Markevich V.V.
In this work, we turn to one of the most interesting and promising areas of research - the effect of physical conditions on plants.
Studying the literature on this issue, I learned that Professor P.P. electric field surrounds any living thing and it is also known for sure: each living cell has its own power plant. And cellular potentials are not that small.
PHYSICS
BIOLOGY
Plants and their electrical potential.
Completed by: V.V. Markevich
GBOU OSH № 740 Moscow
Grade 9
Head: Kozlova Violetta Vladimirovna
physics and mathematics teacher
Moscow 2013
plants "
“As amazing as electrical phenomena are,
inherent in inorganic matter, they do not go
no comparison with those associated with
life processes ".
Michael Faraday
In this paper, we turn to one of the most interesting and promising areas of research - the effect of physical conditions on plants.
Studying the literature on this issue, I learned that Professor P.P. And cellular potentials are not that small. For example, in some algae they reach 0.15 V.
“If 500 pairs of pea halves are collected in a certain order in a series, then the final electrical voltage will be 500 volts ... It's good that the chef does not know about the danger that threatens him when he prepares this special dish, and fortunately for him, the peas do not connect. into ordered series. "This statement by the Indian researcher J. Boss is based on a rigorous scientific experiment. He connected the inner and outer parts of the pea with a galvanometer and heated it to 60 ° C. At the same time, the device showed a potential difference of 0.5 V.
How does this happen? On what principle do living generators and batteries work? Eduard Trukhan, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Deputy Head of the Department of Living Systems at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, believes that one of the most important processes occurring in a plant cell is the process of assimilation of solar energy, the process of photosynthesis.
So, if at that moment scientists manage to "pull apart" positively and negatively charged particles in different directions, then, in theory, we will have at our disposal a wonderful living generator, for which water and sunlight would serve as fuel, and besides energy, it would also produce pure oxygen.
Perhaps such a generator will be created in the future. But to realize this dream, scientists will have to work hard: they need to select the most suitable plants, and maybe even learn how to artificially make chlorophyll grains, create some kind of membranes that would allow the separation of charges. It turns out that a living cell, storing electrical energy in natural capacitors - the intracellular membranes of special cell formations, mitochondria, then uses it to perform many works: building new molecules, drawing nutrients into the cell, regulating its own temperature ... And that's not all. With the help of electricity, the plant itself performs many operations: breathes, moves, grows.
Already today, it can be argued that the study of the electrical life of plants is beneficial to agriculture. Even IV Michurin conducted experiments on the effect of electric current on the germination of hybrid seedlings.
Presowing seed treatment is the most important element of agricultural technology, allowing to increase their germination and, ultimately, the yield of plants, and this is especially important in our not very long and warm summer.
The aim of this work is to study the presence of bioelectric potentials in plants and to study the effect of an electric field on seed germination.
To achieve the goal of the study, it is necessary to solve the following tasks :
To accomplish the research tasks, theoretical and practical methods are used. Theoretical method: search, study and analysis of scientific and popular science literature on this issue. Practical research methods are used: observation, measurement, experiments.
The material of this work can be used in physics and biology lessons, since this important issue is not covered in textbooks. And the method of conducting experiments - as a material for the practical lessons of the elective course.
One of the characteristic features of living organisms is the ability to irritate.
Charles Darwin attached great importance to the irritability of plants. He studied in detail the biological characteristics of insectivorous representatives of the plant world, which are highly sensitive, and presented the results of the research in the wonderful book "On Insectivorous Plants", published in 1875. In addition, various plant movements attracted the attention of the great naturalist. Taken together, all studies suggested that plant organism surprisingly animal-like.
The widespread use of electrophysiological methods has allowed animal physiologists to achieve significant progress in this area of knowledge. It was found that electric currents (biocurrents) constantly arise in the organisms of animals, the spread of which leads to motor reactions. C. Darwin suggested that similar electrical phenomena also take place in the leaves of insectivorous plants, which have a rather strongly pronounced ability to move. However, he himself did not test this hypothesis. At his request, experiments with the Venus flytrap plant were carried out in 1874 by a physiologist at the University of OxfordBurdan Sanderson... Having connected a leaf of this plant to a galvanometer, the scientist noted that the arrow immediately deviated. This means that electrical impulses arise in the living leaf of this insectivorous plant. When the researcher irritated the leaves by touching the bristles located on their surface, the galvanometer needle deflected in the opposite direction, as in the experiment with the animal's muscle.
German physiologist Hermann Munch , who continued his experiments, in 1876 came to the conclusion that the leaves of the Venus flytrap are electromotorically similar to the nerves, muscles and electrical organs of some animals.
