Subluxation of the cervical vertebra is a slight mixing of the articular surfaces of two adjacent vertebral bodies relative to each other. Most often, such an injury manifests itself in the form of a rotational subluxation of the first cervical vertebra (atlas); it accounts for about 30% of all types of these injuries. Often, if the subluxation does not have a pronounced clinical picture, then it remains undiagnosed; with age, this can adversely affect the state of health.
To understand why this defect appears, it is necessary to have a minimal understanding of the anatomical features of the cervical spine. The very first cervical vertebra looks like a ring with pronounced lateral surfaces adjacent to the base of the skull. The second vertebra (axis) has a similar structure, but at the same time it looks more like a ring outwardly, its other feature is the presence of a dentate process. This process, together with the atlas, forms a special Cruvelier joint. All articular surfaces of the cervical vertebrae are covered with cartilage and reinforced with numerous ligaments. This design provides a variety of motor activity, but due to its complexity, it is most vulnerable to various kinds of injuries, including subluxation.
The causes of the onset of the disease are most often traumatic factors, among which are:
Subluxation of the cervical vertebra in newborns is often diagnosed. This is due to the weakness of the tendon apparatus in newly born children. Even a slight mechanical effect can lead to stretching or rupture of ligaments and tendons in the region of the cervical vertebrae, which in turn will cause subluxation.
When an injury occurs, the following symptoms are observed:
If nerve endings are involved in the process, then pronounced neurological symptoms appear, manifested in the form of:
With C1 rotational subluxation, the following symptoms are present:
With C2-C3 subluxations, painful sensations in the neck can appear during the process of swallowing, and swelling in the tongue is also possible. With subluxation of the lower cervical vertebrae, pronounced pain syndrome of the cervical spine and shoulder girdle is most often observed, unpleasant sensations in the epigastric region or behind the sternum are possible.
Injuries of this kind in children (including newborns) are not uncommon, this is primarily due to the fragile cervical ligaments and tendons, as well as the ability of muscles to stretch even with a small load. The appearance of subluxation in a child and an adult often has different reasons, therefore, some types of this ailment are more characteristic of children. The main types of such injuries in children are as follows:
There are cases when subluxations in children are diagnosed far from immediately after injury, the fact is that the symptoms do not always manifest themselves clearly, and in some cases appear after only a few years. The clinical picture can manifest itself only when the child grows up and begins to actively move, in this case, one can observe not only a violation of the correct formation of gait, but also memory impairment, rapid fatigue and tearfulness.
Diagnostic methods used to detect subluxation:
Radiography is performed in lateral and direct projection, in addition, for a more accurate diagnosis, images can be taken in an oblique projection, through the oral cavity, with flexion and extension of the neck. The choice of the required projections is individual in each case and is associated with the level of possible damage. CT - allows you to find out the size of the height of the intervertebral disc and with high accuracy determine the displacement of the articular surfaces relative to each other. This is especially important in case of difficult to diagnose C1 subluxation, when asymmetry is observed between the odontoid process and the atlas. MRI - will give a more accurate picture of the state of muscle tissue. After carrying out objective research methods, the data obtained are interpreted by a neurologist. If an old injury is found, it may be necessary to additionally undergo rheoencephalography.
The risk of injury largely depends on its complexity. The main threat is a pronounced displacement of the vertebrae relative to each other, which can cause clamping of the vascular bundle. As a consequence, this causes ischemia of certain parts of the brain and its edema with a possible fatal outcome. In addition to squeezing the neurovascular bundle, the spinal cord can be adversely affected, as well as vital centers in the cervical region, such as the respiratory and vasomotor centers, their blockage can be fatal.
In case of injury to the injured neck, the first step is to create an immobilization of the damaged area. For this, any available means are suitable from which a fixing roller can be made, capable of giving the neck a stationary position, thereby limiting a person from possible complications. Professionals use special splints to ensure ease of use and secure fit. It is forbidden to correct subluxations on your own without having the proper level of knowledge and qualifications. Remember that such actions can only aggravate the injury, therefore, this manipulation should only be carried out in a hospital by experienced specialists.
When the victim is admitted to the hospital, doctors usually immediately reposition the cervical vertebrae until the edema of the soft tissues becomes more pronounced and does not begin to interfere with the procedure. There are various techniques for repositioning the vertebrae, the most popular are:
After reduction, depending on the nature of the injury, patients must wear a Shants collar for up to 2 months. This will help relieve the load on the cervical vertebrae and limit the movement of the neck, which will prevent the occurrence of repeated subluxations, given the weakness of the ligamentous apparatus after injury. After an acute period of injury, it is recommended to undergo a course of massage procedures, acupuncture, physiotherapy and a set of therapeutic exercises individually developed by a doctor. All this together will improve local blood circulation, relieve swelling, relieve pain and significantly reduce the duration of the rehabilitation period.
Drug treatment
Medication treatment primarily includes pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs. Novocaine blockades with Diprospan give a good therapeutic effect. To relax muscle tissue, use "Mydocalm", which is the most famous muscle relaxant of central action. In order to improve blood circulation and microcirculation, nootropics are used. To improve the functioning of the nervous system, thereby contributing to a speedy recovery, course doses of preparations containing B vitamins, which include milgamma and neurorubin, will help.
Subluxation of the cervical vertebrae is a serious injury that cannot be ignored. Timely contacting a qualified specialist and following all the doctor's recommendations will help you not only eliminate the defect itself, but also avoid possible neurological complications.
Subluxation of the cervical vertebra is a slight mixing of the articular surfaces of two adjacent vertebral bodies relative to each other. Most often, such an injury manifests itself in the form of a rotational subluxation of the first cervical vertebra (atlas); it accounts for about 30% of all types of these injuries. Often, if the subluxation does not have a pronounced clinical picture, then it remains undiagnosed; with age, this can adversely affect the state of health.
To understand why this defect appears, it is necessary to have a minimal understanding of the anatomical features of the cervical spine. The very first cervical vertebra looks like a ring with pronounced lateral surfaces adjacent to the base of the skull. The second vertebra (axis) has a similar structure, but at the same time it looks more like a ring outwardly, its other feature is the presence of a dentate process. This process, together with the atlas, forms a special Cruvelier joint. All articular surfaces of the cervical vertebrae are covered with cartilage and reinforced with numerous ligaments. This design provides a variety of motor activity, but due to its complexity, it is most vulnerable to various kinds of injuries, including subluxation.
The causes of the onset of the disease are most often traumatic factors, among which are:
Too sharp turn of the head Unsuccessful fall Diving in shallow water Incorrect grouping of the body when performing somersaults Car accident Consequences of a fight Engaging in traumatic sports.
Subluxation of the cervical vertebra in newborns is often diagnosed. This is due to the weakness of the tendon apparatus in newly born children. Even a slight mechanical effect can lead to stretching or rupture of ligaments and tendons in the region of the cervical vertebrae, which in turn will cause subluxation.
When an injury occurs, the following symptoms are observed:
Severe pain on palpation in the neck. Muscle tension and forced position of the head with the impossibility of turning it to one side. Slight swelling of soft tissues.
If nerve endings are involved in the process, then pronounced neurological symptoms appear, manifested in the form of:
Headaches and insomnia. Appearance of noise in the ears. Paresthesia in the upper extremities. Severe pain in the muscles of the upper shoulder girdle, as well as the lower jaw. Disturbances in the function of vision.
With C1 rotational subluxation, the following symptoms are present:
Restriction of movements in the direction opposite to the injury (in the case of an attempt to perform motor movements through force, there is a sharp increase in pain on the affected side) In rare cases, dizziness and loss of consciousness may occur.
With C2-C3 subluxations, painful sensations in the neck can appear during the process of swallowing, and swelling in the tongue is also possible. With subluxation of the lower cervical vertebrae, pronounced pain syndrome of the cervical spine and shoulder girdle is most often observed, unpleasant sensations in the epigastric region or behind the sternum are possible.
Injuries of this kind in children (including newborns) are not uncommon, this is primarily due to the fragile cervical ligaments and tendons, as well as the ability of muscles to stretch even with a small load. The appearance of subluxation in a child and an adult often has different reasons, therefore, some types of this ailment are more characteristic of children. The main types of such injuries in children are as follows:
Rotational subluxation is most common. The reasons for the appearance are sharp turns of the head or rotation of it. Rotational subluxation of the cervical vertebra is characterized by the appearance of a forced tilt position of the head (torticollis). Kinbek's subluxation is a subluxation of the atlas (C1), which develops when the C2 vertebra is damaged. It is rare, but if detected, it requires special attention, since it can significantly affect the health of the child. This type of injury is accompanied not only by pain, but also by a possible limitation of the mobility of the neck.Active subluxation - also called pseudosubluxation. It happens with an increased tone of the neck muscles and is often eliminated spontaneously, without causing negative consequences for human health.
There are cases when subluxations in children are diagnosed far from immediately after injury, the fact is that the symptoms do not always manifest themselves clearly, and in some cases appear after only a few years. The clinical picture can manifest itself only when the child grows up and begins to actively move, in this case, one can observe not only a violation of the correct formation of gait, but also memory impairment, rapid fatigue and tearfulness.
