Training materials on literature
Explanatory note
Training materials are intended to prepare for a single state exam and the state final exam (in writing) on \u200b\u200bliterature.
Training materials consist of 2 sections.
Section 1. There are 4 sets of tasks that are associated with the analysis of artistic text.
Kits 1 and 2 included 9 tasks. Jobs №1-7 are estimated as much as possible in 1 point. Tasks number 8 and №9 are estimated as much as possible in 4 points in accordance with the criteria of estimation. Jobs №1-9 may be included in both GEE-11 examination materials and in KIM EGE.
Kits 3 and 4 included 7 tasks. Jobs No. 1-5 are estimated as much as possible in 1 point. Tasks No. 6 and No. 7 are estimated as much as possible in 4 points in accordance with the criteria of estimation. Tasks №1-7 may be included in both GEE-11 examination materials and in KIM EGE.
Section 2.it is offered 6 the essays. The essay is estimated as much as possible in 14 points in accordance with the criteria. The tasks offered in Section 2 are used only in the KIM EGE in literature and are not included in GWE-11.
SECTION 1
Instructions for performing sets of tasks №1-4
The tasks in each set are related to the analysis of the artistic text (fragment of the epic, or limier, or dramatic work, go lyric poems, or fable).
Read the artistic texts below and follow the tasks to the text. The answer to all tasks except the last two is a word, or phrase, or a sequence of numbers.
When performing the last two tasks, give a direct connected answer to the question (approximate volume - 5-10 sentences). Recommend the author's position, if necessary, set out your point of view. Argument the answer, relying on the text of the work.
Performing the last task, select two works of different authors for comparison (in one example, it is permissible to appeal to the execution of the author to which the source text belongs to); Indicate the names of the works and surname of the authors; Justify your choice and compare the works with the text proposed in the specified direction of analysis.
Set of tasks number 1
But Chichikov said simply that such an enterprise, or denominations, will not be inappropriate to civil regulations and further species of Russia, and after a minute later added that the treasury would even benefit, because they will receive legal duties.
- So you think? ..
- I suppose it will be good.
"And if well, this is another thing: I am against this anything," said Manilov and completely calmed down.
- Now it remains to be in price.
- How in price? Said Manilov again and stopped. - Do you really think that I will take money for the souls, which in some way graduated from your existence? If you really came to you, so to speak, a fantastic desire, then on my part I give them a randomly and bumping to myself.
The great reproach would be the historian of the proposed events, if he missed that pleasure was overcome by the guest after such words pronounced by Manilov. As he was demenenial and judged, but here almost produced even a jump on the sample of a goat, which, as is known, is made only in the strongest pleasures of joy. He trembled so much in the chairs that he burst into a woolen matter, who wrapped the pillow; Manilov himself looked at him in some perplexity. Impressed by appreciation, he spent immediately so much thanks that he was mixed, all reddished, made a head negative gesture and finally put it, that this is nothing that he, for sure, would like to prove anything heart attraction, the Magnetism of the Soul, and the Dead Souls in some way perfect rubbish.
"I'm not very rubbish," said Chichikov, shook his hand. A very deep breath was emitted here. It seemed that he was tuned to heartcuts; Not without feeling and expression, he finally said the following words: - If you know that this service, it seems to be a rubbish man without a tribe and family! And indeed, what did I not suffer? As a barca, some among the ferocious waves ... What persecutions, what persecution did not experience, what kind of grief did not taste, but for what? For the fact that I followed the truth that I was clean on my conscience, which I filed a hand and plenty of helpless, and the Syrote-Gorryka! .. - There is even a scarf to the tears with a handkerchief.
Manilov was completely raster. Both buddies have long stood with each other and long watched silently in each other in the eyes, in which they were visible tears. Manilov did not want to release the hands of our hero and continued to press her so hotly that he had no longer knew how to help her. Finally, having fluttering her slowly, he said that it would not be good to make a bumping quickly and it would be nice if he had heard himself in the city. Then he took a hat and began to leave.