In Russia, electrophysiological methods were usedN.K. Levakovskyto study the phenomena of irritability in bashful mimosa. In 1867 he published a book entitled "On the movement of irritable plant organs." In the experiments of N.K. Levakovsky, the strongest electrical signals were observed in those specimens mimosa which responded most vigorously to external stimuli. If mimosa is quickly killed by heating, then the dead parts of the plant do not produce electrical signals. The author also observed the appearance of electrical impulses in stamensthistle and thistle, in the leaf stalks of sundew.It was subsequently found that
Plant life is associated with moisture. Therefore, the electrical processes in them are most fully manifested in the normal mode of humidification and attenuate during wilting. This is due to the exchange of charges between the liquid and the walls of the capillary vessels during the flow of nutrient solutions through the capillaries of plants, as well as to the processes of ion exchange between cells and the environment. The most important for vital activity electric fields are excited in cells.
So, we know that ...
One of the characteristic features of our planet is the presence of a constant electric field in the atmosphere. The person does not notice him. But the electrical state of the atmosphere is not indifferent to him and other living beings that inhabit our planet, including plants. Above the Earth at an altitude of 100-200 km, there is a layer of positively charged particles - the ionosphere.
This means that when you walk along a field, street, square, you move in an electric field, you inhale electric charges.
The influence of atmospheric electricity on plants has been studied since 1748 by many authors. This year Abbot Nolet reported on experiments in which he electrified plants by placing them under charged electrodes. He observed the acceleration of germination and growth. Grandieu (1879) observed that plants that were not exposed to atmospheric electricity because they were placed in a wire mesh grounded box showed a weight reduction of 30-50% compared to control plants.
Lemström (1902) exposed plants to the action of air ions, placing them under a wire, equipped with points and connected to a high voltage source (1 m above ground level, ion current 10-11 - 10 -12 A / cm 2 ), and he found an increase in weight and length of more than 45% (e.g. carrots, peas, cabbage).
The fact that plant growth was accelerated in an atmosphere with an artificially increased concentration of positive and negative small ions was recently confirmed by Krueger and his collaborators. They found that oat seeds reacted to positive as well as negative ions (concentration of about 10 4 ions / cm 3 ) an increase of 60% in the total length and an increase in fresh and dry weight of 25-73%. Chemical analysis aerial parts of plants found an increase in the content of protein, nitrogen and sugar. In the case of barley, had an even greater increase (by about 100%) in total elongation; the increase in fresh weight was not large, but there was a marked increase in dry weight, which was accompanied by corresponding increases in protein, nitrogen and sugar.
Experiments with plant seeds were also carried out by Warden. He found that the germination of green beans and green peas became earlier with increasing levels of ions of either polarity. The final percentage of germinated seeds was lower with negative ionization compared to the control group; germination in the positively ionized group and the control group was the same. As the seedlings grew, the control and positively ionized plants continued to grow, while the negatively ionized plants mostly wither and die.
Influence in recent years has been a strong change in the electrical state of the atmosphere; different regions of the Earth began to differ from each other in the ionized state of the air, which is due to its dustiness, gas content, etc. The electrical conductivity of air is a sensitive indicator of its purity: the more foreign particles in the air, the more ions settle on them and, therefore, the electrical conductivity of the air becomes less.
So, in Moscow in 1 cm 3
air contains 4 negative charges, in St. Petersburg - 9 such charges, in Kislovodsk, where the standard of air purity is 1.5 thousand particles, and in the south of Kuzbass in the mixed forests of the foothills, the number of these particles reaches 6 thousand. This means that where there are more negative particles, it is easier to breathe, and where there is dust, a person gets less of them, since dust particles settle on them.
It is well known that near rapidly flowing water the air refreshes and invigorates. It contains a lot of negative ions. Back in the 19th century, it was determined that larger drops in splashes of water are positively charged, and smaller drops are negatively charged. As large droplets settle faster, negatively charged small droplets remain in the air.
On the contrary, the air in confined spaces with an abundance of all kinds of electromagnetic devices is saturated with positive ions. Even a relatively short stay in such a room leads to lethargy, drowsiness, dizziness and headaches.
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Our Earth and other planets have both magnetic and electric fields. The fact that the Earth has an electric field was known 150 years ago. The electric charge of the planets in solar system created by the Sun due to the effects of electrostatic induction and ionization of the matter of planets. The magnetic field is generated by the axial rotation of charged planets. The average magnetic field of the Earth and planets depends on the average surface density negative electric charge, angular velocity of axial rotation and radius of the planet. Therefore, the Earth (and other planets), by analogy with the passage of light through a lens, should be considered as an electric lens, and not as a source of an electric field.
This means that the Earth is connected to the Sun by means of electric force, the Sun itself is connected to the center of the Galaxy by means of magnetic force, and the center of the Galaxy is connected to the central condensation of galaxies by means of electric force.
Our planet is electrically like a spherical capacitor, charged to about 300,000 volts. The inner sphere - the surface of the Earth - is negatively charged, the outer sphere - the ionosphere - positively. The Earth's atmosphere serves as an insulator.
