in the 1960s. in the works of such scientists as G. Al-Mond, S. Verba, A. Marsh, D. Bell. Studying the phenomenon of political participation, they also investigated its protest forms.

In political science, the phenomenon of protest is analyzed from different positions: as the realization of the convictions of an individual, his political choice at the individual level (A. Campbell, D. Easton, P. Lazarsfeld, F. Converse), as a collective action in the conditions of the formation of a modern society and a democratic political system (A. Touraine, T. Parsons), in the context of political stratification (F. Gogel).

Domestic studies on the modern protest movement date back to the late 1980s. As noted in the work of E.S. Soinoy “Political protest behavior in modern Russia"," The elections of 1989 and 1990 led to the political success of the protest movements, many saw in them a real force capable of exerting a significant influence on political

ny system, on the process of governing the state and society as a whole. At the same time, a number of works on political protest appeared, the authors of which were E.A. Zdravomy-words, A.V. Kinsbursky, S.G. Kara-Murza, B.Yu. Kagarlitsky, I.M. Krivoguz, I.A. Klimov, Yu.A. Levada, M.M. Nazarov, V.V. Safronov, O. N. Yanitsky ".

In recent years, a number of dissertations have been published on this topic - this is the above work of E.S. Soinoy "Political and Protest Behavior in Contemporary Russia", and E.N. Kuta-gina "Culture of political protest", O. Yu. Garanin "Protest activity of youth in the context of political modernization of modern Russia" and others.

The dissertation work of S.V. Pozdnyakov "Political protest". Despite the fact that this work can hardly be called modern, since it was published in 2002, however, it conducts a thorough study of the phenomenon of protest itself and examines, among other things, its historical aspect. According to S.V. Pozdnyakov, “Our attitude to protests and behavior in them have been formed over millennia and we quite understandably entered the new century already with a certain protest mentality, developed by the entire course of previous history. The reaction of Russians to the oppression of the authorities has always taken extreme forms. It was either rebellion or submissive resignation. In the intervals between these extremes, the authorities and the population subject to them strove to lead a relatively independent existence from each other. "

The more modern work of K.G. Dubrovsky on the problem of protest - "The political aspect of mass protest actions in modern Russia." The work is based on the theory of a social contract, and the author of the dissertation comes to the following conclusions: it has been established that “the main reasons for the outbursts of protest activity of the population are the lack of public communication platforms on which the legitimation of the political order would be reproduced, as well as the inaccessibility of most of the media channels for the opposition,

It was revealed that the motivation of young people in presenting political demands to the authorities during social protests is based on political romanticism and the image of "fighters for justice" created by the mass media.

In the process of analyzing the role of trade unions in protest actions, which include, along with social and economic demands, political slogans, the desire of political parties to give trade union actions a political color was revealed,

It has been established that the protest activity of modern Russian society is largely local in nature, while social discontent is gradually transforming into a political one ”.

Studies of protest behavior can be divided into historical studies, when an analysis of past historical events is carried out; for example, the work of O.V. Kolbasina "Youth protest movement in the United States: the second half of the 1950s - the first half of the 1970s"; on political science - articles by I.A. Savchenko "Political protest in modern society: a technological approach": this article examines new forms of protest behavior, such as flash mobs, performances, happenings. These forms are combined into the concept of "spectacular forms of political protest." It is also worth highlighting modern psychological studies of this phenomenon: E.R. Agadullina, A.V. Lovakov “Protest Behavior: Individual and Group Factors”; A.Sh. Huseynov "The phenomenon of protest behavior and others."

Recently, a number of dissertations on the problem of protest in the regions have also been published on the topic of political protest. For example, the work of V.A. Artyukhina "Protest behavior of the population of the Altai Territory in the post-Soviet period", where the author analyzes the data of sociological studies of protest behavior in the Altai Territory in 1991-2011. V.A. Artyukhina received the following results: In the Altai Territory, over the past decade, there has been an increase in protest actions and the number of their participants, an increase in the number of illegitimate protest actions, the politicization of protest behavior (that is, focusing the protesters' discontent on the authorities) and a radicalization of demands. Also V.A. Artyukhina notes that protest activity in the region has seasonal fluctuations, namely, it occurs in late autumn and early spring.