(, "Dead Souls")
Tasks for fragment
What is Gogol's definition of the "Dead Souls" genre?
Answer: ____________
Chichikov visits, in addition to Manilov, other landowners. Install the correspondence between the names of the landowners and the features of their appearance: to each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
What is the name of the artistic admission, based on comparison of phenomena, items ("How does any barca among the fierce waves")?
Answer: ____________
Why did the intention of Manilov give the dead souls freely produced such a strong impression on Chichikov?
Molchanin
What wedding? with whom?
Lisa
And with the young lady?
Molchanin
Hopes a lot ahead
We have time without a wedding.
Lisa
What are you, sir! yes we are someone
Other Other husbands?
Molchanin
I do not know. And I crashes a shiver,
And at one I thought a fool,
Someday caught us
Worry, cursed! .. What? Do you open the soul?
I do not see anything in Sofary Pavlovna
Enviable. God give her a century to live richly
Loved Chatsky once,
It will be blunting like him.
My angel, walked half
To her the same feel that I feel about you;
Yes no, no matter how hard
I am preparing to be gentle to be, but I quiet - and the sheet.
Sofia (to the side)
What lowness!
Chatsky (for the column)
Lisa
And you are not conscientious?
Molchanin
I won my father:
First, to please all people without rewriting -
The owner where will bring to live
Head, who I will serve with
A servant of him that cleans the dresses
Swiss, janitor, for avoid evil,
Dog janitor, so that Laskov was.
Lisa
To say, sir, you have a huge guardianship!
Molchanin
And here is a lover I take the view
In the pleasedness of the daughter of such a person ...
Lisa
Which feeds and seit
And sometimes it will give?
Let's go, rather interpreted.
Molchanin
Let's go love to divide our crying crallers.
Give you to hug you from the heart of completeness.
(Lisa is not given.)
Why she's not you!
(Wants to go, Sofia does not allow.)
Sofia (Almost a whisper, the whole scene in a low voice)
Horrible man! myself I am ashamed of myself.
Molchanin
How! Sophia Pavlovna ...
Sofia
Not a word for God's sake
Sorry, I will solve everything.
Molchanin (Knee rushes, Sofia pushes it)
Oh! Remember! Do not be angry, take a look! ..
Sofia
I do not remember anything, do not do it.
Memories! like a sharp knife OE.
Molchanin (crawls at her feet)
Mix ...
Sofia
Do not adhere, stand up.
("Woe from Wit")
Tasks for fragment
Specify the genre of the work of "Woe from the mind"?
Answer: ____________
A few characters are involved in the love conflict in the "grief from the mind". Set the match between these characters and their actions, the events of their lives: to each position of the first column, select the appropriate position from the second column.
Write in the table selected numbers under the appropriate letters.
In the resulting fragment, the relative appeal of silence with Lisa is opposed to his willingness to humiliate and hypocrine before Sofia. What term is the opposition in artistic work?
Answer: ____________
What does the scellin appears in this fragment of the work?
Social
Fortieth, fatal,
Military and front-line,
Where is the wrongness of funeral
And the crossings are echelon.
Gudyat rolling rails.
Spacious. Cold. High.
And chasers, chaverseers
Koom from the West to the East ...
And this is me on the gesture
In his surpassed ruin,
Where the stars are not authorized,
And carved from the jar.
Yes, it is me on white light,
Lucky, funny and progress.
And I have a tobacco in a hand,
And I have a typical mouthpiece.
And I am with a girl with a hood,
And more desired chromium,
And soldering in a break
And I understand everything in the world.
How it was! How coincided -
War, trouble, dream and youth!
And it's all stuffed in me
And only then woke up in me! ..
Fortieth, fatal,
Lead, powder ...
War walks in Russia,
And we are so young!
(, 1961)
Tasks to poem
Specify the system of stanza (ordinal numeral in the nominative case), in which the poet uses personification.
Answer: ____________
From the list below, select the three names of artistic means and techniques used by the poet in the second stanza of this poem. Record the numbers under which they are indicated.
