Date of Birth: |
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Place of Birth: |
Romny, Poltava Governorate, Russian Empire |
Date of death: |
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A place of death: |
Leningrad, USSR |
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Scientific area: |
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Place of work: |
Petrograd, then Leningrad, Polytechnic Institute, Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology (founder and director), Agrophysical Institute (founder) |
Alma mater: |
Institute of Technology, University of Munich |
Scientific adviser: |
V. K. Roentgen |
Notable students: |
P. L. Kapitsa, N. N. Semenov, A. P. Aleksandrov, Ya. B. Zeldovich, B. P. Konstantinov, I. V. Kurchatov, Yu. B. Khariton |
Known as: |
Physicist, organizer of science, creator of the Soviet physical school ("father of Soviet physics") |
Awards and prizes: |
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Awards and titles
In popular culture
Addresses in St. Petersburg
(October 17 (29), 1880, Romny, Poltava province - October 14, 1960, Leningrad) - Russian and Soviet physicist, organizer of science, commonly referred to as the "father of Soviet physics", academician (1920), vice president of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1942-1945 ), the founder of a scientific school that gave rise to many outstanding Soviet physicists, such as A. Aleksandrov, M. Bronstein, J. Dorfman, P. Kapitsa, I. Kikoin, B. Konstantinov, I. Kurchatov, N. Semyonov, Ya. Frenkel and other.
Born in 1880 in the family of a merchant of the second guild Faivish (Fyodor Vasilievich) Ioffe and housewife Rashel Abramovna Weinstein. He receives his secondary education in a real school in the city of Romny, Poltava province (1889-1897), where he makes friends with Stepan Timoshenko, with whom he maintains contact even in adulthood.
1902 - graduated from the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. 1905 - graduated from the University of Munich in Germany, where he worked under the direction of W. K. Roentgen and received a Ph.D.
From 1906 he worked at the Polytechnic Institute, where in 1918 he organized the Faculty of Physics and Mechanics to train physicists. In 1911, he converted to Lutheranism in order to marry a non-Jewish woman. Professor since 1913.
In 1911, A.F. Ioffe determined the charge of an electron using the same idea as R. Millikan: charged metal particles were balanced in electric and gravitational fields (in Millikan's experiment, oil droplets). However, Ioffe published this work in 1913 (Milliken published his result a little earlier, so the experiment was named after him in the world literature).
From 1913 to 1915 he lectured at the Courses of P.F. Lesgaft.
In 1913 he defended his master's and in 1915 his doctoral dissertations in physics. Since 1918 - Corresponding Member, and since 1920 - Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In 1918, he created and headed the Physics and Technology Department at the State X-ray and Radiological Institute, being also the President of this Institute (Professor M.I. Nemenov was the director). In 1921 he became director of the Physico-Technical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, created on the basis of the department and now named after him. In 1919-1923 - Chairman of the Scientific and Technical Committee of Petrograd Industry, in 1924-1930 - Chairman of the All-Russian Association of Physicists, since 1932 - Director of the Agrophysical Institute.
Abram Ioffe - one of the initiators of the creation of the House of Scientists in Leningrad (1934). At the beginning of the Patriotic War, he was appointed chairman of the Commission on military equipment, in 1942 - chairman of the military and military engineering commission at the Leningrad City Party Committee.
In December 1950, during the campaign to "fight against cosmopolitanism", Ioffe was removed from the post of director and removed from the Institute's Academic Council. In 1952 he headed the Laboratory of Semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1954, the Institute of Semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was organized on the basis of the laboratory.
Author of works on the experimental substantiation of the theory of light (1909-1913), solid state physics, dielectrics and semiconductors. Ioffe was the editor of many scientific journals, the author of a number of monographs, textbooks and popular books, including Basic Concepts of Modern Physics (1949), Physics of Semiconductors (1957) and others.
The biggest merit of A.F. Ioffe is the foundation of a unique physical school. The first stage of this activity was the organization in 1916 of a seminar on physics. To participate in his seminar, Ioffe attracted young scientists from the Polytechnic Institute and St. Petersburg University, who soon became his closest associates in organizing the Physico-Technical Institute. On Ioffe's initiative, beginning in 1929, the Institutes of Physics and Technology were established in large industrial cities: Kharkov, Dnepropetrovsk, Sverdlovsk, and Tomsk. Behind the eyes, both students and other colleagues called Abram Fedorovich “Papa Ioffe” with love and respect.
Under the leadership of A.F. Ioffe, the future Nobel laureates P.L. Kapitsa, N.N. Semyonov, L.D. Landau, the largest scientists A.P. Aleksandrov, A.I. Alikhanov, L.A. Artsimovich, M.P. Bronstein, Ya.G. Dorfman, Ya.B. Zeldovich, I.K. Kikoin, B.P. Konstantinov, I.V. Kurchatov, I.E. Tamm (also a future Nobel Prize winner), Ya.I. Frenkel, Yu.B. Khariton and many others.
A.F. Ioffe died in his office on October 14, 1960. He was buried at the Literary bridges of the Volkov cemetery, a monument by M.K. Anikushin was erected on his grave.
The name of Academician Ioffe is known to a wide mass of ordinary workers thanks to the song by V. S. Vysotsky "Morning Gymnastics":
Abram Fedorovich Ioffe was born on October 29, 1880 in the city of Romny, Poltava province, in the family of a merchant of the second guild Fayvish (Fyodor Vasilyevich) Ioffe and housewife Rasheli Abramovna Weinstein. He received his secondary education in a real school (1889-1897), where he met Stepan Timoshenko, the father of continuum mechanics, with whom he maintained friendly relations even in adulthood.
In 1902, A. F. Ioffe graduated from the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, in 1905 from the University of Munich in Germany, where he worked under the direction of Roentgen and received a Ph.D.
Since 1906, Abram Fedorovich worked at the Polytechnic Institute, in 1918 he organized the Faculty of Physics and Mechanics to train physicists. In 1911, Joffe converted to Lutheranism in order to marry a non-Jewish woman.
In 1911Ioffedetermined the charge of the electron, using the same idea as Millikan: charged metal particles (in Millikan's experiment, oil droplets) were balanced in electric and gravitational fields. However, Ioffe published this work in 1913 (Milliken published his result a little earlier, so the experiment was named after him in the world literature).