Ionic and convective condenser leakage currents constantly flow through the atmosphere, reaching many thousands of amperes. But, despite this, the potential difference between the capacitor plates does not decrease.
This means that in nature there is a generator (G), which constantly replenishes the leakage of charges from the capacitor plates. Such a generator is the Earth's magnetic field, which rotates with our planet in the flow of the solar wind.
As with any charged capacitor, there is an electric field in a terrestrial capacitor. The intensity of this field is distributed very unevenly along the height: it is maximum at the surface of the Earth and is approximately 150 V / m. It decreases with height approximately according to the exponential law and at an altitude of 10 km it is about 3% of the value at the Earth's surface.
Thus, almost all of the electric field is concentrated in the lower atmosphere, near the surface of the Earth. The vector of the strength of the Earth's electric field E is directed in the general case downward. The Earth's electric field, like any electric field, acts on charges with a certain force F, which pushes positive charges down to the ground, and negative charges up to the clouds.
All this can be seen in natural phenomena. Hurricanes, tropical storms and many cyclones are constantly raging on Earth. For example, the rise of air during a hurricane occurs mainly due to the difference in air density at the periphery of the hurricane and in its center - the heat tower, but not only. Part of the lift (about one third) is provided by the Earth's electric field, according to Coulomb's law.
The ocean during a storm is a huge field strewn with points and ribs, on which negative charges and the strength of the Earth's electric field are concentrated. Evaporating water molecules under such conditions easily capture negative charges and carry them away with them. And the electric field of the Earth, in full accordance with Coulomb's law, moves these charges upward, adding lift to the air.
Thus, the global electric generator of the Earth spends part of its power on strengthening atmospheric vortices on the planet - hurricanes, storms, cyclones, etc. In addition, such a power consumption does not affect the magnitude of the Earth's electric field in any way.
The Earth's electric field is subject to fluctuations: in winter it is stronger than in summer, it reaches its maximum daily at 19:00 GMT, and also depends on the state of the weather. But these fluctuations do not exceed 30% of its average value. In some rare cases, with certain weather conditions the intensity of this field can increase several times.
During a thunderstorm, the electric field changes over a wide range and can change direction to the opposite, but this occurs in a small area, directly under the thunderstorm cell and for a short time.
The device for stimulating plant growth "ELECTROGRADKA" is a natural source of power, which converts the free electricity of the earth into an electric current formed as a result of the movement of quanta in a gaseous medium.
As a result of ionization of gas molecules, a low-potential charge is transferred from one material to another, and an EMF occurs.
The specified low-grade electricity is practically identical to the electrical processes occurring in plants and can be used to stimulate their growth.
"ELECTROGRADKA" significantly increases the yield and growth of plants.
Dear summer residents, make yourself an "ELECTROGRADKA" device on your garden plot
and harvest a huge harvest of agricultural products to the delight of yourself and your neighbors.
The "ELECTRIC CHARGE" device is invented
in the Interregional Association of War Veterans
State Security Bodies "EFA-VIMPEL"
is its intellectual property and is protected by the law of the Russian Federation.
Inventor:
Pocheevsky V.N.
You for the season with the help of the device "ELECTROGRADKA"
you can get two harvests, as the sap flow in plants is accelerated and they bear fruit more abundantly!
***
"ELECTROGRADKA" helps plants grow, in the country and at home!
(roses from Holland do not fade longer)!
The principle of operation of the "ELECTROGRADKA" device is very simple.
The ELECTROGRADKA device is created in the likeness of a large tree.
An aluminum tube filled with (U-Yo ...) with a composition is the crown of a tree, where, when interacting with air, a negative charge is formed (cathode - 0.6 volts).
In the ground of the bed, a wire in the form of a spiral is stretched, which serves as the root of a tree. Garden bed + anode.
The electric bed works on the principle of a heat pipe and a DC pulse current generator, where the pulse frequency is created by the earth and air.
Wire in the ground + anode.
Wire (stretching) - cathode.
When interacting with air humidity (electrolyte), pulsed electrical discharges occur, which attract water from the depths of the earth, ozonize the air and fertilize the soil of the garden.
In the early morning and evening, the smell of ozone is felt, as after a thunderstorm.
Lightning began to flash in the atmosphere billions of years ago, long before the appearance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
So they played a prominent role in the binding of atmospheric nitrogen.
For example, in the last two millennia alone, lightning has transferred 2 trillion tons of nitrogen into fertilizers - approximately 0.1% of its total amount in the air!
Do an experiment. Stick a nail into a tree, and a copper wire into the ground to a depth of 20 cm, connect a voltmeter and you will see that the voltmeter needle shows 0.3 volts.
Large trees generate up to 0.5 volts.
The roots of trees, like pumps, use osmosis to raise water from the depths of the earth and ozonize the soil.
Electrical phenomena play an important role in plant life. In response to external stimuli, very weak currents (biocurrents) arise in them. In this regard, it can be assumed that the external electric field can have a noticeable effect on the growth rates of plant organisms.
