Roundworms (and there are more than 20 thousand species) have a unique ability - the ability to adapt to any living conditions.
About 40 species of worms enter the body through the skin and mucous membranes upon contact with contaminated soil and water. It can also occur due to thermally unprocessed food, insect bites, through household items, from pets and other family members.
Ascaris human is the most common type of roundworm that causes ascariasis. This is a large-sized helminth, the body of which has the shape of a cylinder, tapering towards the end. In males, it reaches 20 cm, twisted to the ventral side. Females can grow up to 40 cm in length.
This species is similar to the pig roundworm, which is common in Southeast Asia. In that area, the disease can be transmitted from pigs to humans and vice versa.
Worth knowing! When infected, weakness, headaches appear, and performance deteriorates. The person becomes forgetful and irritable for no reason. To identify the disease, a stool test is given.
Enterobiasis is a common ailment that causes pinworms. These are small round white worms. The female grows 10 cm long, the end of her body is pointed. The male is usually not larger than 5 mm.
Often enterobiasis occurs in children. Usually the first sign is itching in the anal area. The child does not sleep well, is irritable, problems with learning begin, because. performance decreases. The disease is diagnosed with a scraping from the surface of the skin of the anus.
This type of roundworm carries out its activity in the lower sections of the small intestine. It is introduced into the shell of the intestine, due to which there is a violation of the integrity of the connective cover. This leads to an inflammatory process. The helminth does not feed on the contents of the internal organ, but only on blood. Treatment causes many problems and usually drags on for a long time.
Trichuriasis is accompanied by the following symptoms: headache, irritability, drowsiness, lethargy. There may be convulsions, abdominal pain, intestinal dysbacteriosis, and sometimes appendicitis. The disease leads to anemia. To confirm the diagnosis, a stool test to detect worm eggs should be taken.
The fight against nematodes is simply necessary. Despite the type of helminths, they all cause significant harm to a person, affect his ability to work, lead to psychomotor developmental delay and absorb nutrients. If after all medical manipulations the diagnosis is confirmed, you will be prescribed the necessary treatment.
Important! The disease may not appear immediately, the incubation period of some worms is quite large (up to 1.5 years).
Nematodes multiply rapidly and begin to affect all organs and systems of the human body. So damage to the heart, intestines, liver, muscles can appear. Sometimes worms even attack the eyes. There are symptoms such as allergies, itching, increased levels of eosinophils in the blood.
Intoxication leads to general malaise and, in some cases, mental disorders. Worms contribute to a decrease in immunity. This especially affects the children's body. The child becomes sick. Colds are not so easy to cure.
Because of such a list of symptoms, it is sometimes difficult to establish that helminthiasis is the cause of the condition. Even through the analysis of feces, it is not always possible to identify nematodes, because. they adapted to life in man without detection. Therefore, several diagnostic studies should be carried out.
There is the following division of worms:
Geohelminths do not have an intermediate host. Therefore, their formation occurs in the soil or a person.
In the end, we recommend watching an educational film about helminths in our body:
Roundworms come in many varieties, varying in size and shape. But they are united by the ability to conduct active life in the organisms of animals and people. Infection occurs accidentally or due to poor hygiene, improperly prepared or dirty food.
Despite the abundance of drugs, getting rid of helminths is quite problematic. Treatment can take a long time. Therefore, we should do the prevention of worms and be attentive to our health and what we eat.
According to the shape of the body, worms are divided into three types: Flat, Round and Ringed. All worms are three-layer animals. Their tissues and organs develop from three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
Type Flatworms unites about 12,500 species. In their organization, they are higher than the coelenterates, but among the three-layered animals they are the most primitive. These animals can crawl slowly. The most characteristic sign of flatworms is a flattened (flattened) body, in the form of a long ribbon.
The figure below shows the structure of the Flatworm using the example of Planaria.
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Structure |
The body is flattened in the dorsal-abdominal direction, the space between the organs is filled with a special tissue - the parenchyma (there is no body cavity) |
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body integuments |
Skin-muscular sac (skin fused with muscle fibers) |
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Nervous system |
Two nerve trunks connected by nerves ("ladders") |
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sense organs |
Ocelli in front of body, tactile cells scattered throughout body |
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The digestive system is blindly closed; have mouth --> pharynx --> branched intestine |
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Whole surface of the body |
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Selection |
A system of tubules that open outward on the sides of the body |
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Reproduction of a flatworm |
Hermaphrodites; spermatozoa ripen in the testicles, eggs - in the ovaries; the female lays eggs that hatch into young worms |
Type Roundworms- a large group of animals with a long, round body in cross section, which is pointed at the front and rear ends. Roundworms are characterized by the presence of free space inside the body - the primary cavity. It contains internal organs surrounded by abdominal fluid. Washing the cells of the body, it is involved in gas exchange and the transfer of substances. The body of roundworms is covered with a strong shell - cuticle. This group includes about 20 thousand species.