In 1913, Abram Fedorovich Ioffe defended his master's and in 1915 his doctoral dissertations in physics. From 1918 he was a corresponding member, and from 1920 a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In 1918, he created and headed the Physics and Technology Department at the State X-ray and Radiological Institute, being also the President of this Institute (Professor Nemenov was the director). IN 1921 Ioffebecame director of the Physico-Technical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, created on the basis of the department and now named after him. In 1919-1923 he was the chairman of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Petrograd industry, in 1924-1930 he was the chairman of the All-Russian Association of Physicists, since 1932 he was the director of the Agrophysical Institute.
Ioffe's seminar always met on Thursdays in the building of the Polytechnic. We started at 7, finished at 11, so as to catch the last tram, the famous "twenty-first number" from Lesnoy to the city, famous in all student songs.
The participants of the seminar: Kapitsa, Lukirsky, Semyonov, Frenkel, Dorfman... at that time not yet academics, not professors, but just students and junior lecturers - they discussed all the most interesting things that appeared in science.
Scientific seminar Ioffe. Photographs were taken after the meeting: Frenkel, Semyonov, Yushchenko, Ioffe, Schmidt, Beaver, Nestrukh, Dobronravov. Kapitsa is standing next to him Lukirsky, Milovidova-Kirpicheva and Dorfman, the same Yakov Grigoryevich Dorfman, who was a student, then a cadet who refused to defend the Winter Palace. It was Ioffe who told him in a crowded Petrograd tram that a revolution was also beginning in physics.
Abram Fedorovich Ioffe - one of the initiators of the creation of the House of Scientists in Leningrad (1934). At the beginning of World War II, he was appointed chairman of the Commission on military equipment, in 1942 - chairman of the military and military engineering commission at the Leningrad City Party Committee.
In 1944, A. F. Ioffe, in turn, took part in the fate of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. On his behalf, a letter was written to Molotov by four academicians, which initiated the resolution of the confrontation between the so-called "academic" and "university" physics.
In December 1950, during the campaign to "fight against cosmopolitanism", Ioffe was removed from the post of director and removed from the Institute's Academic Council. In 1952 he headed the Laboratory of Semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1954, the Institute of Semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was organized on the basis of the laboratory.
Abram Fedorovich Ioffe was distinguished by his ability to select and recruit young talents, as well as his ability to promote science among the reading public.Abram Fedorovichcaptivated his interlocutors with dreams about the future of technology. Some of her achievements, which Ioffe seemed easy and doable, still largely remain dreams, and something came true unexpectedly quickly for him.
Below are excerpts from a conversation with A. F. Ioffe, published in No. 5 "Around the World" for 1931.
Editor: What are the main problems of the technology of tomorrow and the technology of the distant future?
A. F. Ioffe: One of the main issues of technology is energy. With the help of what sources of energy can humanity solve the energy problem in the future? Undoubtedly, solar energy, which is constantly coming to us, should play a big role... Now only that which falls on deserts and seas can be considered free solar energy. Most of the usable land is used for vegetable raw materials. Is it correct?
Wrong for the future. Plants, it is true, use solar energy, but human technology will soon overtake living nature in this respect. Plants use 6% of the energy of sunlight falling on them, while chemical and photochemical equipment can use solar energy in much higher limits - up to 92-95%. This ratio shows that plants are unlikely to stay on the Earth when our technology reaches the corresponding successes.
Bread or artificial food
One must think that the main food product - bread - will eventually play the role of a flavoring substance, like tangerine, that is, as one of the elements that add variety to food. We eat bread because we do not know how to get the main food artificially, synthetically. On the other hand, the fertility of the soil will make it possible to go extremely far forward. The area occupied by the cultivation of cereals will be significantly reduced. When you think about the problem of solar energy, you involuntarily come across the idea that the main mass of solar energy is taken by fields.
third dimension
Editor: What are the ways of air transport?
A. F. Ioffe: Speaking about the future, of course, we cannot ignore the issues of air transport. The whole problem of flying is connected with 1908. Since this year, humanity has flown, moved from two dimensions to the third. This happened not because some new principles were discovered, but because by 1908 technology had reached a certain ratio of the weight of the machine to its power, reached such a limit that it made it possible to fly. A bird flies because there is a certain ratio between its weight and the power of its wings. The lightest engine is an electric motor with a fairly light source of electricity. If this problem were completely solved, then with the help of such light batteries, all aeronautics would be used much more widely. If a galvanic cell were charged by the sun or some other form of energy, and this cell were lighter than lead, so that the weight of the accumulator plus the weight of the electric motor became sufficiently small, then we would switch to electric control, which greatly facilitates the whole matter. For the distant, not even excessively distant future, I imagine just such a solution to the problem. Then the person will fly like a bird, almost sitting in an armchair. It is necessary to come up with a very powerful small battery, relatively light, and then a person can fly right out of the window or out of the door.
On the air streets
Editor: If the future of transport is in the air, then obviously it must be completely automated.
A. F. Ioffe: Undoubtedly. In this area, in a fairly short period of development of our technology, full automaticity will be achieved. The control of an aircraft can and must be completely automated. On the spot, you can set the entire path to the device. A person will not need to worry about the airplane turning over. To this it must be added that it is much easier to move in the air than on the ground, since in the air we can avoid crossing paths, which in the streets in two dimensions presents great difficulties in movement. In three dimensions, this will not present any difficulties. There will be certain paths, there can be no collisions. You get into an airplane and fly like that, the airplane will do the work itself. Perhaps something else. The source of energy is on the ground, the control comes from the ground, you have only regulating devices.
intraatomic energy
Editor: Are there other sources of energy that we do not use at all?
A. F. Ioffe: If we talk about intra-atomic energy, then there is a colossal supply of it. Some of it can probably be used. It is not entirely correct to call this energy "reserves". This is not a source of energy, but its graveyard. The atom is a sign of what huge reserves of energy that previously existed in the world have already been spent. But this minimum is not always absolute. There are unfinished atoms - radioactive atoms, where further reduction can be made. If you take four hydrogen atoms, combine their nuclei with two electrons, and leave two, you get a helium atom - and then a huge amount of energy will be released. If we were able to convert hydrogen into helium in this way, it would be a great source of energy.
The greatest merit of Ioffe is the founder of a unique physical school, which made it possible to bring Soviet physics to the world level. On Ioffe's initiative, beginning in 1929, institutes of physics and technology were set up in large industrial cities: Kharkov, Dnepropetrovsk, Sverdlovsk, and Tomsk. Behind the eyes, both students and other colleagues called Abram Fedorovich “Papa Ioffe” with love and respect.