Back in the 19th century, scientists established that the globe is negatively charged with respect to the atmosphere. At the beginning of the 20th century, a positively charged layer, the ionosphere, was discovered at a distance of 100 Kilometers from the earth's surface. In 1971, the astronauts saw it: it looks like a luminous transparent sphere. Thus, the earth's surface and the ionosphere are two giant electrodes that create an electric field in which living organisms are constantly located.
The charges between the Earth and the ionosphere are carried by air ions. Carriers of negative charges rush to the ionosphere, and positive air ions move to the earth's surface, where they come into contact with plants. The higher the negative charge of the plant, the more it absorbs positive ions.
It can be assumed that plants react in a certain way to changes in the electrical potential of the environment. More than two hundred years ago, the French abbot P Bertalon noticed that the vegetation near the lightning rod is lush and juicier than at some distance from it. Later, his compatriot the scientist Grando grew two completely identical plants, but one was in natural conditions, and the other was covered with a wire mesh that protected him from an external electric field. The second plant developed slowly and looked worse than being in a natural electric field. Grando concluded that plants need constant contact with an external electric field for normal growth and development.
However, there is still much that is unclear in the effect of the electric field on plants. It has long been noted that frequent thunderstorms are conducive to plant growth. True, this statement needs careful detailing. After all, a thunderstorm summer differs not only in the frequency of lightning, but also in temperature and amount of precipitation.
And these are factors that have a very strong effect on plants. There are contradictory data regarding the growth rates of plants near high-voltage lines. Some observers note an increase in growth under them, others - oppression. Some Japanese researchers believe that high-voltage lines negatively affect the ecological balance. More reliable is the fact that plants growing under high-voltage lines exhibit various growth anomalies. So, under a power line with a voltage of 500 kilovolts, the number of petals in gravilat flowers increases to 7-25 instead of the usual five. In elecampane, a plant from the Asteraceae family, the baskets grow together into a large ugly formation.
There are countless experiments on the effect of electric current on plants. And V. Michurin also conducted experiments in which hybrid seedlings were grown in large boxes with soil through which a direct electric current was passed. It was found that the growth of seedlings is enhanced. Experiments by other researchers have produced variegated results. In some cases, the plants died, in others, they gave an unprecedented yield. So, in one of the experiments around the plot where the carrots grew, metal electrodes were inserted into the soil, through which an electric current was passed from time to time. The harvest exceeded all expectations - the mass of individual roots reached five kilograms! However, subsequent experiments, unfortunately, gave different results. Apparently, the researchers overlooked some condition that made it possible to obtain an unprecedented harvest in the first experiment using an electric current.
Why do plants grow better in an electric field? Scientists from the Institute of Plant Physiology. KA Timiryazev of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR established that photosynthesis proceeds the faster, the greater the potential difference between plants and the atmosphere. So, for example, if you hold a negative electrode near the plant and gradually increase the voltage (500, 1000, 1500, 2500 volts), then the intensity of photosynthesis will increase. If the potentials of the plant and the atmosphere are close, then the plant ceases to absorb carbon dioxide.
It seems that the electrification of plants activates the process of photosynthesis. Indeed, in cucumbers placed in an electric field, photosynthesis proceeded twice as fast as in controls. As a result, they developed four times as many ovaries, which turned into mature fruits faster than the control plants. When the oat plants were given an electrical potential of 90 volts, their seed mass increased by 44 percent at the end of the experiment over the control.
By passing an electric current through the plants, it is possible to regulate not only photosynthesis, but also root nutrition; after all, the elements needed by the plant come, as a rule, in the form of ions. American researchers have found that each element is absorbed by the plant at a certain current strength.
British biologists have achieved significant stimulation of the growth of tobacco plants, passing through them a constant electric current with a force of only one millionth of an ampere. The difference between the control and experimental plants became evident within 10 days after the start of the experiment, and after 22 days it was very noticeable. It turned out that growth stimulation is possible only if a negative electrode is connected to the plant. On the other hand, when the polarity was reversed, the electric current somewhat inhibited the growth of the plants.
In 1984, the journal "Floriculture" published an article on the use of electric current to stimulate root formation in cuttings ornamental plants, especially those taking root with difficulty, for example, in cuttings of roses. It was with them that experiments were carried out in closed ground. Cuttings of several varieties of roses were planted in perlite sand. They were watered twice a day and exposed to electric current (15 V; up to 60 μA) for at least three hours. In this case, the negative electrode was connected to the plant, and the positive one was immersed in the substrate. In 45 days, 89 percent of the cuttings took root, and they had well-developed roots. In the control (without electrical stimulation), the yield of rooted cuttings was 75 percent in 70 days, but their roots were much less developed. Thus, electrical stimulation reduced the period of growing cuttings by 1.7 times, and increased the output per unit area by 1.2 times. As you can see, stimulation of growth under the influence of an electric current is observed if a negative electrode is attached to the plant. This can be explained by the fact that the plant itself is usually negatively charged. Connecting a negative electrode increases the potential difference between it and the atmosphere, and this, as already noted, has a positive effect on photosynthesis.