Diagnostic methods used to detect subluxation:
Consultation with a neurologist Radiography Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Computed tomography (CT)
Radiography is performed in lateral and direct projection, in addition, for a more accurate diagnosis, images can be taken in an oblique projection, through the oral cavity, with flexion and extension of the neck. The choice of the required projections is individual in each case and is associated with the level of possible damage. CT - allows you to find out the size of the height of the intervertebral disc and with high accuracy determine the displacement of the articular surfaces relative to each other. This is especially important in case of difficult to diagnose C1 subluxation, when asymmetry is observed between the odontoid process and the atlas. MRI - will give a more accurate picture of the state of muscle tissue. After carrying out objective research methods, the data obtained are interpreted by a neurologist. If an old injury is found, it may be necessary to additionally undergo rheoencephalography.
The risk of injury largely depends on its complexity. The main threat is a pronounced displacement of the vertebrae relative to each other, which can cause clamping of the vascular bundle. As a consequence, this causes ischemia of certain parts of the brain and its edema with a possible fatal outcome. In addition to squeezing the neurovascular bundle, the spinal cord can be adversely affected, as well as vital centers in the cervical region, such as the respiratory and vasomotor centers, their blockage can be fatal.
In case of injury to the injured neck, the first step is to create an immobilization of the damaged area. For this, any available means are suitable from which a fixing roller can be made, capable of giving the neck a stationary position, thereby limiting a person from possible complications. Professionals use special splints to ensure ease of use and secure fit. It is forbidden to correct subluxations on your own without having the proper level of knowledge and qualifications. Remember that such actions can only aggravate the injury, therefore, this manipulation should only be carried out in a hospital by experienced specialists.
When the victim is admitted to the hospital, doctors usually immediately reposition the cervical vertebrae until the edema of the soft tissues becomes more pronounced and does not begin to interfere with the procedure. There are various techniques for repositioning the vertebrae, the most popular are:
One-step reduction. It is made by hand by an experienced technician, in some cases with the use of pain relievers. 
Extension by a Glisson loop. The patient is placed on a hard surface that is sloped, due to which the person's head is higher than the body. A tissue loop is put on the patient, the fixing elements of which are located under the chin and in the occipital region. A strap with a weight at the other end departs from the loop, the weight of which is selected individually for each case. When hanging the load, the vertebrae of the neck are stretched. This method of reduction is time-consuming and at the same time is not always effective, but despite this it is used quite often. Vitiug's method. This method is used in case of uncomplicated subluxation. The site of injury is preliminarily anesthetized, relieving inflammation and thereby restoring the muscle tone of the neck. Then the doctor manually sets the vertebra using only minor efforts. In some cases, the reduction occurs spontaneously, without the participation of a doctor.
After reduction, depending on the nature of the injury, patients must wear a Shants collar for up to 2 months. This will help relieve the load on the cervical vertebrae and limit the movement of the neck, which will prevent the occurrence of repeated subluxations, given the weakness of the ligamentous apparatus after injury. After an acute period of injury, it is recommended to undergo a course of massage procedures, acupuncture, physiotherapy and a set of therapeutic exercises individually developed by a doctor. All this together will improve local blood circulation, relieve swelling, relieve pain and significantly reduce the duration of the rehabilitation period.
Drug treatment
Medication treatment primarily includes pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs. Novocaine blockades with Diprospan give a good therapeutic effect. To relax muscle tissue, use "Mydocalm", which is the most famous muscle relaxant of central action. In order to improve blood circulation and microcirculation, nootropics are used. To improve the functioning of the nervous system, thereby contributing to a speedy recovery, course doses of preparations containing B vitamins, which include milgamma and neurorubin, will help.
Subluxation of the cervical vertebrae is a serious injury that cannot be ignored. Timely contacting a qualified specialist and following all the doctor's recommendations will help you not only eliminate the defect itself, but also avoid possible neurological complications.
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The cervical spine is a special part of it. It is the joints between the vertebrae of this section that should provide the neck with sufficient mobility and the ability to perform various types of movements, while performing a serious supporting function.
In this part of the spinal canal pass not only the vessels responsible for the blood supply to the brain and medulla oblongata, but also a section of the spinal cord, damage to which is life-threatening.
In addition, the cervical spine has significant differences in childhood and is highly susceptible to degenerative changes in old age. All of the above makes the cervical region the most vulnerable to any injury.
What it is? Anatomy of the department Main causes Specific and nonspecific symptoms What is dangerous? Types Diagnostic methods Treatment Physiotherapy
Subluxation is a violation of the normal relationship between the articular surfaces of the vertebrae, while full contact between the articulating surfaces is not lost.
For example: a dislocation is a complete loss of contact between the articular surfaces, while the integrity of the bones is not compromised.
Depending on how much one articulating surface has moved in relation to the other, the subluxation can be ½, 1/3, ¾.
If the displacement has occurred almost completely, but there is still contact between the tops of the articular processes of the superior and inferior vertebrae, this is a subluxation, it is called "upper".
In order to understand how the violation of the normal articulation of the vertebrae is obtained, let's briefly analyze the anatomy of the upper part of the cervical spine.
The first two vertebrae have a structure different from the rest of the vertebrae:
The first vertebra (C1 or atlas) looks like a ring, the lateral parts of which are denser than the anterior and posterior. They articulate with the occipital bone. The second cervical vertebra (C2, axis, axial) is similar to a ring. It also has thicker lateral surfaces (they communicate from above with the atlas, below - with the third vertebra). In front, the axial vertebra is equipped with a "tooth" - protruding upward, similar to the phalanx of a finger, a process. This process also slides along the inner surface of the anterior ring of the atlas (this is called the Cruvelier joint). 
Figure: cervical vertebrae
As a result, a "4 in 1" joint is obtained between C1 and C2: two "sides", a tooth and an anterior ring are communicated (the connection is strengthened by ligaments); the tooth behind is also articulated by the transverse ligament covered with cartilage. The posterior ring of the first vertebra seems to "sag" and does not connect to anything.
Figure: Location of the cervical vertebrae
All articular surfaces of such a joint are covered with a capsule with folds, which provide opportunities for turning the head and tilting it to the sides. Also, between the second vertebra and the back of the head, there are several ligaments directed in different directions to ensure the reliability of the cervico-occipital joint.
Rotation (rotation) is possible only in this joint. The second with the third and the underlying vertebrae are connected so that they can only provide tilting of the head to the sides.
This subluxation of 1 cervical vertebra almost always has a rotational mechanism. The term "rotational" means that in addition to the separation of the surfaces of the I and II vertebrae, there was also a displacement of the atlas relative to the axial vertebra.
Such rotational subluxation of the cervical vertebra c1 is:
in children - with an uncoordinated contraction of the cervical muscles, which occurred actively, that is, the child himself turned his head into an unnatural position; in children and adults - when an external force is applied to the head or neck in an active or passive way.
Such subluxation of the vertebrae, including subluxation of the 2nd cervical vertebra, can occur in adolescents and adults when strong pressure has been exerted on the head tilted forward.
This often occurs when diving in shallow water, collapsing in a mine, banging the head and landing on it or on the face.
Sports activities can also lead to the occurrence of this pathology.
The most dangerous in terms of the development of subluxation of the vertebrae of the neck:
falling while ice skating; improper performance of the headstand; blow to the back of the head while hanging on the bar; performing somersault.
The joints between the fifth and sixth, as well as the sixth and seventh vertebrae are most susceptible to subluxation.
This subluxation has a slightly different developmental mechanism. It occurs even with a minor injury or an unnatural position of the head, since children still have an immature ligamentous and tendon apparatus that fixes the joints.
With a large amplitude of non-physiological movement, the ligaments stretch and may even break.
In newborns, cervical subluxation occurs as a result of birth trauma.
Any deviation of the head from the central axis of the body during childbirth leads to the fact that the direction of the force of resistance of the birth canal relative to the axis of the neck changes.
The result is a dislocation of a vertebra relative to the other. It is C1 that most often suffers, since it is the most vulnerable.
Symptoms of cervical subluxation can be specific and non-specific.
Nonspecific are those that do not accurately represent the nature of the injury.
These include:
neck pain forced position of the head (it can be turned to the healthy side, directed anteriorly) inability to move the neck tension is felt swelling and soreness at the site of the lesion in some cases, you can feel the protruding process of the displaced vertebra through the skin.
Specific symptoms indirectly indicate which problem you are most likely experiencing.
The following signs will indicate problems with the vertebrae:
hand cramps; pain in the upper or lower jaw; shoulder pain; backache; dizziness; decrease in strength and range of motion in the upper, and with high (C1, C2, C3) lesions with significant dislocation - in the lower extremities; goose bumps; noise in ears; headache; sleep disorders.
So, if there is a rotational subluxation from C1 to the left, the following signs take place:
the patient's head will be turned to the right side (if the dislocation is to the right, then, accordingly, to the left); soreness or complete inability to turn to the sick side; visual impairment by the type of narrowing of their fields; loss of consciousness; dizziness.
With a C2-C3 subluxation, the symptoms will be as follows:
pain in the neck; feeling of swelling of the tongue; difficulty swallowing food.
For subluxation of the joint between the third and fourth vertebrae:
there is pain in the neck, which spreads to its back surface and shoulder; pain may appear on the left behind the sternum; possibly bloating.
The danger of subluxations in this section for newborns is that the characteristic symptoms will not arise.
The immature nervous system at this age will not give the reaction characteristic of older people, and in such babies only a slight torticollis will be noticeable.