Under the guidance of A.F. Ioffe, the future Nobel laureates Kapitsa began their scientific activities, the largest scientists Aleksandrov, Alikhanov, Artsimovich, Bronstein, Dorfman, Zeldovich, Kikoin, Konstantinov, Kurchatov, Tamm (also a future Nobel Prize winner), Frenkel, Khariton and a lot others.
http://www.people.su/45832
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Ioffe Abram Fedorovich - Director of the Institute of Semiconductors of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad.
He was born on October 17 (29), 1880 in the city of Romny, now in the Sumy region (Ukraine) in the family of a merchant of the second guild, Fayvish (Fedor Vasilievich) Ioffe, and a housewife, Rasheli Abramovna Weinstein. Jew. In 1888-1897 he studied at a real school. Upon graduation, he moved to St. Petersburg and entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, which he graduated in 1902.
Since 1903, he continued his education at the University of Munich under the guidance of one of the best experimenters of that time, the first Nobel Prize winner in physics, V.K. Roentgen. During the years of work in the laboratory of Roentgen (1903-1906), A.F. Ioffe carried out a number of major studies. Among them is a precision experiment to determine the "energy power" of radium. The works of A.F. Ioffe on the mechanical and electrical properties of crystals, carried out in the Munich years, were systematic. In the process of their implementation, using the example of crystalline quartz, he studied and correctly explained the effect of elastic aftereffect.
The study of the electrical properties of quartz, the effect of X-rays, ultraviolet and natural light on the conductivity of crystals led A.F. Ioffe to the discovery of the internal photoelectric effect, elucidation of the limits of applicability of Ohm's law to describe the passage of current through a crystal and the study of peculiar phenomena that play out in the near-electrode regions. All these works by Ioffe secured his reputation as a physicist who thought deeply into the mechanisms of the processes he studied and carried out experiments with exceptional accuracy that expanded the understanding of atomic-electronic phenomena in solids.
After a brilliant defense of his doctoral dissertation at the University of Munich in 1905, A.F. Ioffe refuses the offer of his teacher Roentgen to stay in Munich to continue joint research and teaching and returns to Russia.
Since 1906, A.F. Ioffe began working as a senior laboratory assistant at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. In the physical laboratory of the Ioffe Institute in 1906-1917, brilliant work was done to confirm Einstein's quantum theory of the external photoelectric effect, to prove the granular nature of the electronic charge, and to determine the magnetic field of cathode rays.
In 1911, A.F. Ioffe determined the charge of an electron, using the same idea as R. Millikan: charged metal particles were balanced in electric and gravitational fields (in Millikan's experiment, oil droplets). However, Ioffe published this work in 1913 (Milliken published his result somewhat earlier, so the experiment was named after him in the world literature).
Ioffe's first work, which was the subject of his master's thesis, was devoted to the elementary photoelectric effect and belonged to the same circle of classical studies as the work of J. Thomson and R. Milliken on the determination of the electron charge. He proved the reality of the existence of an electron independently of the rest of matter, determined the absolute value of its charge, investigated the magnetic effect of cathode rays, which are a stream of electrons, and proved the statistical nature of the emission of electrons during an external photoelectric effect. In 1913, after defending his master's thesis at St. Petersburg University, he was elected an extraordinary professor.
For these and some other studies, the Academy of Sciences in 1914 awarded A.F. Ioffe with the S.A. Ivanov Prize. It is necessary to add two more to these most important research cycles of A.F. Ioffe: one of them is the theoretical work of the scientist devoted to thermal radiation, in which the classical studies of M. Planck were further developed. Other work was also carried out by him in the physical laboratory of the Polytechnic Institute in collaboration with the teacher of this institute, M.V. Milovidova-Kirpicheva. In this work, the electrical conductivity of ionic crystals was studied. The results of research on the electrical conductivity of ionic crystals were subsequently, already after the end of the First World War, brilliantly reported to A.F. Ioffe at the Solvay Congress of 1924, caused a lively discussion among its famous participants, and received their full recognition.
At the same time, he became an active member of the Department of Physics of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society, collaborating with the outstanding Dutch theoretical physicist P. Ehrenfest, who was then working in St. Petersburg. At the same time, he does not stop the research begun in Munich. This period includes his work on the study of X-rays and the electrical properties of dielectrics, the elementary photoelectric effect and the magnetic field of cathode rays, the mechanical strength of solids and ways to increase it.
Ioffe's next extensive study was a continuation of his work done in Roentgen's laboratory. It was devoted to the study of the elastic and electrical properties of quartz and some other crystals and formed the basis of his doctoral dissertation. Both of these works were distinguished by phenomenal scrupulousness and accuracy, as well as an invariable desire to bring all the observed effects into a single coherent scheme - features inherent in all students of the Ioffe school. After defending his doctoral dissertation (Petrograd University, 1915), A.F. Ioffe became a professor at the department of general physics.
Along with intensive research work, A.F. Ioffe devoted a lot of time and energy to teaching. He lectured not only at the Polytechnic Institute, where he became a professor in 1915, but also at the well-known courses of P.F. Lesgaft in the city, at the Mining Institute and at the university. However, the most important thing in this activity of Ioffe was the organization in 1916 of a seminar on physics at the Polytechnic Institute. It was during these years that A.F. Ioffe - first a participant, and then the leader of the seminar - developed that wonderful style of conducting such meetings, which created him well-deserved fame and characterized him as the head of the school.
The Ioffe seminar at the Polytechnical Institute is rightfully considered the most important center of crystal physics. A broad outlook and ability to foresee, an outstanding talent as a scientist and organizer gave Ioffe the opportunity to educate a large detachment of physicists, to show the importance of physics for technology and the national economy. Well-known Soviet physicists came out of the Ioffe school, many of whom themselves became the founders of their own schools: Nobel laureates P.L. Kapitsa and N.N. Semenov, academicians A.P. Aleksandrov, A.I. Alikhanov, L.A. I. K. Kikoin, I. V. Kurchatov, P. I. Lukirsky, I. V. Obreimov, Yu. V.E. Lashkarev, A.I. Leipunsky, K.D. Sinelnikov and many others.
On the initiative of A.F. Ioffe, in October 1918, the Department of Physics and Technology was established at the Roentgenological and Radiological Institute in Petrograd, reorganized in 1921 into the Institute of Physics and Technology, which was headed by A.F. Ioffe for more than three decades.
