Many with the word "stress" are associated only negative associations. In fact, there are two types of stress:
Useful stress, or Estrassa. For a full-fledged life, everyone needs a small dose of useful stress - without this, our body would have to be hard. For example, in the morning to climb from the bed and go to work, you need to fully wake up. And in order to work productively and with pleasure, a person needs a reaction of awakening, or eustess (small portion of adrenaline). Let's call this state "reaction of awakening".
Harmful stress, or distress, occur when the tension reaches critical pointWhen there is no more strength to fight him. For example, if the lack of sleep is already chronic. It is this emotional state that we mean when we say that we are "in a state of stress".
Psychological stresses, as a rule, appear in situations related to the experience of strong emotions. Any situation that externally does not have threats for a person, but causes strong emotions, it becomes the cause of psychological stress. Moreover, it does not matter, positive emotions or negative are the cause - the body responds to the deviation from the norm in the "plus" or "minus" equally.
This also refers stress that has no real causes, i.e. Nafantazed by the person himself. Moreover, whatever illusory causes, stress itself in such cases is absolutely real and from the point of view of the body and all the consequences are no different from stress caused by real reasons. Moreover, the absolute majority of stress are caused in one way or another invented reasons.
Physiological stresses arise as a result of the impact on a person of external factors, such as, cold, heat, pain, thirst, hunger, etc. A very demonitive example is the reaction of the body for diet. When a person sits on a diet, he even consciously limits himself in one or another familiar food or her quantity. On the nutritional limit, the body responds the only way for itself - stress, because it tries to adapt to new conditions. The same thing happens when a person decides that it has been enough for a diet and returns to its former regime and diet, since the body is forced to adapt anew, and this is only possible through stress.
Short-term stress is the most natural stress - it is closely related to instincts, for example, a reaction to a sharp sound, a sudden movement. For this type of stress is characterized by suddenness and rapid passage of all stress stress. As a rule, the effect of such stress is very short and no danger represents.
Chronic stress is the most dangerous type of stress. Many of it are confused with post-traumatic stress or syndrome. Chronic stress is such a stress that you are susceptible to constantly, which goes with you in life in life and you are so accustomed to him that it seems like you do not notice. For example, you are permanently annoying something, some kind of situation in the life in which you are and to go from which you think cannot. Chronic stress is dangerous by what often leads to nervous breakdowns, depressions and suicides. Also, chronic stress is closely connected with fears and phobias.
Basically, this name is some compilation of household representations of the level of "all diseases from nerves" and "stress is harmful." About the dangers of stress is written in detail in this article. And all the diseases are really from nerves, if only because in the emergence, the course and cure of any disease (no matter is a somatic or mental), the nervous system plays an important role. Read more about how diseases are associated with a person's psyche can be read.
Stress primarily affects human psychology and his behavior. Most often, behavior changes as follows:
The idea will cope with the stress of the same "successful", as and cut yourself in front of the mirror. To remove not only the symptoms of stress, but also to strengthen the nervous system and increase the stress resistance of the body as a whole - it is better to work with a professional. The psychologist is the same now the specialist is now, as well as a hairdresser or fitness coach, and the concern for his mental state is even more important - the new hairstyle will return the shine in the eyes before the first washing of the head. All who want to improve the quality of their lifestyle, I invite you to a free consultation. Record by link.
Ksenia Golitsyn,
Practitioner psychologist
2012
Stress - This is a response response of the human body for overvoltage, negative emotions or simply on monotonous vanity. During stress, the human body produces a hormone adrenaline, which makes you look for a way out. Stress in small quantities is needed to everyone, as it makes thinking, look for a way out of the problem, without stress, in general, life would be boring. But on the other hand, if stress becomes too much, the body weakens, loses the strength and ability to solve problems
Selle allocated 3 stages of general adaptation syndrome:
Stage anxiety. The person is in the alertness and tension state. In the body, adaptation resources are mobilized and a sort of "predefining readiness" occurs. Although physically and morally man feels well and is in a good mood, during this period so-called psychosomatic disorders may occur: migraine, allergies, ulcer of the stomach or gastritis.
Stage of resistance.It occurs if stress is still strong. All resources raised by the body on adaptation begin to actively spend. A person no longer feels the rise, but already "entered the working form" and is ready for less long-term overcoming difficulties, despite barely tangible fatigue.
Stage of exhaustion. It occurs with the long-term effect of stress on the body. Energy spent on the fight against circumstances has already been exhausted, but moral and physical power at the end of. The person has no opportunity to defend themselves. In this case, assistance can be rendered from support or eliminating the cause of stress.
For each stage, characteristic changes in neuro-endocrine functioning are described.
Initially, Selre considered stress solely as a destructive, negative phenomenon, but later Selle writes:
Stress is a non-specific response of the body on any presentation of the requirements. [...] From the point of view of the stress reaction, it does not matter, pleasant or unpleasant the situation with which we encountered. It is only the intensity of the need for restructuring or adaptation.
- Hans Selre, "Stress Life"
The concept has two meanings - "stress caused by positive emotions" and "non-stress, mobilizing organism."
The negative type of stress, with which the body cannot cope. It undermines human health and can lead to severe diseases. From stress the sufferetimmune system. In stressful state, people are more likely to be victims of infection, since the products of immune cells fall noticeably during the period of physical or mental stress.
Emotional stress
Emotional stress is called emotional processes accompanying stress, and leading to unfavorable changes in the body. During stress, the emotional reaction develops earlier than others, activating the authentative nervous system and its endocrine support. With a long or repeated stress, emotional excitement can be stressed, and the functioning of the body is tolere.
Psychological stress
Psychological stress, as the type of stress, is understood by different authors in different ways, but many authors define it as stress caused by social factors.
Symptoms of stress
What is stress from a practical point of view? To figure it out, let's look at the main symptoms of stress:
The constant feeling of irritation, depression, and sometimes without any reason.
Bad, restless sleep.
Depression, physical weakness, headache, fatigue, reluctance to do anything.
Reducing the concentration of attention impedicing or work. Memory problems and reducing the rate of the thought process.
The inability to relax, leak up your affairs and problems.
Lack of interest to others, even to best friends, to relatives and close people.
Constantly emerging desire to cry, tear, sometimes turning into sobs, longing, pessimism, pity to her beloved.