How does the strength of the spirit and the life of the military generation are displayed in the poem "Socketon"?
I like that you are not sick with me,
I like that I am not sick,
That never heavy balloon
Does not float under our feet.
I like that you can be funny -
Dissolved - and do not play words,
And do not blush a suffocable wave,
Sleeping slightly with sleeves.
I like what you are with me
Calmly hug another,
Do not read me in hell
Burn for the fact that I don't have you.
What is my name gentle, my gentle, not
We mention neither day nor at night - vsu ...
That never in church silence
Do not rush over us: Alliluya!
Thank you and your heart and hand
For the fact that you are not knowing me! -
So love: for my night rest,
For the rarity meetings with clums
For our non-walking under the moon,
Behind the sun, we are not over our heads -
For the fact that you are sick - alas! - not me,
For the fact that I am hospital - alas! - not you!
(, 1915)
Tasks to poem
Name the reception consisting in repeated use of the same word:
That name gentle My, mine tender, not
We mention neither day nor at night - vsu ...
Answer: ____________
From the list below, select Three names of artistic agents and techniques used by the author in the third storm of this poem. Record the numbers under which they are indicated.
What is the complexity and inconsistency of the character of the heroine to the lover?
In what works of Russian poets sound the topic of unrequited love and what these works are similar to the poem?
Answers to tasks with a brief answer
Quest Number | Set number 1 | Set number2 | Set number 3. | Set number 4. |
larepic; Laroeapic; Epos; epic | lyrical hero | |||
psychologist | rhetorical | anaphora; unity | ||
dialogue; Polylog. | cross |
|||
comparison | antithesis; contrast | |||
Evaluation of the penultimate tasks of sets,
If, when checking the tasks of this group, an expert on the first criterion puts 0 points or 1 point, then the task is not estimated according to the second criteria (0 points are set to the answer verification protocol).
Criterion | Point |
1. Depth of the leading judgments and persuasive arguments | |
The examiner gives a direct connected response to the question, relying on the author's position; if necessary, formulates its point of view; convincingly justifies its theses; confirms his thoughts with text; does not replace the analysis of text retelling; | |
The examiner gives a direct connected response to the question, relying on the author's position; if necessary, formulates its point of view; does not replace the analysis of the retelling of the text, when answering, not all theses convincingly justify them and / or allows one actual error |
The examiner understands the essence of the question, does not give a direct answer to the question and / or unprofitably justifies his theses, and / or partially replaces the analysis of the text of its retelling, and / or admits two actual errors | |
The examiner does not cope with the task: does not give an answer to the question and / or replaces the analysis of the retelling of the text, and / or allow three and more actual errors | |
2. Following speech standards | |
A not more than one speech error is allowed | |
Massed more than one speech error | |
Maximum score | 4 |
Evaluation of the fulfillment of the last tasks of the sets,
requiring writing an expanded response in the amount of 5-10 sentences
An indication of the volume conditionally; The evaluation of the response depends on its meaningful (if there is deep knowledge, the examiner can respond in a larger volume, with the ability to accurately formulate their thoughts examined can be fully replied to a smaller volume).
When performing the task, the examiner independently selects two works of different authors for contextual comparison (in one example, an appeal to the execution of the author to which the source text belongs to) is permissible. When specifying the author, initials are necessary only to distinguish between namesakes and relatives, if it is essential for adequate perception of the response content (for example,
