Analysis of financial statements- This is a process, with which we appreciate the past and current financial polliation and the results of the organization's activities. However, while the main goal is to assess the financial and economic activity of our organization regarding future conditions of existence.
Financial (accounting) reporting is an information base of financial analysis, because in a classical understanding of financial analysis is an analysis of these financial statements. Financial analysis is carried out in different ways, depending on the task.
He can:
Used for you - the phenomenon of the problems of management of production and commercial de-uctility;
Serve to assess the activities of the management of the organization;
To be used to select the directions of investment of capital, finally, act as a tool for the interrogation of individual indicators and financial activities in general.
Analysis- This is a tool for the knowledge of objects and phenomena of the inner and external environment, based on the division of the whole to the integral parts and the study of them in relationships and journaling.
A part turned into a working capital is spent on raw materials and materials and to transform them into finished products and goods, as well as on the appeal of all this in money. The transfer of money to suppliers is interrupted by creditors to exactly, just as the receivable "barrier" slows down the return of money entering into circulation.
The process of transformation of procurement materials into the final product involves the distance of money for labor, rental of premises, taxes, insurance, utility bills, etc. Some of the main assets are fully used in the form of an amortization. In addition, there are many administrative expenses in the organization, which also require money.
The sale of finished products (works, services) and goods can be carried out through direct payments or on credit. In the latter case, the debitors slow down the process of cash flow into the organization. If the organization has invested money into external projects, then interest from investments come due to the "border" of working capital in the form of income from other outside the realization. Finally, some of the funds will be lost due to paying taxes, interest for credit and other financial expenses
Money turnover is a reflection of relations between the participants of the production process. Financial activity as part of economic activity includes all de-tender relations related to the production and sale of products, reproduction of basic and working capital, education and use of income.
Financial activities - purposefully implemented the process of practical implementation of all the basic functions of the organization's finance.
The main source of information for the financial analysis is the reporting of an enterprise (organization). According to the concept of the development of accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation on the medium term, the main task in the field of accounting is to ensure the relative independence of the organization of accounting process from a certain type of reporting.
The concept provides for the formation of the following reporting of economic entities:
Individual accounting statements;
Consolidated financial statements;
Management reporting;
Tax reporting.
Individual accounting reporting as an element of the accounting meter performs two functions:
1) information;
2) control.
On the one hand, it characterizes the financial position and financial result of the activities of the business entity.
On the other hand, it provides systemic control of the correctness and accuracy of accounting data when the discrepancy between each account. In this regard, all the economic entities should compile an individual accounting reporting for each reporting period.
Individual accounting reporting is intended for:
Identifying the final financial result of the activities of the economic entity - net profit (loss) and distributing it between owners;
Submissions in supervisory authorities;
Identifying signs of bankruptcy of economic entities;
Formation of a unified state base of statistical observation and macroeconomic indicators;
Use in managing an economic entity, proceedings and in taxation.
the main task In the field of individual accounting, it is to ensure guaranteed access to interested users to high-quality, reliable and comparable personalized information on how-aging entities.
Consolidated financial statements As a type of financial statements is intended for the characteristics of the FI-NANCE position and the financial result of the Group of business entities based on controlling relationships. Consolidated financial statements performs exclusively information function and seems to be aware of external users. This reporting should be one of the main sources of financial information to make economic decisions by these users.
Consolidated financial statements The main way to ensure guaranteed access to interested users to high-quality, reliable and comparable information about the group of economic entities. To solve this problem, the compilation of consolidated financial statements on international standards (IFRS), as well as carrying out compulsory audits and the publication of its results.
Management reporting Designed to use in the management of an economic entity (manual, other management personnel). In connection with this, the containment, frequency, deadlines, forms and the procedure for its preparation are determined by an economic entity independently. Under those, the advanced management practice shows that the construction of the UP-Rive reporting is most useful and effective, in which the content and procedure for its preparation are based on the same principles in which individual accounting and consolidated financial statements are compiled.
the main task In the field of managing reporting, Zak-smokes in the wide distribution of best practices of its organization, as well as the experience of its use in managing the management subject.
Tax reporting (Tax Declarations) intended for fiscal purposes and is obligatory for the preparation of economic entities, the circle of which is established by the tax laws. Tax reporting should be drawn up on the basis of information generated in accounting, by correcting it according to the rules of tax legislation.
the main taskin the field of tax reporting, it is to reduce the cost of its formation through a significant approximation of tax accounting rules for accounting rules.
According to Russian standards financial statements - This is a single system of data on the property and financial position of the organization and the results of its economic activity, based on financial accounting data in order to provide external and internal users of generalized information on the financial situation of the organization in the form, convenient and understandable for adoption by these Users of certain business solutions.
The organization should be an intermediate accountant reporting for the month, the quarterly quarter quarter award by a growing outcome, unless otherwise established by the legislation of the Ros-Siyian Federation.
When forming indicators of financial statements, it is necessary to be guided by:
Regulation on accounting "Accounting Country of Organization" (PBU 4/99), approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 06, 1999 No. 43n;
Other provisions on accounting;
Accounting accounts of financial and business activities of enterprises and instructions for its application, approved by the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of October 31, 2000 No. 94n, as amended on May 7, 2003 No. 38N;
This block of regulatory documents is associated with the realization of the accounting reform program for the medium term in accordance with IFRS.
The forms of accounting reporting, given as an annex to the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 67n dated July 22, 2002, "On the forms of accounting reporting of organizations", are exemplary. This means that the organization has the right to make changes to them or develop their own forms of Buch-Galtic reporting in compliance with the requirements established by the Accounting Accounting Registration Regulations (PBU 4/99), approved by the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia from July 06 1999 № 43N. This is confirmed in paragraph 1 of the instructions on the procedure for the preparation and submission of accounting reporting, approved by the same order of the Ministry of Finance of Ros-CII of July 22, 2003 No. 67n.
New approaches to the formation of accounting statements are expressed in the refusal of typical forms of accounting reports, i.e. From the same set of indicators about the work of the organization, regardless of the type of activity, the scale of production, organizational and legal form, etc. As practice has shown, typical forms for some organizations were redundant in part of the indicators provided, and for others - the insufficient. In this regard, there are three options for the formation of accounting reporting with conditional names: simplified, standard and multiple.
Simplified option - For the subjects of small cultivation and non-commercial (except budget) organizations. In this case, the annual financial statements include form No. 1 "Accounting Balance" and form No. 2 "Report on profit and loss." According to non-profit organizations, the re-comments to additionally include a report on the targeted use of the obtained funds (form No. 6) in the composition of the annual accounting reporting.
Standard option - for commercial organizations related to the group of medium and large organizations. This Vaita assumes the formation of accounting reporting in relation to the samples shown in the annex to order No. 67n, if the figures shown in these samples of forms allow you to observe the total three-threads to the accounting reports set out in PBU 4/99, the rules for evaluating articles of accounting Reporting, as well as requirements for disclosure of information, which are contained in accounting provisions.