Reduced appetite - although it happens on the contrary: excessive absorption of food.
Often, nervous ticks and obsessive habits are appear: a person bites the lips, nibbles nibble, etc. appears, distrust to everyone and to everyone.
Later, Selle introduced additionally the concept of "positive stress" ( ), and "negative stress" identified as .
Positive properties of stress
And here we again bring a small list:
According to Dr. Richard Shelton from the University of Alabama, stress does not always have a negative impact on the human body. Yes, if it became chronic, then you should contact the specialists, but if stress is only periodically, it can benefit
When exposed to stress, the indicators of intellectual abilities grow, because The brain creates more neurotrofins that support neurons in a state of viability and ensuring communication between them
Stress enhances immunity, because The body, feeling its impact, begins to prepare for potentially dangerous situations, in the process of which interleukins are produced - substances, to some extent responsible for the preservation of immunity normally. Stress mobilizes the resistance of the body, although only for a while
The body under the influence of stress becomes more enduring, because stress can be called a kind of exercise of the emotional system and psyche. When a person faces stress and solves problems related to them, it becomes more resistant to more serious problems
Stress forms motivation. Such stress is called positive or just Eleustss. It allows a person to enter such a state that saves strength and resources, and as a result of which a person simply does not have time to delay, reflect or worry
Specialists of the University of Jones Hopkins found that women who experienced light or moderate forms of stress in the process of pregnancy are developing faster, motor activity and motorika
Strong stress expands people's pupils so that he can collect the maximum number of visual information about the events
According to scientists, stress is the most important part of the evolutionary process, because It enhances the ability of a living being to survival
Stress contributes to the thickening of blood, which serves as the preparation of the body to injury (but the reverse side of the "medal" lies in the fact that blood clots may occur due to frequent stresses)
How to deal with stress?
Many methods of prevention can be performed without the help of a specialist. For example, those who constantly live in the nervous setting and daily facing stressful situations of psychotherapists advise:
treat it easier to occurring events and do not take them close to heart;
learn to think positively, finding positive features in each incident;
switch to pleasant thoughts. If you overcome any negative, make yourself think about something else;
laugh more. As you know, laughter not only prolongs life, but also helps to get rid of nervous tension;
engage physical culturebecause Sport helps to get rid of the negative and cope with stress.
Avoid unnecessary stress.
It is impossible to avoid all stressful situations. There are, of course, such that, despite their troubles, should be solved. However, in life there is a huge number of stresses, which can still be avoided.
Try to change the situation.
If you can't avoid stressful situation, try changing it. Find out how you can change the position of things so that this problem does not occur in the future. Often it is due to the change in interpersonal communication and work in your daily life.
Adaptation to the stressorus
If you can not change the stressful situation, then change your attitude and adapt to it. Look at stress a little under a different angle
Please accept what you can not change
Some stress sources are inevitable. You cannot prevent or change stress caused by a severe illness or the death of a loved one, crisis, etc. In such cases, the best way to cope with stress is the adoption of these situations as they are
Take time for recreation and entertainment.
If you regularly find time for recreation and entertainment, it means that you will be better protected from inevitable stress situations.
Bring a healthy lifestyle
You can increase stress resistance by strengthening your physical health.
The concept of "stress" in modern life was now in, and the Word itself entered the permanent human speech. In the twentieth century, and behind him and after twenty-first, stress called the problem of the century. And scientists argue that more than 50% of somatic and psychosomatic diseases are associated with the state of chronic stress. Moreover, the direct relationship between it and such diseases such as the gastric ulcer, arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction has already been significantly proved.
On the other hand, stress, if omitting all scientific categories and terms, is the adaptation of the body to changed living conditions. But the conditions change daily and hourly. It follows from this that a person experiences similar states in the literal sense constantly.
Many people can completely interpret this concept. What is this - lack of choice, nervous tension, blood loss, hunger, pain, or even strong success, caused a sharp change of the usual way of life? That is why stress and distress can not be exactly called synonyms and this is why stress not only can have a negative effect. Since each of these listed moments can launch the mechanism of action of stress, and it is absolutely the same for them.
In order to correctly realize the constructive and destructive influence of such a state on the body as a whole, you need to know which types of stress exist.
These are the types of stress that are characterized by an assessment with a plus sign or minus.
Distress is negative, and adversely affects the physiology and psychology of a person. It may be short-term, but acute stress, reaching a critical point. Or accumulated stress, overload of all systems, that is, a chronic stressful state.
Positive stress (or eustess) - mobilization of all the resources of the body is positive. May be caused by positive emotions. A person knows about the upcoming problems, but does not know how to solve them and therefore counts on a favorable outcome. For example, a student before passing the session. Also stress of weak power has a positive effect. The mobilizing character that eustess is needed to solve everyday worries and problems. Even the bell of the morning alarm is to increase the secretion of the adrenaline hormone to wake up and cheered.
Is it possible to say that such stress is useful for health? Most likely, he just does not harm him and does not cause any negative consequences for him.
It appears in the case of exposure to external factors of human habitat, which threaten the inner homeostasis (equilibrium) of the body. It can be the effects of severe heat or cold, mechanical damage to the body, thirst, hunger.
Varieties of physiological stress:
The most common in the modern world is physiological stress associated with starvation or strict diet. On the other hand, if such factors are short-term, they pass without a trace for the health of the body.
Psychological stress is always associated with two types of categories:
Depending on the duration and intensity of the stress factor, the following types of stress are distinguished:
Stress, as a rule, is associated with almost any human life activity. And it is possible to wholely avoid it only in a state of complete inactivity. But who needs such a life. If we talk about psychological stress, and not about real physical threats, then it is not a reaction to a specific fact, but only the value that the person is attributed to him. Therefore, sometimes enough to change their attitude to the situation to change and its negative reaction to it.
The concept of stress, as it turns out, includes many sides. It is multifaceted.
Physical or psychological impact, nervous stress, overwork, extreme situation, negative emotions cause a response of the body that mobilizes strength and energy is called - stress.
