B5

Teacher comments

Homogeneous Sentence Members

Homogeneous members of a sentence are called that:

1) play the same syntactic role in a sentence;

2) are associated with the same main word through the same question;

3) connected with each other by a compositional connection, which speaks of their semantic equality in the sentence;

4) are often expressed by the same part of speech.

Let's explain what was said by the diagram:

She loved dancing, books and romantic encounters.

Before us is a number of homogeneous additions (dances, books, meetings), they all depend on the same predicate, answer the same question and are equal in meaning.

Homogeneous members of a sentence (OCHP) can be interconnected both by a non-union relationship, and with the help of compositional unions:

Homogeneous definitions

In a proposal containing a number of definitions, definitions can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions equally relate to the word being defined, pronounced with enumerative intonation, usually allow the insertion of a union and.

It was an exciting, unforgettable experience.

Heterogeneous definitions refer to the word being defined differently.

In the sentence, the thin gray line also marked the horizon. the adjectives thin and gray are not homogeneous. Only one of them (gray) refers directly to the noun line, and the other refers to the entire phrase. (First, it is indicated that the line is gray, and then it is specified that this gray line is also thin.)

In this case, there is no enumeration intonation, and the insertion of the union and impossible.

Often, the question of the homogeneity of definitions can be resolved only when taking into account the intonation of the sentence (the speaker usually emphasizes homogeneous definitions intonationally).

Standalone members of the proposal

Secondary members of the sentence can be deliberately allocated to the speaker in special groups using special intonation. Such an emphasis always attracts the attention of the listener to the secondary members. Minor members highlighted by intonation are called isolated.

Isolation is one of the ways of semantic highlighting of this or that minor member in order to give it more independence in the sentence.

Typically, the reason for differentiation is the flavor of the supplementary message that the speaker wants to bring to the sentence. In oral speech, such isolated members are pronounced with a special intonation, in writing they are highlighted with commas (less often - a dash).

The shade of an additional message contained in isolated members complicates a simple sentence, that is, brings it closer in meaning to a complex one.

She regretted the gloves she had forgotten at home (a simple sentence, not complicated by isolated members).

She regretted leaving her gloves at home (a simple sentence complicated by isolated members).

She regretted the gloves she forgot at home (difficult sentence).

In the school syntax course, the following types of separate members of the sentence are distinguished:

1) stand-alone definitions and stand-alone applications;

2) isolated circumstances;

3) separate specifying members of the proposal;

4) isolated comparative turnovers.

Standalone definitions and standalone applications

Both agreed and inconsistent definitions can be isolated.

Agreed standalone definitions usually expressed by participial and adjective-based turns.

Waves, tearing the coast apart, hummed victoriously and menacingly.

The master entered waddling,all black with coal dust.

Less often, agreed separate definitions are expressed by single participles and adjectives.

Asleep, he seemed to her even more severe.

Buildings, new, fresh seemed gingerbread.

A special case of a stand-alone definition is a stand-alone application - a noun definition.

Especially lyceum students fell in love with Galich,professors of Russian and Latin literature.

Separate agreed definitions should not be confused with relative clauses.

Inconsistent stand-alone definitions usually expressed by turns, based on the noun in the indirect case, less often - an adverb or a form of the comparative degree of an adjective.

Watchman, in torn earflaps and mittensnevertheless looked impressive.

Concrete blocks, end-to-end and here and there overlap, piled up behind the site.

This room, much lighter and wider than the previous, I like it.

Separate circumstances. Types of isolated circumstances

Circumstances expressed by gerunds and adverbs, as well as nouns with a derivative preposition are usually isolated.

Almost always, the circumstances expressed by gerunds and adverbial phrases are isolated.

Segregation does not occur under the following conditions:

• The adverbial turnover turned into an adverbial phraseological unit ( carelessly, headlong and etc.).

Do not throw yourself into a fight_in head!

• The single adverbial participle has lost its verb meaning and acquired an adverbial meaning (for example reluctantly, joking, not looking, sneaking, playing and etc.).

Live _ laughing! (That is, fun, no worries.)

He walked slowly. (That is, slowly.)

• A single participle (and sometimes an adverbial turnover), standing after the predicate, closely merges with it in meaning (to the extent that it becomes part of the predicate). In this case, the semantic emphasis of the sentence falls on the gerunds.