Multiple option - For commercial organizations belonging to the group of largest organizations, and large organizations that have several types of activities. In this embodiment, the number of forms that make up the accounting report of the organization, as well as the option of submitting reports of reports significantly increase in a number of reasons.
So, it is advisable instead of one form No. 5 (an application to the Bu-Galtic balance) to represent the indicators of its separate times in the form of independent forms of accounting reporting, or a section that characterizes the size of the current expenses of the organization, to include in the form of annex number 2 (report About profit and loss). An important role in large compendium plays information on segments (operating and geo-graphic).
However, in terms of the formation of accounting reporting it is possible to allocate the fourth option for a separate group of organizations - joint-stock companies, the securities of which are quoted in the stock market. They, along with the accounting reporting, formed by Russian Rules, constitute annual financial statements based on the requirements of international financial statement standards (IFRS) and represent its trade in the securities market, the investor and other interested persons on their demand. .
In accordance with the Law on Accounting, PBU 4/99, as well as the instructions on the volume of forms of accounting reporting, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of July 22, 2003 No. 67n, are included in the standard annual reporting:
- accounting balance (form No. 1);
Profit and Loss Statement (Form No. 2);
Report on Changes (Form No. 3);
Report on cash flow (form No. 4);
Annex to the accounting balance (form No. 5);
Explanatory note;
Audit conclusion (if this organization in co-responsibility with federal laws is subject to obligatory audit);
Report on the targeted use of the obtained funds (FOR-MA No. 6).
The internal accounting reporting (for the first quarters, the 1st half of the year, 9 months) is mandatory include only the balance sheet (form No. 1) and the profit and loss statement (Form No. 2). The organization has the right to raise this list and on its own initiative to submit as part of the next quarterly (semi-annual, 9-month) report in addition to two mandatory any other forms, as a general rule, included in the annual reporting.
When developing the organization forms of financial statement independently, based on samples of the forms given in the annex to the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2003 No. 67n "Guidelines on the procedure for the procedure and submission of accounting reporting", must meet general requirements for financial Reporting (full, materiality, neutrality, comparability, comparability, etc.).
The financial statements should include data that are not necessary for the formation of a reliable and complete representation of the financial position of the organization, financial results of its activities and changes in its financial position. If the insufficiency of data is detected for the formation of a complete presentation of the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and changes in its financial position, then the organization includes the appropriate additional reasons and explanations.
At the same time, neat-intelligence of information contained in the financial statement, i.e., is excluded unilateral satisfaction of the interests of one groups of interested users of financial reports relative to others. If, through the selection or form of submission, information affects solutions and user assessments in order to achieve predefined resul-tatov, information is not neutral.
The financial statements of the organization should include indicators of all branches, representative offices and other units (including allocated for individual balances).
Indicators on individual assets, obligations, income, expenditures and economic operations, as well as capital components, should be given in the financial statements of the overall in cases of their materiality and if the Evaluation of the Financial Regulations of the Organization or financial results of its activities is impossible without knowledge about them. .
Each significant indicator should be submitted in the financial statements separately. Inssentual amounts of an ana-logical nature or destination can be combined and cannot be submitted separately.
The indicator is considered essential if its non-expression may affect economic decisions of interested users, based on the reporting information. The solution to the organization of the question is whether this show is essential depends on the assessment of the indicator, its character-ra, the specific circumstances of the occurrence.
At a minimum, the organization must disclose data on groups of articles included in the accounting balance, and articles included in the income statement, in accordance with the requirement of the accounting statements "Accounting Reporting of the Organization" PBU 4 / 99.
Deciphering the corresponding indicators of groups of accounts of accounting balances or articles of income report and loss, taking into account the size and characteristics of the data included in the accounting group of articles or the article of the income and loss statement, can be organized directly in the above forms (as "including" or "Of these" to the corresponding groups of articles or articles) or in explanations to the accounting balance and a report on income and loss.
It should be borne in mind that Sum-Ma is recognized as significant, the attitude of which to the total result of the relevant data for the reporting year is at least five percent. Organization may decide on the application for reflection purposes in the financial statements of substantial information of a criterion other than the above-mentioned.
The organization in the preparation of an accounting balance, from the amount of profit and loss and explanations to them, should be held by it in the prescribed manner of containing and forms of financial statements from one reporting year to another. At the same time, in case of exposure to one or another article (rows, graphs), provided for in the form adopted by the Organization, due to the absence of the organization in the reporting period of the relevant assets, obligations, income, expenditures, economic operations, this article (string, gra-Fa) Digging.
For each numerical indicator of financial statements, except for the report on the newly created organization for the first reporting period, data mini-mums must be given in two years - the reporting and preceding reporting.
If the Organization decides in the submitted financial statements to disclose data for more than two years (three or more), then the organization must be ensured by the comparability of data for all periods.
Comparative information for each numerical display may be included directly into the reporting form adopted by the organization (including in the form of individual tables included directly in the form of an accounting balance or income statement after indicators, in the affine to the accounting balance sheet ( Form No. 5), in forms, scattered and accepted by the Organization independently) or in an intentional note.
In the financial statements of the organization should be provided by the comparability of reporting data with indicators for the pre-sample reporting year (years) or the corresponding period-defencing reporting periods on the basis of changes related to the application of the accounting policy "Accounting Policy of the Organization" PBU 1 / 98, legislative and other regulatory acts, taking into account the reorganization produced, etc.
If the data for the period preceding reporting, non-comparable in the data for the reporting period, then the first of the on-site data is subject to adjustment based on the rules, US-tanged regulatory acts on accounting. Each significant adjustment should be disclosed in explanations to the accounting balance and income statement, along with the reasons that caused this correction.
Analysis of financial statements is a process with which we evaluate the past and current position and performance of the company. Analysis of the financial statements of the Organization is part of financial and, accordingly, economic analysis associated with the study of the financial condition and financial results of the organization based on its financial statements. However, at the same time, the main goal is to assess the financial and economic activity of the organization regarding future conditions of existence.
The financial results of the organization will attribute profit indicators that reflect the features of its financial and economic activities and present in the financial statements
Analysis is a tool for the knowledge of objects and phenomena of an internal and external environment, based on the work of the whole, for components and their research in relationshipment and interdependence.
Economic analysis is a system of special knowledge associated with the study of economic processes and phenomena in their relationships that are under the influence of objective and subjective factors.
Financial analysis, as part of economic analysis, represents a system of certain knowledge related to the study of the financial situation of the Organization and its financial results, developing under the influence of objective and subjective factors, based on financial statements.
Analysis of the financial statements of the organization can be considered from two positions as:
Depending on which position is considered an analysis of the financial statements of the organization, it has different goals and various users of analytical information.
The purpose of the analysis of financial statements as an external financial analysis of the organization is to assess its rating (external), financial sustainability, solvency and reliability, i.e. In reducing the risk of interaction between this organization and its competitors.