It is impossible to avoid this organism reaction throughout our life. A small dose of stress makes a person think, quickly make decisions in a problem situation. We stereotypically understand stress as a negative reaction. This is not so. Stress helps the internal environment of the body have a constant and unchanged value. If you think about it, it turns out that without a minimal stress, life becomes sluggish, static and, as it is not surprising, bladder. At the same time, another face where stress is constant and maximum value leads to a sharp weakening of the body, a decrease in immunity, the development of many diseases, loss of force and the ability to make reasonable solutions in problem situations. Therefore, it is very important to observe the balance and try to perceive life in a positive key.
The concept of stress originates in the works of the world famous French physiologist K. Bernard. The concept that was used purely professionally and had a deep natural-scientific basis, easily became "publicly available." The original concept, classification of this concept, reflecting the essence of the general adaptation syndrome, was called - stress. The magazine "Nature", in 1936, published the first articles dedicated to this topic. Their novelty has had a significant impact on the development of this direction in the scientific world.
In particular, scientists have proven that stressful state has a special impact on the psychology of people, their behavior and state of their body. This is manifested as follows:
1. Stress is useful, known as the concept -
Estrass caused by positive emotions.This concept implies an emotional state in which a person is aware of all upcoming problems or tasks and knows how to solve them, anticipating a positive result.
Estrass, Mobilizing Manis a driving force in solving everyday tasks, their planning and is necessary in the full life of a healthy body. This condition is referred to as the "Awakening Reaction". A small emission of adrenaline is needed to quickly wake up and comes to full plans the coming day, get to work and with pleasure, to work as efficiently as possible. In fact, this type of stress saves and maintains life in us.
Eustissa can turn into destructive - distress, with a low individual impedance of the body or provoked by a specific circumstance.
2. Stress is harmful, known as the concept -:
The negative type of stress destructively acts on the entire body. The attack of this type of stress occurs, most often, unexpectedly, spontaneously, in the state of the voltage reached the critical value. And may be the result of the "accumulated" stress, in which slowly reduces the body's resistance, followed by extinction. If you do not accept the necessary measures in time, the state of ordinary emotional discomfort will turn into a disease. As a rule, this condition is chronic.
Distress can be different species, Consider them in more detail.
Physiological distress occurs when exposed to the body of various external influences - heat, cold, thirst, hunger, diets and others. If a person exposes his body to any of the listed effects, he must be aware of the damage caused. When out of the forced state, the body must again be adapted and this happens exclusively through stress.
Psychological Distress is associated with the emergence of situations in which various emotions are particularly experiencing. Moreover, it does not matter their reason, it can be both positive and negative. In this case, the body will give the same reaction - the psychological distress.
The causes of a fantasy, illusory nature that do not have a real base cause absolutely real, from the point of view of the body and all the consequences, psychological distress.
A short-term distress - stress that has a natural basis associated with instinct of self-preservation. There is a short-term distress, suddenly and instantly passes all stages of stress. As a rule, this type of stress of a short period of action and does not represent danger to humans.
Chronic Distress is one of the most dangerous types of stress. A person who is subject to everyday, gets used to the tension so that it ceases to pay attention to the symptoms and their consequences. As a rule, this type of stress leads to a nervous breakdown, depression and suicide. May be accompanied by various kinds of phobias and fears.
Nervous Distress, as a rule, the effect of influence on the body of excessive stress. Anyone can happen, but more likely in people who have anxiety anxious neurosis. In this case, the individual condition of the nervous system plays an important role.
1 phase - Alarm reaction
The emergence of the state of anxiety, alertness, tension in the occurrence of an extraordinary situation and, as a result, mobilization of the protective forces of the body.
2 phase - Resistance
The resistance of the body and the struggle with the situation of stress or adaptation and addictive to the stimulus begins.
3 phase - Victory or exhaustion of the body
If the body's own resources are enough to combat stress, then the person comes out the winner. Otherwise, the body is depleted, which leads to depression, various severity of diseases and, possibly, to death.
Classification of stress:
Stress physiological
Psycho-emotional stress
1. Emotionally positive stressand Emotionally negative stress
Stress can carry both positive and negative charge. Depending on the personal perception of the event. For example, one, such an event, as a wedding causes joyful emotions and a state of stress and, at the same time, the other is a nuisance, and absolutely other directivity of stress.
It seems that, emotionally positive stress, should generate positive emotions, but people with weak health can get a heart attack or stroke, for example, from banal news of winning.
If we are talking about the negative consequences of stress, then automatically consider it emotionally negative.
2. Short-term(sharp) and Long-term(chronic)
These two types of stress cause a different reflection on human health. More difficult consequences for the body carry long-term or chronic stresses.
Acute stress usually comes quickly and unexpectedly. Its extreme degree is shock. If a person does not cope with the situation of shock, constantly returning to her and remembering the experienced, as a rule, sharp stress goes into chronic.
Chronic stress, may occur without the stage of acute stress if there are constantly active, it would seem that the insignificant factors - a tense relationship with someone, dissatisfaction with any situation and other constant factors.
3. Physiological (somatic, environmental) and psycho-emotional
Stress physiological There arises from oscillations of the parameters of the external environment - gravity, humidity, temperature, as well as on the direct impact on a person of various kinds of negative factors - cold, pain, hunger, physical overloads and others. They differ as mechanical, physical, chemical and biological physiological stresses.
Mechanical stress - differs by damage to the integrity of the skin and various organs. It may be injury, wound, operation, shock state.
Physical stress - caused by the state of overheating, hypothermia, frostbite, burn, the effects of UFL or ionizing radiation, weightlessness, or acceleration, hunger, thirst, hypokinesia, immobilization.
Chemical stress is caused by poisoning, the action of eradicates and their vapor, air pollution, water or soil, disadvantage or excess oxygen.
Biological stress - caused by attack causeing viruses, bacteria, toxins, mushrooms and their varieties.
Psycho-emotional stressmay be informational and emotional.
Most often, this type of stress arises from the experience of sufficiently strong emotions, such as insult, deception, danger, threat, information overload and others.
The stress information arises from an excess of information, from the responsibility associated with this kind of activity, with the adoption of speedy and right solutions. Such stresses, as a rule, accompany the activity of operators of various management systems, dispatchers and other employees of such professions.
Stress emotional arises in the situation of human threatening security - in case of severe disease, crime, war or accident, as well as in the threat of changes in social status, economic well-being or change interpersonal relationship, such as family problems, reduction or dismissal.