It is especially difficult for biathletes to shoot while standing. (The speaker does not mean that it is difficult for biathletes to shoot, but that it is difficult for them to shoot while standing.)

The old woman stood with her head down. (It is important for the speaker not that the old woman was standing, but that she was standing with her head bowed.)

For more details on the conditions for separating gerunds and adverbs, see: Punctuation marks in special circumstances, expressed by adverbs and adverbs. Separate circumstances can also be expressed by nouns in indirect cases with derivative prepositions.

Many derivative prepositions in Russian have meanings that contribute to the semantic highlighting of nouns with such prepositions. These are the meanings of a cause, condition, concession, effect, concomitant event, etc. Derivative prepositions are listed below, combinations with which are isolated more often than others:

in spite of anything;

regardless of anything;

thanks to something;

according to something;

due to something;

for lack of anything;

by virtue of something;

in the absence of something;

in the presence of something;

subject to something;

in view of something;

in spite of something, etc.

Circumstances expressed by nouns with a preposition are always isolated if they have the meaning of concession (when one event occurs, despite the presence of another, which is the first obstacle).

Despite the rains, the weather was warm.

Despite the resistance of those around him, he quickly moved through the crowd.

Separation of other circumstances expressed by nouns with derivative prepositions is optional. It depends on the intentions and goals of the author, on the prevalence or non-prevalence of circumstances and on their place in the sentence.

Usually, circumstances expressed by nouns with a preposition are isolated, if they are common and stand at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.

He, thanks to his organizational skills, turned out to be a good leader.

For lack of free time, he did not have time to do everything that he promised.

Uncommon circumstances expressed by nouns with a preposition are usually not isolated if they appear at the end of a sentence.

The regiment arrived at the garrison on Friday as ordered.

Separate qualifying members of the proposal

Clarifying Proposal Members serve to concretize or to clarify the meaning of other members of the sentence (specified).

To the right (to be specified), near the forest (specifying), thickets of nettles were noticeable.

It was empty (refined), without residents (specifying), village.

Usually under the term detached qualifying members of the proposal mean three related phenomena:

1) actually separate clarifications,

2) stand-alone turnovers containing a different name for the subject (special type of applications),

3) isolated turns with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution, emphasis.

Most often, the actual specifying members are the circumstances of place and time, less often - definitions and applications, other types of circumstances. The nominal part of the predicate can also act as a qualifying member of the sentence.

A clarifying, explanatory and informative meaning is inherent in turns that contain a different name for the subject.

Ship chef, or cook is considered an untouchable person in our country.

At that time I loved to grow beetroot -beets your way.

As specifiers, phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution, accentuation (usually in the role of addition) are often isolated.

The rule applies to everyone including for you.

There is nothing, except for five kopecks.

Citizensmainly young people , they were not active in the elections.

With isolated qualifying members, special unions are often used: that is, or and others, as well as words that emphasize the clarifying meaning of the members of the sentence: especially, even, mainly, in particular, including.

We live well i.e. not without prosperity.

You look like robbers here, especially Frol.

Everyone passed the examincluding Kopytin.

Comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers also belong to the separate members of the proposal.

Comparative turnover is a special syntactic construction in the composition of a sentence that has the meaning of comparison. Comparative turnover includes the comparative union ( as if, as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than etc.) and the comparing part, which is usually expressed by a noun, but can be represented by an adjective, an adverb, and a verb.

The clouds, like twisted threads, stretch across the sky.

He seemed taller than his brother.

He continued to move his lips, as if muttering something to himself.

Comparative turnovers usually act as circumstances in a sentence.

Introductory words and introductory sentences

A sentence may contain words and combinations that are not syntactically related to its members and are not themselves members of this sentence. Such words, however, do not lose their semantic connection with the content of the sentence, reflecting the assessments and intentions of the speaker. Such phenomena include introductory words and introductory sentences.

Introductory words

Introductory words are special words or combinations of words with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is communicating. Introductory words are not members of the sentence and have different meanings.

Unfortunately, there were no more tickets.

You underestimated the danger. Therefore, you have not considered the consequences.

The following groups of introductory words are distinguished by meaning:

Introductory words can be expressed in different ways. Often they are represented by frozen forms of the verb, a noun with a preposition, an adverb, a comparative degree of an adjective, a phrase.