The purpose of analyzing the financial statements is to obtain key parameters that give the objective and most accurate picture of the financial condition and financial results of the enterprise. The purpose of the analysis is achieved as a result of solving a certain interconnected set of analytical tasks, which in the most general form can be formulated as follows:
Analytical task is the specificization of analysis objectives, taking into account organizational, information, technical and methodological capabilities of analysis.
Analysis object is something that the analysis is directed. Depending on the tasks of the objects of analysis of financial statements, it can be: financial condition of organizations, or financial results, or business activity of the organization.
The subject of the analysis is a person engaged in analytical work and preparing analytical reports for manual, that is, an analyst. Accounting financial financial solvency
Financial analysis solves the following tasks:
Analysis of financial statements acts as a tool for identifying the problems of managing financial and economic activities, to select the areas of investment of capital and forecasting individual indicators.
The main, strategic, tasks of the development of any organization under market economies include:
The optimality of accepted management decisions depends on different directions of the development policy of the enterprise:
Accounting (financial) reporting - as a base for financial analysis
The main, (and in some cases the only) source of information on the financial activities of the business partner is the accounting statements that became public. The reporting of the enterprise in a market economy is based on the generalization of data of financial accounting and is an information link connecting the enterprise with society and business partners-users of information on the activities of the enterprise.
Owners analyze financial reports to increase capital profitability, ensuring the stability of the company's position. Lenders and investors analyze financial reports to minimize their risks on loans and deposits. It can be firmly said that the quality of the decisions made entirely depends on the quality of the analytical substantiation of the solution.
Reporting is the final element of the accounting method. The preparation of accounting reporting is concern not only accounting, but also other economic and technical services of the enterprise, because in the preparation of reporting, all aspects of the enterprise are evaluated. Reporting is drawn up on the basis of all types of current accounting - accounting, statistical, operational technical. It can contain both quantitative and qualitative characteristics, cost and natural indicators. All elements of the accounting report are closely related to each other and are a single integer, that is, a system of economic indicators characterizing the conditions and results of the work of the enterprise during the reporting period. At the same time, the information contained in the accounting reporting is complex, because, as a rule, they reflect different aspects of the same economic operations and phenomena.
The accounting statements of the company serves as the main source of information of its activities. A careful study of accounting reports reveals the causes of success achieved, as well as the shortcomings in the work of the enterprise, helps to schedule ways to improve its activities.
In the process of reading reporting, it is important to consider the indicators of different reporting forms in their relationship and interdependence. In particular, changes in the enterprise assets need to be linked with the amount of activity. It should be remembered that different forms reflect information about the enterprise in different ways. Profit and loss report reflects the results of activities for the year with a growing outcome, and the balance sheet is the property status of the enterprise as of December 31. Therefore, on the balance can be identified some trends, for example, decline, and on the income statement - others, for example, increase
In a market economy, the accounting statements of enterprises are the main means of communication and the most important element of the information support of financial analysis.
It is not by chance that the concept of drawing up and publishing reporting is one of the most important national standards in most economically developed countries. Explain such attention to reporting is quite simple. Any organization to one degree or another constantly needs additional sources of financing. You can find them in the capital market, attracting potential investors and lenders by informing them about their financial and economic activities. The main source of such information is financial statements. How attractive the published financial results showing the current and promising financial condition of the organization are so high and the likelihood of obtaining additional sources of financing in one form or another.
Users of economic information are different. Usually allocate two groups of users: internal persons who accept management decisions at the organization level and external - individuals and legal entities who have a certain interest in this organization (tax inspection, banks, buyers, suppliers, investors, external auditors, etc.). It should be noted that almost all users of financial reports of enterprises use financial analysis methods for making decisions to optimize their interests. So, owners analyze financial reports to increase capital profitability, ensuring the stability of the company's position. Lenders and investors analyze financial reports to minimize their loans and deposits, and in the case of the allocation of grants - the justification of their social orientation and significance.
In certain cases, only accounting reporting is not enough to implement the objectives of financial analysis. Separate user groups, such as management and auditors, have the ability to attract additional sources (production and financial accounting data). Nevertheless, most often annual and quarterly reporting are the only source of external financial analysis, i.e. "Showcase" organization.
As part of the annual accounting report of the enterprise, the following forms represent the information base of financial analysis:
"Balance of the enterprise." It records the cost (monetary) of the remnants of property, materials, finance, educated capital, funds, profits, loans, loans and other debts and obligations. The balance sheet contains information about the status and composition of the economic funds of the enterprise included in the asset, and the sources of their formation constituting the liability. This information is present "at the beginning of the year" and "at the end of the year", which makes it possible to analyze, comparing indicators, determining their growth or decline. So, the balance is used to assess the financial condition of the enterprise, analyzing the composition and structure of property and sources of its formation, the state of liquidity of the balance, the degree of financial independence. However, the reflection in the balance sheet only does not make it possible to answer all the questions of owners and other interested users. Additional details are needed not only about the remnants, but also on the movement of economic products and their sources. This is achieved by the introduction of the following reporting forms;
"Gains and losses report". On its basis, the dynamics and structure of financial results are analyzed, the "quality" of profit is estimated;
"Report on Capital Movement." Allows you to evaluate the dynamics and structure of equity and reserves;
"Report on cash flow." This report is drawn up on the cash flow method and is used to characterize the company's cash flows in the current, investment and financial activities of the enterprise, allows us to estimate the degree of overflow of capital from one field of activity to another;
"Appendix to the Accounting Balance." Allows to decipher the indicators of the composition and movement of property, obligations, receivables and payables, financial investments;
The "explanatory note" with the statement of the main factors that influenced the final results of the enterprise in the reporting year, with the assessment of its financial condition.
Profit and Loss Statement is the most important source for analyzing the profitability indicators of the enterprise, the profitability of the products sold, the profitability of production, determining the amount of net profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise and other indicators. This form makes accessible and quickly to understand the result of the activities of any organization, including non-commercial. It is designed in such a way that, looking at her even an unprepared user, can make an idea of \u200b\u200bhow much the enterprise and on the availability of commercial directions and their effectiveness in non-profit enterprises are profitable.
It should be noted that, analyzing the trends of the main indicators, it is necessary to take into account the influence of some distorting factors, in particular inflation. Do not forget that the balance itself, being the reporting form, is not free from some restrictions. Let us dwell on the most important of them.
Firstly, the balance is answering the question, which is an enterprise at the moment according to the accounting policies used, but does not answer the question, as a result of which this situation has developed.
Secondly, according to the reporting data, a number of analytical indicators can be calculated, but they will all be useless if they are not compared with. The balance sheet is isolated, does not provide spatial and temporal comparability. Therefore, its analysis should be carried out in dynamics.
Thirdly, the balance is a set of instant data at the end of the reporting period and, by virtue of this, does not reflect adequately the state of the enterprise's funds during the reporting period. This applies primarily to the most dynamic balance sheets. Thus, at the end of the year large in the proportion of stocks of finished products does not mean at all means that this provision was permanent during the year, although this possibility itself is not excluded.