Political participation is opposed by such a type of political behavior as absenteeism, under which, in the interpretation of K.S. Gadzhiev is understood as evasion from participation in political life (in the voice

campaign, election campaigns, protests, activities of parties, interest groups, etc.), loss of interest in politics and political norms, that is, political apathy. The absentee type of behavior exists in any society, but its growth, as well as the increase in the proportion of apathetic people, testifies to a serious crisis in the legitimacy of the political system, its norms and values.

Among the reasons for absenteeism can be called a lack of interest in politics as a result of passion for personal problems and interests and their effective solution, as a result of which there is a feeling of unnecessary politics. Or, conversely, apathy towards political issues can be generated by a sense of one's own helplessness in the face of impending problems, distrust of political institutions and disbelief in the possibility of influencing the political life of the state. Absenteeism is most often observed among young people, representatives of various subcultures and people with a low level of education.

According to Z.Z. Dzhandubaeva in her work "Absenteeism as a Phenomenon of Modern Russian Practice": "In modern Russia, the share of politically apathetic people in the population is quite large. This is due to a crisis of mass consciousness, a conflict of values, alienation of the majority of the population from power and distrust of it, political and legal nihilism and the persistence of a stable belief in the "miraculous" coming of the great charismatic leader. "

The role of absenteeism in modern Russian society is ambiguous. On the one hand, it is absenteeism that is almost the only stabilizing factor in a society in which there are no effective mechanisms for the peaceful resolution of social and political conflicts. On the other hand, there is a danger that under certain conditions a sharp transition from absenteeism to radical forms of political behavior is possible. That is why the problem of involving the majority of the population in politics through institutionalized forms of participation remains urgent in Russia. "

The phenomenon of absenteeism began to be studied relatively recently in Russia. This is due to historical factors: in the Soviet Union, the electoral turnout was virtually 100%, and in the 1990s it was only 100%. people were actively interested in politics due to the unstable situation in the political arena of the country. However, it was at that time that the number of people who did not participate in the elections and believed that nothing would change from their actions in the country began to gradually increase. In the 2000s. their percentage grew steadily.

During perestroika, works by E. B. Shestopal, L. Ya. Gozman, E.G. Andryushchenko and others. In recent years, the work of K.I. Arinina "Absenteeism in Politics: Causes and Consequences", Yu.I. Busheneva "Socio-political basis of Russian electoral absenteeism", A.Yu. Belyaeva, E.N. Tarasova "The tendency of absenteeism in modern Russian society."

Among the modern dissertations on the topic of absenteeism in Russia, we highlight the work of E.S. Sidorkina "The phenomenon of absenteeism in the parliamentary and presidential elections in Russia: 1995-2008". An important feature of this work is the author's classification of types of absenteeism, developed on the basis of motives of electoral non-participation, which lists 9 types of absenteeism: “1) objective circumstances of non-participation in voting (illness, departure, bad weather), 2) lack of interest in politics (apolitical ), 3) fatigue and disappointment in politics, 4) lack of worthy candidates, 5) lack of faith that the vote of one person can influence anything, 6) low importance of parliament in the eyes of voters, 7) protest against the current situation in country, 8) the conviction that the election results are predetermined, 9) a decrease in the effectiveness of the institution of elections in the eyes of voters ”.

Also, from the last works on the topic of absenteeism, we single out the work of O.V. Anisimova "Socio-psychological factors of an individual's predisposition to refusal of political choice." In her work, based on a survey of 400 Penza voters, the researcher came to the following conclusions: the overwhelming majority of the modern regional electorate has the following characteristics: “1) passivity and weak interest in events in the socio-political sphere; 2) the predominance of the minimum electoral activity among the young population aged 22 to 35; 3) distrust of electoral structures and lack of confidence in the ability to change anything in the current political situation. " The author also believes that a predisposition to political absenteeism is noted in people who are poorly involved in socio-political life, as well as unwillingness and inability to take responsibility for their actions.

We also note the works describing this phenomenon. For example, the article by V.V. Zuikova and E.V. Zvonovoy "The Psychological Foundations of Absenteeism", which provides a detailed analysis of various psychological reasons associated with absenteeism, and quite a lot of attention is paid to the process of political socialization as an important factor influencing the political participation of citizens. The peculiarities of the political socialization of various generations of Russian citizens have a connection with the level of absenteeism at the present time.