In 1918 he was elected a corresponding member, and in 1920 a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Along with the creation of the FTI, A.F. Ioffe is credited with the organization in 1919 at the Polytechnic Institute of a new type of faculty: physical and mechanical, of which he was also dean for more than 30 years. The faculty became the prototype of educational institutions of this type in the country. On his initiative, since 1929, the Institutes of Physics and Technology were established in large industrial cities (Kharkov, Dnepropetrovsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk), the Institute of Chemical Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
The scientific work of A.F. Ioffe was concentrated within the walls of the Physicotechnical Institute, one of the laboratories of which he invariably headed. In the 1920s, the main focus of work was the study of the mechanical and electronic properties of solids. In many articles that came out of the walls of the Physicotechnical Institute in the 1920-1940s, Ioffe's name is not among the authors, although his contribution to them is visible to any specialist. The exceptional scientific generosity of the scientist corresponded to his moral principles and was a component of the “art to lead young employees”, about which his student, Nobel laureate N.N. Semenov wrote: “If you want the student to develop any new idea, do it quietly , trying as much as possible so that he, as it were, came to her, taking her for his own ... Do not get carried away by excessive guidance of students, give them the opportunity to take the initiative as much as possible, to cope with difficulties themselves.
In 1919-1923, A.F. Ioffe was the chairman of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Petrograd industry, in 1924-1930 he was the chairman of the All-Russian Association of Physicists. Since 1925 he was a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1927-1929 and 1942-1945 he was vice-president of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Another area of research in which Ioffe obtained important results is the physics of crystals. In 1916-1923 he studied the mechanism of conductivity of ionic crystals, in 1924 - their strength and plasticity. Together with P.S. Ehrenfest, he discovered the “quantum” nature of shifts under a given load, which received a theoretical explanation only in the 1950s, and also discovered the phenomenon of material “hardening” (Ioffe effect) - “healing” of surface cracks. Ioffe summarized his work on the problems of solid state physics in the well-known book "Physics of Crystals", written on the basis of lectures given by him in 1927 during a long business trip to the USA.
In 1932, A.F. Ioffe founded the Agrophysical Institute in Leningrad, which he headed until 1960.
The beginning of the 1930s was marked by the transition of the Physicotechnical Institute to a new subject. One of the main directions was nuclear physics. A.F. Ioffe, observing the rapid rise of this field of physics, quickly assessed its future role in the further progress of science and technology. Therefore, since the end of 1932, nuclear physics has firmly entered the subject of the work of the Physicotechnical Institute.
A.F. Ioffe's own scientific work from the beginning of the 1930s focused on another problem - the problem of semiconductor physics, and his laboratory at the Physicotechnical Institute became the laboratory of semiconductors. The first work in this area was carried out by Ioffe himself together with Ya.I. Frenkel and concerned the analysis of contact phenomena at the metal-semiconductor interface. They explained the rectifying property of such a contact in the framework of the tunneling effect theory, which was developed 40 years later when describing tunneling effects in diodes. Work on the photoelectric effect in semiconductors led Ioffe to a bold hypothesis that semiconductors are capable of efficiently converting radiation energy into electrical energy, which served as a prerequisite for the development of new areas of semiconductor technology - the creation of photovoltaic generators (in particular, silicon solar energy converters - "solar batteries") . These investigations laid the foundation for entire trends in semiconductor physics, which were successfully developed in subsequent years by his students.
For research in the field of semiconductors in 1942, A.F. Ioffe was awarded the Stalin Prize.
Ioffe and his students created a classification system for semiconductor materials, developed a method for determining their basic properties. The study of the thermoelectric properties of semiconductors was the beginning of the development of a new field of technology - thermoelectric cooling. The Institute of Semiconductors has developed a series of thermoelectric refrigerators, which are widely used throughout the world to solve a number of problems in radio electronics, instrumentation, space biology, etc.
During the war years, A.F. Ioffe participated in the construction of radar installations in Leningrad, during the evacuation in Kazan he was the chairman of the Naval and Military Engineering Commissions.
The maximum approximation to practice of the results achieved in the fundamental areas of knowledge, the widest dissemination of this knowledge - such was the desire of A.F. Ioffe. Especially bright was Ioffe's initiative in creating the famous Laboratory No. 2 (the future Institute of Atomic Energy, and now the Kurchatov Center), where work began on the creation of nuclear weapons during the war years. No less important was the proposal of A.F. Ioffe to put one of his students, I.V. Kurchatov, at the head of these studies.
In December 1950, during the campaign to "fight against cosmopolitanism", A.F. Ioffe was removed from the post of director and removed from the academic council of the institute. In 1952-1955 he headed the Laboratory of Semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1954, on the basis of the laboratory, the Institute of Semiconductors of the USSR Academy of Sciences was organized, which Academician Ioffe led until the end of his life.
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 28, 1955 Ioffe Abram Fedorovich He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.
A.F.Ioffe is the author of many monographs and textbooks. His Lectures on Molecular Physics (1919) were very popular, he wrote the 1st volume of the Course of Physics - “Basic concepts from the field of mechanics. Properties of thermal energy. Electricity and Magnetism” (1927, 1933, 1940), as well as (together with N.N. Semyonov) the first part of the 4th volume “Molecular Physics” (1932, 1935), “Basic Concepts of Modern Physics” (1949), “ Semiconductor Physics" (1957). In the mid-1930s, under the leadership of Ioffe, there was a discussion of the principles for constructing a physics course for technical universities; one of the results of these heated discussions was the publication of a remarkable course in general physics by G.S. Landsberg.
Summing up the results of many years of activity of Academician A.F. Ioffe, we can single out the main achievements of his scientific work: measurement of the electron charge; detection and measurement of the magnetic field of cathode rays; discovery of the internal photoelectric effect of crystals; discovery and study of the mechanism of electrical conductivity of ionic crystals; explanation of the magnitude of the real strength of crystals ("Ioffe effect"); discovery of the effect of intermittent deformation of crystals accompanied by acoustic emission; creation of the theory of tunnel rectification at the metal-semiconductor interface; study of electrical conductivity of semiconductors in strong and weak fields.
In addition to scientific achievements, his most important merit is the creation of the Soviet school of physicists, from which many prominent Soviet scientists came out. In terms of the variety of problems that its representatives dealt with in the 1920s–1930s, in terms of their number, and in terms of the results obtained by this school and its leader, it is perhaps the largest physical school that was formed in the 20th century.