L. N. and, V. L. and).
indicates but not in all convincing justifies Select everyone earnestly complies indicates the names of two works and their authors, justifies earnestly complies Both works with the proposed text in a given direction of analysis (separate non-deputies are allowed when comparing); indicates the names of two works and their authors, earnestly justifies Selection of each work, admits individual shortcomings when comparison Two works with the proposed text in a given direction of analysis / or Convincingly compares only one product with the proposed text (separate non-deputies are allowed when comparison) And / or allow one actual error, in general, not distorting the author's position |
a) the examiner answers the question indicates the names of two works and their authors, justifies Selection of only one work (maybe not in all convincing) earnestly complies one product with the proposed text in a given direction of analysis (separate non-deputies are allowed when comparison); b) the examiner answers the question indicates the names of two works and their authors, does not justify Choosing both works (or gives a unconvincing substantiation) earnestly complies one or both works with the proposed text in a given direction of analysis (separate non-deputies are allowed when comparing); c) the examiner answers the question indicates the names of two works and their authors, justifies The choice of two works (possibly not in everything is convincing) / or convincingly justifies the choice of only one work, does not compare one or both works with the text in a given direction of analysis; d) the examiner answers the question indicates justifies Choosing a work (maybe not in all convincing), earnestly complies This is a product with the proposed text in a given direction of analysis (during comparison, separate non-bubbles are allowed) And / or allow two actual errors, in general, not distorting the author's position |
a) the examiner answers the question indicates the names of two works and their authors, not in all convincing justifies selection of one work / or Does not justify your choice (or gives a unconvincing justification) unconvincing complies These works with the proposed text / or compares them with the proposed text without taking into account the specified direction of analysis; b) the examiner answers the question indicates The name is only one work and its author, justifies Choosing a work (maybe not in all convincing) and unconvincing complies This is a product with the proposed text; in) indicates The name is only one work and its author, And / or permits three actual errors | |
a) the examiner does not answer the question; b) gives an answer that does not mean meaning And / or indicates the name of one work and his author, but does not justify your choice (or gives an incorrect justification), does not compare This is a product with the proposed text, And / or admits more than three actual errors | |
Maximum score | 4 |
Section 2.
Instructions for performing tasks
Tasks require an expanded response in the composition genre.
Write an essay in an amount of at least 200 words (if the volume of the composition is less than 150 words, then it is estimated 0 points).
Argument your theses, relying on literary works (in writing on lyrics it is necessary to analyze at least two poems).
Use theoretical and literary concepts for analyzing the work.
Think over the composition composition.
Overactions topics
2. How is the topic of freedom reflected in poetry?
3. How did the meeting with Plato Karataev influenced the worldview of Pierre Progness? (According to the novel "War and Peace")
4. What do the power and weakness of the generation of "sons" manifest? (According to the novel "Fathers and Children").
5. What is the meaning of the name of the story of the "Fate of Man"?
6. What are the causes of the difficult life of the Russian peasant Matriol? (According to the story "Matrenin Dvor")
Assessment of tasks,
requiring writing an expanded argue response in the composition of the composition of at least 200 words
Among the five criteria by which the writing is estimated, the first criterion (meaningful aspect) is the main one. If, when checking the work, the expert on the first criterion puts 0 points, the task of part 2 is considered unfulfilled and Next is not checked. In four other criteria (2, 3, 4, 5) 0 points are set.
In assessing the execution of the tasks of part 2, the volume of written essay should be taken into account. Examples recommended Volume of not less
200 words. If there is less than 150 words (in the counting of words, all words are included, including service), then such work is considered unfulfilled
and 0 points are estimated.
With the volume of essay from 150 to 200 words, the maximum number of errors for each points does not change.