Conclusion

Political behavior and its various forms are currently being actively studied by domestic researchers, but there are still many “blank spots”. Therefore, the study of political behavior seems to be a very topical issue, especially in the context of actively changing political reality. This article analyzes the main theories describing political behavior and participation, namely: sociological, socio-psychological and rational choice theory; also considered such models of political participation as value, attitude and need-motivational. Much attention has been paid to the problem of political protest and absenteeism, about which, in conclusion, we will say the following: despite various manifestations, absenteeism and protest behavior can have a common nature, namely, dissatisfaction with the existing political system. Of course, the absenteeism of an individual citizen can also have private reasons, such as illness, changes in the weather and personal circumstances, due to which a person could not attend the elections. This percentage of absenteeism will be observed in any society and be considered the norm, but when the level of citizens not attending elections steadily grows, this may be a sign of the accumulation of dissatisfaction with the existing political situation in society.

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Received January 17, 2017

D.D. Severukhina

POLITICAL BEHAVIOR AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION. FORMS AND FACTORS OF PARTICIPATION AND NON-PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS

This article provides a theoretical overview of the problem of political behavior and participation of people, describes the main theories explaining the reasons for particular types of political behavior and highlights the factors influencing this behavior. Analysis of the concepts "political behavior", "political participation", "absenteeism" and "protest behavior" is carried out and their forms and types are described. A review is made of the basic theories of political and electoral behavior, such as sociological, socio-psychological, rational choice theory, and various models of political participation, such as the value model of R. Inglehart, the motivational model of J. McClelland and etc., are discussed. Classifications of various forms of political behavior, where special emphasis is placed on the concepts of absenteeism and protest behavior, are described. An analysis is also made of works on absenteeism and protest behavior and of the degree of elaboration of these topics.

Keywords: political behavior, political participation, electoral behavior, protest behavior, absenteeism.

Severukhina D.D., postgraduate student at Department of Social Psychology and Conflict

Severukhina Daria Dmitrievna, Post-Graduate Student, Department of Social Psychology and Conflictology

FSBEI HE "Udmurt State University" Udmurt State University

426034, Russia, Izhevsk, st. Universitetskaya, 1 (building 6) Universitetskaya st., 1/6, Izhevsk, Russia, 426034 E-mail: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Political behavior encompasses all forms of political activity of an individual, his actions and inaction.

By its target orientation, political behavior can be constructive(contributing to the normal functioning of the political system) and destructive(undermining the political order).

Political behavior can be individual, group and mass. Individual political behavior is the actions of an individual that have social and political significance (practical action or public statement that expresses an opinion about politicians and politics). Group political behavior is associated with the activities of political organizations or a spontaneously formed politically active group of individuals. The most massive forms of political behavior are elections, referendums, rallies, demonstrations. In group, and even more in mass political behavior, there is imitation, emotional contamination, empathy, subordination of individual behavior to group norms.

Behavior in organized and behavior in spontaneous forms. The behavior of members of organized political groups (for example, parties) is governed by the norms enshrined in their statutes; it depends on the distribution of roles between leaders and supporters, on the distribution of functions within the group. Spontaneous actions, that is, unplanned, rash actions from-

Smart people and disorganized mass protests arise in conditions of political crises, instability and are characterized by the predominance of irrational feelings over conscious ones.

Researchers talk about pathological forms of political behavior. Their manifestation can be extreme affective states, constant need for enmity, aggression, antagonism, panic states, manic political prejudices, etc. A sign of the pathology of political behavior is its inadequacy to the requirements of the situation or personality attitudes. So, when a frightening situation arises, a mass of people experience shock, fear and, instead of organizing to resist the threat, they panic, trying to escape, taking indiscriminate actions, creating chaos and thereby intensifying the dangerous consequences of what happened.

Psychologists describe in detail the behavior of people in the crowd. The characteristic features of the crowd are crowding in a confined space; the relative length of stay in one place; heterogeneity and instability of the composition; absence internal structure; anonymity. In the “collective soul” of the crowd, the ability to respond to logical reasoning is blocked, but a response to emotional impact is possible. The crowd is driven by instincts, she knows only simple and extreme feelings.