In many respects, the success of the Ioffe school was predetermined by the personal qualities of the scientist - his great talent as an experimental physicist, his outstanding organizational skills, his ability to quickly and accurately navigate the complex problems of the new physics that was being born at that time, his flair for the new. His outstanding personal qualities attracted to him numerous students not only from all over our country, but also from abroad.
He died on October 14, 1960 in his office, two weeks before his 80th birthday. He was buried at the Literary bridges of the Volkovsky cemetery in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). A monument by M.K. Anikushin was erected on his grave.
Awarded 3 orders of Lenin (10/30/1940; 06/10/1945; 10/28/1955).
Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1933), winner of the Stalin Prize (1942), Lenin Prize (posthumously, 1961). Corresponding member of the Goettingen (1924), Berlin (1928) Academy of Sciences. Honorary Member of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts in Boston (1958), German Academy of Sciences "Leopoldina" (1958), Indian Academy of Sciences (1958). Member of the Italian Academy of Sciences (1959). Honorary doctorates from the University of California (1928), the Sorbonne (1945), the Universities of Graz (1948), Bucharest and Munich (1955). Honorary Member of the French, British and Chinese Physical Societies. Honorary member of VASKhNIL (1956).
In November 1960, the name of A.F. Ioffe was given to the Physico-Technical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. A bust of A.F. Ioffe was erected in front of the Institute building in 1964, memorial plaques were installed on the buildings where he worked. Also, a memorial plaque was installed behind the building of the former real school in the city of Romny, where A.F. Ioffe studied (now school No. 2). In 2005, in commemoration of the 125th anniversary of the birth of A.F. Ioffe, an international scientific seminar "The past, present and future of thermoelectrics" was held at this school. In 1988, a research ship of the USSR Academy of Sciences was named in his honor. A small planet is named after him. a crater on the moon, a square in St. Petersburg, streets in Adlershof (Germany) and Romny (Ukraine).
Ioffe Abram Fedorovich
(b. 1880 - d. 1960)
Soviet physicist, organizer of physical research in the USSR, teacher. Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1916), RAS (1920), USSR Academy of Sciences (in 1942-1945 its vice-president), Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1933), Hero of Socialist Labor (1955). Founder and head (1918–1951) of the Physico-Technical Department of the State X-ray and Radiological Institute, director of the Physico-Technical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, director of the Institute of Semiconductors of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1955). His main works are devoted to solid state physics. His work laid the foundation for the physics and technology of semiconductors. Head of numerous school of physicists. Laureate of the Stalin Prize (1942) and Lenin Prize (1961, posthumously). Author of the biographical book "Meetings with Physicists".
When it comes to Abram Fedorovich Ioff, one gets the impression that most of the major Russian physicists of the middle of the 20th century were directly or indirectly students of this St. Petersburg academician. Although he was not a Nobel laureate, his contribution to physics and to the creation of a national scientific school of physicists is enormous. He practically created a school comparable in level to the schools of E. Rutherford in Cambridge and M. Born in Göttingen. Well-known Soviet physicists came out of the Ioffe school, many of whom themselves became the founders of their own schools: Academicians A. P. Aleksandrov, A. I. Alikhanov, L. A. Artsimovich, P. L. Kapitsa, B. P. Konstantinov, G. V. Kurdyumov, I. V. Kurchatov, P. I. Lukirsky, I. V. Obreimov, N. N. Semenov, Yu. B. Khariton; Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Ya. I. Frenkel, Academicians of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR A. K. Walter, V. E. Lashkarev, A. I. Leipunsky, K. D. Sinelnikov and many others. Among scientists, he was called the "father of Soviet physics" or even "Papa Ioffe." In many respects, the successes of Soviet physics were predetermined by his personal qualities - a great talent as an experimental physicist, outstanding organizational skills, the ability to quickly and accurately navigate the complex problems of new physics that was being born at that time, his amazing flair for the new, which allowed him already in the 1920s years to understand the meaning of nuclear physics, and in the 1930s, the physics of semiconductors and polymers. An extremely important quality of the comprehensively gifted personality of Ioffe was the gift of the Teacher and the highest responsibility of Ioffe to the country where physics was in its infancy. He brought up a new type of physicists - "physically minded" people who could quickly understand the essence of new, unexpectedly arising problems before them, and not just have a good knowledge of the whole theory and practice of certain established technical issues.
Abram Fedorovich was born on October 29, 1880 in Romny, Poltava province, in the family of a merchant of the 2nd guild. Since there was no gymnasium in the small town, but there was only a men's real school, he entered it. It is noteworthy that S.P. Timoshenko, later a major mechanic, turned out to be Ioffe's classmate. Abram became interested in physics at the school. He often emphasized that this happened not due to the influence of teachers, but rather in spite of: the level of teaching at the school was very low. The gifted young man dreamed of entering a university, but, as you know, before the revolution, in order to enter universities, it was necessary to know the ancient languages that were taught only in gymnasiums. Therefore, after graduating from a real school, Ioffe chose the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, in which, in his opinion, physics could be studied to the greatest extent. Outstanding scientists taught at this institute, in particular, I. I. Borgman, N. A. Gezekhus, and B. L. Rosing. Along with physics, Ioffe worked a lot in the field of its biological applications, which was more than unusual in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was also engaged in purely engineering work, mainly during summer practice.
In 1902, a graduate of the Institute of Technology, having secured recommendations, went to Munich to gain experience in setting up an experiment to test the resonant theory of smell and sense of smell he had created during his studies at the school. In those years, the best experimental physicist V. K. Roentgen, according to St. Petersburg professors, worked there. At first, Abram was a trainee and lived on his own money, and then he got a job as an assistant. A fruitful and most trusting relationship has developed between the Nobel Prize winner and the aspiring physicist. During the years of work in the laboratory of Roentgen (1903-1906), Ioffe conducted a number of major studies, among which was an experiment to determine the "energy power" of radium, work on the mechanical and electrical properties of crystals, etc. These studies cemented his reputation as a physicist who thought deeply about the mechanisms of the processes he studied and, with exceptional accuracy, conducting experiments that expanded the understanding of atomic-electronic phenomena in solids. Already in his doctoral dissertation, carried out in the Roentgen laboratory in Munich, Ioffe showed the skill of an experimenter and solved the then important question of the elastic aftereffect in crystals, for which he was awarded a doctorate degree with the highest honors.