Criteria | |
1. Depth disclosure of the composition theme and persuasive judgment | |
The examiner reveals the subject of writings, relying on the author's position; formulates its point of view; convincingly justifies its theses; actual errors and inaccuracies are missing | |
The examiner reveals the subject of writings, relying on the author's position; formulates its point of view not all theses convincingly justifies and / or admits one or two actual errors | |
The examiner reveals the composition of the compositions superficially or one-way, without relying on the author's position, and / or does not justify his theses, and / or allow three or four actual errors | |
Example does not disclose the topic of compositions and / or admits more than four actual errors |
2. The level of ownership of theoretical and literary concepts | |
The examiner uses theoretical and literary concepts for analyzing the work, errors and inaccuracies in the use of concepts | |
The examiner includes the text of theoretical and literary concepts, does not use them for analyzing the work and / or allow one error in their use | |
The examiner does not use theoretical and literary concepts or allows more than one error in their use. | |
3. The reasonableness of attracting the text of the work | |
The text of the work under consideration is attracted by a versatile and reasonable (quotes with comments to them; a brief retelling of the content necessary for the proof of judgment; appeal to the microthels of the text and their interpretation; various types of reference to the referenced in the work, etc.) | |
The text is attracted by a versatile not always reasonable and / or there are separate cases of attracting text out of direct communication with the abstract | |
The text is attracted only as the retelling of the depicted | |
The text is not attracted, the judgments are not justified by the text. | |
4. Composite integrity and logicality of presentation | |
The composition is characterized by composite integrity, its parts are logically connected, inside the semantic parts there are no violations of sequence and unreasonable repeats | |
The essay is characterized by composite integrity, its parts are logically related to each other, inside the semantic parts there are disorders of the sequence and unreasonable repeats | |
The composition traced a composite plan, there are impaired compositional communication between the semantic parts, and / or thought repeats and does not develop | |
The composition does not contain a composite plan; Broast violations of the sequence of parts of the statement are admitted, significantly impede understanding the meaning of the composition |
1. How do they call the form of allegory characteristic of the Bassen, the parable? ( Allegory)
2. What are the term that is used in literary criticism to designate the expression that has become a winged? Or: in the speech of the heroes of the play many brief, figurative properties expressing original thoughts (for example, in the speech of ash: "You are not a nail, I am not ticks ..."). What are the statements called? Or: many replicas of the heroes of the play became commonplace (for example: "I don't always have the truth soul"). Specify the term that is designated by the shaped figurative expressions containing the completed philosophical thought. ( Aphorism)
3. How is the characters that do not appear on the stage call in literary studies? Or: In the stories of Ms. Prostacova and Natilinin, the "dead man" and uncle Vavil Faleleich appeared in the stocks. What are the characters referred to in the speech of heroes, but not appearing on the stage? ( Available)
4. How is a monologue called a monologue in the literary work, which pronounces the hero "to itself"? ( Inner monologue)
5. Wanting to show its significance, Khlestakov uses an explicit exaggeration: "Thirty-five thousand one couriers." What is the name of an artistic admission based on exaggeration? ( Hyperbola)
6. One of the characteristic techniques of classicism is the disclosure of the character of the hero through its last name. What are these names? Or: in the surname Klezlekov, as in the names of other actors, the play is laid down a definite figurative characteristic. What are these names? ( Speakers)
7. Specify the name of the adoption of an artistic exaggeration, in which the truthfulness is inferior to fiction, caricature. ( Grotesque)
8. What is the reason for expressive detail that bears an important semantic load in the artistic text? Or: Specify the name of the detail that gives the narrative is a particular expressiveness (for example, a tear that gone from Chichikov. Or: what the term is indicated by a significant small detail, which enters into itself an important meaning (for example, Batyushkin Chest from the story of Ms. Prostaya)? ( Detail)
9. What kind of thermal is the form of speech characters, which is the exchange of replicas? Or: The text of the fragment is an alternation of the spellings of heroes converted to each other. What is the name of this form of speech communication? ( Dialogue)
10. Specify genrewho refers the work. (Epic genres: novel, story, tale, fairy tale, fable, epics, novel, essay ... Dramatic genres: drama, comedy, tragedy ...
11. Determine genre of the work. Fonvizin "Lady" - comedy. Griboedov "Woe from Wit" - comedy. Gogol "Auditor" - comedy. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" - drama. Chekhov "Cherry Garden" - comedy. Bitter "At the bottom" - drama.
12. What kind of genre variety Does the novel? ( Socio-philosophical, psychological, socio-household ...)
13. Which stage in the development of actions is this fragment? ( Tie, climax, junction). Or: What is the name of the highest voltage in the development of a dramatic plot. ( Culmination).