Fourth, profit indicator, which is one of the most important indicators of the enterprise, is not fully reflected in the balance sheet. The absolute value of the accumulated profit in the extent in the expenditure and the volume of implementation does not show, as a result of which this amount has developed.
Fifth, it is necessary to understand that the outcome (currency) of the balance is not at all reflects the amount of funds that the enterprise actually has, its "valuation". The main reason is possible in the possible inconsistency of the book assessment of economic funds to the actual conditions due to the inflation used by the accounting methods, etc. The balance provides only an accounting assessment of the assets of the enterprise and sources of their coverage; The current market assessment of these assets can be absolutely another, and the longer life and reflection on the balance of this asset, the greater the difference between its accounting and current (real) prices, i.e. The interested user needs to pay attention to the date the acquisition of any asset. Even if we assume that the assets are given in the balance sheet at their current cost. Balance currency, however, will not reflect the exact "valuation" of the enterprise, since the price of the enterprise as a whole is usually higher than the total assessment of its assets, but may be lower. This difference appears, and consequently the correlation coefficient due to the following circumstances: the region where the organization is located and even the political situation in it; the presence of business relationships and the proper business reputation of the organization; The presence of a commodity niche. In the case of a non-profit organization, it is necessary to take into account the significance and prospects of the solved social task, its social utility.
There are also articles in the balance sheet in the existing methodology for the formation of authorized capital. According to regulatory documents, the amount of debt of founders on deposits in the authorized capital is reflected in the debit of subaccount 75-1 "Calculations on deposits into share capital". Since the emergence of this debt, until its repayment (and this period may be enough) the balance of the balance is turned out to be overestimated by the value of the outstanding debt of the founders.
So, we can say that the basic principle of analytical reading of financial reports is a deductive method, i.e. Movement from common to private. But it should be applied multiple times. During such an analysis, as it were, the historical and logical sequence of economic facts and events, the focus and the power of influence on the economic activity of the enterprise.
With insufficiently developed market relations, economic literacy, business experience or social programs of all participants in business turnover, the adoption of any management decisions, including investment, must be accompanied by an analysis of the reporting of the subject.
At a high professional level, it should take narrow specialists: an accountant, auditors. But our task is to give an elementary necessary toolkit in order to make the decision made by the leaders by their own and reasonable and reasonable.
So, the overall analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise is a preliminary assessment of the financial condition of the enterprise. It is characterized by the system of indicators reflecting the availability, placement and use of financial resources of the enterprise. The overall analysis of the financial condition is based on the study of the following indicators.
Analysis of financial statements. Crib
11. Item, Objects, Objective and Objectives for Analysis of Financial Reporting
Depending on the tasks assigned to the objects of financial statements, the organization may be the financial condition of the organization, financial results or business activity of the organization, etc.
Significant information on the activities and property status of the organization is necessary for both external consumers and internal.
Basic targetsfinancial Analysis is a reasonable assessment of the financial and economic activities of the subject, timely identification of changes in financial statements and the formation of results for subsequent decisions.
Financial analysis tasks:
1) based on financial statements data to assess liquidity;
2) based on financial statements data to assess solvency;
3) based on financial statements data to evaluate financial stability and property position;
4) based on financial statements data to assess profitability and business activity;
5) based on the financial statements data to assess the direction of development of the organization's activities;
6) produce a factor analysis of the result of economic activity, as well as a simple analysis of cash flow dynamics.
Financial statements- The only source of information about the property and financial situation of organizations in the conditions of a market economy.
Elements of financial statements are assets, equity, obligations, income and expenses of the enterprise.
The following is allocated types of financial statements: Accounting, statistical, generalizing, segmental, external, internal, consolidated, consolidated.
In accordance with the allocated tasks, a methodology for conducting financial analysis is formed.
The efficiency of the enterprise is characterized by the indicators of financial results of production, sales, supplied, financial and investment activities. When an enterprise provides a permanent increase in its capital, this ability is assessed by the system of indicators of financial results. All the most important indicators of the financial performance of the organization are presented in the form No. 2 of the annual and quarterly accounting reporting.
Quarterly reporting consists of a balance sheet of an enterprise (form No. 1) and a report on financial results and their use (form No. 2). Annual financial statements include 3 typical shapes: Form No. 1, form No. 2, form No. 3 - a report on the financial and property status of the enterprise and an explanatory note.
Led Book Foreign Fragment Analysis of financial statements. Cheat Sheet (M. V. Novikova, 2009) Granted by our book partner -
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted by http://www.allbest.ru/
1. Subject and objects analysis of financial statements
Analysis(from Greek. Analysis - decomposition) means parsing, separation into composite parts. Economic analysis - This is a systematic set of methods, methods, techniques used to obtain conclusions and recommendations of an economic nature in relation to a certain business entity. The analysis procedure consists of separation of the problem into parts components, more accessible to study.
These thematic types of economic analysis are allocated as economic analysis in project activities, investment activities, financial and industrial activities, etc. Since the organization's production and financial activities are inextricably linked, the term "economic activity" is used.
Subject Economic Analysis is the activities of specific economic entities of any form of ownership, aimed at making a profit or ensuring the balance of expenses and income, studied comprehensively with the goal of an objective assessment of its effectiveness and identify reserves for its increase, as well as ensuring the sustainability of the functioning of the analyzed business entity.
purpose Analysis The activities of specific business entities of any form of ownership are to prepare information for decision-making.
Information for making management decisions is prepared in three directions:
evaluation of the studied phenomena;
diagnostics - the establishment of causal relations and the assessment of the "influence force" of individual factors on the result;
forecasting the consequences of the decisions made.
The classification of types of economic analysis is based on the classification of management functions, since economic analysis is a necessary element of each economy management function.
Developed market economy gives rise to the need for differentiation analysis On the internal - managerial and external - financial analysis.
Internal management analysis - Composite part of management accounting, i.e. Information and analytical support of the administration, management management of the necessary data for the preparation of management decisions.
External financial analysis - an integral part of the financial accounting that serves information on the organization of external users who speak independent actors of economic analysis according to data, public financial statements.
Such a classification of economic analysis corresponds to the content of basic functions reflecting the time steps:
· The step of preliminary control (planning function);
· The stage of operational management (management organization function);
· Final control phase (control function).
All of the above three types of analysis (intra-human production, financial external and internal management) are present in the processes of management of economic objects. The largest development was obtained by an intra-economic production and financial analysis.
Types of economic analysis are also classified by:
to subjects, that is, who conducts an analysis of management and economic services, owners and authorities of economic management, suppliers, buyers, credit, financial authorities;
b frequency (periodic annual, quarterly, monthly, decade, daily, replacement analysis);
b methods of studying an object (complex, comparative, solid and selective analysis, etc.).
The main difference of integrated analysis - a single goal and comprehensivity (systemism) analysis. Systemicity is manifested in a specific logic, a substantiated sequence of consideration of economic performance.
The basis for making decisions to regulate production is an operational analysis for which the modeling of economic situations is characterized by the use of standard solutions.