The stress division described above, their characteristic is relative, there are many options for other classifications.
The purpose of this article was not to show the complexity and discrepancy of stress theme, but to explain the importance of the correct understanding of the constructive or destructive influence of stress on the human body. Perhaps reading the proposed information, the interested person will be able to find the cause of his bad well-being. Sometimes, the awareness of the problem is enough to change your life for the better.
Each person does not interfere with what stress is. The fact of the appearance of the appearance is stress for a newborn. In the future, this condition is repeated more than once, because external stimuli is present in the life of every person. Residents of cities get tired of bustle, transport, traffic jams. People get tired of constant work and a list of responsibilities to family, society, colleagues. What is stress? Let's figure it out.
The term "stress" introduced, and more precisely borrowed from science on the resistance of materials in 1936 by Canadian physiologist Hans Selre. Initially, it was a technical term denoting voltage, pressure and pressure. Hans Selre decided that it applies to both a person. Then stress were considered as an adaptive response of the body in extreme conditions (High temperatures, diseases, injuries, etc.). Today, the problem of stress is covered wider, the list of stress factors includes socio-psychological elements, for example, surprises.
Stress is a special form of experience. According to psychological characteristics, stress is close to affect, and the duration of mood. This is a mental state, the response of the body into environmental conditions and the requirements put forward by the medium to. From the English word "stress" translates as "voltage". In psychology, stress is usually considered as a period of person's adaptation.
Depending on how a person evaluates the established conditions, stress has a disorganisant or mobilizing effect. However, in any case, the danger of exhaustion of the body remains, since at the time of stress all systems work at the limit. This is how it happens:
From the point of view of the perception of the personality itself, stress passes 3 stages:
In moderate quantities, stress is useful (emotional shake). It increases attention and, interest, activates, but in large quantities stress inevitably leads to a decrease in productivity. In addition, negatively affects health, stimulates diseases. Regardless of the nature of stress, the body's response at the biological level is the same: the growth of adrenal cortex activity (causes the hormonal changes described above), atrophy of lymph nodes and a fork gland, the occurrence of ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. Obviously, often repeating similar changes are harmful to health, no wonder they say that all diseases from nerves.
We can talk about stress when:
You may be surprised, but stress is useful. The harbingers of stress - emotions, as you know, they are positive and negative. In this regard, stress can be pleasant or unpleasant. For example, a surprise (surprise) can be pleasant and unpleasant, but at the biological level it looks equally.
Unpleasant and dangerous stress is called. Positive stress is called Estrass. Their features:
In addition, stress is short-term, sharp and chronic. Short-term are usually useful. Acute stress borders with a shock state, it is an unexpected and strong shock. Chronic stress - the impact of various insignificant stress genes for a long time.
An example of a positive, short-term and useful stress is a competition and presentation in the public. An example of a distress (dangerous and long stress) -, for example, the death of a loved one.
On the spheres of occurrence, the following types of stress are distinguished:
In addition, stress is physiological and psychological. Physiological stress - reaction to unfavorable environmental conditions. In fact, it is environmental stress. Physiological stress happens:
Psychological stress arises in the social sphere, with the interaction of a person with society. The psychological species of stress include intrapersonal, interpersonal, personal, working and information.
We have not mentioned the last look yet, let's pay attention to it. Information stress involves information overload. Daily people are forced to process large amounts of information, a group of increased risk is people whose profession involves finding, processing and recording information (students, accountants, teachers, journalists). Television, Internet, vocational training and duties forcing not only to receive information, but also analyze it, assimilate, solve problem tasks. An indiscriminate flow of information provokes quick fatigue, scattering, a decrease in the concentration of attention, distractions from the objectives of activity and professional duties. Especially dangerous overload in the second part of the day, before the departure to sleep. Problems with sleep - frequent consequence of informational overload.
The reason for stress is new and unusual conditions for the identity of life. Obviously, it is impossible to list all stressful factors, they are subjective, depend on the norm is familiar to a particular person. Cause stress can both an unstable economic situation in the country and the absence of the desired product in the store.
What factor will be stressful, depends on a person, personal experience and other individual personality features. For example, a child from a disadvantaged family will calmly respond to Rugan and fights in the future, rather than a person who never faces such an appeal.
The reason for the stress of an adult is more likely to be difficult at work. Among the labor stress factors are allocated as follows:
The stressful personal factors include:
Stress is a response to the requirement. Regardless of the character (positive or negative) there is a restructuring of the body. Biochemical shifts - protective reaction by evolution. In fact, it is these biochemical changes that cause feelings and emotions that we feel at the time of stress. We are disturbing not stressful, and its consequences are emotions that do not get exit.
The signs of stress refers:
Stress makes a person nervous, fussy. The accumulating energy asks for the release, but remaining unrealized, destroys a person from the inside. All psychological complications are caused by the stagnation of physical energy. After all, a person as a social being is forbidden to openly splash out his negative, we cannot in the situation of stress to do as animals: fight, run. Although some of them can well afford it, and some more situations require such behavior. But, for example, the problems of the office worker is difficult to solve this way. Here is the voltage and accumulates.
So stress is able to call:
Specialists of the World Health Organization (WHO) suggest that by 2020 (the main danger of stress) will be released in the first place in popularity, bypassing infectious and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, WHO notes that now 45% of all diseases are caused by stress.
But this is dangerous chronic stress and stress at the Distrase stage. In moderate doses, stress protrudes with a psyche by quenching, increases the stability of the body. But this does not mean that it is necessary to specifically carry out similar "running events".
At the time of stress, our body is ready for two options: fight or run. It is dictated by the animal part of us, the biological voltage of the body. Of course, in life, people are not always in a literal sense run away or attack in a state of stress (although it is not uncommon). It is more often understood as abstract: escape, for example, means care to drunkenness or depression.
It should be understood that it is impossible to avoid stress. This is a variant of the reflex response of the body into difficult or unpleasant (unfavorable) circumstances. A developing active personality will have to deal with a new and unknown, unusual, frightening. And the body will react with the corresponding hormonal changes, will reflexively defend themselves.
Article author: Maria Barnikova (psychiatrist)
Psychological stress
02.06.2015Maria Bornishova
Most inhabitants regard the stress - as negative, painful experiences caused by unsolvable difficulties, irresistible obstacles that are unstable ...