14. The free, relaxed character of the speech of the characters is emphasized in this fragment with the help of a violation of the direct order of words in their phrases: "I will give you money for them"; "After all, I have never sold the dead." Name this technique. ( Inversion)
15. How is the description of the description, which allowed the author to recreate the dwelling situation in the literary works? Or: Indicate the term that in literature is called a description of the situation of action, the inner decoration of the premises ("... in the corner, in front of a black board of the icon of the Virgin Troochitsy, burned the lamp, sat down for a long table on a black leather sofa ..."). ( Interior)
16. Call the artistic method, which implied the meaning of the word or phrase is the opposite of literally expressed ("master to interpret the decrees"). ( Irony)
17. The fragment begins and ends with a description of the fire in Smolensk T.P. Indicate the term that is denoted by the location and interconnection of parts, episodes, images in the artistic work. Or: what thermal means the organization of parts of the work, images and their connections? ( Composition)
18. In the fragment depicted a sharp clash of the positions of heroes. What is the name of this clash in the work? Or: Collisions between heroes are found from the very beginning of the play. What is the name of an irreconcilable contradiction underlying dramaturgical action? ( Conflict)
19. Type conflict? (Public, Love, Social). Or: the conflict associated with the relationship between the hero and the heroine determines the plot action of "net Monday" I.A. Bunin. Give the definition of this conflict. ( Love)
20. As part of which literary direction Created this work? ( Sentimentalism, classicism, realism, symbolism ...). Or: indicate the name of the literary direction of the XVIII century, the tradition of which continues Griboedov, holding some heroes of their realistic play by the "speaking" surnames - characteristics. ( Classicism) Or: what is the name of the literary direction, the principles of which are partly formulated in the second part of the fragment presented ("Call all that every minute before the eyes and there are no indifferent eyes, - all the terrible, stunning Tina little things entrusting our lives")? ( Realism)
21. Indicate the appearance of the trail, which is based on the transfer of the properties of some objects and phenomena to others ("flame of talent"). Or: What the term is indicated by the means of allegorical expressiveness, to which the author draws, describing the Giant ship "Atlantis": "... floors ... gaped with fiery irreparable eyes"? ( Metaphor)
22. What is the name of the detailed statement of one hero? ( Monologue)
23. At the beginning of the episode, a description of the night village is given. What thermal is the same description? Or: What is the term to designate a description of nature? ( Scenery)
24. Specify the trail, which is a replacement of the name of its own descriptive circulation. ( Perifraz)
25. What is the intentional in the text of the same words that increase the importance of the statement? Or: "Yes, he pushed me, pushed ..", "so hard, so hard." What is the name of this reception? ( Repeat)
26. Name a artistic agent based on the image of the appearance of a person, his face, clothes, etc. ("The gun on her upper lip was in more clear, the amber cheek was slightly povero, the black of the district was completely merged with the pupil ..."). Or: At the beginning of the fragment, a description of the appearance of the character is given. What is the name of the characteristic characteristic of the character? ( Portrait)
27. The speech of heroes is replete with words and expressions that violate the literary norm ("Taka Lyuban", "both of me", etc.). Specify this type of speech. ( Spacious)
28. What is the thermal means a way to display the internal state of the heroes, thoughts and feelings? Or: What is the image of the internal experiences of the hero that manifest themselves in his behavior? ("Mixed, all reddened, made a head negative gesture")? ( Psychologist)
29. Events in the work outlines from the face of a fictional character. What is the name of the character, who is trusted by the story about events and other characters? ( The narrator)
30. What is the name of the hero who expresses the copyright position? ( Reason)
31. The first act of play M. Gorky "on the bottom" opens the author's explanation: "The basement, similar to a cave. The ceiling is heavy stone vaults, wrapped, with a fallen plaster ... ". What is the name of the author's explanation, which precedes or accompanying the action in the play? Or: Indicate the term that in the plays is called brief author's comments ("teases it", "with a sigh", etc.). ( Remark)
32. Name the term, which is denoted by the statement of heroes in the play. Or: How is the phrase of the interlocutor in the scenic dialogue called in dramaturgy? ( Replica)
33. Specify the name roda The literature to which the work belongs? ( Epos, drama)