In the cabin, it seems, have already fallen asleep.

The gun, fortunately, was unloaded.

When will you finally finish?

I've already thought about it, or rather, I've already made a decision.

Introductory sentences

Sometimes input values ​​are expressed in sentences.

I’m sure you can handle this.

This, I think, is just fatigue.

Introductory sentences that have the character of additional comments or explanations to the expressed thought are also called plug-in constructions.

Everyone asked my father to sing (he had a wonderful tenor).

Separate circumstances

Isolate circumstances expressed:

1) gerunds:

single: After eating, the child fell asleep.

as part of adverbial turns: After discussing the results of the work, we parted..

2) circumstances with a pretext despite: Despite the rain, the children ran away for a walk.

3) comparative turnover with unions: as if, as if, as if, what, than, rather than and others similar: The clouds, like cotton, floated low and unhurriedly above the ground.

About punctuation of simple sentences with separate circumstances.

There are general and specific conditions for pegging. The first concerns all or most of the secondary members, the second - only their individual types. The general conditions for isolation include the following: 1) word order, 2) the degree of prevalence of a member of the sentence, 3) the clarifying nature of one member of the sentence in relation to another, 4) the semantic load of a secondary member of the sentence.

Word order is important for isolating definitions, applications, circumstances. The prepositive definition, expressed by a participle or an adjective with explanatory words, is not isolated (if it does not have additional shades of meaning), the postpositive one, as a rule, is isolated. Wed: A chicken tied by the leg was walking around the table (L.T.). - There were several carts and sledges pulled by a single file (Ax.) By the porch. The meaning of the word order in the isolation of definitions is also reflected in the fact that the prepositive definition immediately preceding the word being defined is not isolated, but the definition, torn off from the next defined word by other members of the sentence , is isolated. Wed: In the sun, the huts covered with snow sparkled brightly (Grig.). - For a moment, illuminated by lightning, in front of us is a birch trunk (M.G.). The prepositive appendix in front of its own name, as a rule, does not stand out, the postpositive one does. Wed: Several years ago, an old Russian master Kirila Petrovich Troekurov (P.) lived in one of his estates. - About two months ago, a certain Belikov, a teacher of the Greek language (C.), died in our city. A circumstance expressed by a single verbal participle usually separates itself if it precedes the predicate, and more often does not isolate itself in a post-positive position with respect to the predicate. Wed: Near the porch, smoking, there were a crowd of ten Cossacks (Shol.). - Sergei pushed Vera aside, nodded to her and left whistling (A.N.T.). The prevalence of a sentence member is important for the isolation of definitions, applications, circumstances, additions. A single post-positive definition is usually not isolated, the widespread one is isolated. Wed: He looked around him with an indescribable excitement (P.). - Already the willow, all fluffy, is spread out in a circle (Fet). A single application, expressed by a common noun and referring to a common noun, usually does not stand apart, closely merging with it, and the common application stands apart. Wed: Some cook, literate from the cook, ran away to his tavern (Cr.). - Memory, this scourge of the unfortunate, revives even the stones of the past (M.G.) A single circumstance, expressed by the gerunds, usually does not stand apart in a post-positive position in relation to the predicate, but a common circumstance with the same meaning (adverbial turnover) is isolated. Wed: - Have you seen? - asked smiling grandmother (M.G.). - A belated hawk flew briskly and directly above, hurrying to its nest (T. Sentence members with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution with prepositions except, instead of, in addition, etc., tend to isolate depending on the degree of prevalence. Wed: ... Instead of words, a deaf some kind of gurgling came out of his chest (Grig.). - ... Instead of the expected familiar plain with an oak line to the right and a low white church in the distance, I saw completely different, unknown places to me (T.).

The clarifying nature of one member of the proposal in relation to another is important for the isolation of definitions, applications, additions, circumstances. For example: Thick, guards cloth, pants certainly did not suit either the artisan or the farm laborer (Cat.); There were only two of us Russians, and all the rest were Latvians (N. Ostr.); I want one thing - peace (Kupr.); Far away, somewhere in the thicket, a night bird groaned (MG); All night, until the cock's dawn, Chapaev measured the map and listened to the brave snoring of the commanders (Furm.).