The concept of stress is firmly rooted in the vocabulary of a modern person, and most ordinary people regard this phenomenon as negative, painful experiences or disorders caused by unsolvable difficulties, irresistible obstacles that are unstable. More than 80 years ago Hans Selre, the creators of the theory of stress, in their works emphasized that stress does not mean, pain, torment, humiliation, catastrophic changes in life.
Full getting rid of stresses means the end of life
What is psychological stress? We present its classical definition given by the author of the theory. Stress (stress - a state of high load, emotional voltage) - A complex of nonspecific adaptive reactions of the body on any claims presented to it due to the impact of stressor factors that caused a violation of its homeostasis. Non-specific reactions - adaptable actions aimed at restoring the initial state of the body produced by specific effects on specific stimuli. Any surprise that makes a change in the familiar life of the individual may be a stress factor. It does not matter what nature is wearing a positive or negative. Emotional shock can provoke not only external circumstances, but also subconscious attitudes towards specific events. For the human psyche, only the amount of necessary efforts on the restructuring of familiar life rhythms, the intensity of the energy spent on adaptation to new requirements.
In medical practice, it is customary to share stressful situations into two types: eustess - a positive form and distress - negative. Eustissa mobilizes the life resources of the body and stimulates further activities. Distress brings, inflicts "wound", which, even completely healing, leaves scars.
Distress has a negative impact on the somatic and mental health of a person and can give impetus to the development of serious diseases. In the state of stress, the activity of the immune system is significantly reduced, and the person becomes defenseless before viruses and infections. With a negative emotional stress, a vegetative nervous system is activated, intensively operates the gland of the internal secretion. With prolonged or frequent effect of stressful factors, psycho emotional spherethat often leads to severe depressions or to.
By the nature of the impact of stressors allocate:
Outstanding psychologist Leontyev It claimed that in the case when the body demonstrates the reaction to external phenomena, not related to the satisfaction of life needs (meal, the need for a dream, the instinct of self-preservation, the continuation of the kind), such reactions are purely psychological. The concept is difficult to solid, extraordinary for a person of the situation in the concept of the theory of stress - also psychological phenomenon.
Stressful situations also allocate in two groups: extreme social conditions (Military actions, hooligan attacks, natural disasters) and critical psychological events (Death of relative, changing social status, divorce, exam). For some events that occurred are shock shock, for others - a natural phenomenon, and the intensity of the reaction is purely individual. We are indisputable: In order to have a response to an irritant, this stimulus must have a certain force. And each individual has a non-permanent, changeable sensitivity threshold. Individual with a low sensitivity threshold demonstrates a strong reaction to an irritant of weak intensity, while specials with a high sensitivity threshold does not perceive this factor as an irritant.
Stress is also accepted to divide by parameters into two groups:
The definitions of psychological stress are excellent in different authors, however, most scientists refer to this type of stress caused by the influence of external (social) factors or formed under the influence of internal sensations. Psycho-emotional stress is not always possible to apply the laws of the stages of its flow, since each individual is purely individual properties of psyche and personal features of the vegan nervous system.
Differentiate the type of stressful situation allows the test question: "Are the stressors apply explicit harm to the body?". In the case of a positive response, a biological species is diagnosed, in the event of a negative - psychological stress.
Psycho-emotional stress is distinguished from a biological species near the specific features, including:
The method of measuring stress sensations (PSM-25 scale) is aimed at analyzing the emotional state of a person, and not on the study of indirect indicators (stressor, indicators of depressive, alarming-phobic conditions).
The main differences between biological and psychological stressful situations:
| Group | Biological stress | Psychological stress |
| The cause of the occurrence | Physical, chemical, biological impact of stressors | Own thoughts, internal sensations, the impact of society |
| Hazard level | Real | Virtual, Real |
| The orientation of stressors | Somatic health, threat to life | Emotional sphere, self-esteem, social status |
| Character of response | "Primary" reactions: fear, fright, rage, pain. | "Secondary" reactions: excitement, anxiety, irritability, anxiety, panic, depressive states |
| Temporary range | Clearly designated within the borders of the present and the near future | Unclear, blurred, includes past and indefinite period in the future |
| Effect of Individual Character Features | There is no minimum | Significant |
| Example | Viral infection, injury, food intrication, frostbite, burn | Family conflict, parting with partner, material difficulties, a change in social status |
The reaction range to the stress event includes a variety of excitation and braking states, including states called affective. The process of proceeding stress state consists of three stages.
Stage 1. Emotional alarm reaction.
At this stage, the first response of the organism on the impact of stressful factors is manifested. The duration of this phase is strictly individual: some people have increasing the voltage takes place in minutes, other anxiety increases for several weeks. The level of the body's resistance is reduced by external stimuli, weakens self-control. A person gradually loses the opportunity to fully manage his actions, loses self-control. His behavior changes on fully opposite actions (for example: a calm, exist person becomes impulsive, aggressive). Specials avoids social contacts, an alienation appears in relation to loved ones, the distance in communicating with buddies, colleagues increases. The effect of the distress has a destructive impact on the psyche. Excessive emotional voltage can cause disorganization, disorganization and depersonalization.
Stage 2. Resistance and adaptation.
In this phase, the maximum activation and strengthening of the body resistance is irritant. The prolonged effect of the stress factor provides gradual adaptation to its effects. The resistance of the body significantly exceeds the norm. It is at this stage that an individual is capable of analyzing, choose the most effective way and cope with the stress.
Stage 3. Exhaustion.
Having exhausted the existing energy resources due to the impact of the stressor during a long time, a person feels strong fatigue, emptying, fatigue. The feeling of guilt is joined, repeated signs of alarm stage appear. However, in this phase, the ability of the body to respondaptation is lost, the person becomes powerless to take any actions. Organic nature disorders appear, severe pathological psychosomatic states arise.
Each person has "programmed" from the children's years its personal scenario of behavior in the stressful situation reproducible in frequency, form of manifestation of stress reaction. Some have the impact of stressors daily in small doses, others test distress rarely, but in full painful manifestations. Also for each person is characterized by the individual orientation of aggression in a state of stress. One accuse itself exclusively, the launching mechanisms for the development of depressive states. Another particular finds the causes of their troubles in the surrounding people and nominates unfounded claims, often in extremely aggressive form, becoming a socially dangerous person.