The figure below shows the structure of the Roundworm using the example of Ascaris.
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Structure |
An elongated cylindrical body, pointed at both ends, round in cross section, is a body cavity |
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Skin-muscular sac |
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Nervous system |
Abdominal nerve cord |
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Mouth (3 hard lips) --> pharynx --> intestinal tube --> anus |
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Whole surface of the body |
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|
Selection |
Through the surface of the body |
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reproduction |
Most are dioecious; the female lays eggs that hatch into young worms |
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Representatives |
Type Annelids- a group of animals whose representatives have a body divided into segments resembling rings folded one after another. There are about 9 thousand species of annelids. Between the skin-muscle sac and internal organs they have in general- secondary body cavity filled with fluid.
|
Structure |
The body consists of segments, there is a body cavity |
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Leather; muscles - longitudinal and circular |
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Nervous system |
Supraglottic and subpharyngeal nerve ganglions and the ventral nerve cord, from which the nerves depart in each segment |
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Mouth --> pharynx --> esophagus --> crop --> stomach --> intestine --> anus |
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the entire surface of the body; marine have special outgrowths of the body - gills |
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|
Selection |
In each segment - a pair of tubules that open outwards with excretory pores |
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Reproduction of annelids |
Hermaphrodite; the female lays eggs in a cocoon, from which young worms emerge |
|
Manifold |
1. Class Small-haired - live mainly in soil and fresh water, have small bristles on each segment (representative - earthworm) 2. Class Multi-haired - live in the seas; have paired outgrowths with bristles on the sides of the body (representative - nereid, sandworm) |
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The source of information: Biology in tables and diagrams. / Edition 2e, - St. Petersburg: 2004.
The human essence is so interesting that it strives to try everything right away, without even washing your hands, and then they are surprised at the multi-colored bouquet of diseases. This article will be devoted to nematodes.
Simple organisms, consisting of a thousand somatic cells and hundreds of cells responsible for the reproductive ability of an individual. Nematode roundworms were defined by specialists as a "tube in a tube". So they characterized them because of the digestive tract that runs along the entire length of the body.
Until now, all types of roundworms have not been fully studied by science, so the systematization and classification have changed many times as new knowledge about them has been gained.
Any suborder of the helminth includes several families, then they are divided into genera and those already into species. Roundworms are ubiquitous.
The defeat of human organs by roundworms is a very dangerous disease that can even lead to mental disorders. Timely diagnosed and immediately started treatment will not aggravate the situation and nullify the protective function of the body.
Helminthiasis is not a sentence. In the 21st century, pharmacology is very well developed, so it will not be difficult to overcome the disease. Any therapy, as well as drugs, is prescribed only by the attending physician after compiling a complete patient history. Medicines are taken based on body weight and require careful preliminary calculation, since in most cases they are toxic.
Now we know what nematodes are. It remains to take measures so that they do not get infected. Almost every second family has a pet in the house, which, unfortunately, is also a carrier of worms.
In order to avoid invasion of family members, long debilitating treatment, pets should be dewormed every quarter and a few more points should be followed:
Competent prevention of infection should be aimed at the destruction of worms due to the banal rules of personal hygiene, high-quality disinfection of food.
In addition to people, animals, plants suffer from nematode diseases. Harmful individuals settle in the ground, soil, plant tissue. They affect cultures not only in the wild 
nature, but also on farmland. Their size is microscopic - does not reach 2 mm. As agronomists and gardeners note, the characteristics of plant nematodes depend on the type of worm that infects various parts of the plant, but they are absolutely safe for humans.
Not only garden lands can be infected with nematodes, but also soil bought in a store, intended for planting indoor plants. To overcome the disease will help ultraviolet emitted by sunlight. Do not forget about the treatment with chemical and biological remedies, which gardening shops offer in abundance.
You can become infected with worms through unwashed hands, household items, food. Carriers of worms can be pets, raw or undercooked meat and fish.
Tip: worms in adults, as well as chlamydia in men and women, should be treated with modern drugs - this will significantly speed up recovery. Folk remedies are good as a prevention of helminthic invasions and can be used if there are contraindications to drug treatment of helminthiasis.
It is worth using folk remedies only when a person has serious contraindications to treatment with modern anthelmintic drugs. An indication for the treatment of helminthic invasion with the help of folk remedies is pregnancy and lactation. Many medications designed to combat worms are strictly contraindicated in pregnant and lactating women. At the same time, before using any herbs and decoctions, you should consult a doctor, since not all decoctions from herbs and plants can be drunk during pregnancy and while feeding a child.
An effective folk remedy for worms are pumpkin seeds, which should be eaten raw. You should take 2 tablespoons of seeds in the morning on an empty stomach until a stool test for worm eggs shows a negative result.