Because of this, this pathology is very rarely diagnosed, which leads to the development of chronic rotational subluxation of c1. And this, in turn, can affect mental retardation, scoliosis and the development of flat feet in a child.
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MRI of the cervical spine
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The first of the greatest dangers of such a lesion is that due to the displacement of the vertebrae relative to each other, the vascular bundle is pinched.
Compression of the arteries leads to ischemization of the brain area, and the blockage of the venous outflow causes an increase in intracranial pressure, which threatens with cerebral edema.
Figure: Vertebral artery syndrome
The second danger is that the spinal cord, which runs at this level, is responsible not only for the movement of all four limbs, but also for the normal functioning of internal organs.
Also, it is in this department that the main center responsible for breathing is located.
Compression of a part of the spinal cord by the displaced vertebra disrupts the blood supply in it, as a result, exactly those important functions that are described above are disrupted.
Symptoms suggesting that one cannot do without medical help in this case (that is, "it will not go away by itself") are respiratory failure, one- or two-sided paralysis, impaired bowel, kidney and bladder function.
Possible complications and consequences
The consequences of subluxation of the cervical vertebrae include:
numbness of the limbs; muscle weakness in the legs and arms; violation of the sensitivity of the fingers; headache; sleep disorders.
If such a pathology occurs in a child under one year old, the situation is much more complicated.
While he is lying or sitting, an untreated subluxation in the cervical spine does not particularly make itself felt (unless there are other diseases or anomalies of the musculoskeletal system). When the baby has already started to walk, significant vertical loads appear, the child has to make complex movements, and as a result, the parents notice an irregular gait, turn to an orthopedist who diagnoses scoliosis, flat feet.
In addition to impaired posture, the mental development of children with untreated or inadequately cured cervical subluxation also suffers.
Scientists have noticed that often a late complication of cervical vertebra subluxation is:
hyperactivity; headache; decreased vision; attention deficit; poor memory; capriciousness; fast fatiguability.
This is an incomplete separation of the articular surfaces of 1-2 cervical vertebrae when the first is rotated relative to the axis of the second.
Most often, this type of subluxation occurs in children due to sharp bends, nods, turns and rotations of the head.
There are 2 types of this subluxation:
Type I: the lateral joints between C1 and C2 become locked in the position when the first vertebra is maximally deployed relative to the second.
Symptoms of this type: the head tilts to the healthy side and turns the chin in the opposite direction.
Figure: Atlanta location
Type II: one of the lateral atlanto-axial joints is blocked by muscle spasm, while the atlas (first vertebra) is not maximally rotated.
In this case, torticollis also occurs, only the head is not very deployed, there may not be any rotation at all.
The most common rotational subluxation of c1 to the right: the atlas turns to the right, tilts, while the axial vertebra turns to the left. The joint between the atlas and the protrusion of the occipital bone on the right becomes fixed.
It occurs without injury, but with uncoordinated tension of various cervical muscles. Such subluxations most often occur in childhood and adolescence, usually they correct themselves, without any intervention.
Most often, the "active" is the rotational subluxation, which occurs with a sharp sudden turn of the head to the side.
In this case, three movements occur in the joint: rotation, lateral deflection and nodding. As a result, the joint space on the resulting convex side opens, and a discrepancy occurs between the lateral surfaces C1 and C2.
This creates negative pressure, and part of the joint capsule is "sucked" into the joint space.
A pronounced pain syndrome appears, due to which the muscles of the neck reflexively contract, and the capsule is pinched in the joint.
This is the displacement of the first cervical vertebra, which arose as a result of one of three conditions:
fracture of the C2 tooth (transdental displacement); rupture of the ligament holding the odontoid process on the inner surface of the atlas (transligamentous displacement); slipping of the odontoid process from its "ring" formed by the atlas and ligaments (peridental displacement). severe pain in the occipital region and neck after injury; the neck becomes convex; a person holds his head with his hands; it is impossible to move your head.
Such subluxations are rare, but they require urgent assistance, since they are difficult due to compression of blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord.
This is a kind of "habitual subluxation" - a sign of instability of some segment of the spine. When the neck is bent, the articular processes of the overlying vertebra slide backward, when the neck is straightened, everything falls into place.
Usually, such a subluxation first occurs with a strong muscle load in those people who have congenital or acquired disorders of the normal anatomy of the vertebrae.
This subluxation manifests itself as an intervertebral hernia of the cervical spine:
pain in the legs; back pain; back muscle tension; violation of motor activity of the feet; hypotrophy of the muscles of the lower extremities.
The diagnosis can be made only on the basis of X-ray examination.
This is an anterior subluxation between the atlas and the axial vertebra, which occurs due to:
weakness of the ligaments of the neck; underdeveloped odontoid process; a developmental anomaly such as a gap between the tooth and the body of the second vertebra.
The symptom of Cruvelier manifests itself:
neck pain; limitation of head movements; the cervical spinal cord can be compressed.
This pathology provokes a neck injury or an overload of the cervical muscles.
This subluxation may indicate pathology such as Down's syndrome, Morquio's disease, rheumatoid arthritis.
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To detect subluxation of the cervical vertebrae, the following are used:
Radiography in several projections (frontal, lateral projection, tests in flexion and extension of the head, an image through an open mouth, oblique radiographs); CT scan
The diagnosis is made based on the definition:
decrease in the height of the disc between the vertebrae, displacement of the articular surfaces in the case of subluxation between C1 and C2 - asymmetry between the tooth and the atlas.
For each type of subluxation there is "its own" type of research, which allows you to accurately diagnose this pathology. Thus, rotational subluxations are well diagnosed with images taken through an open mouth. Kienbeck's subluxations - when examining lateral radiographs.
How to treat cervical subluxation:
Provide first aid correctly
First aid is that if you suspect a problem in the cervical spine, the head and neck of the victim should be immobilized.
If the injury occurs in the car, the victim is not removed from the vehicle before the neck is securely fixed.
To fix the cervical spine, Shants or Philadelphia-type splints are used.
In a hospital setting, correct subluxation in various ways
Reduction of subluxation is performed only after diagnosis of its type in a hospital setting. Only a traumatologist has the right to carry out such manipulation.
The less time has passed since the onset of subluxation, the greater the chances of a quick recovery.
And, conversely, the more time passes, the more there will be swelling of the tissues surrounding the spine, which will interfere with the normal adjustment of the subluxation.
Usually, the reduction occurs with the help of a Glisson loop: the patient is placed on his back, a small flat pillow is placed under the shoulders, the straps of the loop are thrown over the block at the head end of the bed. A load with a calculated mass is hung on the cable from the loop.
In some cases, it is necessary to resort to manual reduction, when the traction and turn of the head is performed by the hands of an orthopedist.
Take rehabilitation measures
After reduction, the patient will need to wear a Shants collar or a craniothoracic bandage for 1-3 months (the doctor will indicate the exact time). After this period expires, you will need to wear a removable orthosis, take courses of massage, manual therapy, physiotherapy, acupuncture and exercise therapy.
The doctor who deals with this area of rehabilitation carefully examines the images of the cervical spine, then examines it. He needs this in order to determine whether in your case you need to apply a more intense effect to tone the muscles, or a softer one - to relax them.
They are needed to stabilize and relieve the cervical spine, to protect it from sudden and careless movements. After the subluxation of the cervical vertebra has been repaired, the victim must wear a rigid orthosis for several months and sleep in it.
The brace is carefully selected by the doctor. The wrong size leads to impaired blood supply to the brain.
At the moment, the following types of orthopedic devices are used:
Shants bus: it is a collar that completely covers the entire neck. When selecting it, measure the neck circumference in the lower (wide) part of it and the distance from the corner of the lower jaw (near the ear) to the middle of the clavicle. Width is adjustable at the back with a clasp. Orthosis "Philadelphia". It has a more rigid design and is used if there is an increased mobility of the vertebrae. It also has a tracheostomy opening.
Photo: on the left - Shants' orthosis, on the right - Philadelphia orthosis
It is carried out at the stage of rehabilitation. Thermal procedures (EHF), the introduction of anesthetic and anti-inflammatory substances using electrophoresis and ultrasound are used. In a more distant period, transcranial microcurrent stimulation is performed.
The introduction begins during and immediately after the reduction of the subluxation. Their action is aimed at:
relaxation of the pathologically "pinched" neck muscles ("Mydocalm"); improvement of blood circulation and normalization of the nervous system: vitamins of group B ("Milgamma", "Neurorubin"); improvement of cerebral circulation ("Phenotropil"); anesthesia and anti-inflammatory effect (novocaine blockade with the use of "Diprospan", paravertebral blockade with the use of ozone); reduction of increased intracranial pressure ("Diacarb"); improvement of microcirculation ("Trental").
They begin to engage in physiotherapy exercises immediately after the subluxation is reduced. This treatment is continued at home.
After the reduction, the first exercises are done not in the cervical region, but by the muscles of the shoulders and shoulder girdles, so that at the time of removing the collar, they can support the weakened neck. Movements are also performed with the whole body.
So, first, the following gymnastics is used:
Elbows are on the table, palms of hands pat against each other. With the brushes, squeeze an expander or a small ball. In the supine position, the hands are turned up and down with the palms, then they begin to slowly bend the arms at the elbows, then raise them. Standing torso bends. Rack on toes. The legs are placed on one line, their eyes are closed and they stand like this for several seconds. They take turns raising their legs in a standing position.