] “People who are uneducated in the eyes of the crowd seem more;
| convincing than educated. " ]

I Aristotle;

A sense of responsibility disappears in the crowd. In a politicized crowd, manifestations of affective unconscious behavior are likely. Affective (from Lat. Affectus - emotional excitement) behavior is manifested in the subject's violent reaction to a strong external stimulus, in which a person's conscious control over his actions is partially or completely repressed. The French scientist G. Le Bon (1841-1931) wrote: “... Becoming a part of an organized crowd, a person descends several steps of the ladder of civilization. In an isolated position, he might have been a cultured person; in the crowd - it is a barbarian, that is, an instinctive creature. He has a tendency to arbitrariness, violence, ferocity, but also to the enthusiasm and heroism inherent in primitive man. " The crowd is characterized by intolerance, impulsivity, irritability, susceptibility to suggestion, one-sidedness of feelings and variability. The responsibility of a person for his actions seems to dissolve in the emotions of the crowd. The man in the crowd chants those political slogans and performs those actions.

Viy, which he would not have made, being in a balanced state. The crowd is fraught with the danger of aggressiveness, riots, violence.

An aggressive crowd is characterized by rage, anger towards the object of aggression. It aims at causing suffering, physical or psychological harm to other people or communities. Behind the outwardly spontaneous aggression is internal aggressiveness arising as a reaction to the experience of social deprivation, inaccessibility of any public goods, etc. Psychologists believe that in the forms of aggression that develops in mass social and political processes, for example, in racial, ethnic, religious , ideological clashes, infection and mutual induction occur, a significant influence of stereotypical ideas, prejudices, especially the image of the enemy, is manifested. If someone is perceived as a leader directing aggression, his power over the crowd becomes unlimited and the excited mass blindly follows his calls.

Since the most widespread form of political participation is elections, it is precisely electoral behavior citizens: for whom and why do representatives of certain strata of the population vote, what are the reasons for the non-participation of some citizens in the elections?

Electoral behavior depends on a number of factors. In countries where the party system has long been established, the ties of voters with certain parties are fairly stable. From election to election, they vote for the party they traditionally consider “theirs”. A significant part of voters vote for those candidates and for those parties that offer the most acceptable solution to existing problems. Finally, there is individual and group commitment to specific candidates. In this case, they vote not so much for the program as for the candidate, based on a positive assessment of what he has already done or is going to do. These factors interact with each other, sometimes contradict each other, and sometimes overlap. In this regard, their weakening occurs.

Let's return to the question of participation or non-participation in elections. For example, in the United States, 25 to 35% of the adult population vote more or less regularly in elections at all levels; another 30-40% vote very rarely or never come to the polling station; from 3 to 7% of voters are not at all interested in politics. There are countries where up to 95% of voters vote. As you know, electoral evasion is called absenteeism (from the Latin

A word literally meaning "absent"). Absenteeism can have serious consequences: if the number of voters is below a certain norm (say, 50 or 25% of the voters), then the elections will be declared invalid. And this can paralyze the most important links of the political system. Therefore, in democratic states, the mass media play an important role, enabling citizens to receive information about politics and various political forces, helping to overcome indifference and political apathy.

In the structure of political behavior, there are protest forms. Political protest is a manifestation of a negative attitude towards the political system as a whole or towards its individual elements, norms, values, political decisions in an openly demonstrated form. Protest actions are carried out both in the “soft” version (petitions, appeals) and in the “hard” version (strike). Protest forms also include rallies, demonstrations, processions, picketing. There are times when protest behavior goes beyond democratic norms and manifests itself in boycotts, the occupation of administrative buildings, overlapping transport highways, other violent actions. Protest behavior, as a rule, is explained by the state of discontent caused by the discrepancy between the real and the expected position, towards which the subject is striving.

Russian political life in the 90s. XX century demonstrated and extreme forms of political behavior. In the very general view extremism (from Lat. extremus - extreme) is understood as adherence in politics to extreme views and measures. The specific manifestations of political extremism are manifold. These include such actions as the implementation of mass riots, hooliganism and acts of vandalism based on ideological, political, racial, national or religious hatred or enmity against any social group; the creation of illegal armed groups; seizure or appropriation of power; propaganda or public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols; public calls for a violent change in the foundations of the constitutional order and violation of integrity Russian Federation, as well as other similar actions.

