Test with answers to traffic rules "Types of vehicles" (for class 1)
Target: checking the knowledge of 1st grade students on the rules of the road in the form of testing on the topic: "Types of vehicles".
Tasks:
- check the knowledge of students on the topic: "Types of vehicles";
- to summarize the knowledge of junior schoolchildren by types of transport;
- expand the horizons of children;
- to instill the skills of compliance with the rules of the road by younger students;
- to develop logical thinking and memory of students.
Test for traffic rules "Types of vehicles" (for class 1)
1. What is transportation?2. What types of transport can be divided according to the mode of movement?
A) ground, underground, air, water;
B) ground, underground;
B) ground, air, water.
3. What kind of transport does not belong to modes of transport by mode of travel?
A) underground;
B) air;
V) passenger.
4. What kind of transport belongs to water transport?
A) ship, plane;
B) a steamer, an all-terrain vehicle;
V) boat, yacht.
5. What kind of transport is air transport?
A) helicopter, airplane;
B) helicopter, ship;
B) an airplane, a liner.
6. What applies to land transportation?
A) truck, ship;
B) metro, tram;
V) ambulance, taxi.
7. What applies to underground transport?
A) train;
B) underground;
In a taxi.
8. What types of transport can be divided by destination?
A) passenger, cargo, special;
B) passenger, cargo;
B) passenger, cargo, public.
9. What is the name of the transport transporting goods?
A) special;
B) cargo;
C) public.
10. What is the name of the transport that transports people?
A) cargo;
B) passenger;
B) special.
11. What is the name of the special transport?
A) special;
B) passenger car;
C) public.
12. What kind of transport is called public transport?
A) transport transporting goods;
B) transport transporting people;
V) transport for everyone.
13. What vehicles are public transport?
A) tram, route taxi;
B) bus, cars;
B) trolleybus, truck.
14. What kind of transport is not public transport?
A) tram;
B) Taxi;
B) bus.
15. What type of public transport is the “oldest”?
A) tram;
B) bus;
C) trolleybus.
16. What does the word "bus" mean?
A) a large carriage;
B) a car for people;
V) multi-seat.
17. What kind of transport does not travel on a specific route?
A) Taxi;
B) trolleybus;
In the underground.
18. What public transport is always the first to arrive in new areas of the city?
A) tram;
B) bus;
C) trolleybus.
19. What does the trolleybus "eat"?
A) gas;
B) gasoline;
V) electricity.
20. What vehicles are classified as special vehicles?
A) garbage truck, trolley bus;
B) a truck, a fuel tanker;
V) ambulance, gas service.
21. What kind of transport does not belong to special transport?
A) crane;
B) excavator;
V) truck.
22. Which car is watering the streets in summer?
A) watering machine;
B) a truck;
C) fire engine.
23. Which car removes snow from the streets?
A) sprinkler machine;
B) snowblower;
C) a sweeper.
24. What kind of transport is always given way?
A) fire engine;
B) fixed-route taxi;
C) trolleybus.
25. What vehicle is superfluous here?
A) passenger car;
B) baby carriage;
B) bus.
The movement of people and goods is an absolute necessity for society. For their implementation, there are special means - transport. Even a child knows what he is. However, it is a complex system that requires absolute understanding.
From the point of view of an integrated approach, the named concept can be considered as follows:
In a generalized sense, transport is:
As a branch of production, it consists of:
Considering the absolute need for it, transport has entered all spheres of life. It has many functions:
Thus, regardless of the type and characteristics, transport is an integral part of the state and society.
All existing methods of movement can be divided into two main groups: the environment of the main activity and the service area.
Depending on the environment, the following groups and types are distinguished:
By the nature of the service sector, they are distinguished:
Types of public transport are represented by a combination for the movement of goods and passengers, aimed at performing their characteristic economic, social, cultural, and sometimes political functions.
The most important types of public transportation options include rail, road, water, aviation, and what each of the groups is, we will consider further.