To solve problems, strategic management, a final comprehensive economic analysis of the enterprise is applied, a comprehensive analysis of the economic prospect of its development, which will be considered in the work.
Under the subject of economic analysis The economic processes of enterprises, associations, social and economic efficiency and final financial results of their activities that are developing under the influence of objective and subjective factors that are reflected through the system of economic information are understood. That is, economic analysis is dealing with economic processes of enterprises, associations, other divisions and finite production - financial results of their activities.
As an information base of economic analysis, planned and forecast information, enterprise reporting (accounting, statistical), some given economic parameters (tax and interest rates, insurance payments, industry levels of profitability and others) are used.
FROMgrain Economic Analysis - Comprehensive study of the company's activities in accordance with the goals submitted through the system of economic information.
As a toolkit for financial analysis used financial coefficients. These are the relative indicators of the financial condition of the enterprise, which express the relation of some absolute financial indicators to others.
Financial coefficients are used: to compare financial status indicators; To identify the dynamics of the development of indicators and trends in changing the financial condition of the enterprise; To determine normal restrictions and criteria of various directions of the financial condition. Financial liquidity solvency
Based on the calculated individual indicators and coefficients characterizing the financial condition of the company, more detailed conclusions on the financial situation of the enterprise and identify reserves of improving economic activity and prepare proposals for improving the work of the enterprise.
Basic techniques for analyzing accounting (financial) reporting
Accounting (financial) reporting serves as a basis for analyzing the financial position of the enterprise.
The purpose of financial analysis is the assessment of the information contained in the reporting, comparison of the available information and the creation of new information on their base, which will serve as the basis for the adoption of certain decisions.
The selection of depth and scale analysis, as well as specific parameters and tools (set of methods), depends on the specific tasks that the user sets itself to obtain the highest possible, useful information for it.
For analysis (interpretation) indicators of accounting (financial) reporting Use generally accepted receivers:
W reading reporting;
W vertical analysis;
W horizontal analysis;
Ø trend analysis;
W Calculation of financial indicators.
2. Analysis of the balance sheet, reportabout changes in capital and applications
2.1 Analysis of the accounting balance of the organization. Goals, tasks and stages of it
The balance sheet should characterize the financial position of the organization as of the reporting date.
General the purpose of analyzing balance It is the identification and disclosure of information on the financial condition of the economic entity and the prospects for its development necessary for decision-making interested reporting users.
To the main tasks of balance analysis Below:
estimate the property of the analyzed enterprise;
b analysis of the liquidity of individual assets;
studying the composition and structure of sources of assets;
such a characterization of security of assets;
b analysis of the relationship of individual groups of assets and liabilities;
b Ability to generate money;
evaluation of the ability to preserve and extension of capital.
When analyzing the balance, two main goals are prosecuted.
First, the analysis is aimed at obtaining information about the ability of the enterprise to earn profits. This aspect is fundamentally important in solving issues on the payment of dividends, the possibility of expanding and developing business.
Secondly, the balance analysis is aimed at obtaining information about the property and financial condition of the enterprise, that is, on its security sources for profit.
Related conditions for successful balance analysis are:
· Understanding the economic and economic conditions of the analyzed enterprise and the objectives of its development;
· Use of information on the principles of accounting and reporting (accounting policies);
· Possession of balance analysis methodology.
When analyzing assetsneed:
1) to identify ways to evaluate individual articles;
2) establish the facts of changing accounting policies;
3) allocate the main analytical groups: revolving and non-current;
4) assess the importance of individual asset articles;
5) compare the dynamics of changes in individual articles of assets, as well as their combination with a change in revenue (sales volume);
6) Compare the dynamics of changes in current assets and short-term liabilities.
When analyzing obligations Need:
· To identify the presence of conditional obligations, as well as obligations arising from the rules of business ethics;
· Select analytical groups: short-term and long-term; urgent and overdue; Secured and unsecured;
· Assess the importance of short-term and long-term sources of borrowed funding to form assets.
When analyzing capital Need:
· Evaluate the capital structure, highlighting the part of its part, which is formed through contributions (contributions) of the owners, and the part that was created due to the effectiveness of the organization (profit) of the organization;
· Analyze the reasons for capital changes;
· Assess the availability of backup capital as the stock of the financial strength of the organization.
When analyzing the properties of the balance defined by the structure of assets and liabilitiesas well as their ratio, it is necessary:
1) assess the liquidity of the balance by grouping assets in terms of their turnover (realizability), liabilities - on the urgency of their repayment and comparison of the relevant groups of assets and liabilities;
2) characterize the ratio of equity and obligations;
3) to assess the share of long-term sources of financing - equity and long-term liabilities - a total of sources of financing;
4) compare the conditions for education and repayment of receivables and payables.
Balance Analysis Method Provides the following main stages:
· Preliminary assessment, including assessing the reliability of information, reading information and the overall economic interpretation of accounting indicators;
· Express analysis of the current financial condition, including the calculation of financial coefficients and the interpretation of the results obtained from the standpoint of the assessment of current and long-term solvency, the ability to preserve and increasing capital.
· In-depth analysis with the involvement of the necessary internal and external information. Such an analysis can be carried out by the circle of persons who can formulate the causes of the problems that have arisen on the basis of a detailed study of internal information. For example, one of the reasons for reducing the profitability of capital investment in assets may be to reduce the effectiveness of one of the business segments. Before the in-depth analysis in this regard, the following task is to find out, due to what ageilities of expenses, types of products, the centers of responsibility occurred negative changes and which in this case should be the actions of the leadership;
· Forecast analysis of the main financial indicators, taking into account the decisions and evaluation on this basis of financial sustainability. The task of analysis at this stage is to find out how past events and current trends, as well as new decisions, may affect the ability of the organization to maintain financial stability.
BUT naliza composition, structure, revolving speakersasset
One of the most important elements of the analysis of current assets of the organization is the analysis of changes in their composition and structure. Current assets are the most mobile part of capital, the state of which largely depends the financial condition of the enterprise as a whole. The stability of the structure of current assets indicates a stable, well-established process of production and sales of products and, on the contrary, substantial structural changes - a sign of unstable work of the enterprise.
ABOUTtagbut Financial sustainability of the organization
To determine the financial stability of the enterprise, it is necessary to name indicators reflecting the sources of formation of current assets of the enterprise:
The presence of own working capital (SOS), equal to the difference of the validity of real equity and the amount of non-current assets (the outcome of the I "non-current assets" of the balance) and long-term receivables (in Section II, "current assets" of the balance);
The presence of long-term sources of stock formation (di), obtained from the previous indicator by an increase in the amount of long-term liabilities (the result of the "Long-term liabilities" of the balance). If targeted financing and receipts are long-term, their value is included in the long-term liabilities when calculating this indicator; The total magnitude of the main sources of stock formation (OI) equal to the sum of long-term sources (previous indicator) and loans and loans (sect. V "short-term liabilities" of the balance). If target financing and receipts are short-term, their value is included in the short-term borrowed funds when calculating this indicator.