The beneficial effect of electric current on the physiological state of plants was used by American researchers to treat damaged tree bark, cancers, etc. In the spring, electrodes were introduced into the tree through which an electric current was passed. The duration of treatment depended on specific situation... After such an impact, the crust was renewed.
The electric field affects not only mature plants but also seeds. If they are placed for some time in an artificially created electric field, then they will give faster and friendly shoots. What is the reason for this phenomenon? Scientists suggest that inside the seeds, as a result of exposure to an electric field, part of the chemical bonds is broken, which leads to the appearance of fragments of molecules, including particles with excess energy - free radicals. The more active particles inside the seeds, the higher the germination energy. According to scientists, similar phenomena occur when the seeds are exposed to other radiation: X-ray, ultraviolet, ultrasonic, radioactive.
Let's return to the results of the Grando experiment. A plant placed in a metal cage and thus isolated from the natural electric field did not grow well. Meanwhile, in most cases, the harvested seeds are stored in reinforced concrete rooms, which, in essence, are exactly the same metal cage. Are we doing damage to the seeds by doing so? And isn't that why the seeds stored in this way react so actively to the effect of an artificial electric field?
Further study of the effect of electric current on plants will make it possible to control their productivity even more actively. These facts indicate that there is still a lot of unknown in the world of plants.
ABSTRACTS FROM THE SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION.
The electric field affects not only mature plants but also seeds. If they are placed for a while in an artificially created electric field, then they will give faster and friendly shoots. What is the reason for this phenomenon? Scientists suggest that inside the seeds, as a result of exposure to an electric field, part of the chemical bonds is broken, which leads to the appearance of fragments of molecules, including particles with excess energy - free radicals. The more active particles inside the seeds, the higher the germination energy.
Understanding the high efficiency of the use of electrical stimulation of plants in agriculture and home farming, an autonomous, long-term source of low-grade electricity that does not require recharging was developed to stimulate plant growth.
Plant growth stimulation device is a product high tech(unparalleled in the world) and is a self-healing power source that converts free electricity into electric current, resulting from the use of electropositive and electronegative materials separated by a permeable membrane and placed in a gas environment, without the use of electrolytes in the presence of a nano catalyst. As a result of ionization of gas molecules, a low potential charge is transferred from one material to another, and an EMF occurs.
This low-grade electricity is practically identical to the electrical processes that occur under the influence of photosynthesis in plants and can be used to stimulate their growth. The formula of the utility model is the use of two or more electropositive and electronegative materials without limiting their size and methods of their connection, separated by any permeable membrane and placed in a gaseous environment with or without the use of a catalyst.
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An aluminum tube filled with (U-Yo ...) with a compound is attached to a three-meter pole.
A wire will be pulled from the tube along the pole into the ground
which is the anode (+ 0.8 volts).
Installation of the ELECTROGRADKA device from an aluminum tube.
1 - Attach the device to a three meter pole.
2 - Attach three braces made of 2.5mm aluminum wire.
3 - Attach copper wire m-2.5mm to the device wire.
4 - Dig up the ground, the diameter of the beds can be up to six meters.
5 - Install a pole with a device in the center of the bed.
6 - Lay the copper wire in a spiral with a step of 20 cm.
deepen the end of the wire by 30 cm.
7- Cover the copper wire with 20cm soil.
8 - Drive three pegs into the ground along the perimeter of the bed, and there are three nails in them.
9 - Attach aluminum wire braces to the nails.
Tests of ELECTRIC CHARGING in a greenhouse for the lazy 2015.
Install an electric bed in a greenhouse, you will start harvesting two weeks earlier - there will be twice as many vegetables as in previous years!
"ELECTRIC CHARGE" from a copper tube.
Send donation
In the amount of 1,000 rubles
Within 24 hours, after a notification letter to E-mail: [email protected]
You will receive detailed technical documentation for the manufacture of TWO models of ELECTROGRADKA devices at home.
VLADIMIR POCHEEVSKY
wallet number 41001193789376
Transfer to Qiwi
2 - Copper wire tripod - 30 cm.
3 - Stretching wire resonator in the form of a spring above the ground 5 meters.
4 - Stretching wire resonator in the form of a spring in the soil 3 meters.
Remove the "Power Bed" parts from the packaging, stretch the springs along the length of the bed.
Stretch the long spring by 5 meters, and the short one by 3 meters.
The length of the springs can be increased indefinitely with a conventional conductive wire.
Attach a spring (4) to the tripod (2) - 3 meters long, as shown in the figure,
Insert the tripod into the soil and deepen the spring 5 cm into the ground.