The semantic load of the secondary member of the sentence is important for the isolation of definitions, applications, circumstances. A prepositive definition, which has only attributive meaning, is not isolated, and a definition complicated by adverbial meaning is isolated. Wed: Closely sticking out on the ridges were brown twigs entangled with peas (T.). - Firmly attached to young oak trees, our good horses endured a terrible torture from the attack of a gadfly (Ax.) A prepositive appendix related to a proper name does not stand off if it has only an attributive meaning, and is isolated if it is complicated by an adverbial meaning. Wed: ... My comrade Emelyan Pilyay took a pouch out of his pocket for the tenth time ... (M.G.). - A man of small stature, Temkin was almost invisible because of the tribune (Azh.) A circumstance expressed by a noun in an indirect case with a preposition is isolated if, in addition to its main meaning (for example, temporary), it also has an additional shade of meaning (for example, causal, conditional, concessive). Wed: With the approach of night, everything around has strangely changed (T.). - As the enemy approached Moscow, the view of Muscovites on their position not only did not become more serious, but, on the contrary, even more frivolous (L.T.). Particular conditions of isolation include such as syntactic incongruity of words related in meaning (for example, personal pronouns and definitions), weak syntactic connection of the defined and defining words (poor control of nouns in the indirect case); neighborhood of other isolated groups, etc.

1. Circumstances expressed by adverbs or single gerunds that have not passed into adverbs and retain their verb meaning, isolatingare almost always (except for individual special cases), regardless of the place they occupy in relation to to g lagol-predicate. For example: 1) High passion not having no mercy for the sounds of life, could not he is iamba from chorea, no matter how we fought, distinguish(A. Pushkin). 2) Zina, appearing at the door, loudly screamed(M. Bulgakov). 3) Nails stood at the door, leaning his shoulders on the jamb (A. Chekhov). 4) Fragrant, with ooh the herbs, steaming, smoked clouds (I. Bunin). 5) Several days lil, without ceasing, cold rain (K. Paustovsky).

Inconsistent isolation is observed only in single gerunds acting as circumstances mode of action. Like all other circumstances of the course of action, they are characterized by a close connection with the verb, which prevents their isolation (see below).

2.Participial turnover standing after compositional or subordinate union or union word, is separated from it by a comma, despite the absence of a pause (intonationally, the union is included in the turnover). Such participial turnover can be torn from the union and rearranged in another place of the sentence: 1) You will wake up, full of strength, or, obeying the law of fate, you have already done everything that you could ... (N. Nekrasov). 2) The Chechen looked at Lukashka and, slowly turning away, began to look at the other side (L. Tolstoy). 3) You could hear how, fromcounting the seconds, with the accuracy of a metronome, water drips from the tap (K. Paustovsky). 4) And, not letting the darkness of the night into the golden skies,one dawn hurries to change another, giving the night half an hour (A. Pushkin).

The exception is the union but: depending on the context, it can either be part of the adverbial structure, or connect the members of the main sentence. Wed: 1) Paul began to bring books and tried to read imperceptibly but after reading it, hid it somewhere (M. Gorky)(union merges with gerunds) and 2) We are not just a readerpoems, but, wanting to remember them, learned by heart(the union connects homogeneous predicates: not just readand learned by heart).

3. It is necessary to distinguish between two constructions: a) homogeneous gerunds or adverbial turns and b) adverbial turns related to homogeneous predicates.

a) Between homogeneous gerunds or adverbial phrases(they refer to the same predicate) signs are placed according to the same rules as between homogeneous members: 1) Sitting, and standing, and lying in a layer, a dozen hares saved themselves in it (N. Nekrasov)- Oh, and O, and O. 2) Streams, murmuring, and wriggling, and echoing among themselves, rush into the echoing valley (A. Fet) - Oh and oh and oh

Attention should be paid to the cases when two homogeneous adverbial turnover united by a single union and,or, or. A comma between such turns is not put: 1) Trying to do as few fast movements as possibleniy and listening to the bees flying by more and more often, he walked along the path to the hut (L. Tolstoy)- O and O. 2) The waves rustled, running up the sand, mergingrunning with him and again running up (M. Gorky) - Oh, oh and oh

b) If adverbial turns refer to different predicates, signs are placed according to the rules of isolation gerunds and adverbial turns: Guests stayed in the dining room, whispering about this unexpected visit, and, fearing to be immodest, soon parted one after another, without thanking the owner for the bread and salt (A. Pushkin).