Three indicators of the presence of sources of stock formation correspond to three indicators of stock availability sources of their formation:
Surplus (+) or a disadvantage of own working capital equal to the difference of the value of their own working capital and reserves (FS);
Surplus (+) or a disadvantage of long-term sources of stock formation, equal to the difference of the magnitude of long-term sources of stock formation and reserves (FT);
Excess (+) or a disadvantage of the total value of the main sources of stock formation, equal to the difference of the magnitude of the main sources of stock formation and reserves (FD).
Calculation of three indicators of stock availability sources of their formation allows you to classify the types of financial stability of the enterprise in the table 1 presented.
Analysis and evaluation of the liquidity of the accounting balance of the organization
The financial condition of the organization from the position of the short-term perspective is estimated by liquidity indicators, which are generally characterized whether the enterprise can and fully settle calculations on short-term obligations to counterparties.
Solvency
Table 1 Classification of types of financial stability based on a three-component rate of working capital
|
Indicator, Characteristics of Financial Sustainability |
Type of financial condition |
||||
|
absolute Fin. sustainability |
normal Fin. sustainability |
unstable fin. state |
crisis Fin. state |
||
|
FS \u003d SOS |
|||||
|
FT \u003d di - zz |
|||||
|
FO \u003d OI - ZZ |
|||||
|
Feature type Fin. State |
Surplus your own sources of stock financing and costs |
Provision of own sources of stock funding and costs |
Solvency is broken, but it is possible to restore it |
Organization on the verge of bankruptcy |
The concepts of "liquidity" and "solvency" are not identical to each other. Solvencyindicates the availability of cash and their equivalents sufficient for settlements on accounts payable requiring immediate repayment. The main signs of solvency are the presence of sufficient funds on the settlement accounts and the lack of overdue payables.
Liquiditythe enterprises assumes the presence of working capital in the amount of theoretically sufficient to repay short-term liabilities, at least with a violation of the maturity of the repayment provided for by contracts. The main sign of liquidity It serves as a formal excess (in the valuation) of current assets over short-term liabilities.
At the same time distinguish:
The liquidity of the balance is the possibility of the enterprise to cover its business obligations of the existing assets, the term of the transformation of which in cash is consistent with the maturity date of business liabilities;
The liquidity of the assets is the ability of the company's assets to contact cash with minimal loss in value - this is the value, the inverse time, which is necessary to transform the asset to the cash.
Analysis of the liquidity of the balance It consists in comparison of the means on the asset grouped by the degree of their liquidity and located in the descending order of liquidity, with liability obligations grouped by their repayment and arranged in order to increase the deadlines.
By their degree of liquidity. The speed of transformation into cash, the assets of the company are divided into the following groups.
A1. The most liquid assets - they include all articles of money of the enterprise and short-term financial investments (securities). This group is calculated as follows:
A1 \u003d ds + kfv.
A2. Quickly implemented assets - receivables, payments for which are expected within 12 months after the reporting date.
A3. Slowly implemented assets - Articles section II Balance Asset, including reserves, value added tax, receivables (payments for which are expected more than 12 months after the reporting date) and other current assets.
A3 \u003d s + VAT + DN + Obaard.
A4. It is difficult to implement assets - articles section 1 of the balance of the balance - non-current assets.
Balance liabilities are grouped by the degree of urgency of their payment.
P1. The most urgent obligations - they include payable debt - KZ.
P2. Short-term liabilities are short-term borrowed funds, debt participants in income pay, other short-term liabilities
P3. Long-term liabilities are balance sheets related to sections IV and V, i.e. Long-term loans and borrowed funds, as well as income of future periods, reserves of upcoming expenses and payments.
P4. Permanent liabilities or sustainable are articles section III balance "Capital and Reserves" (p. 490).
To determine the liquidity of the balance, you should compare the results of the above asset groups and the liabilities.
The balance is considered absolutely liquid if the following relations occur:
A1\u003e p1, a2\u003e p2, a3\u003e p3, a4<П4
If the first three inequalities in this system are performed, it entails the execution and fourth inequality, so it is necessary to compare the results of the first three groups on the asset and liability. The fulfillment of the fourth inequality indicates the observance of one of the conditions for financial sustainability - the availability of working capital from the enterprise.
In the case when one or more system inequalities have a sign that is opposite to the optimal version, the liquidity of the balance is more or less different from absolute. At the same time, the lack of funds according to one group of assets is compensated by their excess on another group in the value estimate, in the real situation, less liquid assets cannot be replaced more liquid.
Comparison of liquidity and obligations allows us to calculate the following indicators:
- current liquidity (TL), which indicates solvency (TL\u003e 0) or insolvency (TL< 0) организации на ближайший к рассматриваемому моменту промежуток времени:
TL \u003d (A1 + A2) - (p1 + p2)
- perspective liquidity (PL) is a solution of solvency based on the comparison of future revenues and payments:
Methods for calculating coefficients and regulatory limitations are shown in the table.
Table 2. Financial solvency and liquidity ratios
|
Name of the indicator |
Method of calculation |
Normated limit |
|
|
Overall solvency rate |
|||
|
The ratio of absolute liquidity |
(from the industry) |
||
|
Coefficient urgent liquidity |
|||
|
The coefficient of current liquidity |
Optimally |
||
|
Pure circulation capital |
Ch. O. K. \u003d Curvas - short-term obligations |
Without standard |
Posted on Allbest.ru.
...coursework, added 12/10/2013
Essence, goals and objectives of financial analysis, its main types and information support. Sources of analytical information. Methods for analyzing financial statements. Calculation of indicators of financial statements of OJSC "Electrocabel", the results of their analysis.
coursework, added 10/25/2012
Objects for analyzing financial statements, assessment of the solvency of the enterprise, profitability, sources of financing the activities of the organization (leverage). The relationship between the composition and content of financial statements, the formation of a taxable base.
cheat Sheet, added 01/25/2011
The main problems and objectives of financial analysis. Basic analysis methods and indicators used. Analysis of the financial statements of OJSC LUKOIL. Analysis of indicators of the balance sheet of OJSC LUKOIL. Coefficient analysis of financial reporting indicators.
course work, added 06/18/2015
Theoretical foundations for analyzing the financial activity of the enterprise. Categories of financial analysis, methodology for its implementation. The use of the financial statements of the enterprise to analyze the effectiveness of its financial activities on the example of the SEC "Milk".
coursework, added 04/09/2015
Essence and purpose of financial and economic analysis, its methods, tools and meanings. Features of accounting and forecasting the future financial condition of the enterprise. Analysis of financial statements on the example of ABC.
course work, added 04/21/2015
Essence of economic and statistical analysis. Research of communication between cumulative assets and profits of the company "TATNEFT" by correlation and regression analysis. Analysis of the financial activity of the enterprise according to financial statements for 11 years.
thesis, added 12/25/2013
The objectives of the financial analysis of the economic entity. Differences of external and internal analysis. Analysis of the liquidity of the balance, solvency coefficients, financial stability indicators. Model of financial recovery of the economic entity.