In 1906, Abram Fedorovich, refusing Roentgen's flattering offer to stay to continue research and teaching at the University of Munich, returned to Russia and got a job as a senior laboratory assistant at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. In 1906-1917, in the physical laboratory of the Ioffe Institute, he performed brilliant work to confirm Einstein's quantum theory of the external photoelectric effect, to prove the granular nature of the electronic charge, and to determine the magnetic field of cathode rays. In 1913, after defending his master's thesis, he became an extraordinary professor, and in 1915, having defended his doctoral dissertation, he became a professor in the department of general physics at his institute. For research on the elastic and electrical properties of quartz and some other crystals, the Academy of Sciences in 1914 awarded him the Prize. S. A. Ivanova.
In addition to these important studies, Ioffe was engaged in theoretical developments in the field of thermal radiation, in which the classical studies of M. Planck were further developed. And the results of studies on the electrical conductivity of ionic crystals (in collaboration with M. V. Milovidova-Kirpicheva) were later, after the end of the First World War, brilliantly reported by him at the Solvay Congress of 1924 and, having caused a lively discussion among its famous participants, received them full recognition. Along with intensive research work, Abram Fedorovich devoted a lot of time and energy to teaching. He lectured not only at the Polytechnic Institute, but also at the well-known courses of P. Lesgaft in the city, at the Mining Institute and at the university. However, the most important thing in this activity of Ioffe was the organization in 1916 of a seminar on new physics at the Polytechnic Institute. It was during these years that Ioffe - first a participant, and then the leader of the seminar - developed that wonderful style of conducting such meetings, which created him a well-deserved fame and characterized him as the head of the school. The Ioffe Seminar at the Polytechnic Institute is rightfully considered the most important center in the field of crystal physics.
In October 1918, at the initiative of Ioffe, a department of physics and technology was created at the X-ray and Radiological Institute (soon reorganized into the Institute of Physics and Technology), and a year later, a department of physics and mechanics at the Polytechnic Institute, of which he was also dean for more than 30 years. The creation of the Institute of Physics and Technology later gave rise to an extensive network of research institutes in the field of physics (15 affiliated institutes, including institutes of physics and technology in Kharkov, Dnepropetrovsk, Tomsk, etc.).
A broad outlook and ability to foresee, an outstanding talent as a scientist and organizer allowed Ioffe to carry out the reform of physics in the USSR, to educate a large detachment of physicists, to show the importance of physics for technology and the national economy. Until 1954, Ioffe was director of the Physico-Technical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and then headed the Institute of Semiconductors of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
The scientific work of A.F. Ioffe in the 1920s was focused on the study of the mechanical and electronic properties of solids, with the beginning of the 1930s, nuclear physics became one of the main areas. The scientist quickly appreciated its future role in the further progress of science and technology. Therefore, nuclear physics has firmly entered the subject of the work of the Physicotechnical Institute. At the same time, Ioffe's own scientific work focused on another problem - the problem of the physics of semiconductors as new materials for electronics. He created a methodology for determining the main parameters characterizing the properties of semiconductors, and a classification system for these materials (1931–1940). These works served as a prerequisite for the development of new areas of semiconductor technology - the creation of thermo- and photoelectric generators and refrigeration devices. In the late 1930s, Ioffe proposed a mechanism for rectifying current in semiconductors, which was used in the production of diodes, and put forward the idea of plasma thermoelectricity. All these works were distinguished by phenomenal scrupulousness and accuracy, as well as an invariable desire to reduce all the observed effects into a single coherent scheme - features absorbed by all the students of the Ioffe school.
However, the life of a prominent physicist was not cloudless. His fate was affected by all the methods of moral terror, with the help of which the authorities tried to excommunicate many prominent scientists from science. True, Ioffe never clashed with the authorities, he always emphasized his loyalty and even devotion to the system, which gave him the opportunity to occupy large administrative positions in science and directly influence state policy in this area. But the authorities felt that he was alien to them in spirit: firstly, he worked in Munich and absorbed the spirit of classical science, not dependent on anything but the truth. Therefore, he was considered "hard to manage", always had his own opinion and was not afraid to express it openly. Secondly, Abram Fedorovich, although he had been a member of the CPSU since 1942, did not actively participate in political events. Well, thirdly, Ioffe was a Jew, and the authorities, especially during the years of the struggle against cosmopolitanism, "forgot" about the fifth point only when they had no choice - without the help of Jewish scientists it was difficult to solve the most important defense tasks . So, during the war years, Ioffe participated in the construction of radar installations in Leningrad, during the evacuation in Kazan he was the chairman of the Naval and Military Engineering Commissions.
One should remember at least the atomic problem or the problem of creating rocket weapons. Back in the winter of 1920, in cold and hungry Petrograd, the Atomic Commission was created, in which A.F. Ioffe also took a direct part. He considered it necessary to carry out research on the atom quickly and intensely and to put work on atomic physics under special conditions. The center of scientific research was the X-ray Institute, and later the Physico-Technical Institute, headed by him. A galaxy of talented researchers united around him. The famous Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology, which today bears the name of Academician Ioffe, was called differently: the Parnassus of New Physics, and the Mighty Handful, and even the Kindergarten of Papa Ioffe. Academician I. K. Kikoin recalls: “It really was a kindergarten - in the sense that the main force, the main army of the institute's employees were students of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd courses. They did science at the Physico-Technical Institute, which means they did science - physics - in the country as well. But the garden must also bear fruit. This Fiztekhov kindergarten has borne fruit, and, I would say, the results are not bad. For example, Soviet atomic technology, atomic energy - this is the fruit of the very garden that Abram Fedorovich Ioffe planted and nurtured.
The academician had a special nose not only for talent, but he could even predict in which direction this or that scientist would be able to show his best side. Thus, Abram Fedorovich contributed to the reorientation of IV Kurchatov in the early 1930s from ferroelectric to nuclear problems. And when, during the Great Patriotic War, Ioffe, as an unsurpassed organizing scientist, was offered to lead this direction, he again put forward Kurchatov, who in that difficult 1943 was not yet an academician, but served in the navy, dealing with the neutralization of German mines and developing a method of degaussing warships.