4. Frozen adverbial turns that are introductory words or are close to them in meaning, are separated (or separated) by commas: 1) Apparently, our waythe procession will drag on. 2) Honestly speaking,I don't want to talk about it.

5. Adverbial expressions and gerunds not isolatingare:

1) If participial turnover- phraseological unit: latersleeves(= carelessly), headlong(= fast), rolling up rukava(= amicably), tirelessly(= hard) open mouth(= surprised) without closing my eyes(= without sleep). For example: And day and night across the snowy desert I rush headlong to you (A. Griboyedov). He worked tirelessly (M. Gorky).

2) If gerunds has lost its verb meaning (such gerunds close in function to the adverb of the mode of action): 1) Horses run slowly among the green hillsfields (I. Bunin). 2) Dmitry listened to him nahmuRyasya (M. Gorky).

3) If gerunds approaches in meaning to the preposition: After a while(= after a while) came Vesovshchikov (M. Gorky).

4) If gerunds has a union word as a dependent word "which the" as part of the subordinate attributive: 1) Here is a book you will find out after readinga lot of interesting. 2) Dozens of problems arose before the old factories, without solving which it is impossible to go to new methods of building ships (V. Kochetov).

5) If the turnover (usually with the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action) is closely related in meaning to the predicate and forms the semantic center of the statement: 1) Jacob satdrooping legs (M. Gorky). 2) The Artamonovs lived with who did not meet (M. Gorky).

If turnover or single gerunds stands in a series of homogeneous non-isolated circumstances: 1) CourtyardNick looked at Raskol'nikov (F. Dostoevsky) in bewilderment and frowning. 2) The coachman tears down silently and slowly (I. Turgenev). 3) Everything approached the door of the officeusually whispering and on tiptoe (L. Tolstoy).

1. Always stand apart circumstances concessions expressed nouns with prepositions despite notlooking at, for example: 1) Only Grigory Alexandrovich, n Despite the heat and fatigue, he did not want to return without prey (M. Lermontov). 2) But, despite the holiday, the garden was deserted (M. Gorky). 3) Again, notlooking at the hour at night, the windows are lit, they do not sleep in the house (V. Panova). 4) The roosters, despite the rain, screamedstretching and taking turns (M. Sholokhov).

2. Isolation of others circumstances expressed nouns with prepositions, is optional and depends on the intention of the author to highlight, to emphasize the importance of this circumstance in the sentence.

Most often there is a separation of the following circumstances: 1) circumstances the reasons from pretexts thanksrya, according to, in view, due to or from prepositional combinations for reason, for the occasion, for lack of, forand others; 2) circumstances conditions from prepositional combinations if available, if not, subject to and etc; 3) circumstances pretext concessions contrary to, for example: 1) In the coastal region, owing to the long autumn and the delay in spring, the flights of birds are also delayed (V. Arsen'ev). But: I am writing to you from the village, where I drove due to sad circumstances (A. Pushkin). 2) Fortunately, due to the unsuccessful hunt, our horses were not exhausted (M. Lermontov). 3) Our football team, subject to regular training, can move to the first league. 4) Contrary to the predictions of my companion, wait until it cleared up and promised us a quiet morning (M. Lermontov)!

Separating (comma-separated) circumstances depends, first of all, on the way they are expressed.

A) Circumstances expressed by gerunds

1. Circumstances expressed by the gerunds (morphological questions can be asked to the gerunds what are you doing? what having done?) and adverbs (that is, adverbs with dependent words), as a rule, stand apart regardless of the place they occupy in relation to the predicate verb:

Example: Arms outstretched the grimy bulldozer is sleeping(Sands). Ksenia had dinner, spreading a handkerchief on the rod (Sands).

If a circumstance expressed by an adverbial participle and an adverbial adverb is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides:

And then to the cliff, leaving your bulldozer, Nikolay ran up(Sands). The bird, shuddering, picked up its wings(Permitov).

Separate circumstances, expressed by adverbs and adverbials, are close in meaning to the secondary predicate (but they are never independent predicates!). Therefore, they can be replaced with subordinate clauses or independent predicates.