The cartage transport can be considered the prototype of all land vehicles. From antiquity to the beginning of the 20th century, it performed all the functions corresponding to the current transport industry. At the same time, it served as an incentive for the search for more technological and efficient ways to move goods and passengers.
Depending on the territorial characteristics, horses, donkeys, bulls, elephants, deer, dogs, and camels were exploited. Animals were used for riding or harnessed to transport carts, carts, carriages.
Pack transport was used for off-road (mountains, deserts, taiga) - animals with packs on their backs were led by leashes.
With the development of rail and road communications, he gradually went out of public use, going into rare personal use.
Waterborne transport - also has ancient roots dating back to the III-II millennium BC. e., and was the only way to implement international trade and conquests of overseas countries.
Today it is divided into sea and river. Its advantages include:
Disadvantages:
An important feature of loading and unloading operations is the need to use several types of transport within one port economy, namely road and rail.
It is a freight and passenger transport, the work of which is based on the movement of rolling stock along specially equipped tracks - rails. Its advantages:
If we consider the types of freight transport, then the railway occupies a leading position in the transportation of non-valuable, bulky goods, including timber, grain, coal, construction materials, and products of the oil refining industry. Containerization is applied if necessary.
Disadvantages:
Freight turnover averages 40-50% in the Russian Federation and 15-20% in the world market. The corresponding passenger turnover in Russia is 30% and 10% in the world. Thus, it is a productive and reliable transport.
Our ancestors knew what a steam locomotive is. Today, its future lies in the electrification of railway lines. Modernization of communication lines and rolling stock along with the integrated implementation of high-speed technologies is a stable prospect for increasing the profitability of the industry.
The types of public transport are represented by the automotive industry - the most mobile, technological and exploited. At the same time, it presents personal, special and departmental vehicles and their infrastructure. The share of Russian road freight traffic is only 4-6%, world - 8-10%. Automobile passenger transportation in the Russian Federation accounts for 30-40% of all carried out, while in the world - 70-75%.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Almost half of passenger transport is represented by automobile transport. He remains the leader among the options for movement within the village and country. For international, and especially intercontinental, rail, water or aviation are used.
Airplanes and helicopters are the highest human achievement, in the literal and figurative sense, greatly simplifying the solution of super-complex tasks, which include: moving over huge distances at high speed, delivering medicines or humanitarian aid to zones of natural disasters and catastrophes, performing complex actions in construction, firefighting, evacuation, agriculture and more.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Along with significant risks and high costs, it occupies about 20% of the world's passenger traffic.
The totality of pipe-like paths for the movement of liquid and gaseous "goods" over long distances represent pipeline transport. With its help, they provide interregional, international and intercontinental supplies of oil and gas. The work is carried out using the pressure difference in the system and their regulation, respectively, transport workers are represented by dispatchers and controllers of points.
The advantages include manufacturability, high performance and availability in any conditions. The disadvantages are high safety and compliance requirements, continuous monitoring and narrow focus of the system.
It is extremely necessary to ensure a comfortable life for the population, since the possibility of convenient cooking and the level of heat in dwellings during the cold season depend on its functioning.
The most important system of any society is transport. What is a state without territory and population, without industry, cultural heritage and opportunities for movement? It is the bloodstream of any country and the world in general. It is a misfortune of ecology, but also, quite possibly, the salvation of mankind.
Question number 1. Transport. Appointment and components.
Transport - a set of means of communication, means of communication and facilities, service devices. Often, the term "transport" means the entire set of infrastructure, management, vehicles and transport enterprises that make up the transport system, or a branch of the economy.
Transport is divided into three categories:
1) public transport,
2) transport for special use and personal or individual transport. Transport for special use - intra-industrial and intra-departmental transport. Finally, personal transport includes cars, bicycles, yachts, and private jets.
3) Personal automatic transport forms a new category, as it combines the features of urban public transport and personal vehicles.
All transport can be divided into a number of groups according to certain criteria.