According to experts, the varieties of extremism have common features: one-sided perception of social problems and ways of solving them; the use of demagogic slogans and appeals that create the image of the enemy; reliance on feelings, instincts, prejudices, and not on reason; thoughtless

Noah, unquestioning execution of orders of the leaders of terrorist organizations; fanaticism, obsession with the desire to impose their views on opponents; inability to tolerate, compromise; the use of violence. Extremism in the modern world is characterized by an increase in scale, increased cruelty and recklessness of actions, and the use of the latest technological advances. Terrorism is one of the most dangerous manifestations of political extremism (which will be discussed in the next part of the textbook).

Social Studies Test Political Behavior for Grade 11 with Answers. The test has two parts. Tasks with a choice of answer (10 tasks) and tasks with a short answer (3 tasks).

Multiple Choice Assignments

1. The manifestation of a negative attitude to the political system as a whole or to its individual elements, values, political decisions in an openly demonstrative form is

1) extremism
2) political protest
3) electoral behavior
4) group political behavior

2. Behavior that meets the laws, requirements of political morality, is called

1) regulatory
2) pathological
3) deviating
4) extreme

3. Open forms of political behavior include (are)

1) rally
2) demonstrations
3) referendum
4) all of the above

4. Definition: "The actions and actions of the subject of politics, characterizing his interaction with the social environment, with various socio-political and forces" refers to the concept

1) affective political behavior
2) extreme political behavior
3) political behavior
4) deviant political behavior

5. Are the following judgments about political behavior correct?

A. The presence of the person's conscious political interests is of decisive importance in political behavior.
B. Of decisive importance in political behavior is the presence of personal values.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are true
4) both judgments are wrong

6. Are the following judgments about individual political behavior correct?

A. The political behavior of an individual makes sense only because many other people are willing to do and are doing the same at the same time.
B. The political behavior of an individual can influence the state of affairs in society in the absence of organizational and even ideological cooperation.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are true
4) both judgments are wrong

7. Are the following judgments about the motives of people's political actions true?

A. The motives of people's political action are determined by social factors.
B. The motives of people's political action are determined by the individual psychological makeup of the personality.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are true
4) both judgments are wrong

8. Speaking at a spontaneous rally, the opposition leader called on his supporters to seize vital centers of state power and government. This is an example

1) traditional forms political behavior
2) destructive political behavior
3) constructive political behavior
4) electoral behavior

9. Citizen D. stated: "I do not know all the circumstances that led our government to the decision to conclude this international treaty, but I am concerned that compliance with all of its points may lead to infringement of our national interests." This example illustrates such a component of political behavior as

1) opinions
2) values
3) beliefs
4) relationships

10. Citizen L. does not share the political values ​​of the majority of his compatriots. He has a high degree of distrust of political leaders and institutions and believes that he cannot influence politics. Therefore, citizen L. does not participate in political life. This example illustrates the position

1) activist
2) a competent observer
3) absentee
4) a competent critic

Short Answer Tasks

1. Write down the word missing in the outline.

2. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are associated with the concept of “extremist political behavior”.

Legal nihilism, legal norm, riots, hostage-taking, intolerance.

Find and specify a term that refers to another concept.

3. Find the forms of regulation of political behavior in the given list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) dissemination of truthful political information
2) the refusal of the party leader from interaction with other political parties and parties with similar ideological orientation
3) the desire for organization on the part of policy actors
4) stimulation of spontaneous destructive manifestations in political life
5) political education
6) ignoring public opinion

Social Studies Test Answers Political Behavior for Grade 11
Multiple Choice Assignments
1-2
2-1
3-4
4-3
5-3
6-3
7-3
8-2
9-1
10-3
Short Answer Tasks
1. Deviant
2. Legal regulation
3. 135

Non-state educational institution

higher professional education

"St. Petersburg University of Management and Economics"

INSTITUTE FOR HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Test

in the discipline "POLITICAL SCIENCE"

On the topic "The political behavior of the individual."