The emergence of emotional stress in stress - the adaptation reaction of the bodyappearing and increasing as a result of the interaction of physiological systems and mechanisms in combination with psychological response methods.
In the physiological group of stress mechanisms are involved:
Psychological mechanisms - Installations formed and fixed at the subconscious level arising as a response to the impact of stressful factors. Psychological schemes are designed to protect the psyche of a person from the negative effects of the impact of stressors. Not all these mechanisms are harmless, they often do not allow to evaluate the right event, often harm the social activities of the individual.
Psychological protective schemes include seven mechanisms:
There is also a different classification of types of protective mechanisms, divided into two groups.
Group 1. Schemes of information of information
Group 2. Schemes of violation of information processing
The level of stress affects a variety of variety of factors, including:
The most common cause of stress is a contradiction between the reality and representations of an individual of reality. Stress reactions can be launched both under the influence of real factors and events that exist only in imagination. Not only negative events, but also positive changes in the life of the individual, lead to the development of stressful state.
Studies of American scientists Thomas Holmes. and Richard Reia allowed to form a table of stress factors that provide in most cases the strongest influence on man and launching stress mechanisms (stress intensity scale). Among meaningful events for people:
Stress factors have the accumulation property. Without making effective steps, he drove his experiences inside, remaining alone with her problems, a person risks to lose contact with his own "I", and subsequently lose contact with others.
Manifestations of stressful state - Purely individual, but all signs unites their negative color, their painful and painful perception by an individual. The symptoms are different depending on which the stress stage is especially and which protective mechanisms are involved. Among the main symptoms of stress can be allocated:
As a result of the impact of the stressors, the individual is often trying to artificially replace the negative sensations of "pleasant" external factors: begins to take alcohol or narcotic drugs, becomes a gambling player, changes sexual behavior, begins to overeat, performs risky, impulsive actions.
Staying in situations causing the state of stress, each person should strive to get out of the situation that has created the winner, overcome the obstacles courageously, with a sense of self-esteem and without negative health consequences. After all, every new battle with stressors is another step on a thorny path of self-development and self-improvement.
The choice of a comprehensive pharmacological treatment program is carried out individually, given a variety of factors, including:
The main criterion for appointing treatment is the manifested symptoms. To eliminate stressful states, use:
If the patient prevails signs of anxiety (irrational fear, excessive excitement, no concern without reason) to relieve symptoms, a short-term course of treatment with psychotropic drugs is carried out. Used tranquilizers benzodiazepine row (for example: diazepam) or more gentle anxiolyti other groups (for example: adoptol).
Quickly take control and minimize the painful physical manifestations of fear capable beta blockersThe action of which is aimed at blocking emissions into the blood of adrenaline and reduce blood pressure indicators (for example: anaprilin).
In overcoming emotional stress, reducing nervousness and irritability, a good therapeutic response provides relatively harmless drugs with aminoacetic acid (for example: glycine).
With the weakly pronounced manifestations of anxiety, a long course (at least one month) are prescribed sedatives "Green" pharmacyMade from Valerian, Mint, Melissa, Dashtroke (for example: Pans). In some cases, drugs are used - bromide with significant sedative potential (for example: adonis-bromine).
In the presence of a "protective" disease in the picture, obsessive actions are recommended neuroleptics - drugs capable of eliminating heavy mental states (for example: haloperidol).
When prevailing depressive manifestations (apathy, oppressed state, dreary mood) use antidepressants Different groups. With a light form of depressive sentiment, a long-term course (more than one month) of plant in vegetable origin is prescribed. Thus, the antidepressant effect will ensure the preparations based on the Zverboard (for example: deprim). In more severe and hazardous cases, psychopharmacological antidepressants of various groups are used. Similar to use, do not lead to overdose and show the high result selective inhibitors of serotonin - SIRES inhibitors (for example: fluoxetine). Eliminate depressive symptoms and reduce the anxiety capable of the latest generation - melatonergic antidepressants (the only representative of this class: agomelatin).
If the patient marks the change in the mode and quality of sleep (insomnia, early awakening, intermittent sleep, nightmarish dreams) appoint a reception snow pills, both vegetable origin and synthesized means of benzodiazepine series (for example: nitrazempams) or the latest chemical groups (for example: zopiclon). Use as hypnotic barbiturates today has lost its relevance.
An important role in overcoming stressful states is the replenishment in the deficit body vitamins and Minerals. In situations of emotional voltage, the reception of group vitamins in (for example: neurovan), magnesium facilities (for example: Magne B6) or multi-active complexes (for example: Vitrum) are recommended.
Psychotherapy of stressful states - techniques designed to provide beneficial medical influence On the psycho-emotional sphere, activities directly related and affecting the functioning of the human body as a whole. Psychotherapeutic assistance is often the only unique chance that allows the person who is in stressful state to overcome the available problems, adjust the erroneous ideas and without negative consequences to get rid of the alarming, depressive states.
Modern psychotherapy uses over 300 diverse techniques, among the most common, in demand and effective techniques:
Direction 1. Psychodynamic approach
Based on the method of psychoanalysis, which was the famous talented scientist Sigmund Freud. Feature of therapy: transfer to the area of \u200b\u200bconsciousness (awareness) by the patient with the subconscious sphere of memories, tested emotions and sensations. Receptions are used: the study and evaluation of dreams, free associative series, research on the nature forgetting information.
Direction 2. Cognitive behavioral therapy
The essence of this method is to inform and teach an individual to adaptive skills necessary in emotionally difficult situations. A person has a new model of thinking, which allows us to correctly assess and adequately act when a collision with stressful factors. In artificially created stressful situations, the patient, surviving a state close to the panic fear, the threshold of sensitivity to disturbing its negative factors is noticeably reduced.
Direction 3. Existential approach
The essence of therapy for this technique is to concentrate on the existing difficulties, revising the patient of the valuables, awareness of personal significance, the formation of self-esteem and the right self-esteem. During sessions, a person learns how to harmonious interaction with the outside world, produces independence and awareness of thinking, acquires new behavioral skills.