Many physicists owe their growth and career to Ioffe, but there were plenty of envious people. Colleagues from the academy, Academician V. F. Mitkevich and Corresponding Member A. A. Maksimov, were especially zealous. The latter spared no papers to prove that Abram Fedorovich was "an irresponsible Soviet citizen." He wrote on the pages of the magazine “Under the banner of Marxism”: “The self-praise of Academician A.F. Ioffe, who attributes to himself the merit belonging to the entire team of Soviet physicists and achieved under the leadership of the party and government, is a style of boasting, sensationalism, exaggeration, direct fraud.” He was echoed by A. K. Timiryazev, professor of the Physics Department of Moscow State University: “We hope that the Soviet public will fully reveal where the enemies and where the friends of Soviet physics are, and will appreciate the slanderous statements of Acad. Ioffe". It was a direct call for violence. But Ioffe was not arrested either then or later. Apparently, high international prestige and a generally loyal position in relation to the authorities saved him from repression. Nevertheless, the clouds were gathering, especially at the height of the campaign against "rootless cosmopolitanism." Increasingly, the name of Ioffe was mentioned among the “rootless”. In October 1950, President of the USSR Academy of Sciences S.I. Vavilov summoned him and, after a long conversation, offered to resign from the post of director of the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology. Abram Fedorovich wrote a statement with a request to release him from the post of director and transfer him to the head of the laboratory at the same institute. On December 8, 1950, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences approved this decision and appointed A.P. Komar as director of the LPTI.
However, the situation at the institute remained difficult. The new leadership openly bullied Ioffe, and although he felt the moral support of his friends and colleagues during the difficult time, his situation sometimes became unbearable. The atmosphere in which Ioffe lived and worked during that period is well conveyed by the history of the discussion of his book Basic Concepts of Modern Physics (1949). It was the first post-war book in which the basics of modern physics were quite popular and clearly stated: the theory of relativity, statistical, atomic and nuclear physics. Readers accepted it well, and the first scientific reviews were very favorable. But as soon as the rumor spread that Ioffe had been removed from the post of director of the institute, almost simultaneously devastating reviews appeared in special journals, pointing to "very large ideological breakdowns" (and this is in a book on physics!) and the problem of problems with "dialectical materialism" . Naturally, Ioffe made the traditional admission of mistakes. From today's standpoint, his speech could be considered unprincipled, but who knows what feelings the disgraced academician experienced in those days, what defense tactics he chose?
Ioffe was forced to completely leave the institute. The Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences organized a special semiconductor laboratory for him, allocated staff and premises. In 1950, the scientist developed a theory, on the basis of which the requirements were formulated for semiconductor materials used in thermopiles and ensuring the maximum value of their efficiency. Following this, in 1951, L. S. Stilbans, under the leadership of A. F. Ioffe and Yu. P. Maslakovets, developed the world's first refrigerator. This was the beginning of the development of a new field of technology - thermoelectric cooling. Corresponding refrigerators and thermostats are now widely used throughout the world to solve a number of problems in radio electronics, instrumentation, medicine, space biology, and other fields of science and technology.
If you try to compile a list of scientific and civil achievements of Abram Fedorovich, it will take more than one page. He is the author of many monographs, articles, textbooks and a number of memoirs. His last organizational brainchild was the creation of the Institute of Semiconductors of the USSR Academy of Sciences. And since 1954, the number of publications of the venerable scientist in scientific journals, reflecting his scientific activity, has increased dramatically. His performance could not but arouse surprise and admiration. No wonder one of A.F. Ioffe's books on thermoelectricity was called "The Bible on thermoelectricity". Abram Fedorovich was a member of many academies of sciences: Göttingen (1924), Berlin (1928), American Academy of Sciences and Arts (1929), honorary member of the German Academy of Sciences "Leopoldina" (1958), Italian Academy of Sciences (1959), honorary doctor of the University of California (1928 ), the Sorbonne (1945), the universities of Graz (1948), Bucharest and Munich (1955). Twice he was awarded the State Prize of the USSR (1942, 1961 - posthumously) and was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (1955).
Abram Fedorovich died on October 14, 1960, two weeks before his 80th birthday, and was buried on Literary Mostki. The name of the outstanding physicist is immortalized not only in his deeds and in the memory of grateful descendants, but also in the name of his favorite brainchild - FTI im. A. B. Ioffe, in front of the building of which there is a monument to its creator - “Papa Ioffe”.
This text is an introductory piece.Great Scientist (Abram Fedorovich Ioffe) 60 years have passed since the birth and 35 years of scientific activity of the outstanding scientist of our country, Academician Abram Fedorovich Ioffe. He was born in 1880 in Romny; in the same place at the age of 8 he entered a real school, after
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Ioffe Abram Fedorovich (born in 1880 - died in 1960) Soviet physicist, organizer of physical research in the USSR, teacher. Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1916), RAS (1920), USSR Academy of Sciences (in 1942–1945 its vice-president), Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1933), Hero of the Socialist
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From N. Ioffe's book "Time Back" My father was buried in November 1927, and in January 1928 Trotsky was deported to Alma-Ata. On the day of the expulsion, having learned about this, we rushed to his apartment (at that time he no longer lived in the Kremlin, but on Granovsky Street). But we haven't found him yet. At home was his
From N. Ioffe's book "Time Back" I was together in Kolyma in 1936 with Alexandra Lvovna Sokolovskaya ... Alexandra Lvovna read me a letter from Lev Davydovich after Zina's death. I remembered the first phrase: “Dear friend, I cannot understand why fate
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Ioffe Abram Fedorovich 1880–1960 Russian and Soviet physicist Born in the city of Romny, Poltava province in 1880 in the family of a merchant of the second guild Faivish (Fedor Vasilievich) Ioffe and housewife Rasheli Abramovna Weinstein. He graduated from the Romny real school in 1897 and
Chapter Two A. A. Ioffe I met Adolf Ioffe - the first Soviet ambassador to Berlin, a former doctor - on April 11, 1918, at the Astoria Hotel in St. embassies. By
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Russian physicist Abram Ioffe left an unforgettable mark. During his life he wrote several books and a large encyclopedia published in 30 volumes. In addition, he opened a school from which great scientists graduated. Abram Fedorovich at one time became the "father of Soviet physics."
The famous scientist was born in 1880 on October 29 in the city of Romny, which was at that time in the Poltava province. His family was friendly and cheerful. When the boy was 9 years old, he entered a real school, which was located in Germany, where a significant role was assigned to mathematical subjects. It was here that the physicist received his secondary education and a certificate in 1897. Here he met his best friend Stepan Timoshenko.