Saint Petersburg 2014

Introduction

1. Political behavior

4. Political socialization

Conclusion

Appendix

Introduction

One of the most important characteristics of political processes is political behavior and people's participation in political life. Individuals and groups are involved in the political process, interact with the political environment, and play a variety of roles. The interaction of individuals and their interests determines the content of the political process. Therefore, politics in the system of personal value orientations takes one of the leading places.

The participation of an individual in politics presupposes the presence of certain political knowledge, experience and culture. They help her, as a political subject, to effectively perform political functions. Every person needs political knowledge, regardless of their profession. The quality of political decisions, taking into account the interests of the population and their participation in political life depends on what kind of political culture of people, what are the relationships between the individual, society and the state.

"The political behavior of the individual manifests itself in organized and spontaneous forms. Organized forms are associated with participation in parties, interest groups, movements, etc., where there is a clear system of distribution of roles, functions, hierarchical relations. Spontaneous forms are presented as unplanned (or thoughtless, irrational ) actions - mass demonstrations, riots, uprisings, protest rallies, etc. "

1. Political behavior

"Political behavior is a form of participation of the individual, the social community of people in the exercise of political power, protection of their political interests. There are two main types of political behavior: political action and political inaction."

Political action includes participation in political demonstrations, elections, referendums, and rallies. Political inaction is non-participation in political activities, such as refusal to participate in elections.

The active participation of the individual in the political life of society has a multifaceted significance.

First, through such participation, conditions are created for the creative self-expression of the individual, which in turn constitutes the necessary prerequisite for the most effective solution of social problems. But without democracy, trust and publicity, creativity, conscious activity, and motivated participation become impossible.

Secondly, the general development of man, as a subject of politics, is:

an important condition for the connection of political institutions with civil society;

control over the activities of political and administrative structures by the people;

a means of counteracting bureaucratic distortions in the active management apparatus, separation of management functions from society.

Third, through the development of democracy, society satisfies the need of its members to participate in the management of state affairs.

"Political behavior is individual, group and mass. Individual political behavior is the actions of an individual that have social and political significance (practical action or public statement that expresses an opinion about politicians and politics). Group political behavior is associated with the activities of political organizations or spontaneously formed a politically active group of individuals. The most massive forms of political behavior are elections, referendums, rallies, demonstrations. In group, and even more in mass political behavior, there is imitation, emotional contamination, empathy, subordination of individual behavior to group norms. "

Indicators of political activity are criteria that include objective and subjective characteristics of the participation of an individual.

Objective Subjective Membership in various organizations; actual participation in social activities, for example, in the work of elected bodies of local self-government, in mass political events, in discussions, preparation and adoption of managerial decisions, as well as in appeals to various government departments; time spent on social and political work and participation in elections of deputies and leaders of various levels; attitude to political activity, attitude to personal participation in it, assessment of the results of this activity, as well as attitude to government institutions and political parties; attitude towards politicians; evaluating the course taught by statesmen; attitude to specific solutions to practical problems and events in public life.

The political behavior of an individual can be realized in various forms: participation in political movements, parties and groups. It can be carried out individually, through direct political participation, for example, when voting in elections.

By the nature of participation in politics, the following personality types are distinguished:

an ordinary subject of political life. This type includes people who are not specifically involved in politics and do not perform any positions in political organizations and associations;

representative of any political group... Here, the role of a person turns out to be initially assigned, and he is obliged to fulfill it already by virtue of his status, belonging to a certain organization, the charter and norms of which prescribe him a certain way of political behavior;

political leader - a person exercising power functions, capable of influencing others in order to realize someone's political interests.

2. Factors of political behavior of the individual

Various factors influence the political behavior of an individual and the degree of his activity, but first of all - the socio-economic conditions of a person's life. The desire for power can be viewed by individuals as a way of self-realization, a way of winning honor, awards and privileges.

The political behavior of an individual depends on:

The political regime;

Traditions in society;

The specific political situation;

Human gender;

Age;

Psychological personality traits: temperament, willpower, emotions;

The material and social status of a person, his professional status;

Ideological values;

Political traditions and party preferences in the family;

Feelings of civic duty and political culture of the citizen;

The ability of the state to forcibly involve citizens in politics;

Nationalities;

Living place.