Connect the gas tube (1) to the tripod (2). Strengthen the tube vertically
using a peg from a branch (iron pins cannot be used).
Connect a spring (3) to the gas pipe (1) - 5 meters long and fasten it on pegs made of branches
at intervals of 2 meters. The spring must be above the ground, no more than 50 cm high.
After installing the "Electric beds", connect a multimeter to the ends of the springs
for verification, the reading should be at least 300 mV.
The device for stimulating plant growth "ELECTROGRADKA" is a high-tech product (which has no analogues in the world) and is a self-healing power source that converts free electricity into electric current, sap flow in plants is accelerated, they are less exposed to spring frosts, grow faster and bear fruit more abundantly!
Your financial aid goes to support
of the national program "REVIVAL OF THE SPRINGS OF RUSSIA"!
If you do not have the opportunity to pay for the technology and financially help the national program "REVIVAL OF THE SPRINGS OF RUSSIA" write to us by Email: [email protected] We will consider your letter and send you the technology for free!
Interregional program "REVIVAL OF THE SPRINGS OF RUSSIA"- is FOLK!
We work only on private donations from citizens and do not accept funding from commercial government and political organizations.
LEADER OF THE PEOPLE'S PROGRAM "REVIVAL OF THE SPRINGS OF RUSSIA"
Vladimir Nikolaevich Pocheevsky Tel: 8-965-289-96-76
The biological influence of electric and magnetic fields on the organism of humans and animals has been studied a lot. The observed effects, if they occur, are still not clear and difficult to define, so this topic remains relevant.
Magnetic fields on our planet have a dual origin - natural and anthropogenic. Natural magnetic fields, the so-called magnetic storms, originate in the Earth's magnetosphere. Anthropogenic magnetic disturbances cover a smaller territory than natural ones, but their manifestation is much more intense, and, therefore, brings more tangible damage. As a result of technical activity, a person creates artificial electromagnetic fields, which are hundreds of times stronger than the natural magnetic field of the Earth. Sources of anthropogenic radiation are: powerful radio transmitting devices, electrified vehicles, power lines (Fig. 2.1).
One of the most powerful pathogens of electromagnetic waves is currents of industrial frequency (50 Hz). So, the electric field strength directly under the power line can reach several thousand volts per meter of soil, although due to the property of reducing the tension by the soil, already at a distance of 100 m from the line, the intensity drops sharply to several tens of volts per meter.
Studies of the biological effect of an electric field have found that even at a strength of 1 kV / m, it has an adverse effect on the human nervous system, which in turn leads to disruption of the endocrine apparatus and metabolism in the body (copper, zinc, iron and cobalt), disrupts physiological functions: heart rate, blood pressure, brain activity, metabolic processes and immune activity.
Since 1972, publications have appeared in which the effect on humans and animals of electric fields with intensities of more than 10 kV / m has been considered.
Magnetic field strength is proportional to current and inversely proportional to distance; the strength of the electric field is proportional to the voltage (charge) and inversely proportional to the distance. The parameters of these fields depend on the voltage class, design features and geometrical dimensions of the high-voltage transmission line. The emergence of a powerful and extended source of the electromagnetic field leads to a change in those natural factors under which the ecosystem was formed. Electric and magnetic fields can induce surface charges and currents in the human body (Fig. 2.2). Research has shown,
that the maximum current in the human body, induced by the electric field, is much higher than the current caused by the magnetic field. So, the harmful effect of a magnetic field is manifested only when its intensity is about 200 A / m, which happens at a distance of 1-1.5 m from the line phase wires and is dangerous only for maintenance personnel when working under voltage. This circumstance made it possible to draw a conclusion about the absence of the biological effect of magnetic fields of industrial frequency on people and animals under power lines.Thus, the electric field of power lines is the main biologically effective factor of an extended power transmission, which can turn out to be a barrier to the migration of movement of various types of water and terrestrial fauna.
Based on the design features of the power transmission (wire sagging), the greatest influence of the field is manifested in the middle of the span, where the tension for super- and ultra-high voltage lines at the level of a person's height is 5-20 kV / m and higher, depending on the voltage class and line design (Fig. 1.2). At the supports, where the height of the suspension of the wires is greatest and the shielding effect of the supports affects, the field strength is the smallest. Since people, animals, transport can be under the wires of power lines, it becomes necessary to assess the possible consequences of a long and short-term stay of living beings in an electric field of various strengths. The most sensitive to electric fields are ungulates and humans in shoes that insulate them from the ground. The animal's hoof is also a good insulator. The induced potential in this case can reach 10 kV, and the current pulse through the body when it touches a grounded object (bush branch, blade of grass) is 100-200 μA. Such current pulses are safe for the body, but the discomfort makes the ungulates avoid the high-voltage power lines in the summer.