34. As in literary critic is a special kind of comic: riding, exposing the negative aspects of life, the image of them in a ridiculous caricature form (for example, the image of generals in the fairy tale M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The story about how one man's two generals has been punished"? ) ( Satire)
35. Describing the restaurant in which heroes arrived, I.A. Bunin uses a figurative expression, built on the correlation of two items, concepts or states with a common feature ("was parano as in a bath"). What is the name of this artistic reception? Or: Indicate the reception used by the author in the next phrase: "... soaring high above all other geniuses of the world, like charging eagle over the other highly flying." ( Comparison)
36. What is the name of the act of an act (actions) of the dramatic work, in which the composition of the acting persons remains unchanged? ( Scene)
37. What is the term indicate the set of events, turns and peripetics of action in the work? ( Plot)
39. Artistic time and space - the most important characteristics of the author's model of the world. What traditional spatial reference point uses potters to create an image of a symbolically saturated closed space? ( House)
41. The scene contains information about the characters, location and time of action, the circumstances that took place before it began. Specify the stage in the development of the plot for which these signs are characteristic. Or: What is the term is made to designate a part of the work, where the circumstances are depicted, predicting the main plot events? ( Exposition)
42. What is the term designated the final component of the work? ( Epilogue)
43. How is the means calling a means to help describe the hero ("weak", "trudering")? Or: What are the figurative definitions, which are the traditional means of artistic image? (
When we are talking about art, literary creativity, we are focused on the impressions that are created when reading. They are largely determined by the image form. In fiction and poetry, there are special techniques for enhancing expressiveness. A competent presentation, a public speech - they also need ways to build expressive speech.
For the first time, the concept of rhetorical figures, figures of speech, appeared in the orators of ancient Greece. In particular, Aristotle and his followers were engaged in their research and classification. Delighted into details, scientists have highlighted up to 200 varieties enriched.
Means of expressiveness of speech are separated by language layout on:
The use of phonetics is traditionally for poetry. The poem is often dominated by musical sounds that give poetic speech special observance. In the drawing of verse to enhance, emphasis, rhythm and rhythma, combinations of sounds are used.
Anaphora - Repetition of sounds, words or phrases at the beginning of proposals, poetic lines or stains. "Stars of golden stars ..." - Repetition of initial sounds, non-physician used phonetic anaphor.
But an example of lexical anifore in verses Pushkin:
One you carry on clear lazuries,
One you guide the dull shadow
One you peel the jamming day.
Epiphora - A similar technique, but it is much less likely, while words or phrases are repeated at the end of rows or proposals.
The use of lexic techniques associated with the word, lexema, as well as phrases and proposals, syntax, is considered as a tradition of literary creativity, although it is widely found in poetry too.
Conditionally, all means of expressiveness of the Russian language can be divided into trails and stylistic figures.
The trails are the use of words and phrases in a figurative value. The trails make it a more figurative, revitalize and enrich it. Some trails and their examples in literary work are listed below.
Epithet - Artistic definition. Using it, the author gives the Word an additional emotional coloring, its assessment. To understand what the epithet differs from everyday definition is different, you need to catch when reading, does the definition of a new word attaches? Here is a simple test. Compare: Late autumn - Golden autumn, early spring - young spring, quiet breeze - a delicate breeze.
Elimination - Transferring signs of living beings to inanimate objects, nature: "Gloomy rocks are sternly looked ...".
Comparison - Direct comparison of one object, phenomena with another. "Ground Night, like a beast ..." (Tyutchev).
Metaphor - transfer the value of one word, subject, phenomena to another. Detection of similarities implicit comparison.
"The wilderness of Ryabina Red is burning in the garden ..." (Yesenin). Ryabina's brushes resemble a poet of a fire flame.
Metonymy - renaming. Transferring properties, values \u200b\u200bfrom one item to another on the principle of adjacent. "Which is in fetras, let's on the dispute" (Vysotsky). In fetters (material) - in a felt hat.
Synecdoche - a kind of metonymy. Transferring the value of one word to another on the basis of quantitative communication: the only thing is the plural, part is an integer. "We are all looking at Napoleon" (Pushkin).