Based on their political behavior, policy makers fall into the following categories:

leaders who lead a political movement, with their authority and influence, contributing to its cohesion and the achievement of its goals;

activists are intermediaries between leaders and followers. They organize the participants in the movement, constantly supplying leaders with information about the results and difficulties achieved, make significant adjustments to the strategy and tactics of the behavior of the masses;

followers. Their behavior is characterized by varying degrees of activity and participation in organizations, they support the goals set by the leaders, consider them consistent with their interests, which they represent quite clearly, which stimulates their participation in political activity;

opinion leaders, without influencing the behavior of the participants from the point of view of its organization, by their intellectual activity, primarily in journalism, create "fields emotional and intellectual tension around certain problems, make them the object of universal attention; they are consulted for advice, but not for directives for action.

political behavior mass personality

Forms of political behavior:

ORTHODOXYNO ORTHORDOXAL action to maintain the existing orderpolitical activity to change the political system turnout for elections, rallies, demonstrations in support of political actors, participation in politics strikes, demonstrations, seizure of buildings, hostages, violence, murder for political reasons, wars, extremism and terrorism

Political behavior is deformed in the crowd. In the crowd, intolerance, impulsiveness, irritability, susceptibility to suggestion, a tendency to illusions, one-sidedness of feelings and variability are manifested.

3. Mass political behavior

Mass political behavior is a reaction to situations and problems of public life, the policy of the state of many people, different in their social belonging, but united by common sentiments, ideas and the desire to use political institutions to achieve certain goals.

In most political processes, people participate, united in organized groups and in temporary formations, representing a crowd on the street, participants in a rally, a demonstration, the audience of a program or spectators of a political program. Being in a similar state, they acquire certain features of the mass:

statistic - people gathered in a mass do not represent a holistic education, different from its constituent elements;

stochasticity, probability - here randomness, disorder of relations, the boundaries of the mass are blurred, the composition is unstable;

situational - its nature is completely determined by the place, time, reason for education, type of activity or communication in which she is engaged;

amorphousness - lack of internal organization, structure;

anonymity - members of the masses do not open up to each other with any individual personal qualities.

When assessing and predicting the nature of the potential behavior of the mass, one must take into account the presence of the main types:

· Public... Formed on the basis of intelligent interaction. It is made up, for example, of readers of one newspaper, listeners of a program, people who are keen on one occupation or type of leisure. The public does not have a special organization, it consists of representatives of various social groups, the reason for its formation is accidental, but almost always formed on a more or less stable, rational basis, which is general information or common interest.

· Crowd... It arises as a result of the physical interaction of people maintaining direct contact with each other when they come to a rally or wait for a train. Mass communication affects the behavior and activities of crowd participants. This property of communication is deliberately used by organizers, instigators and instigators of excesses, who possess the technique of influence.

Forms of mass behavior Mass hysteria A state of general nervousness, increased excitability and fear. Examples of mass hysteria are the medieval "witch hunt", the post-war " cold war", trials over" enemies of the people "in the era of Stalinism, mass intolerance towards representatives of other nationalities. Rumors A set of information that arise from anonymous sources and spread through informal channels. Panic This is a form of mass behavior in which people, faced with danger, show uncoordinated actions, often interfering and traumatizing each other. extreme conditions: fire, earthquake, flood and more. Mass hysteria in some cases results in panic, and sometimes in pogroms. Pogrom A collective act of violence undertaken by an uncontrollable and emotionally agitated mob against property or an individual. A pogrom is a short-lived outburst of violence, fueled not by convictions, but by passions. Rebellion A number of spontaneous forms of collective protest: rebellion, unrest, turmoil, uprising. The cause of occurrence is massive dissatisfaction with something or someone. Rebellion means disobeying the authorities.

4. Political socialization

Political socialization is the process of assimilating cultural values, political orientation and assimilating forms of political behavior that are acceptable for a given society.

As a result of the process of political socialization, individuals and groups become familiar with the norms and traditions of a particular political system, the formation of the skills of political participation, informing about the goals and methods of the policy pursued. Political socialization occurs in many areas of life: in the family, in a peer group, school, political organization. Its instruments are direct educational influence, the influence of political propaganda and its own political experience.