By the number of wheels: Unicycle, Bicycle, Tricycle, ATV
By type of wheels: Rail transport, Light rail, Tracked transport
By engine type: Self-propelled vehicles, Motorized vehicles, Powered by muscle power, Trailers
By moving environment: Water transport, Air transport, Ground and underground
By type of property and the number of passengers: Individual transport, Public transport
By carrying capacity: Cargo, Passenger
Question number 2. Transport system. External, urban, suburban and local (exotic) transport.
Transport system - transport infrastructure, transport enterprises, vehicles and management in aggregate. The unified transport system ensures the coordinated development and functioning of all modes of transport in order to maximize the satisfaction of transport needs at the lowest cost.
Vehicles are usually cars, bicycles, buses, trains, planes.
Governance refers to control over the system, such as traffic signals, arrows on railway tracks, flight control, etc., as well as rules (among others, the rules for financing the system: toll roads, fuel tax, etc.). Transport system management is a set of measures aimed at the effective functioning of this system through coordination, organization, ordering of the elements of this system, both among themselves and with the external environment. Broadly speaking, network design is a task of civil engineering and urban planning, vehicle design is mechanical engineering and specialized branches of applied science, and management is usually specialized within a network, or refers to the study of management or systems engineering.
The quantitative indicators of the transport system are:
1) the length of communication routes,
2) the number of employees,
3) freight and passenger turnover.
Transport system levels:
1) External: railway. air. automobile, water (sea and river)
The locality cannot live without transport. The components of external transport depend on the size and geography of the city.
2) Urban: necessary when increasing pedestrian accessibility (15 minutes). The components of external transport depend on the size and population of the point. It happens: passenger (mass, local), cargo, special.
3) Suburban: buses. railway, water, auto. Increased intensity during the day and evening (= pendulum)
4) Local (exotic)
Transport corridors- is a set of main transport communications of various types of transport with the necessary facilities, ensuring the transportation of passengers and goods between different countries in the directions of their concentration. The system of international transport corridors also includes export and transit trunk pipelines.
Transport hub is called a complex of transport devices at the junction of several modes of transport, jointly performing operations for servicing transit, local and urban transport of goods and passengers. A transport hub as a system is a set of transport processes and means for their implementation at the junctions of two or more mainline modes of transport. In the transport system, the units have the function of control valves. Failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.
Question number 3. Urban transport. Purpose and main characteristics.
Transport- a set of means of communication, means of communication, structures and maintenance devices
Views: passenger, cargo, special (police, ambulance, Ministry of Emergency Situations, etc.)
1. Transportation of goods (more predictable)
2. transportation of people
Freight transport is divided into
1. Industrial (depends on the size and profile of the customer)
2. Construction (depends on the size of the city)
3. Consumer (from size and trend to development)
4. Cleansing
Passenger
1. Citywide (mass: metro, trolleybuses, buses, trams; individual)
2. Local (movement in a confined space - plant, fuel dispenser)
Carrying capacity is the number of passengers who can be transported along one line, in one direction, per unit of time. 80-90 thousand passengers per hour - metro 15 - 30-35 thousand passengers per hour - tram 10-23 thousand passengers per hour - trolleybus
Depends on capacity, stopping points
The biggest one near the metro, railway, tram, trolleybus, bus
The capacity is the number of passengers to be allowed to transport it according to the norms for 1m 2. During rush hour 8 people per 1 square meter.
Speedmessages Is the speed of movement on mass transport, taking into account planned and unplanned stops.
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Trolleybus |
Individual |
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Buses- the most common mode of transport. The bus network is usually the longest. Depending on the destination, bus lines are divided into two types:
the main ones, providing direct transport links between individual areas and the passage of the prototype points;
pick-ups, ensuring the delivery of passengers To stopping points of more powerful types of transport (tram, metro, railway lines).
The main bus lines, according to their position in the city plan, are subdivided into:
internal, both end points of which are within the city;
outlets that connect the city with the suburban area and have one final destination outside of it.