coursework, added 06/29/2015
The concept and purpose of financial analysis, necessary reporting for financial analysis. Its basic procedures and methods. Correction of financial statements in order to assess the business. Practical application of financial analysis results in business assessment.
course work, added 02/28/2010
Theoretical substantiation of financial analysis. Methods of reading and analyzing financial statements. Financial statements as a means of communication. The composition and structure of the initial information base during the analysis of the financial condition.
d) in any expression
analysis ... ":
b) accounting method
e) forecasting method
enterprises
gIH panels of balance
c) horizontal analysis
internal:
a) management personnel
c) lenders
d) accountants
e) internal auditors
c) domestic users
tsah measurement
a) non-current assets
a) Current assets\u003e
c) Own capital - non-current assets\u003e Current assets
it is made on the basis of:
a) vertical balance
b) horizontal balance
(Form number 1)
a) vertical balance
b) horizontal balance
c) factor analyzes
analysis of financial statements
a) non-current assets
b) revisidant material assets
c) revolving intangible assets
a) Current assets\u003e (long-term liabilities + short-term liabilities)
b) (own capital - non-current assets)\u003e Current assets
a) vertical balance
b) horizontal balance
c) accounting balance
a) stocks of an enterprise
b) receivables
c) unfinished production
a) speakers
d) structure indicators
d) comparative analysis
enterprises
30. Balance currency is:
b) Balance.
yatia is:
a) in the asset
b) in passive
a) in the asset
b) in passive
Using balance
1. The characteristics of reserves and costs does not include:
a) analysis of stock dynamics and costs
b) analysis of the level of stocks in the days of expense
c) the degree of stock availability and cost sources of their formation
d) analysis of stock structure and cost
2. The ability of the enterprise to turn its assets into cash is:
a) Liquidity
b) business activity
c) solvency
3. The most significant of the solvency solvency coefficients for investors
environment is:
b) liquidity coefficient
c) coating coefficient
4. The least liquid assets are:
a) receivables
b) revolving material assets
c) non-current assets
5. Ranking receivables for various payment timing allows
a) the magnitude of unjustified receivables
b) the amount of the reserve due to justified receivables
c) the magnitude of unaccounted receivables
d) change of receivables compared to the previous period
6. To the movement of cash associated with the financial activities of the enterprise
tia does not apply:
a) getting a loan
b) Emissions of Shares
c) interest payments for loans
d) payment of taxes
e) obtaining emission income
7. Insert the transmitted phrase: "One and basic financial stability conditions
enterprises are a cash flow ... ":
a) "... from the current activities of the enterprise ..."
b) "... covering costs for the current activities ..."
c) "... providing coverage of its short-term obligations ..."
d) "... providing coverage of his obligations ..."
8. The coefficient of disposal of fixed assets is calculated with:
a) the values \u200b\u200bof fixed assets at the beginning of the reporting period
b) the values \u200b\u200bof fixed assets at the end of the reporting period
d) depreciation of fixed assets
e) fixed assets received during the reporting period
e) the average value of fixed assets for the reporting period
9. Evaluation of the possibility of unreasonable abolition of funds from economic turnover
performed with:
a) analysis of the structure of stocks and costs of the enterprise
b) analysis of the ratio of stocks of the enterprise and the magnitude of non-current assets
c) analyzing the dynamics of stocks and costs of the enterprise
d) Analysis of the ratio of various types of stocks and costs of the enterprise
10. The availability of cash and their equivalents sufficient for the calculation
that on payables requiring immediate repayment, this is:
a) Liquidity
b) solvency
c) payable surplus
11. The most significant of the solvency coefficients for creditors
environment is:
a) absolute liquidity ratio
b) liquidity coefficient
c) coating coefficient
12. The most urgent obligations among those listed below are:
a) cash and short-term financial investments
b) long-term enterprise liabilities
c) proprietary capital
d) short-term bank loans
13. Hidden receivables arises as a result:
a) prepayment for the supply of goods, works, services
b) prepayment enterprise Suppliers for the goods, works, services
c) misunderstanding taxes in budget and extrabudgetary funds
14. The main statutory activities of the enterprise related to receipt of income is:
a) current activities
b) investment activity
c) financial activities
d) production activities
15. Lack of own working capital of the enterprise is a characteristic:
a) absolute financial stability
b) normal financial stability
c) unstable financial condition
d) crisis financial state
16. The magnitude of working capital when analyzing the current solvent
sTI, represented by:
a) the proportion of an active enterprise in the composition of non-current assets
b) the amount of overwhelming assets over external obligations
c) the amount of external obligations of the firm with a growing outcome over the year
17. When analyzing the liquidity of the balance of the formula: "Current assets of the company
we / External Short-term debt »Calculate the indicator:
a) absolute liquidity ratio
c) Common liquidity ratio:
18. When analyzing financial sustainability, financial well-being
firms will testify the indicator of the share of sources of own funds
a) at least 50% of all sources
b) at least 30% of all sources
c) lack of own sources
19. When analyzing the turnover of current assets, the increase in the value of the coefficient
type of turning in the dynamics will testify:
a) about the slowdown in turnover of current assets and improving financial
standing enterprises
b) on the acceleration of turnover of current assets and the improvement of financial
Standing enterprises
c) on the acceleration of turnover of current assets and deterioration of financial
standing enterprises
20. Curvas in the degree of liquidity may be?
a) not liquid
b) quickly implemented
c) liquid
d) absolutely liquid
e) slowly implemented
21. The ability of a business entity to quickly repay its debt:
a) profitability
b) liquidity
c) financial stability
22. The ratio of own and borrowed funds:
a) autonomy coefficient
b) financial stability coefficient
23. Are there any differences between the concept of liquidity of assets and liquidity
a) yes
24. Is absolutely liquid balance, if A1\u003e P1, A2\u003e P2, A3\u003e P3, A4\u003e P4
b) NO
25. The source of information for analyzing the financial state is the operational
reporting:
b) incorrect
26. The liquidity of the enterprise means the liquidity of its balance:
b) NO
27. Receivables are the most liquid article of assets:
b) NO
28. Factors affect the implementation and income:
a) Financial
b) production
c) commercial
d) all of the above
29. The cost of industrial and intellectual property and other IMU
actual rights:
a) Kapital.