Wed: And then to the cliff, leaving your bulldozer, Nikolay ran up. - Nikolai left his bulldozer and ran to the cliff. The bird flinched and pulled up its wings. The bird shuddered and lifted its wings.

Note!

1) The restrictive particles are only, only included in the isolated structure and stand out along with it.

Strike a match only for a second illuminating the man's face.

2) The gerunds and the adverbial turnover after a compositional or subordinate union / union word are separated from it with a comma (such a turnover can be torn from the union, rearranged in another place of the sentence or removed from the sentence).

Wed: He dropped his pen and, leaning back in a chair, began to look at the glade flooded with moonlight(Permitov). - He dropped his pen and stared at the moonlit clearing; Life is arranged in such a way that, not knowing how to hate, it is impossible to sincerely love(M. Gorky). - Life is arranged in such a way that it is impossible to truly love, not knowing how to hate.

3) A union, a union word is not separated by a comma with an adverbial participle and an adverbial turnover in the event that the adverbial structure cannot be torn from the union, the union word, removed from the sentence without destroying the structure of the sentence itself. This is most often observed in relation to the compositional union a.

Wed: He tried to read books imperceptibly, and after reading, he hid somewhere(impossible: He tried to read books unnoticed, but hid somewhere); but: He did not name the author of the note, but after reading it, put it in his pocket. - He did not name the author of the note, but put it in his pocket.

Two homogeneous gerunds or adverbs connected by single composing or separating unions and, or, or, are not separated by a comma.

The telephone operator sat with his knees hugged and lean your forehead on them(Baklanov).

If the union connects not two gerunds, but other constructions (predicates, parts of a complex sentence, etc.), then commas are placed in accordance with the rules for setting punctuation marks for homogeneous members, in a compound sentence, etc.

Wed: 1. I took the note and, after reading it, put it in my pocket. Single union and connects predicates ( took and stuck) and a comma is placed after the union;

2. He stopped, thinking about something, and, turning around sharply, called the sentry. A single union and connects two predicates ( stopped and called). Circumstances - adverbial expressions refer to different predicates ( has stopped , thinking about something; called, turning around sharply ). Therefore, they are separated on both sides by commas from the other members of the sentence.

2. Do not stand apart circumstances expressed by gerunds and adverbial phrases, in the following cases:

adverbial turnover is a phraseological unit:

He worked slipshod; He ran at breakneck speed.

Note. Most often, such phraseological units are not isolated in texts: run headlong, run headlong, work slipshod, work roll up sleeves, work tirelessly, sit back, rush with tongue out, listen with bated breath, shout without taking a breath, lie staring at the ceiling, rushing about without remembering yourself, spending the night without closing your eyes, listening with your ears hanging... But if such a phraseological unit is an introductory word ( in all conscience, honestly, frankly, in short, apparently), then it is separated by commas, for example: Apparently, he had no intention of helping me; In short, we have to do everything ourselves.

before the gerunds there is an amplifying particle and (not a union!):

You can live and not bragging about the mind;

Note!

The verbal participle in modern Russian is never a predicate, therefore verb and participle cannot be homogeneous members!

The verbal participle is part of the subordinate clause and has as a dependent union word which. In this case, the comma only separates the main clause from the subordinate clause, and between the gerunds and the union word that the comma is not put:

We are faced with the most difficult tasks, not deciding which we will not be able to get out of the crisis;

the adverbial turnover includes the subject.

In this case, the comma only separates the entire turnover from the predicate, and the subject and gerunds are not separated by a comma. Such constructions are found in poetic texts of the 19th century:

On a spruce crow perching, had breakfast I’m quite ready ...(Krylov); Wed: Crow, perching on a spruce, was going to have breakfast;

The gerunds act as a homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and are associated with it by a union and:

He walked quickly and did not look around.

3. Do not stand apart adverbial constructions and single adverbs that have lost their verb meaning. These are the most difficult cases for punctuation analysis. They require special attention to the meaning of the verbal participle, the context in which the verbal participle is used, etc.

The gerunds and adverbial turns, which have finally lost their verb meaning, passed into the category of adverbs, or acquired an adverbial meaning in this context, are not isolated:

She looked at me without blinking(you can't: looked and did not blink); We drove slowly(you can't: we drove and did not rush); The train went do not stop (you can't: walked and did not stop); He answered while sitting(you can't: he answered and sat); He walked with his back bent(you can't: he walked and bent).