When performing the exercises, there should be no dizziness or staggering. If such symptoms appear, immediately stop gymnastics.
When the Shants collar is already removed, the exercises already include neck movements.
The main thing is to gradually increase the load.
Lying on your back, you need to press the couch with the back of your head. Lying on their stomach, they do the same with their forehead. Sitting. The helper places his hand on his forehead and resists the pressure of the patient. The same - only the hand of the assistant - on the back of the head. The same previous 2 exercises, only the patient is lying down. Turns of the head to the sides. Throwing back the head.
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It can be used already in the acute period.
Its tasks are to improve blood supply and nutrition to muscles, relax a tense muscle on one side, and tone the opposite muscles.
To do this, stroking the face from the middle of the cheek to the ears, stroking the tense muscles of the neck, rubbing in the direction from the area behind the ear to the collarbone. The muscles of the back are rubbed, kneaded, stroked vigorously.
This is the impact of special needles at a certain depth at active points, which are a system of nerve endings, blood vessels and skin cells directly.
In case of subluxation of the cervical vertebra, acupuncture relieves pain, stimulates regeneration, relaxes or tones the muscles - depending on the effect you want to achieve.
An acupuncturist has knowledge of at what angle, to what depth the needle should be inserted for a particular diagnosis, depending on the patient's condition. Special thin disposable needles are used, which are inserted under the skin to a depth of 0.4-8 cm, it does not cause pain.
Immobilization in the event of subluxation is performed with a Shants collar or "Philadelphia" collar.
So, if there is a rotational subluxation C1, it is recommended to fix the child's shoulder girdle to the cotton-gauze rings, and then perform traction using a Glisson loop with the calculated weight of the load.
This load is distributed asymmetrically - most of it for type I - on the side of the head tilt, for type II - on the opposite side. In some cases, manual reduction is also used, before that, a novocaine blockade is performed. Sometimes after this there is an independent reduction of the subluxation.
After the adjustment, the child must wear a Shants collar for at least 1 month. If manual reduction was carried out, then the neck and chest are fixed with a plaster corset for 1 month, after removing which, the child will need to walk in Shants's collar for up to six months.
Drug therapy is used to improve the blood supply to the brain and muscles. Vitamins of group B are used ("Neurovitan", "Trimetabol").
Physiotherapeutic methods of recovery are also used: thermal procedures, ultrasound, electrophoresis.
Subluxation of the cervical vertebra is a serious pathology that can develop in both children and adults. This condition cannot be treated on its own: inadequate treatment is very dangerous.
So that osteochondrosis does not occur or the habitual subluxation does not form, it is important to adhere to the doctor's prescriptions in everything and undergo the full course of treatment.
There are no "trifles" in the therapy of vertebral subluxation: for recovery you need exercise therapy, physiotherapy, and medication.
The spine consists of several sections - cervical, thoracic and lumbar, and in everyday life one of them can easily be injured. Subluxation of the cervical vertebra is the easiest to obtain, since it is the thinnest. At the same time, it is the most dangerous in comparison with subluxation in any other department. In the spinal canal of the neck, there are vessels that are responsible for the full supply of blood and oxygen to the brain. Any damage to this part of the back carries the risk of serious consequences.
Subluxation is a pathology when the normal relationship between the joints of the vertebrae is disrupted, but the surfaces continue to contact each other, in contrast to a complete dislocation. Subluxation occurs in half, one third and three quarters, it depends on how much the surface of one vertebra is displaced in relation to the other. With an upper subluxation, one of the vertebrae is displaced almost completely, but the contact between the articular processes remains, in contrast to the dislocation of the atlas, when the vertebrae are completely separated from each other.
The cervical spine of children differs from that of an adult, and in older people degenerative changes occur in it. For these reasons, it is the most vulnerable part of the back. To understand how subluxation of the cervical vertebrae happens, one should understand the structure of the cervical spine. The upper vertebrae are most often subject to injuries, since the structure of the first and second vertebrae is slightly different from others:
The topmost vertebra is called atlas. In medical terminology, C1 is used for its designation. In shape, it resembles a ring with dense lateral sections that connect to the occiput bone. The second vertebra of the neck (C2) is axial and looks like a ring. Its dense lateral regions at the top are connected with the C1 vertebra, and below with the C3 vertebra. In front of the second vertebra there is a kind of "tooth", similar to the tip of a finger, which protrudes upward. During head movements, it slides along the inside of the C1 vertebral ring.
Thus, a joint is formed between the first and second vertebrae, consisting of two lateral surfaces, a process and an anterior ring. All of these components have ligaments, while the posterior ring of C1 is not connected to anything and has no ligaments. The entire joint is located in a capsule, which is covered with folds, which ensure the ability of a person to turn and tilt his head. In addition, from C2 to the back of the head, there are ligaments directed in different directions, ensuring the reliability of the connection between the neck and the back of the head.
According to the average statistics, subluxation of the cervical vertebra can often be found in adolescents and the elderly. C1 subluxation can occur in young children and even newborn babies. Subluxation of the cervical vertebra c1 occurs:
If you receive mechanical injuries, for example, if you hit your head hard, or dive into the water from a great height. Due to the nature of the profession. Miners, construction workers or factory workers are susceptible to such injury. Falling face down. During physical exertion, if you do not follow safety rules, for example, during skating, exercising on a horizontal bar, sloppy coups or when standing on your head.
At the same time, the atlas subluxation is most often rotational - when the surfaces of two vertebrae not only separate, but the atlas is displaced in relation to the axial vertebra. Children suffer from such an injury due to uncoordinated contraction of the cervical muscles, and adults due to force on the head or neck.
Subluxation of 1 cervical vertebra in babies up to three years of age occurs due to the fact that their tendon and ligamentous apparatus, which are responsible for the normal functioning of the joints, have not become stronger. Even a small trauma, sudden movement or turn of the head, as well as its non-anatomical position can cause subluxation.
During childbirth, in order to pass through the birth canal, the baby needs to make certain movements of the head and turns of the neck. Initially, the baby's head is pressed by the chin to the chest, then it leans back and turns to one side. Due to such movements, subluxation of the cervical vertebra in a child can occur.
The C3 and C4 vertebrae can be displaced during a strong blow or pressure on the head, which is tilted forward. This can happen if you hit the bottom, diving into a shallow body of water, when struck by the occipital region of the head, or while falling on your face.
Kovacs subluxation is inherently different from the types of this injury and has completely different causes. This is an acquired pathology that begins to develop if a person has a congenital anomaly of overgrowing of the arch, or disorders leading to an abnormal structure of the vertebrae. With this subluxation, the vertebral processes slide back when the person bends his head and returns to its original position when straightened. People who receive constant increased stress on the muscles are prone to such injury.
If subluxation of the cervical vertebra occurs, the symptoms can be local and general. Local symptoms include:
pain in the neck, which intensifies while feeling the damaged area; tense condition of the neck muscles; forced tilt of the head to a certain side and the impossibility of turning to the other; the formation of edema in the soft tissues of the neck.
If damage to the nerve endings has occurred, then the following general signs join:
cramps in the upper limbs and their weakness; painful sensations in the jaw and shoulder area (with C3-C4 subluxation); headache and dizziness; insomnia; noise in ears; violation of visual function; difficulty in swallowing (with C2 and C3 subluxations).
The consequences of subluxation depend on its complexity and can lead to both mild flat feet and severe mental retardation. Therefore, after a head injury, if any symptoms of subluxation occur, it is necessary to be examined by a traumatologist.
Few people know why subluxation of the neck vertebrae is dangerous. Getting such an injury can lead to oxygen starvation of the brain, increased intracranial pressure and cerebral edema. This happens due to the clamping of the vascular bundle, in which the arteries and venous outflows are located. Compression of the spinal cord leads to impaired blood circulation in it and malfunctions of internal organs, the functionality of the arms, legs and breathing.
In case of paralysis of the limbs on one or both sides, an ambulance must be called immediately!
Sometimes parents do not suspect that their newborn child has a subluxation of the first cervical vertebra, because the baby cannot complain of pain or other symptoms. They explain capriciousness and tearfulness with colic or desire to eat, and the wrong tilt of the head with torticollis. They give the baby something to eat, anti-bloating drugs and wear them for massages, while the injury continues to cause enormous harm to the crumbs' body.
An older baby has an irregular gait, flat feet and scoliosis develop. If the subluxation is not treated, then the mental development of the baby begins to slow down. Subsequently, the injury leads to:
hyperactivity; headaches; decreased vision; poor memory; constant moodiness; rapid fatigability.
Noticing a child's incorrect head tilt or excessive excitement, it is necessary to properly examine him in order to prevent the development of serious consequences.
If you suspect a cervical vertebra subluxation, the first step is to consult a neurologist. This is followed by radiography, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Two recent studies help assess the condition of the ligamentous apparatus and muscle tissue. When performing an X-ray, a lateral image can be taken, a direct posterior and anterior one through the oral cavity, as well as an oblique image, when the patient's head is tilted to one side at 45 degrees.
When such an injury is received, it is imperative to provide the victim with first aid, since the entire recovery process primarily depends on it. Immediately after the accident that led to the dislocation, the neck must be immobilized to prevent further displacement of the vertebrae. If there is no special cervical collar, then the injured person should be placed on a flat, hard surface.
After the patient has taken a supine position, a splint should be applied to the neck area and a cold compress should be applied. This will help prevent severe swelling and relieve pain. After carrying out these procedures, you need to call an ambulance. The victim should be carried into the car while lying on the backboard or on a hard stretcher.