In the action of an electric field on a person, the currents flowing through his body play a dominant role. This is determined by the high conductivity of the human body, where organs with blood and lymph circulating in them predominate. At present, experiments on animals and human volunteers have established that the current density with a conductivity of 0.1 μA / cm 2 and below does not affect the work of the brain, since the pulsed biocurrents, usually flowing in the brain, significantly exceed the density of such a conduction current. At /> 1 μA / cm 2, a flickering of light circles is observed in the eyes of a person, higher current densities already capture the threshold values of stimulation of sensory receptors, as well as of nerve and muscle cells, which leads to the appearance of fright and involuntary motor reactions. In the case of a person touching objects isolated from the ground in the area of an electric field of significant intensity, the current density in the heart area strongly depends on the state of the underlying conditions (type of footwear, soil condition, etc.), but it can already reach these values. At a maximum current corresponding to Etah== l5 kV / m (6.225 mA); a known fraction of this current flowing through the head region (about 1/3) and the head area (about 100 cm 2) current density j<0,1 мкА/см 2 , что и подтверждает допустимость принятой в СССР напряженности 15 кВ/м под проводами воздушной линии.
For human health, the problem is to determine the relationship between the density of the current induced in the tissues and the magnetic induction of the external field, IN. Calculation of current density
complicated by the fact that its exact path depends on the distribution of the conductance y in the tissues of the body.
So, the specific conductivity of the brain is determined by = 0.2 cm / m, and the heart muscle == 0.25 cm / m. If we take the radius of the head 7.5 cm, and the radius of the heart 6 cm, then the product R turns out to be the same in both cases. Therefore, one can give one representation for the current density at the periphery of the heart and brain.
It has been determined that the magnetic induction, safe for health, is about 0.4 mT at a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. In magnetic fields (from 3 to 10 mT; f= 10-60 Hz), the appearance of light flickers, similar to those that occur when pressing on the eyeball, was observed.
The density of the current induced in the human body by an electric field with a strength value E, is calculated like this:
with different coefficients k for the area of the brain and heart. Meaning k=3 10 -3 cm / Hzm. According to German scientists, the field strength at which hair vibration is felt by 5% of the men tested is 3 kV / m, and for 50% of the men tested, it is equal to 20 kV / m. Currently, there is no evidence that the sensations caused by the action of the field create any adverse effect. As for the relationship between current density and biological influence, four areas can be distinguished, presented in table. 2.1
The last area of the current density value refers to exposure times of the order of one cardiac cycle, i.e. approximately 1 s for a person For shorter exposures, the threshold values are higher. To determine the threshold value of the field strength, physiological studies were performed on humans in laboratory conditions at a strength of 10 to 32 kV / m. It was found that at a voltage of 5 kV / m 80%
Table 2.1
people do not experience pain during discharges in case of touching grounded objects. It is this value that was adopted as the normative one when working in electrical installations without the use of protective equipment. Dependence of the permissible time of a person's stay in an electric field with intensity E more than the threshold is approximated by the equation
Fulfillment of this condition ensures self-restoration of the physiological state of the body during the day without residual reactions and functional or pathological changes.
Let's get acquainted with the main results of studies of the biological effects of electric and magnetic fields carried out by Soviet and foreign scientists.
Measurements with an electrometer show that an electric field exists at the surface of the Earth, even if there are no charged bodies nearby. This means that our planet has a certain electric charge, that is, it is a charged ball of large radius.
The study of the Earth's electric field showed that, on average, the modulus of its intensity E= 130 V / m, and the lines of force are vertical and directed to the Earth. The strength of the electric field has the greatest value in middle latitudes, and towards the poles and the equator it decreases. Therefore, our planet as a whole has negative charge, which is estimated by the value q= –3 ∙ 10 5 C, and the atmosphere as a whole is positively charged.
Electrification of thunderclouds is carried out by the combined action of various mechanisms. First, the crushing of raindrops by air currents. As a result of fragmentation, falling larger drops are charged positively, while smaller ones remaining in the upper part of the cloud are charged negatively. Secondly, electric charges are separated by the electric field of the Earth, which has a negative charge. Third, electrification occurs as a result of the selective accumulation of ions by droplets of different sizes in the atmosphere. The main mechanism is the fall of large enough particles, electrified by friction against atmospheric air.
Atmospheric electricity in a given area depends on global and local factors. Areas where the effect of global factors prevails are considered as zones of "good" or undisturbed weather, and where the effect of local factors prevails - as zones of disturbed weather (areas of thunderstorms, precipitation, dust storms, etc.).
Measurements show that the potential difference between the Earth's surface and the upper edge of the atmosphere is approximately 400 kV.
Where do the field lines of force begin and end on Earth? In other words, where are those positive charges that compensate for the negative charge of the Earth?
Studies of the atmosphere have shown that at an altitude of several tens of kilometers above the Earth there is a layer of positively charged (ionized) molecules called ionosphere... It is the charge of the ionosphere that compensates the charge of the Earth, i.e., in fact, the lines of force of the Earth's electricity go from the ionosphere to the surface of the Earth, as in a spherical capacitor, the plates of which are concentric spheres.