Irony - Eating words or expressions in an inverted sense, mocking. For example, appeal to the donkey in the Krylov Basna: "Roll off, smart, you wrapped your head?"
Hyperbola - A figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration. It can concern the size, values, forces, other qualities. Lithot - on the contrary, exorbitant understatement. The hyperbole is often used by writers, journalists, and the limit is much less likely. Examples. Hyperbol: "One hundred forty suns sunset gruel" (V.V. Mamikovsky). Lithot: "peasant with marigolds."
Allegory - Concrete image, scene, image, item that is clearly represented by an abstract idea. The role of the allegoria is to bring to the subtext, force to look for hidden meaning when reading. Widely used in the bass.
Alogis - intentional violation of logical connections for irony. "The landowner was stupid, read the newspaper" Elementary "and body had a soft, white and crumbly." (Saltykov-Shchedrin). The author deliberately mixes in the listing logically heterogeneous concepts.
Grotesque - Special reception, connection of hyperboles and metaphors, a fantastic surreal description. An outstanding master of the Russian grotesque was N.Gogol. On the use of this reception built his story "Nose". A special impression when reading this product produces a combination of absurd with ordinary.
Stylistic figures are also used in the literature. The main types of them displays the table:
| Repeat | At the beginning, late, at the junction of proposals | This cry and strings, These flocks, these birds |
| Antithesis | Contrast. Antonyms are often used. | Long hair - mind short |
| Graduation | The location of synonyms in the order of increasing or weakening | Smoke, burn, glow, explode |
| Oxymoron | Connection of contradictions | Living corpse, honest thief. |
| Inversion | Changes in order words | He came late (he came late). |
| Parallelism | Comparison in the form of comparison | The wind has photographed dark branches. Fear stirred in it again. |
| Ellipsis | Pass implied words | For the header and on the door (grabbed, came out). |
| Parcelation | Separation of a single sentence for individual | And I think again. About you. |
| Multi-allu | Connection through repeated unions | And me and you and all of us together |
| Asyndeton | Exception of Unions | You, I, he, she - together a whole country. |
| Rtoric exclamation, question, appeal. | Used to enhance feelings | What summer! Who if not us? Listen, country! |
| Default | Interruption of speech based on guess, to reproduce strong excitement | My poor brother ... execution ... tomorrow at dawn! |
| Emotional-estimated vocabulary | Words expressing relationships as well as a direct score of the author | Private connector, dove, balbes, lysoblyud. |
To test yourself to master the material, go through a small test.
Read the following passage:
"There, the war smelled of gasoline and soot, burned glands and gunpowder, she crossed the caterpillars, shouted from the machine guns and fell into the snow, and rose under fire again ..."
What are the means of artistic expressiveness used in the passage from Roman K. Sonmon?
Swede, Russian - Kolts, Rubit, cuts.
Fight drum, clicks, crosses,
Thunder cannons, Topot, Rzhanye, moan,
And death and hell on all sides.
A. Pushkin.
The answer to the test is given at the end of the article.
An expressive language is, first of all, an internal image that occurs when reading a book, listening to oral presentation, presentation. To manage images, fine visual techniques are needed. In great and mighty Russian, their enough. Use them, and in your speech drawing a listener or reader will find its image.
Learn an expressive language, its laws. Determine for yourself what is missing in your speeches, in your drawing. Think, write, experiment, and your language will become an obedient tool and your weapon.
K. Simonov. Elimination of war in passage. Metonimia: Rolling soldiers, technique, the battlefield - the author Ideanly connects them into a generalized image of the war. Used methods of expressive language - multi-type, syntactic repetition, parallelism. Through this combination of stylistic techniques when reading, a rustic, saturated image of the war is created.
A. Pushkin. There are no alliances in the poem in the first lines. In this way, the tension, saturation of the battle, is transmitted. In the phonetic drawing of the scene, the sound of "P" is played in different combinations. When reading, there is a rocking-growing background, ideologically transmitting the noise of the battle.
If answering the test, you could not give correct answers, do not be mistaken. Just re-read the article.