Direction 4. Humanistic approach
This method is based on the postulate: a person has unlimited abilities and opportunities for overcoming issues in the presence of significant incentive and adequate self-esteem. The work of the doctor with the patient is aimed at limiting the consciousness of a person, exemption from indecision and uncertainty, getting rid of fear of defeat. The client learns to actually realize and analyze the causes of the existing difficulties, develop true and safe options for overcoming problems.
A person has a desire to get rid of pain, tension, anxiety. However, this ability to experience unpleasant sensations, oddly enough, is one of the valuable gifts of nature. The state of stress is a phenomenon designed to warn an individual about the threat of integrity and life activity of the body. This is an ideal working mechanism activating the natural reflexes of resistance, evasion, retreat or flight, indispensable in battle with a negative hostile environment. The unpleasant sensations associated with the state of stress mobilize hidden resources, encourage the application of efforts, carry out changes and accepting difficult solutions.
Each person needs to learn to effectively and rationally control stress. If the event that caused stress depends on the individual activity (for example: emotional stress due to excessive work in the professional field), efforts should be concentrated on developing and analyzing options to change the existing position. In the event that an emotionally difficult situation is caused by external factors, non-viable monitor control and management (for example: the death of a spouse), it is necessary to accept this negative fact, to accept its existence, change perception and attitude towards this event.
Method 1. We issue emotions
Remove the accumulated voltage, special breathing techniques are designed to get rid of negative emotions. We perform energetic movements (mahs) with hands, then close your eyes. We make a slow deep breath through the nose, delay your breath for 5 seconds, slowly spent through the mouth. Perform 10-15 approaches. We try to relax muscles as much as possible. Concentrate your attention on the emerging sensations.
Method 2. Reveal the soul
In prevention and overcoming stressful states, an invaluable role is assigned to emotional support from the outside and friendly communication. Problem moments, frankly and freely behaved near a person, lose global significance and cease to be perceived as catastrophic. Friendly communication with optimists allows a person to formulate and express out loud disturbing factors, throw out negative emotions, get the charge of vital energy, develop a strategy to overcome the problems.
Method 3. I trust your alarms paper
No less effective method of dealing with emotional tension is the maintenance of a personal diary. Thoughts and desires set forth on paper are becoming more consistent and logical. Fixing in writing its negative sensations tolerates them from the area of \u200b\u200bsubconscious in the sphere, controlled by consciousness and managed by the will of the individual. After such an entry, stressful events are perceived less large-scale, realized and recognized the fact of the availability of problems. With the subsequent reading of his revelations, it is possible to analyze a difficult situation as it were from the side, new ways to overcome it appear, an incentive is formed for its permission. Especially takes control of his condition and, taking the past and living the present, begins to make efforts for well-being in the future.
Method 4. Blacks of own stress factors
As they say, to win over the enemy, it is necessary to know him in the face. In order to cope with emerging negative emotions under the hour of the impact of stressors, it is necessary to identify and explore which particular events can "knock out of the rut."
Staying in silence alone, we focus and try to focus as much as possible. We choose for an analysis of at least 12 aspects related to various areas of life (for example: health, family relationship, successes and failures in professional activities, financial situation, relationships with friends). Then in each of these aspects, we allocate situations that represent considerable difficulty, deprive self-control and restraint. We write them up in order of importance (response intensity, the temporal duration of the experiences, the depth of emotional perception, arising negative symptoms) from the smallest negative category to the most traumatic factor. After Achilles Fifth is revealed, for each item we make a list of "arguments": we develop options for possible solutions.
Method 5. Transform emotional experiences in vital energy
An excellent way to get rid of the unpleasant manifestations of stress is to perform intense any motor activity. It can be: classes in the gym, long-term hiking, swimming in the pool, morning jogs or work on the preservation site. Energetic exercise distract from negative events, send thoughts into a positive channel, give positive emotions and charge vital energy. Running is the perfect natural method to "escape" from stress: feeling a pleasant physical fatigue, there is no place and effort on crying about his own grief.
Method 6. Splash emotions in creativity
A faithful assistant in the fight against psychological stress is creative activity, vocal classes, music, dancing. Creating a beautiful, man not only get rid of negative sensations, but also involves hidden potential, develops its abilities, significantly increases self-esteem. Music directly affects emotional status, transferring to the world of bright distinctive sensations: makes cry and laugh, grieve and rejoice. Through music, the perception of his own "I" and others is changing, the real world appears in its diversity, the significance of their own "meager" worries is lost. Through the dance, you can express your emotions, survive your negative, to appear in front of the light in all inner beauty.
Method 7. We increase the level of psychological knowledge
An important factor for successful overcoming stress is the existing knowledge luggage: full, structured, diverse. In the formation of immunity to stress, a significant role is played by human cognitive processes that determine the skills of orientation in the environment, the logicality of actions, objectivity of judgments, the level of observation. No matter how generously or scoop nature gave a man with talents, the personality is responsible only for the use of their mental abilities, and should not stop on the path of its development.
Method 8. We change the belief system
A particular niche in the perception of stress factors is the individual system of beliefs. A person regarding the world around the world as a source of dangers, threats, problems, responds to stressors with strong negative emotions, often disorganizing his behavior. Quite often, the difficult consequences of the experience of stress provoke the results of the discrepancy between the real complexity of the situation and its subjective assessment of the individual. Adequate, realistic perception of the world, where the well-being and misfortunes are adjacent to the recognition that the world is imperfect and not always fair, the desire for harmony, optimism and gratitude for every positive moment help not perceive the problems close to heart.
Method 9. We increase your own significance
A person who reacts to any stress with stormy emotions is distinguished by the lack of confidence in its capabilities and a sense of own inferiority. Due to low or negative self-esteem, the personality has a minimum level of claims and occupies the "position of the reinsurer" in the life. Enhance and form adequate self-esteem helps simple exercises - affermentation (positive statements about their identity spoken by loud).
Method 10. Perform a difficult task
Excellent Emotional Control Technology is a strong concentration of attention on the task executable, allowing to dissolve and overcome situational stress factors.
From spheres that bring satisfaction and joy, choose one complex category. We put a clear goal, we determine the concrete end deadlines for the implementation of ideas in life (for example: to study for six months french, construct a helicopter model, conquer the mountain peak).