The main internal lines have a length corresponding to the linear dimensions of the city; departure lines reach a greater length (50 km and more). The supply lines are usually short.
To create the best operating conditions, bus lines are laid along streets with improved surfaces (cement concrete, asphalt concrete, paving stones and mosaics), which provide high travel speeds with the lowest fuel consumption and minimal wear of chassis and rubber. However, buses can also be temporarily operated on highways with transitional types of coverage (cobblestone pavement, gravel highway, etc.).
Compared to other types of mass transport, buses have the greatest maneuverability, but they are inferior to trams in terms of carrying capacity. The disadvantage of buses, as well as of all road transport, is the pollution of the air basin of cities with exhaust gases.
Bus traffic plays an essential role in serving the developing areas of the city, for which the arrangement of more powerful modes of transport in the early stages may not be economically feasible. In addition, the bus is successfully used on urban routes in central areas, especially in old cities with winding and not wide enough streets.
Bus transportation can be divided into: urban, suburban, local (with a route length of up to 100 km), short-distance intercity (100-300 km), long-distance intercity (over 300 km), service, etc. is 4500-5000 pass / h in one direction. The trend towards an increase in the carrying capacity of bus lines is expressed in an increase in the capacity of buses due to the use of articulated bodies and double-decker buses.
Buses local communication used for intradistrict and interdistrict passenger transportation. Their distinctive features are reliability and high cross-country ability, allowing the use of buses on uncomfortable roads, as well as the ability to carry light hand luggage.
Intercity buses serve to transport passengers on highways over long distances. Their increased comfort and design features allow safe driving at high speeds.
Excursion buses differ in the layout of the cabin, the design of the seats, and have good visibility. They are used on urban and suburban lines.
Service buses are intended for business trips of employees of enterprises and institutions, sanatorium services, as well as for urban, local transportation and transportation of tourists. By capacity and size, buses are distinguished: especially small-capacity buses up to 5.5 m long (10-12 seats);
small capacity up to 7.5 m long (45-48 places); average capacity up to 9.5 m long (60-65 seats); large capacity up to 11 m long (70-80 seats); especially large capacity up to 12 m long (100-120 places).
Trolleybuses in terms of basic performance indicators, they differ little from buses, however, their movement requires the installation of traction substations and the equipment of lines with a two-wire contact network. Trolleybuses are used on intracity (sometimes also on outbound) lines with average passenger traffic.
When designing a trolleybus network, they strive to minimize the number of intersections of lines with each other and with tram lines, since intersections and air switches reduce the speed of the trolleybus, and sometimes cause it to stop due to the slip of the current collector. The capacity of the trolleybus rolling stock is 74-139 passengers. According to the conditions of reliability of current collection, trolleybus lines are laid only along streets with improved capital coatings. The longitudinal slope of the trolleybus line should not exceed 0.07.
In terms of maneuverability, trolleybuses are inferior to buses, which is especially noticeable in the conditions of old cities with streets of insufficient width. The main advantage of a trolleybus over a tram is that passengers can board and disembark directly from the sidewalk. In addition, the trolleybus, when moving, can deviate in both directions from the axis of the contact wire up to 4.2 m, which allows it to be operated on streets with heavy traffic.
Tram lines have a higher cost of equipment than bus and trolleybus. Therefore, the network of tram lines is characterized by a relatively lower density.
The highest, in comparison with other types of street transport, the carrying capacity of the tram determines the placement of tram lines along routes with large stable passenger flows. Departure tram lines are designed in the event that the bus does not provide transportation in this direction and the need for transportation cannot be met by the existing line of the electric railway, as well as if it is necessary to provide a direct tram connection between the city and the suburbs.
Tram lines are currently designed mainly with two-track with a central (in relation to the axis of the street) or with a lateral arrangement of tracks. On peripheral lines with small passenger flows, sometimes single-track lines are built with sidings every 0.5-2 km.