After graduating from college in the same year, he entered the Technological St. Petersburg University.
He graduated from it in 1902 and immediately applied to a higher educational institution, which was located in Germany, in Munich. Here he began to work, his leader was the German physicist V.K. Roentgen. He taught his ward a lot, and thanks to him, the young scientist Abram Ioffe received the first degree of Doctor of Science.
In 1906, the guy got a job at the Polytechnic Institute, where 12 years later, that is, in 1918, he organized the first physical and mechanical faculty to graduate professional physicists.
Abram Ioffe determined the elementary electric charge back in 1911, but he did not use his own idea, but the American physicist Millikan. However, he published his work only in 1913, as he wanted to check some of the nuances. And so it happened that the American physicist was able to publish the result earlier, and that is why the name of Millikan is mentioned in the experiment, and not Ioffe.
Ioffe's first serious work was his master's thesis, which he defended in 1913. Two years later, in 1915, he wrote and defended his doctoral thesis.
In 1918, he worked as president at the Russian Scientific Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, and also headed the Physics and Technology Department at this university. Three years later (in 1921) he became the head of the Institute of Physics and Technology, which today is called A. F. Ioffe.
The physicist spent 6 years as chairman of the All-Russian Association of Physicists, starting in 1924. After that, he was the head of the Agrophysical University.
In 1934, Abram and other initiators created a creative club of scientific intelligentsia, and at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War he was appointed head of a meeting of a commission related to military equipment.
In 1942 he was the head of the military engineering commission at the Leningrad City Committee of the CPSU.
At the end of 1950, Abram Fedorovich was removed from the post of head, but at the beginning of 1952 he created a semiconductor laboratory on the basis of the Department of Physics of the Novosibirsk State University, and two years later (1954) organized a semiconductor institute, which turned out to be a profitable business.
Abram Iofe devoted almost 60 years to physics. During this time, a lot of literature has been written, an incredible amount of research has been carried out, and several departments and schools have been opened that are dedicated to the famous great scientist. A.F. Ioffe died at his workplace in his office on October 14, 1960. He did not quite live up to the round date - 80 years. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the site of the Volkovsky cemetery "Literary Mostki".
You see in the photo of Abram Ioffe, who earned the respect of the people thanks to his mind. After all, so many years have passed since the day of his death, and even today you can hear about him in many universities of the country.
Abram Fedeorovich was married twice. For the first time he had a beloved woman in 1910 - this is Kravtsova Vera Andreevna. She was the first wife of a physicist. They almost immediately had a daughter, Valentina, who eventually followed in her father's footsteps and became a famous doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, headed a laboratory at a university of silicate chemistry. She married a people's artist, opera singer S. I. Migai.
Unfortunately, Abram did not stay married to Vera for a long time, and in 1928 he married a second time to Anna Vasilievna Echeistova. She was also a physicist and perfectly understood her husband, his work, attitude towards family and friends. That is why the couple lived a long, happy life.
Even in his youth, Ioffe identified for himself the main areas in science. This is the physics of the nucleus, polymers and semiconductors. His work became famous in a short time. Ioffe devoted them to the direction of semiconductors.
This area was excellently developed not only by the physicist himself, but also by his students. Much later, Ioffe created a school of physics, which became famous throughout the country.
The name of the scientist is often found in foreign literature, where his achievements and the history of promotion are described. The books also talk about the organizational activities of the physicist, which was quite diverse and multifaceted. Therefore, it is difficult to fully characterize it from all sides.
Iofe participated in the collegium of the NTO VSNKh, was a member of the council of scientists, created the Agrophysical University, the Institute of Semiconductors, the University of Macromolecular Compounds. In addition, the organizational activity of the scientist was visible in the Academy of Sciences, the preparation of congresses and various conferences.
Physicist Ioffe Abram Fedorovich in 1933 received the honorary title - Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, and in 1955 on his birthday he was awarded the title - Hero of Socialist Labor. Received 3 orders of Lenin (in 1940, 1945, 1955).
Physics was posthumously awarded the Lenin Prize in 1961. For outstanding achievements in the field of science, A. Ioffe received the Stalin Prize of the first degree in 1942.
In memory of A.F. Ioffe, a large impact crater in the southern hemisphere was given the name of a scientist. Also, one large research university in Russia was named after him back in 1960, a monument to the scientist was erected in the courtyard of the institute opposite the building, and a small bust was installed in the assembly hall of the same institution. Not far from the university, where the second building is, there is a memorial plaque, which indicates in what years the outstanding scientist worked here.
In memory of Ioff, a street in Berlin was named. Not far from the research university there is the famous Academician Ioffe Square. It is not difficult to guess in whose honor it is named.
In the city of Romny there is school number 2, which was once a real school. Now it is named after the great scientist.
In addition, not only in Russia, but also in the world, there are many pictorial, graphic and sculptural portraits of the physicist, which were depicted by artists at all times.
And until now, many citizens know about this man, who made physics much more interesting and brighter.
We reviewed the biography of Abram Ioffe briefly. At the same time, I would like to mention the literature that the scientist wrote. First of all, it is worth noting the great Soviet encyclopedia. It began to be issued in 1926. After the death of the physicist, it continued to be printed and the last volume was published in 1990.
Much later after the first volume, in 1957, the book "Physics of Semiconductors" appeared, which describes not only the theory, but also the introduction of semiconductors into the national economy.
In addition, Ioffe has a wonderful book "On Physics and Physicists", which describes all the scientific work of the scientist. Most of the book is designed for readers who are interested in the history of creation and research.
The book "Meeting with Physicists" tells how the scientist met with many Soviet and foreign physicists, they conducted research together, opened institutes and departments.
In addition, there are books that were dedicated to the great scientist Abram Fedorovich Ioffe. One of them is "Successes in the physical sciences." This book was dedicated to the day of the 80th anniversary. And in 1950 they released a collection, which was dedicated to the day of the 70th anniversary.
It is impossible to list all the literature, as it has accumulated too much. After all, the scientist worked on projects and science for about 60 years.
The biography of Abram Fedorovich Ioffe is amazing. After all, not every person will be able to work on science all his life, conduct some kind of research, open schools, educate people and come up with new physical methods. It was he who showed the people how to give themselves to work, their country and science.
Unfortunately, the scientist was never able to celebrate his eightieth birthday, but he managed to do a lot. And today students and their teachers use the methods of the famous physicist Abram Fedorovich Ioffe.