Under the influence of an electric field in the atmosphere, a conduction current flows to the Earth. Through each square meter of the atmosphere perpendicular to the earth's surface, on average, a current flows I~ 10-12 A ( j~ 10 –12 A / m 2). The entire surface of the Earth has a current of approximately 1.8 kA. With such a current strength, the negative charge of the Earth should have disappeared within a few minutes, but this does not happen. Due to the processes taking place in the earth's atmosphere and outside it, the charge of the earth remains unchanged on average. Consequently, there is a mechanism of continuous electrification of our planet, leading to the appearance of a negative charge in it. What are such atmospheric “generators” that charge the Earth? These are rains, blizzards, sandstorms, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, splashing water by waterfalls and surf, steam and smoke from industrial facilities, etc. But the greatest contribution to the electrification of the atmosphere is made by clouds and precipitation. As a rule, clouds in the upper part are positively charged, and in the lower part they are negatively charged.
Careful research has shown that the current in the Earth's atmosphere is maximum at 19:00 and minimum at 4:00 GMT.
For a long time, it was believed that about 1800 thunderstorms, simultaneously occurring on the Earth, give a current of ~ 2 kA, which compensates for the loss of the negative charge of the Earth due to conduction currents in zones of "good" weather. However, it turned out that the current of thunderstorms is much less than the indicated one and it is necessary to take into account the processes of convection over the entire surface of the Earth.
In areas where the field strength and density of space charges are the highest, lightning can arise. The discharge is preceded by the appearance of a significant difference in electrical potential between the cloud and the Earth or between neighboring clouds. The resulting potential difference can reach a billion volts, and the subsequent discharge of accumulated electrical energy through the atmosphere can create short-term currents from 3 kA to 200 kA.
There are two classes of linear lightning: ground (striking the Earth) and intra-cloud. The average length of lightning discharges is usually several kilometers, but sometimes intra-cloud lightning reaches 50-150 km.
The development process of ground lightning consists of several stages. At the first stage, in the zone where the electric field reaches a critical value, impact ionization begins, created by free electrons, which are present in small quantities. Under the influence of an electric field, electrons acquire significant speeds towards the Earth and, colliding with the molecules that make up the air, ionize them. Thus, electron avalanches appear, which turn into filaments of electrical discharges - streamers, which are well-conducting channels, which, merging, give rise to a bright thermally ionized channel with high conductivity - step lightning leader... As the leader moves towards the Earth, the field strength at its end increases and under its action, a response streamer is thrown out of objects protruding on the Earth's surface, connecting with the leader. If you do not allow the streamer to appear (Fig. 126), then a lightning strike will be prevented. This zipper feature is used to create lightning rod(fig. 127).
Multichannel lightning is common. They can count up to 40 discharges at intervals from 500 μs to 0.5 s, and the total duration of a multiple discharge can be up to 1 s. It usually penetrates deep into the cloud, forming many branched channels (Fig. 128).
Rice. 128. Multichannel Lightning
Most often, lightning occurs in cumulonimbus clouds, then they are called thunderclouds; sometimes lightning is formed in stratus clouds, as well as during volcanic eruptions, tornadoes and dust storms.
Lightning is more likely to strike again at the same point, unless the object is destroyed by the previous strike.
Lightning strikes are accompanied by visible electromagnetic radiation. With an increase in the current in the lightning channel, the temperature rises to 10 4 K. A change in pressure in the lightning channel with a change in the current strength and the termination of the discharge causes sound phenomena called thunder.
Thunderstorms with lightning occur almost throughout the planet, with the exception of its poles and arid regions.
Thus, the "Earth - atmosphere" system can be considered a continuously operating electrophoretic machine that electrifies the surface of the planet and the ionosphere.
Lightning has long been a symbol of "heavenly power" for man and a source of danger. With the clarification of the nature of electricity, man learned to defend himself against this dangerous atmospheric phenomenon with the help of a lightning rod.
The first lightning rod in Russia was erected in 1856 over the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg after lightning struck the spire twice and set the cathedral on fire.
You and I live in a constant electric field of considerable intensity (Fig. 129). And, it would seem, there should be a potential difference of ~ 200 V between the top of the head and the heels of a person. Why does the electric current not pass through the body at the same time? This is due to the fact that the human body is a good conductor, and as a result of this, some charge from the surface of the Earth is transferred to it. As a result, the field around each of us changes (Fig. 130) and our potential becomes equal to the potential of the Earth.
Zhilko, V.V. Physics: textbook. allowance for the 11th grade. general education. institutions with rus. lang. training with a 12-year training period (basic and advanced) / V.V. Zhilko, L.G. Markovich. - Minsk: Nar. Asveta, 2008 .-- S. 142-145.