The concentration of passengers at tram stops located in the middle of the carriageway of the streets makes the trackless transport stop or slow down. In addition, the presence of a tram line reduces the possibility of overtaking. Thus, the overall operational efficiency of road transport decreases. Because of this, there is a kind of process of moving tram traffic from the central districts of old cities to peripheral ones, where the traffic intensity is much lower.
Removing tram tracks from main streets improves traffic conditions in general and increases traffic safety. However, the removal of tram lines should be accompanied either by their transfer to parallel duplicate directions, or by the construction of a metro line in directions with powerful passenger flows. Sometimes the liquidation of the tram line can be compensated by the strengthening of the work of trolleybus and bus transport.
The name itself - special transport, implies the uniqueness of this type of vehicle. Almost any car used for special purposes differs from its "civilian" counterparts in its internal contents (special engine, interior, additional equipment), and some of the special vehicles are also distinguished by their unusual appearance.
You can give a formal definition of special transport:
Special vehicles are specially equipped vehicles designed to solve specific tasks.
A classic example of a special transport is a car, which is used in the activities of the "power" structures of the state: law enforcement agencies, intelligence and counterintelligence services, rescue services and other paramilitaries.
Types of special transport:
The first example of a special transport was the police car, designed in 1899 by engineer Frank Loomis. The customer of this unusual transport was the Akron Police Department (USA, Arizona). A "civilian" trolley equipped with an electrical unit was used as a basis. The power reserve of this device was 30 kilometers, and the maximum speed reached 25 km / h. As a special equipment, a stretcher was used, designed to transport injured (or especially violent) passengers from the scene of the incident to the police car.
Since then, almost all police (or militia) vehicles have inherited the main design principles of the first model of special transport - the "civil" basis of a special car, the presence of special inventory or equipment "on board" the car, the presence of color markings on the body, allowing this vehicle to be identified a vehicle like a police car (truck, snowmobile, motorcycle, bus, and so on).
A modern police car is usually built on a reinforced civil car platform. A special, "police" version is produced only by Ford and GM or similar giants of the auto industry. Of course, a civilian vehicle requires fine-tuning the chassis, strengthening the engine and installing additional devices - long-distance communications, medical equipment, mounts for weapons. Part of the cabin is reserved for a kind of bullpen on wheels. A significant plus for a police car is a large trunk that can accommodate additional equipment - means for blocking offenders, special equipment for fixing violations.
A wide variety of vehicle classes can be used as a donor vehicle - from a sports car to a heavy SUV or minibus. The latter option is preferred by the special forces of the police, since it is very easy to hide a hidden observation point inside a roomy minibus, or simply use the large cabin to transport a special forces group equipped with massive weapons or equipment to the scene of the incident.
The transport of structures responsible for counterintelligence activities (or intelligence) differs from police vehicles in external invisibility in the civil traffic flow. Such machines are not distinguished by special markings or special signals, since they are designed to carry out operations hidden from the general public. But this transport also belongs to the category of special vehicles, therefore, a special filling is hidden under the "ordinary" body, indistinguishable from the civilian counterpart.
It is the special services that prefer exclusively internal fine-tuning of the car. Most often, a forced engine, communication and tracking equipment are installed on a production car. Sometimes they carry out armoring of glasses and hulls. Of all the samples of special transport, it is the special services vehicles that have the most ordinary appearance. Very often, ordinary drivers do not even know which car is moving in the neighborhood, assuming that the cars of counterintelligence and spies look like this:
Completely different tasks are solved with the help of vehicles of rescue services and elimination of accidents. Unlike the cars of counterintelligence officers and spies, the cars of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the fire service, the ambulance and other similar structures shine in the general traffic flow like a Christmas tree. The flashy colors, the abundance of special signals, both visual and sound, demonstrate that these cars belong to a separate caste of transport, used in special cases that do not tolerate delay and delay. But the special transport of the rescue services is distinguished not only by the variegated color of the paintwork - under the flashy colors of the solid case, very complex mechanisms and devices are hidden that allow you to solve any problem.