It is strictly forbidden to try to correct the shifted joint yourself! This can lead to complete dislocation or rupture of the ligaments. The doctor adjusts the displacement only after conducting an examination and determining the type of subluxation, its location and degree.
If there is a subluxation of the cervical vertebra, its treatment is first carried out in a hospital setting, later, when the patient's condition is stable, he can be allowed to go home for treatment with periodic supervision of a doctor. Treatment of such an injury always begins with the reduction of the displaced joint.
Depending on the age of the patient, the type of injury and associated complications, reduction is done by one of the following methods:
Uncomplicated subluxations are corrected by Vitiug's method. Before the correction is carried out, the injured area is numbed, which also helps to eliminate muscle tone. As a result, the vertebra is either adjusted independently or with a little help from a doctor. The Glisson loop for repositioning the cervical vertebra is used extremely rarely, because the method takes a long time and does not always lead to the desired result. During the procedure, the patient is placed on a hard surface with an elevation at the head. A fabric loop is put on the chin, from which a load of an individually calculated weight is suspended. The severity of the load leads to a gradual stretching of the spine of the neck, and the vertebra falls into place. The lever-type setting method is the fastest. During it, local anesthesia can be used, but more often doctors do without it.
After the doctor corrects the subluxation, the site of injury is immobilized for a month using Shants's collar. While the neck is at rest, muscle and cartilage tissue will grow.
To make the patient recover faster, the doctor prescribes medication - vitamin complexes, pain relievers and anti-edema pills, drugs that stimulate the growth of cartilage tissue. In addition, physiotherapy procedures are prescribed:
massage - relieves muscle tension and helps to normalize blood circulation; warming up - the use of warming compresses, paraffin; ultrasound - due to the deep penetration of waves, a micromassage effect is obtained; electrophoresis - local heating of the injury occurs; magnetotherapy - dilates blood vessels, enriches the brain with oxygen, promotes metabolism.
In order not to encounter subluxation of the cervical vertebra, a number of rules must be followed. To do this, you need to be careful while playing sports, consume enough protein and accustom yourself to constant exercise, which will reduce the risk of injury.
Subluxation of the cervical vertebra is a dangerous pathological condition of the spinal column. There is a partial displacement of the articular surfaces of the bone elements of the supporting structure of the body relative to each other without disrupting the ligamentous apparatus.
This situation is very relevant, since pathology is common.
This upper part of the vertebral column is very complex and consists of 7 small vertebrae:
The main load falls on section 1 of the cervical vertebra. C1 - atlas, the first bony element of the spine, securely attached to the base of the skull. This portion of the main skeleton is annular. His ability to function correctly, to move is often limited. Axis C2 is the second bone element of the axis of our body. It borders on important organs. It is the C2 joint that allows a person to make head turns. Performing head movements in different directions becomes difficult when the first cervical vertebra is displaced. The anatomical structure of other vertebrae allows a person only to tilt his head. Therefore, a patient with an injury to the first cervical vertebra cannot even turn his head. The C2 joint is associated with the tongue, auditory and optic nerves, and the forehead. Tendons and ligaments are located around the entire upper part of the supporting structure of the body. The cervical part of the base of our skeleton is the most flexible, mobile. But it is an easily vulnerable structure that is susceptible to various diseases.
Dislocation of the cervical vertebra in a child during the neonatal period.
Provoking factors for the development of pathology:
Congenital anatomical defects and immaturity of the ligamentous apparatus of the infant. Birth trauma due to incorrect position of the baby's head, unsuccessful resolution of the burden, or incompetence of the specialist providing emergency obstetric care. In the process of the birth of a new person, an abnormal passage of the newborn's head with a deviation from the central axis of the body is sometimes observed. This entails damage to the baby's spine in the cervical spine.
Increased child activity becomes a risk factor:
The ligaments of the spinal column are easily torn or stretched when the maximum amplitude of head rotation is exceeded, careless actions. The child's coordination of movements is poorly developed. Insufficiently undeveloped muscles often lead to traumatic displacement of the vertebrae on the sports ground, during play activities, physical education lessons, and active movements. A blow to the head with a ball or a hand, an unnatural position of the neck, careless pressure on the head, unsuccessful jumps, sharp uncoordinated turns of the body - these reasons are fraught with displacement of the bone elements of the supporting axis of the body.
The displacement of the vertebrae of the cervical spine in children is less common than in adults, since children's joints are more resistant to injury.
An active external influence is capable of provoking a rotational subluxation of the bone elements of the spine in an adult:
Damage to the cervical vertebral joint due to excessively sharp bending of the neck in everyday life, during intense sports, in other situations. Improper rolls, headstand, careless exercise on the bar, accidental falls on the rink, head bangs, diving into a river in shallow water are very risky. The habit of sleeping on the stomach provokes the development of subluxation, since the head of a sleeping person in this position is turned to one side for a long time. Often during sleep, the 7th cervical vertebra is displaced, which can be easily felt. Deformation of the elements of the spinal column as a result of excessive stress. Often there is a non-standard displacement or stretching of the bone elements of the spinal column and causes subluxation of the vertebrae.
The mechanism of development of pathology in children:
The baby experiences a colossal burden during labor pains of a woman in labor. A huge impact falls on the cervical region of the supporting structure of the infant's body. Subluxation of the cervical vertebra often occurs in a newborn at this particular time. Violation of the position of the odontoid process often occurs as a result of the slightest incorrect movement of the maternity assistant. Most often, the first cervical vertebra C1 is affected. The normal interaction between the articular bone elements of the body axis is disrupted, but the contact between them is not completely lost. The spinal cord, nerve roots, and blood vessels are compressed.
With age, the extent of damage gradually increases:
With this pathology, asymmetry is almost always observed: different lengths of the legs. But nobody is lame. This is achieved by displacing the area where the ilium and sacrum meet. As a result of such a violation, the lumbar region of the main support rod of the body is involved in the pathological process. This segment is shifted in the opposite direction. To try to compensate for this deformation, the thoracic base of our skeleton is sometimes shifted to the other side twice. This movement is transmitted to the cervical region of the main skeleton element. The integrity of the bones is preserved, but the nerve endings and blood vessels are pinched. Blood flow through the arteries becomes difficult. The damaged vertebra presses on the spinal cord and nerve fibers. Fast correct passage of signals from systems and organs is disturbed. The consequence of such processes is the failure of the functions of the peripheral nervous system. The flow of blood to the brain is impaired. The main coordinating organ of the human body performs its functions very poorly, since metabolic disorders, insufficient supply of necessary substances and oxygen starvation of brain tissues occur. Indicators of a person's intellectual abilities decrease, headaches occur. These disorders lead to poor sleep, increased irritability, and the development of various diseases.
Features of the symptoms of impaired inter-articular connections depend on the degree of displacement of the cervical bone elements of the body support, their localization.
Manifestations of pathology in newborns:
In the first months of life, the disease proceeds without visible symptoms. Painful signs appear later, when vertical loads increase, the baby begins to hold his head, sit, move. The child becomes very moody. He gets tired quickly. An irregular gait is developed. If the parents and doctors do not notice the poor health of the baby, the situation worsens. The kid suffers from headaches, his memory deteriorates, his attention weakens.
The external manifestations of this pathology indicate the problems that have arisen:
Sharp neck pain. Sensation of tinnitus. Dizziness. The arms and legs lose their previous muscle strength. Convulsions in the upper limbs. Muscle tension in the neck. Sleep disturbances. Jaws, back and shoulders hurt.
The negative effect of these violations is very strong. A patient with displacement of the vertebrae in the upper parts of the neck has a dramatically impaired quality of life.
They are approximate, since they do not give an exact idea of the nature of the injury.
Swelling of the injured area. Swelling of soft tissues in the neck. Symptoms such as soreness to touch, muscle tension, stiffness, stiffness, and pain in the upper portions of the body's main pivot. In some cases, the displaced segment of the trunk support structure can be easily felt through the skin. The characteristic feature is the different lengths of the lower limbs.
With subluxation of 1 cervical vertebra, the following are observed:
Deterioration of vision. Dizziness. Fainting. Since it is impossible to turn the head to the affected side of the neck, it is more often turned to the healthy side.
Consequences of the displacement of the C2 vertebra:
Speech defects and stuttering may occur. Hearing and vision suffer. Often, the odontoid processes of the cervical region of the axial structure of a person are in the wrong position.
This leads to the development of various diseases:
Protrusion. Hernia. Dizziness. Apathy, depression. Joint pathology. Chronic fatigue. Muscle tension. When the second cervical vertebra is displaced, the arteries are partially pinched. Therefore, a tendency to hypotension develops.
Subluxation between 2 and 3 vertebrae has clinical manifestations:
Difficulty swallowing food. Pain in the upper neck. Tongue feels swollen.
Consequences of displacement of the 7th cervical vertebra:
Frequent colds. Diseases of the thyroid gland. Bursitis.
This injury is especially dangerous for children:
In the absence of correct treatment of the displaced vertebrae in the diseased joint, the child develops rapidly degenerative processes due to accelerated metabolism. The connective tissue of the affected areas is replaced. Due to this, the volume of the joint capsule decreases. In the future, the full functioning of the deformed joint can be restored only with the help of surgical treatment. Therefore, it is very important that the parents notice the signs of trouble in the upper part of the axial skeleton in a timely manner and seek help from a doctor.