In conclusion:Each person can overcome stress and control the complex situation if it becomes focused on the existing problem, rather than manifested by emotionally protective actions. Active possession of his own consciousness brings exclusively positive results, gives the personality a sense of domination over the stressors, strengthens the sense of its own significance, increases the assessment of its abilities, increases the chance of disclosing opportunities.
Stress refers to the number of protective mechanisms ensuring the normal life of the body. In this process, complex neurohumoral and metabolic processes are involved, the body uses backups. After the experience, their immediate replenishment is required and physical recovery, otherwise pathological conditions may occur. A person needs to independently control the level of internal stress and take time timely treatment and recovery. Long stress, which passed into a chronic form, depletes a person and often leads to personality disorders.
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The concept of stress is in manifestation of a non-specific response of the body to any stimulus. It contributes to the development of endogenous adrenaline, which increases stability and activates the potential forces of a person. Stress accompany states such as anxiety, excitation and tension. They are dangerous, as they lead to the development of anxiety disorders. But in small quantities they are even useful for personality, have a stimulating effect. Normally, a person is aimed at overcoming the problem, but in the case of chronic stress, when the body is exhausted, it does not always have it. At this moment, anxiety and tension reach their peak and may entail irreversible consequences.
The determination of stress in psychology is different from everyday understanding. It is almost always accompanied by anxious state, when such emotions are published as nervousness and concern for the result. In the aggregate, they help the body as quickly and efficiently and rationally cope with any problem, quick brain activity is activated and sometimes a person himself is not aware of how he managed to take something. Psychologists have a pattern that the higher the nonspecific response, the more unpredictable and lightning room it turns out to be a decision from a person.
Regular alarming states lead to a persistent personality disorder, the emergence of panic attacks and obsessive states. It is possible to prevent the development of pathology only with the help of timely and competent treatment.
Many psychotherapists are confident that stressful reactions in moderate quantities contribute to the growth and development of the personality, due to its exit from the comfort zone. Thanks to them, self-knowledge and improvement of external and internal qualities occurs. But this positive effect largely depends on the type and degree of severity of stress.
Classification by provoking factor:
By type of exposure, the following types of stress are distinguished:
By the mechanism of impact distinguish:
The level of stress largely depends on the scale of the problem. Some are temporary, and the person subconsciously understands that they do not imagine a serious threat to life, like a session in students or a cold. Others are global when a person does not understand what the outcome will be. The latter include an earthquake, an armed attack and other circumstances that threaten Cardi nalleal changes in life or her loss.
There are three interrelated stress stages that smoothly move one to another, and it is impossible to resist this process:
The third stage has a fundamental importance for a specialist. From how long the patient experiences an alarming upheaval, fundamentally depends on the tactics of treatment. There is direct dependence: the more the person is under the influence of an irritant factor, the greater the amount of assistance.
The response of the body in the form of stress, appears not only for negative factors of impact, but also on positive stressors, which also foreshadow changes. Many psychotherapists are confident that stressful reactions in moderate quantities contribute to the growth and development of the personality and its exit from the comfort zone. Thanks to them, self-knowledge and improvement of external and internal qualities occurs.
The main causes of Disteres serve all negative situations that appear in humans during their lives. Each has its own value system and can experience a different level of shocks from the same situation, but no indifferent.
For example, pregnancy is a consequence of biological eussy. On the one hand, a woman waited a long time for the onset of this state and is incredibly glad to feel their lives inside. On the other hand, the body undergo certain changes that are temporary, but deliver a lot of trouble and discomfort. The presence of pronounced toxicosis in the first months, talk about confrontation. Thanks to the suppression of immunity, the fetus does not take place. Immune reactions, change of hormonal background, the use of accumulated nutrients and much more are a complicated stressful reaction. At the end of pregnancy, a woman begins to experience real health difficulties, which are subsequently transformed into postpartum depression and require specialized treatment.
The symptomatic picture of various diseases having a similar manifestation, assrated a well-known explorer Hanssel Selleg on certain reflections, which marked the beginning of the work of his life - the teachings on stress. At the moment of complete exhaustion, there is not a single system that would not have hitting. Conditionally, all the symptoms can be divided into physiological and mental. The first reflect the effect of stress on the body. These include a pronounced weight loss, a decrease in appetite, changes in the work of the heart, VDC (vegeto-vascular dystonia), fatigue, etc.
Psychic features include: internal stress, urinary incontinence, anxiety, depression, apathy, poor mood, closure, detachment. From the initial state of the human nervous system, the fact that the response of the body and its non-specific response will be. Emotionally weak personalities are subject to finding solving problems on the side or with the help of psychotropic substances. They usually have dependence on drugs and alcohol. Strong personalities to resist stress is easier.
In psychotherapy, they allocate cognitive, physical, behavioral and emotional symptoms of stressful state. They are relative because some may manifest themselves in human behavior and without provoking factor, since they are the norm for the person and are laid by a psychotic. The psychotherapist will help to identify the true symptoms of stress in the early stages of its manifestation, when a person loses control over himself, they can be seen even a non-specialist.
Cognitive symptoms:
Emotional symptoms:
Physical symptoms:
Behavioral symptoms:
Depending on the number of listed symptoms, the severity of the state is recognized. After the survey, observation and visual surveys, the specialist puts the diagnosis and determines the amount of assistance. In severe clinical situations, hospitalization is required in the hospital around the clock stay and constant control by a specialist.
Start treating stress is permissible at home, especially if the patient correctly perceives its condition and is ready to resist all negative changes. The first thing to pay attention to is an emotional state. Soothing tea, sedative drugs can be reduced to reduce the anxiety, and physiotherapeutic treatment helps. It is important to prevent the impact of the provoking factor. The earlier the recovery period begins, the faster the healing process proceeds.
To restore and further readiness, withstand a new stress, you should think about the general state of health. It depends on the lifestyle. Healthy sleep, compliance with labor and recreation, rational and balanced diet, moderate physical activity and regular reception of vitamin complexes will strengthen the health and replenish the beneficial substances. This cannot be neglected because the exhausted organism is not able to continue adequate and full-fledged life.
A long lack of positive dynamics against the background of self-treatment indicates the need to appeal to a psychotherapist. It can recommend individual trainings or suggest group classes that are very effective in confronting an alarming disorder. The advantage of this approach to treatment is the ability to learn how to experience stress with minimal consequences for yourself and regularly carry out prevention.