Onion infusion also gives a good anthelmintic effect. To prepare it, chop onions in the evening, pour boiled water over it and leave to infuse overnight. Strain it in the morning and drink the liquid on an empty stomach.
Also, worms that settle in the human body do not tolerate:
An enema has a good effect against worms: boil a head of garlic in a glass of milk, then strain and cool to room temperature.
Decoctions have anthelmintic action:
It is not recommended to treat children with this herb, and adults should not take more than 5 g of wormwood powder per day. Tansy against worms is taken as an infusion: 1 cup of boiling water is taken for 1 tablespoon of grass. You need to take it three times a day. It should be borne in mind that during pregnancy, taking tansy is contraindicated. In dry ground form, it is effective against many types of worms and the usual spice - cloves.
Coriander seeds are also known for their antihelminthic action, which are also taken in ground form. Calamus root, celandine, burdock, dandelion also have an anthelmintic effect.
Tip: during the fight against worms with the help of folk remedies, you can combine them with each other, which will only enhance the therapeutic effect.
A good anthelmintic effect has a tincture of chanterelle mushroom. For 2 tablespoons of fresh chopped chanterelles or 3 tablespoons of dried mushrooms, you need to take 150 ml of vodka and insist for 2 weeks, shaking occasionally. It is not necessary to filter the infusion. It is necessary to take the remedy at night for 1 teaspoon. In addition, this tincture also has an immunostimulating effect, which will come in handy, since helminths can greatly depress the human immune system. Therefore, in the treatment of helminthiasis, infusions and decoctions with a tonic effect are widely used.
Traditional medicines used against worms have passed the test of time, but still they are not as effective as modern medicine: in order to recover from a mild form of helminthiasis, a single dose of a medicinal substance is often enough, while the treatment of helminthic invasion with folk remedies will take a lot of time. time.
Class Tapeworms (Cestoda).
Class Flukes (Trematoda).
Type Flatworms (Plathelminthes).
FOM - fecal-oral mechanism AtM - atypical mechanism GM - hemic mechanism
All of the following members of this class cause a group of diseases called cestodoses. Diseases caused by bovine and porcine tapeworms are called taeniasis.
Cysticercosis. If personal hygiene is violated, helminth eggs can get into the mouth and then into the stomach of a person. Sometimes this happens with vomiting, when, along with the contents of the intestine, mature tapeworm segments can be thrown into the stomach. Here they break down and eggs come out of them. Eggs that enter the intestines begin to develop. The first larval form oncospheres they are carried through the blood vessels throughout the body and turn into a second larval form - the Finns (cysticerci). A severe disease of cysticercosis develops. At the same time, Finns-cysticerci spread throughout the body, but their localization in the eyeballs and brain is especially dangerous. The larvae reach a size of 0.5-1.5 cm. This leads to loss of vision and severe nervous disorders.
The treatment of teniosis has an important feature: those that can provoke vomiting, for example, Phenasalum, are excluded from the number of anthelmintic drugs. Treatment of cysticercosis is surgical and anti-allergic.
Among human parasites are common roundworm human, pinworm And trichinella (Fig. 85).
Roundworm (Fig. 85, 1) live in the intestinal lumen of the host and feed on its contents. They do not have attachment organs, so they must always move towards the food masses. The life expectancy of human roundworm is up to 11-12 months. Infected people observe disruption of the intestines, acute pain, and anemia may develop.
Ascaris - dioecious animals: females reach a length of up to 44 cm, males - up to 25 cm. The fertility of roundworms is amazing: the female is able to lay up to 270 thousand eggs per day. From the human intestine, ascaris eggs are brought out, where a larva develops inside the egg. A person becomes infected by drinking raw water, unwashed vegetables and fruits, through dirty hands, etc. (Fig. 86). Nematode eggs can carry flies on their body. In the human digestive system, eggs hatch into larvae. First, they enter the blood vessels, and then with the blood flow through the liver and heart - into the lungs. After some time, they destroy the walls of the pulmonary vesicles and through the respiratory tract through the pharynx again enter the intestine, where they become sexually mature. During migration through the human body, ascaris larvae damage the tissues of various organs, can cause pneumonia and even suffocation.
Ascaris eggs are resistant and can remain viable for up to 7 years.
Remember! To avoid infection with roundworms, do not use unboiled water, unwashed vegetables, fruits. You should also always wash your hands before eating.
Remember! To prevent the spread of pinworms, it is necessary to adhere to the rules of hygiene: wash your hands before eating, cut your nails regularly, boil the linen of sick people. In children's institutions, sick children should be isolated from healthy children until they recover.
Sexually mature worms damage the intestinal mucosa and poison the host organism with the products of their metabolism. But the larvae that destroy muscle fibers do the most harm. At this time, patients have a significant increase in body temperature (up to +39 ° C and above), they feel severe pain in the affected muscles. If patients survive this life-threatening period, after a few weeks their condition improves.
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