b) fixed capital
c) intangible assets
d) working capital
30. With an increase in receivables, adverse for the enterprise is:
a) Reducing the average stock turnover
b) reduction in the turnover of receivables (measured in
c) the growth of receivability of receivables (measured in
d) an increase in the turnover of own capital
e) Growth of average stock turnover
31. As a turnover when calculating the indicator of the turnover of receivables
it is used:
a) revenue from sales
b) revenue from the implementation of cashless calculation
c) the cost of realized products
32. The average payment period of payable debt is determined by the formula:
a) the cost of realized products / average amount of payables
female
b) the average amount of payables / the cost of implemented
product
c) the cost of realized products * Number of days in the reporting period /
the average amount of payables
d) the average amount of payables * Number of days in the reporting
rode / Cost Sales Products
33. The duration of one turn is determined by the formula:
a) the average amount of working capital * number of days in the reporting period /
Revenues from sales
b) revenue from sales / average value of working capital
c) the average value of working capital / revenue from sales
34. The turnover for the turnover indicator is:
a) revenue from sales
b) revenue from the implementation of cashless calculation
c) the cost of realized products
) »
implementation of the law on insolvency (bankruptcy) of enterprises "
22. The greatest degree of inflation is subject to:
a) equity capital
b) materials and stocks
c) fixed assets
23. Distraction from the economic turnover of their own working capital
enterprises are:
a) accounts payable
b) receivables
c) debt before budget
24. The longer period of repayment of receivables, the following:
a) more income generated by means embedded in debtors
b) less income generated by means embedded in debtors
c) the income generated by means invested in the debtors does not change
25. Approach to forecasting the financial condition from the position of a possible bankrupt
vas enterprises are called:
a) calculation of the profitability index
b) calculation of the solvency index
c) calculation of the credit index
26. The coefficient of current liquidity is:
a) the ratio of working capital in reserves and other assets to the most urgent
Obligations
b) the product of working capital in reserves and other assets to the most urgent
obligations
c) the attitude of the most urgent obligations to working capital in stocks and
chech Asset
27. Property ratio of own working capital:
a) the ratio of working capital in reserves, costs and other assets to their own
coverage
b) the ratio of their own working capital to working capital in reserves,
Costs and other assets
c) the work of own working capital and working capital in stocks,
spending and other assets
28. The overall security of the enterprise with working capital characterizes:
a) solvency recovery coefficient
b) current liquidity ratio
c) the coefficient of provision of own working capital
29. The coefficient of provision of own working capital characterizes:
a) the possibility of enterprise to restore or lose its solvency in
within a certain period
b) the overall security of the enterprise by working capital
c) the proportion of own working capital in the total amount
30. The recovery coefficient (loss) of solvency is:
a) the ratio of the calculated coefficient of current liquidity to the established
Tests to the section "Analysis of Financial Reporting"
Topic 1. Content and methods for analyzing financial reporting
1. Data for external financial analysis may be presented:
a) only in value terms
b) only in physical terms
c) only in the form of conditional units of measurement
d) in any expression
2. Insert the missing quality financial analysis method: "Horizontal
analysis, factor analysis method, comparative analysis, vertical analysis, trend
analysis ... ":
a) method of financial indicators
b) accounting method
c) descriptive comparison method
d) financial standards method
e) forecasting method
3. Accounting methods:
a) refer to quantitative methods of financial analysis
b) do not belong to the methods of financial analysis
c) refer to qualitative methods of financial analysis
d) refer to economic and mathematical methods for assessing financial statements
enterprises
4. Comparative analytical balance-net is formed by:
a) combining a number of articles of the asset and liabilities of the balance and removal of the "Losses" section
b) the transfer of a number of regulatory articles from the asset to the balance liability and
gIH panels of balance
c) only associations of a number of balance sheet items
d) elimination of regulatory articles and associations of a number of other balance sheet items
e) exclusion of duplicate indicators from accounting reporting
5. Operational analysis and planning of the company's activities are more characteristic.
a) analysis of comparative analytical balance-net
b) Analysis of the financial sustainability of the enterprise
c) horizontal analysis
d) external financial analysis
e) domestic financial analysis
6. Which of the listed groups of users of financial analysis does not apply to
internal:
a) management personnel
b) owners of control stakes
c) lenders
d) accountants
e) internal auditors
14. State regulatory authorities relate to:
a) external interested users
b) external third-party users
c) domestic users
15. As part of express analysis, it is usually performed:
a) the calculation and analysis of production indicators expressed in natural units
tsah measurement
b) assessment of the real amount of receivables
c) calculation and analysis of the main financial indicators
d) Assessment of average monthly cash balances
16. The stocks of the company belong to:
a) non-current assets
b) revisidant material assets
c) revolving intangible assets
17. The condition for a normally functioning enterprise is satisfied:
a) Current assets\u003e
b) non-current assets + reverse assets \u003d own capital + long-term
liabilities + short-term liabilities
c) Own capital - non-current assets\u003e Current assets
18. Express accounting analysis is not intended for:
a) a comparative assessment of a large number of enterprises in order to select one
or group preferred from the point of view of any criterion
b) familiarization with the external accounting reporting of the enterprise
c) receiving initial information about the enterprise
d) assessment of indicators of the internal accounting reporting of the enterprise
19. Determination of the specific gravity of individual articles in the end of the balance and evaluation of its change
it is made on the basis of:
a) vertical balance
b) horizontal balance
20. Short-term liabilities of the enterprise include:
a) long-term borrowed funds
b) accounts payable
c) cash and short-term financial investments
21. The percentage of inflation to the greatest extent affects the results:
a) vertical balance
b) horizontal balance
c) factor analyzes
22. Using internal accounting data:
a) not required when express analysis of financial statements
b) necessarily when express analysis of financial statements
c) is required only at the final stage of express analysis of financial reporting
analysis of financial statements
23. Cash and short-term financial investments of the company belong to:
a) non-current assets
b) revisidant material assets
c) revolving intangible assets
24. For any enterprise, a condition is satisfied:
a) Current assets\u003e (long-term liabilities + short-term liabilities)
b) (own capital - non-current assets)\u003e Current assets
c) non-current assets + circulating assets \u003d own capital + long
urgent liabilities + short-term liabilities
25. The characteristic of the relative growth rates / decline in the indicators is made on
a) vertical balance
b) horizontal balance
c) accounting balance
26. Covenant assets of the enterprise do not include:
a) stocks of an enterprise
b) receivables
c) unfinished production
d) long-term financial investments
27. Indicators of comparative analytical balance - net do not include:
a) speakers
b) structural dynamics
c) trend analysis
d) structure indicators
28. Comparative analytical balance-net is formed by combining the method
a) forecasting and planning the activities of the enterprise
b) horizontal and trend analysis
c) horizontal and vertical analysis
d) comparative analysis
e) structural and factor analysis. Tests
29. When comparing coefficients of wear (suitability) of fixed assets of several
punity The unreliability of the resulting results may be related to:
a) the difference in depreciation calculation techniques
b) use when calculating the indicators of the initial value, and not balance
howling fixed assets
c) the fact that when calculating the indicators did not take into account the magnitude of intangible assets
enterprises
d) the fact that the calculation of the indicators was not taken into account the magnitude of capital investments
30. Balance currency is:
a) monetary expression of the balance sheet;
b) Balance.
30. The main sources of information for analyzing the magnitude and structure of assets
yatia is:
a) F-1 "Accounting Balance"
b) F-2 "Profit and Loss Statement"
c) F-3 "Report on Capital Movement"
31. In which part of the balance sheet of the enterprise is a set of its property
a) in the asset
b) in passive
32. Which part of the company's balance sheet is information about the size of working capital:
a) in the asset