"Political socialization fulfills a number of essential functions:

) determines the political goals and values ​​that the individual strives for and wants to comprehend through political participation;

) forms ideas about acceptable ways of political behavior, about the appropriateness of certain actions in specific situation;

) determines the attitude of the individual to the environment and the political system;

) develops a certain attitude towards political symbols;

) forms the ability to cognize the surrounding world;

) forms beliefs and attitudes, which are the "code" of political life.

FACTORS PUBLIC PERSONALITY political economic social spiritual administrative and managerial biopsychic characteristics social experience social status

In the process of political socialization, five stages can be distinguished, which differ from each other in the characteristics of the formation and development of human consciousness:

Stage 1political socialization occurs in the preschool years. In modern society, a child at the age of 3-4 acquires the first information about politics. The main institution of political socialization at this stage, as a rule, is the family. In the process of family communication, the child takes the first steps in the study of the political culture of society. Families have their own political traditions (positive or negative attitude to the existing political order, commitment to a particular political force), which are passed on to the child.

Stage 2political socialization falls on the school years. Through school, the child begins to get involved in the state system of political education. Through the study of special disciplines (the history of the country), a certain system of knowledge about politics is formed.

Stage 3political socialization begins after leaving school and lasts from 25 to 30 years. At this stage, various formal and informal youth associations have a priority influence on the formation of political consciousness and behavior of young people. Those who continue their studies after leaving school are greatly influenced by the traditions of the higher educational institution. Young people, more than other age groups, are dissatisfied with the existing political system, which, as it seems to them, infringes on their rights and restricts freedom.

Stage 4political socialization is associated with a person's finding a stable place in life. He is determined with a range of occupations, profession, permanent job, starts a family. He has less time for politics. And if the circle of a person's business and professional interests is not directly related to the political sphere, and his living conditions are completely satisfactory, then the political activity of an individual decreases, and his role in the political system is most often reduced to the role of the voter. In adulthood, a person's political behavior becomes calmer, and political views are more stable.

Stage 5political socialization occurs in old age. Having finished working, a person retires, frees himself from the mass of current affairs. He has a lot of free time. The political views of older people are generally conservative. Their political activity is aimed at preserving the traditional order and opposing all kinds of innovations.

Conclusion

The socio-political system has a great influence on political behavior. The most favorable conditions for political activity are created in a democratic society. Here, the individual is provided with ample opportunities for the manifestation of political will.

The degree of development of political culture in society, primarily ideology, values, political traditions and customs, has a significant impact on the political behavior of an individual. They can both contribute to the development of the political activity of the individual and restrain him.

People, in order to express their interests through political behavior, must have at least the most general ideas about the political world and the mechanisms of its functioning.

Political extremism plays a destructive role in politics. Political extremists and extremist organizations often rely on young people, counting on their inexperience and activity. A clear understanding of the danger of political extremism will prevent us from becoming a tool in the hands of figures and organizations that achieve their goals using illegal methods.

Political behavior should not go beyond the boundaries indicated by political, legal and moral norms.

Bibliography

1. Artemov, G.P. Political sociology: textbook / G.P. Artyomov. - M .: Logos, 2002 .-- 280 p.

2. Isaev, B.A. Political Science: Reader / B.A. Isaev, A.S. Turgaev, A.E. Khrenov. - SPb .: Peter, 2006 .-- 464s.

3. POLITICAL CULTURE AND PROBLEMS OF POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION [Electronic resource] // Central Scientific Library. - Access mode: # "justify"> 4. Political Science: Personality and Politics [Electronic resource] // Big Library. - Access mode:

<#"center">Appendix

Dictionary of basic concepts

1. Individual(from Lat. individuum - indivisible) - a person as a separate person in the environment of other people.

2. Extremism (from lat. extremus - extreme) - adherence to extreme views and measures.

3. Terrorism (lat. terror - fear, horror) is a special form of political violence, characterized by cruelty, purposefulness and seeming effectiveness.

4. Biopsychic features -character traits, features that we receive from birth.

5. Social status(lat. status - position) - the relative position of an individual or social group in a social system, determined by a number of features characteristic of this system.

6. Political process- implementation of politics in public space and historical time.

7. Conformitymeans the absence of one's own position, unprincipled and uncritical adherence to any model that has the greatest force of pressure (majority opinion, recognized authority, tradition and an objective view).