It is these special transport models that can be called truly unique. For example, "Ambulance" is an outwardly simple car that can be distinguished in the general traffic flow only by the special color of the body and the "chandeliers" of the special signal. But this simplicity is deceiving. A special set of equipment is hidden behind the standard body of the minibus, which allows you to start treatment or a complex of resuscitation measures on the road.
Ordinary citizens do not even know that there are more than a dozen variations in the configuration of ambulances, which differ in the types of assistance provided. There is a psychiatric, obstetric, neurological, pediatric, cardiological ambulance.
The vehicles of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and fire brigades are equipped with no less special equipment. However, unlike the ambulance, the EMERCOM transport has all the design features that are noticeable from afar. For example, a fire ladder - this variant of special transport cannot be confused with another vehicle. After all, not a single military, civilian or police car has the main distinguishing principle - a huge sliding staircase.
The first examples of such equipment appeared in 1951. Modern ladders are capable of reaching a height of 60 meters. Ladders are usually based on the chassis and frames of trucks.
The classic fire engine, equipped with a tank, a pumping station, a hydraulic barrel on a gun carriage and other devices designed to fight fire, has no less original look.
This "monster", based on the chassis of a heavy eight-wheeled tractor MAZ-543, is capable of transporting more than 10 tons of water and about a ton of special powdered suspension.
A separate category of special vehicles are armored trucks, buses or cars designed to transport extremely harmful and dangerous substances. The transport of collectors can be attributed to the same category.
Dangerous goods are transported in a specially prepared body that excludes contact of a harmful substance (or a container with a harmful substance) and the environment. Therefore, the most interesting part of special trucks or tractors is such a body (or trailer). There are covered cargo compartments, tanks, thermal containers, and more.
The main purpose of these containers is to protect the environment from their contents.
Cash-in-transit vehicles are designed for a diametrically opposite purpose - to protect the contents from the environment. To do this, use prepared chassis from minibuses and a special - "armored" body.
Special armored vehicle AS-1925 ONEGA. There is even an air conditioner inside.
By and large, a cash-in-transit vehicle is a hybrid of a mobile safe and a police vehicle. Inside the armored corps, separated from the driver's section, a group of armed people is on duty. Therefore, in addition to the place "for the safe" in the car of collectors, there should also be places "for passengers", which increases the volume of the body. In terms of technical support, the car of collectors is not inferior to other police cars. In such a specialized vehicle, communication means, a satellite beacon, and special equipment that are activated in emergency situations are necessarily present. It is this feature of the "structure" of a cash-in-transit vehicle that makes us speak of it as an ideal special vehicle.
Vehicles are devices designed to move from one place to another people, various loads and a variety of equipment installed on the vehicle. Modes of transport are classified according to the environment in which the vehicle operates and is transported. Distinguish between water, land, air, underground and space vehicles. There are also combined vehicles capable of moving in several environments - amphibians, airplanes, some types of hovercraft.
Water transport includes vehicles that transport by water - rivers, oceans, canals, seas, reservoirs and lakes. The main mode of transport for water is the ship. Depending on the depth of the reservoir, water transport is divided into the following types:
The disadvantages of water vehicles include their low speed, seasonality of navigation and the possibility of direct intercontinental communication, and the advantages are their large capacity and low minimum cost of transportation.
A vehicle that moves in any environment can be considered a freight transport. There are cargo planes, cargo ships, cargo trains, and a variety of land-based wheeled cargo vehicles. The following types of land trucks are distinguished:
The category of special vehicles includes vehicles used for purposes other than civilian ones, or having special equipment. There are the following types of special vehicles:
In addition to the environment of movement, vehicles differ in their functional purpose. There are general transport (public), personal transport and special-purpose transport (technological and military). Also, vehicles can be classified into several different types of energy sources used in the following categories:
Modern and promising modes of transport include magnetic levitation vehicles and automatic transport without a driver.