Such single adverbial participles, less often adverbial expressions, are usually circumstances of the course of action (answer questions as? how?), merge with the predicate into one whole, do not separate from the predicate by a pause, and most often stand immediately after the predicate:

looked silently, looked smiling, listened frowning, spoke yawning, chatted incessantly, sat ruffled, walked bent over, walked stumbling, walked limping, walked with head bowed, wrote with head bowed, entered without knocking, lived without hiding, spent money not counting and etc.

Often, such adverbs can be replaced with adverbs, nouns with and without prepositions.

Wed: He spoke about it smiling. - He spoke about it with a smile; The train went do not stop... - The train went non-stop.

In all such uses, the verbal participle indicates not an independent action, but a mode of action expressed by the predicate.

For example, in a sentence: He walked bent over- one action ( went), and the former participle ( bending over) indicates the mode of action - a characteristic posture when walking.

If, in this context, the verbal meaning is preserved, then a single adverbial or adverbial adverb is isolated. Usually in this case there are other circumstances with the predicate verb; The gerunds acquire the meaning of clarification, clarification, and intonationally stands out.

Wed: He walked without looking back. - He hurriedly walked without looking back.

Strengthening the verb in gerunds can be facilitated by the degree of prevalence of the adverbial turnover.

Wed: She sat waiting. She sat there, waiting for an answer.

Do not isolate former participles that have lost touch with the verb and have passed into the category of official words: starting with (meaning “from such and such a time”), proceeding from (meaning “based on”), depending on (meaning “in accordance with”) :

Everything has changed since last Monday; The estimate is based on your calculations; Act as appropriate.

However, in other contexts, the turnovers can isolate:

a turnover with words starting with is isolated if it is in the nature of clarification, explanation and is not associated with the concept of time:

The word starting in such contexts cannot be discarded without prejudice to the meaning of the sentence;

turnover with words proceeding from is isolated if in meaning it correlates with the producer of the action, which can “come from something”:

We made an estimate based on your calculations (we proceeded from your calculations);

turnover with words, depending on, is isolated if it has the meaning of clarification or addition:

I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances (clarification, you can insert "namely"); The vacation can be used for a variety of sports, depending on the season (accession).

B) Circumstances expressed by nouns

1. Always stand apart circumstances of assignment expressed by nouns with prepositions despite, despite... Such turnovers can be replaced by subordinate clauses of concessions with the union though.

Wed: Despite the rainy summer, the harvest turned out to be excellent(Pochivalin). - Although the summer was rainy, the harvest was excellent; Despite heavy shelling Fedyuninsky went up to his observation post. - Although the shelling was strong, Fedyuninsky went up to his observation post.

2. Can isolate circumstances:

reasons with prepositions and prepositional combinations due, due, due, due to lack, due to absence, according to, due, due to, due, due to etc. (can be replaced with a subordinate clause with a union as).

Wed: Savelich, according to the opinion of the driver, advised to come back. - Since Savelich agreed with the coachman's opinion, he advised to return; Children, due to early childhood, have not identified any positions(Turgenev). - Since the children were young, no positions were assigned to them;

concessions with prepositions in spite of, at (can be replaced with a subordinate clause with a union though).

Wed: His life, for all the severity of his position, was easier, slimmer than Anatol's life(Herzen). - Although the situation was difficult, his life was easier, slender than the life of Anatole; Contrary to his instructions, the ships were taken out to sea in the early morning(Fedoseev). - Although he gave instructions, the ships were put out to sea in the early morning.

conditions with prepositions and prepositional combinations if available, if not, if and others (can be replaced with a subordinate clause with the union if).

Wed: Workers, in case of refusal, decided to go on strike. - If the workers are refused, they decided to go on strike;

goals with prepositions and prepositional combinations in order to avoid (you can replace the subordinate clause with the conjunction so).

Wed: Money, to avoid delay, translate by telegraph. - To avoid delay, transfer money by telegraph;

comparisons with the union are similar.

Wed: Nikolai Petrovich was born in the south of Russia, like older brother Paul (Turgenev).

However, phrases with such prepositions and prepositional combinations may not be isolated.

More often, turns are isolated, which are located between the subject and the predicate:

Savelich, according to the opinion of the driver, advised to come back.