Parents need to carefully monitor the condition of the child.
In case of detection of any clinical manifestations of this pathology, it is important to urgently take the necessary measures:
If the neck does not turn well, the child may have a cervical subluxation. Primary patients with pain in the neck undergo an MRI scan, make an X-ray image of the area of the first and second bone elements of the supporting structure of a person. It is performed through an open mouth, as otherwise the affected area cannot be seen. X-ray diagnostics makes it possible to determine the displacement of the odontoid processes of the axial structure of the skeleton in the corresponding segment C1, C2. Head turns to the left and to the right are checked. The degree of displacement of the unpaired bones of the spinal column is determined. Palpation of the affected area causes pain.
The vertebrae are called vertebre in Latin, and the science that studies the spine and its pain is called vertebrology. Sometimes in the diagnosis you can find the word vertebral or vertebral, which means "descended from the spine."
In general terms, all vertebrae have a similar structure, however, depending on which department the vertebrae belong to and what predominant loads they experience, the vertebrae acquire certain characteristic outlines.
Each vertebra has a body - the most massive part of the vertebra, with which it rests on the underlying and on which the overlying vertebrae rest. This part of the vertebra has a great ability to withstand compressive force, has a cylindrical shape and gradually increases in diameter from the cervical vertebrae to the lower back.
In addition to the body, each vertebra of any department has an arc in the back that connects to the body with the help of legs. The body and arch define the vertebral foramen. The vertebral foramen of all vertebrae form the vertebral canal, which contains the spinal cord with membranes, vessels and nerves. The processes extend from the arch of the vertebra in different directions: the unpaired spinous processes are directed posteriorly, the paired transverse processes are located on the sides, the paired upper and lower articular processes are located above and below the arch.
In the region of the legs of the arc, there are the upper and lower incisions, which, when the vertebrae overlap each other, form intervertebral foramen for the exit of the vessels and nerves from the spinal canal.
The vertebra in general: general view
The structure of the cervical vertebrae is slightly different from all the others. The first of them - the atlas - does not have a body, but instead an anterior arch with lateral masses is formed. The second cervical vertebra - axial (epistrophy) also has a very peculiar structure. Its body is connected to the Atlantean by the odontoid process. Both vertebrae constitute a unique mechanism due to which the movement of the head around the vertical axis and its tilt is carried out.
The transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae have holes (they are absent in other vertebrae), the imposition of the holes of one vertebra on the holes of another leads to the formation of a bony canal for the passage of vertebral arteries and nerves. Articular processes that take part in the formation of facet joints protrude above and below the arch. The articular surfaces on these processes are located in the horizontal plane. This contributes to the great mobility of the vertebrae of the cervical spine in the horizontal plane relative to each other (i.e. allows you to achieve a large angle of twisting of the cervical spine) - all this contributes to high mobility of the head. This was a very important achievement in the process of evolution, which made it possible to maintain a large angle of the horizon under visual control with minimal body mobility. However, this also provided a greater vulnerability of the cervical spine due to the relatively low mass and strength of the cervical vertebrae and their great mobility. The seventh cervical vertebra has the most prominent and prominent spinous process, which is a very convenient anatomical landmark when examining the spine.
The first (atlas) and the second (epistrophy) cervical vertebrae: general view
The thoracic vertebrae also have their own structural features. This is primarily due to the presence of costal fossae on the bodies and transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae for articulation with the heads and tubercles of the ribs. The spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae are lowered down and overlap each other in a tile-like manner. On the articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae, the articular surfaces are projected in the frontal plane.
Thoracic vertebra: top view
Thoracic vertebra: side view
The lumbar vertebrae are much larger than other vertebrae, and the articular surfaces of their articular processes are located in the sagittal plane. These vertebrae carry the greatest load in the spinal column.
Lumbar vertebra: top view
Lumbar vertebra: side view
The sacrum has the shape of a pyramid with the base up and the top down. Its pelvic surface is concave, its posterior surface is convex. Its greatest bend is located in the region of the III vertebra. The sacrum consists of five fused sacral vertebrae. The fusion process begins at the age of 16 and ends completely by the age of 25. On the anterior and posterior surfaces of the sacrum, there are four sacral foramina through which the sacral nerves and vessels pass. There are 5 sacral ridges along the posterior convex surface of the sacrum. On the lateral masses of the sacrum, the articular surface is located - the junction with the pelvic bones, which is located at the level of the I and II sacral vertebrae, is covered with cartilage and is called the ear-shaped surface. Behind this surface is the tuberosity of the sacrum, to which ligaments are attached that strengthen the sacroiliac joint.
The base of the sacrum, connecting with the lower surface of the lumbar vertebra, forms a protrusion into the pelvic cavity, which is called the cape. The cape is important in determining the longitudinal dimensions of the pelvis and is important from the point of view of the shape of the spinal column. The sacrum is one of the most distinct parts of the male and female skeleton. In women, the sacrum is much wider, shorter and less curved than in men. This is due to the rearing of the child and childbirth: a woman needs a larger volume of the pelvic space and a smoother path for the baby to exit for a normal pregnancy and childbirth process.
The coccygeal vertebrae are located downward from the sacrum, its very top (there are usually four, sometimes five). Only the first coccygeal vertebra still retains traces of the general structure of the vertebrae, and the latter are in the form of balls. The coccygeal vertebrae often merge into one coccygeal bone - the coccyx. The muscles and fascia of the perineum are attached to the tailbone. In women, the coccyx is more mobile and during pregnancy it can be displaced (bent) posteriorly - to ensure the process of childbirth.
As you can see from the following pages, all the vertebrae of the spine are not the same. The lumbar vertebrae are large and strong enough to withstand the increased stress they are subjected to. The cervical vertebrae are smaller, since their function is only to support the weight of the head. The vertebrae of different sections differ, but all vertebrae have the same structure. So, almost all vertebrae are composed of the same elements, and when it comes to a typical vertebra, we mean a vertebral model containing elements common to almost all vertebrae.
In the anterior part of all vertebrae, except for the atlas and the epistropheus, there is a vertebral body (1). The vertebral body is a thick part, which has a lower and upper surface, to which the intervertebral disc is attached. Behind the vertebral body is a bony ring called an arch (3-4-5) and forms the vertebral foramen (2) through which the spinal cord passes.
The arch consists of legs (3), articular processes (4) and two plates (5). The upper and lower surfaces of the legs form a curved line and together with the two adjacent vertebrae form the intervertebral foramen (see p. 41), through which the spinal nerves pass, originating in the spinal cord and innervating the human body.
Along the edges of the articular processes there are articular surfaces (6), which serve to connect the vertebrae to each other.
The convergence point of the plates is the spinous process (7). Its back corresponds to the seals that are felt in the center of the back.
On both sides of the articular processes there are transverse processes (8). Like the spinous processes, the transverse processes are designed to anchor the ligaments and muscles.
2. Vertebral foramen
4. Articular processes
6. Articular surfaces
7. Spinous process
8. Transverse process
Atlas: In Greek mythology, Atlas is the character who held the firmament. In the same way, the first cervical vertebra holds the skull. Atlas has no vertebral body and spinous process.
Epistrophy: comes from the Latin word for "axis". The epistrophy has a dentate process (9), which articulates with the atlas.
The transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae are located much higher and have an opening, called the "transverse opening" (10), through which the vertebral artery passes, partially providing cerebral blood flow.
The spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae (from C2 to C6) are slightly inclined downward and bifurcated.
All thoracic vertebrae are articulated on both sides with the ribs by means of the rib head joint (11) and the costal-transverse joint, otherwise called the costal tubercle joint (12).
The transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae are thick and slightly deflected posteriorly. The spinous processes are directed downward.
The lumbar vertebrae are distinguished by a massive bean-shaped body. The spinous processes are short and horizontal.
The upper articular surfaces of the lumbar vertebrae (6a) are oriented inward, and the lower ones outward (6b), which is the reason for insufficient mobility in this section during bending and turning.
Epistropheus (or axis, lat. axis from the Greek. ἐπιστρέφω) - I turn, I rotate) is the second cervical vertebra in terrestrial vertebrates and humans. It has a structure that is different from other cervical vertebrae, due to the presence of a dentate process, around which the first cervical vertebra atlas rotates, together with the skull articulating with it. These two vertebrae form a mechanism for the movement of the head around the vertical axis and its tilt.
Dens) - a process extending upward from the vertebral body. The tooth has an apex and two articular surfaces. Anterior articular surface (facies articularis anterior facies articulares superiores facies articulares inferiores
The second cervical vertebra (epistrophy, axis) - axis, s. epistropheus.
Epistrophy, axis - axis, s. Epistropheus Epistropheus Tooth - dens axis
Cranial articular processes - processus articulares craniales Intervertebral foramen - foramen intervertebrale Epistrophy crest - crista axis
Caudal articular processes - processus articulares caudales Transcostal processes - processus costotransversarii
The second cervical vertebra or axis is the longest of all the vertebrae and differs from the others by the presence of a tooth instead of the head, on which the atlas with the skull rotate. Its rounded underside serves as an articular surface for connection with the atlas, and the inner rough side serves as a place of attachment of the ligament. On the side of the tooth, there are powerful cranial articular processes, passing from above into a thin bone plate that delimits the intervertebral foramen. In place of the spinous process, there is a highly developed epistrophy crest. The latter bifurcates in the caudal direction and ends in the caudal articular processes. The vertebral fossa and ventral crest are highly developed. The transverse costal processes are small, directed to the side and have an intertransverse opening at the base. The posterior intervertebral notches are deep and extensive.
Epistrophy - cranial surface / Epistrophy - caudal surface
Epistrophy - lateral surface
Epistropheus - the second cervical vertebra at terrestrial vertebrates and human.
Has a dentate process around which it rotates first cervical vertebra along with articulating with it skull.
3 - holes that form the spinal canal;
4 - vertebral body;
5 - articular surfaces of the thoracic vertebrae for articulation with the ribs;
The first two cervical vertebrae (D):
1- first cervical vertebra;
4 - the second cervical vertebra
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Section:
1 - intervertebral cartilage disc;
2 - vertebral body;
3 - lateral processes of the vertebrae;
4 - articular surfaces for articulation with the ribs;
5 - posterior process of the vertebra;
6 - holes through which the nerves of the spinal cord exit;
3 - thoracic spine (cartilage shown in blue)
The human spine, as opposed to the animal spine, forms 4 bends:
Skull, spine and pelvis of chimpanzees (A) and humans (B):
3 - thoracic region;
4 - lumbar region;
There are 2 types of spinal curvature:
1.Lordosis- these are the parts of the spine that are curved ventrally (forward) - the cervical and lumbar.
2.Kyphosis- these are those parts of the spine that are curved dorsally (back) - thoracic and sacral.
Curvatures of the spine help a person maintain balance. During quick, sharp movements, the bends spring and soften the shock of the body.
Their appearance is associated with upright posture. - The bends of the spine soften the shocks when walking, running and jumping, protect the internal organs, the spinal cord and the brain from concussions.
Sternum (middle part of the anterior chest wall)
Thoracic clothed spine.
The rib cage protects the heart and lungs located in it from damage.
10 pairs of ribs are movably (joints) connected to the vertebrae and semi-movable (cartilage) to the sternum.
The two lower pairs of ribs are not connected to the sternum (articulated only with the vertebrae).
This allows all the ribs to rise and move apart during inhalation, which increases the volume of the chest cavity and ensures the flow of air into the lungs, and when exhaling, to descend and push air out of them. => Due to the mobility of the ribs and sternum, the chest cavity can increase and decrease in volume, which is important for inhalation and exhalation.
A well-developed chest improves the functioning of the heart and lungs. Physical labor, physical education, sports (swimming, rowing, running) contribute to its development.
The rib cage is protected from the back by the thoracic spine, laterally and in front of the ribs and the sternum.
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and atlantoaxial ligament. The epistrophy is visible in the center.
The epistrophy differs from other vertebrae by the presence of a tooth (lat. dens apex facies articularis anterior) articulates with the fossa of the tooth on the posterior surface of the atlas, forming the median atlantoaxial joint. The posterior articular surface is connected to the transverse ligament of the atlas. On the sides of the body of the epistrophy are the upper articular surfaces (lat. ), which, connecting with the lower articular surfaces of the atlas, form the lateral atlantoaxial joints. Lower articular surfaces (lat. ) serve to articulate the epistrophy with the third cervical vertebra.
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epistrophy - vertebra Dictionary of Russian synonyms. epistrophy n., number of synonyms: 1 vertebra (15) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin ... Dictionary of synonyms
EPISTROPHEUS - (from the Greek epistrepho I rotate) (in anatomy) the second cervical vertebra in terrestrial vertebrates and humans. It has a dentate process, around which the cervical vertebra rotates together with the skull articulating with it ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
EPISTROPHEUS - (from the Greek epistrepho I turn, rotate; more accepted Latin name is axis axis), the second cervical vertebra in amniotes. Includes a part of the Atlantean body, to paradise it connects to E.'s body by ligaments (most reptiles) or fuses with it (snakes, birds, ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
epistrophy - (from the Greek epistréphō I rotate) (anat.), the second cervical vertebra in terrestrial vertebrates and humans. It has a dentate process, around which the first cervical vertebra rotates together with the skull articulating with it. * * * Epistropheus ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
epistrophy - (epistropheus, BNA, JNA; Greek epistrepho to rotate, rotate) see the list of anat. terms ... Comprehensive medical dictionary
Epistrophy - (from the Greek epistrépho I turn, I rotate) the second cervical vertebra in reptiles, birds, mammals, and in humans (it is also called the axial vertebra). Unlike other vertebrae, on the front (in a person's upper) ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
EPISTROPHEUS - (from the Greek epistrepho I rotate) (anat.), The second cervical vertebra in terrestrial vertebrates and humans. It has a dentate process, around which the first cervical vertebra rotates together with the skull articulating with it ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
Human spine - Human vertebral column Legend "#" Cervical region (Pars cervicalis) "#" Thoracic region ... Wikipedia
List of Human Skeleton Bones - The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones. Latin names are given in brackets, the number in brackets indicates the number of identical bones ... Wikipedia
Vertebra - An image of the lumbar vertebra. English Superior articular process Superior articular process; English Inferior articular process Inferior articular process; English Transverse ... Wikipedia
Epistrophy (or axis, Latin axis) is the second cervical vertebra in terrestrial vertebrates and humans. It has a structure that is different from other cervical vertebrae, due to its participation in the movable articulation with the occipital bone.
Second cervical vertebra or epistrophy, top view.
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and atlantoaxial ligament. The epistrophy is visible in the center.
The epistrophy differs from other vertebrae by the presence of a tooth (Latin dens) - a process extending upward from the vertebral body. The tooth has an apex (Latin apex) and two articular surfaces. The anterior articular surface (lat.facies articularis anterior) articulates with the fossa of the tooth on the posterior surface of the atlas, forming the median atlantoaxial joint. The posterior articular surface is connected to the transverse ligament of the atlas. On the sides of the body of the epistrophy are the upper articular surfaces (lat.facies articulares superiores), which, connecting with the lower articular surfaces of the atlas, form the lateral atlantoaxial joints. The lower articular surfaces (lat.facies articulares inferiores) serve to articulate the epistrophy with the third cervical vertebra.
Second cervical vertebra or epistrophy, top view.
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and atlantoaxial ligament. The epistrophy is visible in the center.
Epistropheus (or axis, lat. axis) is the second cervical vertebra in terrestrial vertebrates and humans. It has a structure that is different from other cervical vertebrae, due to the presence of a dentate process, around which the first cervical vertebra atlas rotates, together with the skull articulating with it. Both vertebrae constitute a unique mechanism for the movement of the head around the vertical axis and its tilt.
The epistrophy differs from other vertebrae by the presence of a tooth (lat. dens) - a process extending upward from the vertebral body. The tooth has an apex (lat. apex) and two articular surfaces. The anterior articular surface (lat. facies articularis anterior) articulates with the fossa of the tooth on the posterior surface of the atlas, forming the median atlantoaxial joint. The posterior articular surface is connected to the transverse ligament of the atlas. On the sides of the body of the epistrophy are the upper articular surfaces (lat. facies articulares superiores), which, connecting with the lower articular surfaces of the atlas, form the lateral atlantoaxial joints. Lower articular surfaces (lat. facies articulares inferiores) serve to articulate the epistrophy with the third cervical vertebra.
Despite the fact that the spinal column is considered one of the most important parts of the human body, few people think about how it works. For example, how many vertebrae a person has, what are the structural features of the ridge and what functions it performs, except for the supporting one.
The human ridge is called the vertebral column, which is explained by its appearance, structure. In a sense, it can be called the basis of the skeleton. But, in addition to the vertebrae themselves, the body has ligaments, intervertebral discs, which provide it with mobility and guarantee a strong connection of all components.
As you know, the spinal column is divided into sections, which are clearly divided by the number of vertebrae, endowed with their own characteristics and perform a number of functions. The body has five sections of the spine - this is the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal. In medicine, any vertebra is endowed with its own name. They receive a "name" according to the principle of the initial letter of the name of the department in Latin, and then they are numbered depending on the location from top to bottom. Thus, the spinal column has its own division boundaries, by which it is possible to determine in which zone the problem has arisen, as well as the cause of the pain in the spine.
This part of the "pillar" is the topmost part, and also connects the ridge to the head. In this area of the spinal column, there is a C-shaped bend that is curved outward. The department is mobile, so people never have difficulties with the movement of the neck, turning the head, tilting it.
Many vessels and nerve fibers pass through it. After all, it is they who guarantee the blood supply to the brain, and also allow the neural connection of the spinal cord and the brain. Therefore, the problem of squeezing the vertebral artery often affects the functioning of the body as a whole, including the functions of the brain: a headache may occur, “flies” in front of the eyes, and even problems with speech may appear.
The two vertebrae that begin the cervical spine are, of course, endowed with names. The first is called Atlas, the name is explained by the burden that is placed on him. This vertebra does not have a body as such, which is endowed with almost any vertebra included in the department, since it is formed by the anterior and posterior arch, and between them there are lateral thickenings. The second vertebra is called "axis", it is equipped with an outgrowth in the front part, which is called odontoid, unites the first and second vertebra, their connection forms an axis, so a person can move his head from side to side.
In addition, there are other vertebrae in the neck, but there are 7 of them. Due to its structure, location in the body, this section is very susceptible to injury. A weak muscle corset leads to the fact that even blows can damage it. Due to the fact that it connects the head to the spine, significant damage can be fatal.