In addition, separate phrases are usually common, that is, they contain a noun with dependent words:

Thanks to the great weather and especially holiday, the village of Maryinsky street revived again(Grigorovich).

As a rule, the specified turnovers at the end of the sentence are not segregated.

Wed: Workers, at the direction of the master, went to the neighboring workshop. - Workers went to a nearby workshop at the direction of the master.

In general, the isolation of turns with the indicated prepositions and prepositional combinations is optional.

3. Circumstances expressed by nouns, without prepositions or with other prepositions, are isolated only if they acquire an additional semantic load, have an explanatory meaning, or combine several circumstantial meanings (temporary and causal, temporary and concessive, etc.).

For example: Peter, after he received a decisive refusal, went to my room(L. Tolstoy).

In this case, the circumstance combines the meanings of time and reason ( when did you leave? and why did he leave?). Please note that the turnover is expressed by a noun with dependent words and is located between the subject and the predicate.

Note!

Separate circumstances, expressed by nouns, always stand out intonationally. However, the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. So, the circumstances that stand at the beginning of the sentence are always intonationally highlighted.

Wed: In St. Petersburg / I was last year; Last year / I was in St. Petersburg.

However, a comma is not put after such a circumstance!

C) Circumstances expressed in adverbs

Circumstances expressed in adverbs (with dependent words or without dependent words) are isolated only if the author wants to draw attention to them, if they have the meaning of a passing remark, etc.:

A moment later to the yard, no one knows where, a man in a nanke caftan, with a head white as snow, ran out(Turgenev).

Separate circumstances

Words or groups of words isolated in the sentence, having the syntactic function of the circumstance.

The isolation of circumstances is determined by:

1) common conditions;

2) private

3) additional conditions, taking into account three groups of isolated circumstances:

1) separate gerunds, for which the adverbial function is the main one. The relationship of adverbs with a verb predicts the shades of tense, conditions, concessions, reasons, goals. The verbal participle does not lose the meaning of the process, which is the basis of an additional statement and a condition for isolation: Returning home, he found everyone in good health... The gerunds are not isolated in the event of the loss of the meaning of the action: a) in phraseological units that have a frozen form of the gerunds and denote a sign of an action: He doesn't like to do everything later sleeves. we headlong rushed to Magas; b) single adverbs with the value of the qualitative characteristics of the action, close to qualitative adverbs, are not isolated: We didn't go in a hurry;

2) common circumstances with values the reasons, conditions, concessions, time stand apart in an unusual arrangement relative to the word being defined: a) in a position in front of the predicate; b) at the beginning or end of a sentence; c) in the case of a distant location relative to the main member: She made her decision and finally, after much trouble, achieved the desired result... The core of the additional message is an abstract noun troubles... Indicators of circumstantial meanings are prepositions: a) causal: from, of, per, due to, in view of, thanks to; b) conditional: at, when; c) concessional: in spite of, despite; d) temporary: by, after;

3) specifying circumstances, highlighted on the basis that one circumstance clarifies another and, through it, explains the dominant member: He started working on his dissertation in the evening, at the tenth hour. Only the meaning of the refinement, which the speaker uses intentionally, determines the emphasis. Without a refinement relationship, a single adverbial group arises.

Linguistic terms and concepts: Syntax: Reference dictionary. - Nazran: LLC "Pilgrim"... T.V. Foaled. 2011.

See what "isolated circumstances" are in other dictionaries:

isolated circumstances- Words or groups of words isolated in the sentence, having the syntactic function of the circumstance. The isolation of circumstances is determined by: 1) general conditions; 2) particular and 3) additional conditions, taking into account which three ... ...

Separate circumstances

Separate circumstances- 1. The adverbial turnover, as a rule, is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb, for example: Walking next to him, she was silent, looked at him with curiosity and surprise (Gorky); Joy, stepping into one ... Spelling and Styling Reference

isolated circumstances- Distinguished intonation and punctuation members of the sentence, acting as functions of various circumstances. They are expressed morphologically; a) gerunds or adverbial phrases; b) prepositional case forms of nouns: c) ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

detached members Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Words or groups of words, isolated in the composition of a sentence in a rhythmic intonation or semantic aspect, having a weakened syntactic connection with other members, expressing an additional message about one of the words or the whole sentence. ... ... Syntax: Reference Dictionary