The largest section is the thoracic. This section includes 12 vertebrae, passing from the convex region of the cervical region to the concave part of the lumbar region. The location of the department is associated with the sternum, because it is to this department that the ribs in the human body are attached. This allows the ribs and spine to unite, and together they form a frame called the rib cage. It plays a very important role, it protects the organs located inside the sternum, so the mobility of this area of the body could negatively affect health.
Since the sternum is not inherent in special mobility, the same will be the possibility of movement of the joints of this department. Therefore, they are rather fixed in one position, but this does not mean that this part of the body is completely immobilized.
The numbering of the vertebrae is carried out in the same way as in the cervical spine. If, in the case of the cervical region, the initial letter is C, then here they turned to the letter T. This is the only department that has an alternative in the name, so you can find numbering with the letters D, Th, but the ratio of numbers in this case does not change.
Although a little stress is placed on it, it is the "foundation" for the sternum.
This part of the ridge is small in terms of the number of vertebrae, but it bears a serious load, which is on the entire spinal column. This section, consisting of 5 vertebrae, is numbered from top to bottom, the initial letter is L. Some people may have a sixth vertebra, but this is not associated with health problems or the development of diseases. It has a bulge that is somewhat similar to the cervical spine.
If not so much pressure is exerted on the upper sections, then the lumbar region receives the greatest load. The pressure on the intervertebral discs, as on the vertebral body, increases with stress, such as lifting weights. Because of this, the intervertebral discs wear out, which causes pain, the formation of a hernia in this part of the spine.
In structure, all the vertebrae are similar to each other, but the fifth is endowed with differences. His body has a wedge-shaped shape and this is due to the fact that the sacrum bone, which goes next, is deflected back.
Each section of the spine has its own number of vertebrae, in the sacral section there are 5. If such a number in the lumbar region is obvious, they can be visually separated from each other, then in the case of the sacral section this cannot be done, because they grow together. Because of this, all vertebrae are represented by one bone, and in another way the department is called the sacrum for this reason.
This section allows you to connect the ridge with the pelvic bones, since the sacrum is located between the two pelvic bones in the form of a wedge. The numbering is carried out from 1 to 5, and the initial letter is S. The department has a front and back surface, the first of which is concave, and the second is convex.
The side surfaces are wider at the top and taper downward. A large number of ligaments make it possible to connect the pelvis to the spine. Accordingly, it can be considered a connecting link in the lower zone of the ridge. At the top, it is attached to the lumbar region, below - to the coccyx, and on the sides - to the bones of the pelvis.
This is the last, final section of the ridge. There are 5 vertebrae in it, but there can also be 3-4 of them. Their calculation is performed according to the same principle as the other sections: two letters Co are preceded by the number, as the beginning of the Latin name of this section. Just like the sacrum, it grows together into one single bone called the coccyx.
This part of the ridge is analogous to the tail in animals, it just did not receive such development in humans. Its appearance resembles a pyramid that has been turned over. The tailbone is considered mobile, since it can be passively shifted by 1 cm. It is also an important point of support for the spine.
After a normal inspection of the ridge, it is clear that it is not a straight vertical line. There are thickenings, bends. These are not just incomprehensible changes associated with the imperfection of the human body, they are endowed with a certain purpose. All bends got their names. The one located in the neck region is called cervical lordosis in medicine, in the thoracic region there is a bend in the other direction, and it is called thoracic kyphosis. The loin has the same curvature as the neck, which is why it is called lumbar lordosis.
All these departments allow the spine to function normally, to carry out the amortization function. Because of this, in the process of movement, the possibility of a concussion of the brain is eliminated.
Not all kinks are positive, and this is rather due to their worsening. Due to improper sitting at the table, walking, as well as for other reasons, the bulge or concavity becomes too pronounced, which leads to the development of diseases such as lordosis and kyphosis. These ailments affect the functions of the body and how it works.
Knowing how many vertebrae are in the human spine, few people think about the fact that any of the vertebral zones is closely connected with all organs.
Seven vertebrae are included in the cervical spine, and there are discs between them. Vessels, nerves pass through them, and thanks to them, the metabolism is carried out. Many vital organs depend on the normal functioning of the cervical spine. Problems in the area of the first two vertebrae cause disorders of the pituitary gland, brain, inner ear, vision, hearing, and sympathetic NA. The rest of the vertebrae provide the external ear, face and its nerve, vocal cords. Also, problems in this area can provoke ailments associated with the muscles of the neck, forearm, shoulder, elbow joints.
The number of organs associated with the thoracic region is much larger. This is explained by the fact that the department consists of 12 vertebrae, occupies most of the spine, and also affects the normal functioning of the organs located in the sternum.
Naturally, the endings of the nerves that go to the upper limbs will be affected. Therefore, the department is associated with the hands, starting from the shoulder, and ending with the fingertips. It also affects the functioning of the esophagus, trachea, pleura, lungs, bronchi, gallbladder, breast, nipples. Violations of the vertebrae in the thoracic region affects the solar plexus, liver, diaphragm, pancreas, spleen, duodenum. The department is associated with the kidneys, ureters, fallopian tubes, small intestine, large intestine, inguinal rings.
The last three sections will be directly related to the organs of the lower limb section. Therefore, when abnormalities occur in the lumbar region, people often get problems with the genitals, bladder, and abdominal cavity. Also pinching the nerves in this area will affect the health of the legs. Pains may be felt in the legs, feet, legs, toes, knees, hips.
The sacrum with the coccyx does not have the same effect as other sections. Perhaps because any vertebra in each section is not a separate part through which many nerve endings and blood vessels pass. Therefore, the sacrum is associated with the femur. buttocks, and problems with the coccyx are usually affected by diseases of the rectum.
The functionality of the ridge is mainly related to the shock-absorbing function, which is vital to humans. It also performs a supporting function, becomes a frame for the skeleton. Its task is to ensure the stability of the connections, but at the same time it remains mobile. The number of vertebrae in each section of the human spine also has its own meaning. Their location and size make it possible to protect the spinal cord located inside the spine, but at the same time not to exert excessive pressure on the nerve endings or blood vessels.
Problems associated with the spine are usually associated with negative consequences, so care must be taken not to overload the spine, alternating activity with rest.
A distinctive feature of the cervical spine is its mobility and low load on individual elements. It is the poet that the cervical vertebrae are inferior in size to the rest. This department has other features as well. So, the first cervical vertebra is called Atlas, and the second Epistopheus or Axis. It is this pair, slightly different in structure from their other counterparts, that provides the connection between the skull and the spinal column.
Also, the sixth vertebra of the cervical spine, which has a special outgrowth - the sleepy tubercle, deserves special attention. In its area is the carotid artery, which supplies blood to most of the head, including the brain. That is why injuries and problems in this area are especially dangerous.
Osteochondrosis of the cervical spine occurs more often than pathologies of other parts of the spine. The root cause of this, of course, is the great mobility of the neck. In second place is the wrong lifestyle, sedentary work, the habit of pressing the handset with the shoulder, lack of active movement, stress for a long time or constant nervous tension. In a word, everything that is an integral part of the modern rhythm of life. Much less often, osteochondrosis can occur as a result of injuries or operations on the spine.
Today, people over 25 suffer from osteochondrosis of the neck. Basically, these are office workers who are forced to spend more than six hours a day at the computer and do not bother themselves with physical activity.
Due to the fact that the vertebrae in the neck are located a little denser than in the rest of the spine, changes often affect several of them at once. The hyaline cartilage, located between them and providing the necessary mobility and shock absorption, gradually loses its elasticity and becomes covered with small cracks. Excess salt can be deposited in them and thereby further aggravate the condition of the spine.
The cartilaginous layer becomes thinner, the vertebrae come closer and gradually begin to squeeze the nerve roots and blood vessels located between them. Additionally, in places of deformation, edema may develop, and in severe cases, inflammation. It is the impaired blood circulation and compression of the nerve roots that provoke pain in cervical osteochondrosis.
Headaches with cervical osteochondrosis have their own special character, by which the doctor can distinguish them from pain caused, for example, by fatigue. They are associated with vasospasm, impaired blood circulation in certain parts of the brain and increased intracranial pressure. Such pains:
Unlike headaches caused by other causes, pain in osteochondrosis of the neck is not accompanied by fever, its symptoms are constant, not increasing in time, and vomiting may not bring relief.
Sometimes with cervical osteochondrosis, anisocoria can occur - a condition characterized by a different pupil size, in which one of them stops responding to light. Anisocoria is caused by blockages of nerves such as the cervical plexus.
Anisocoria with facial asymmetry, speech impairment, or loss of sensation in the legs or arms may be a sign of a stroke. In such a situation, you should immediately consult a doctor!
Usually headaches with osteochondrosis are manifested by the above symptoms. But sometimes conditions can arise that have their own special character. They differ in the localization of pain, its severity and duration. Doctors distinguish:
Headaches with cervical osteochondrosis can be so painful and prolonged that they can disrupt the usual rhythm of life, reduce disability and provoke serious depression. It can be very difficult to remove them at times. Since the main cause of such pain is changes in the cervical spine, the treatment will be complex. In addition to eliminating the headache itself, its goal is to restore the normal state of the cervical spine and prevent recurrent attacks.
Typically, drugs, physical therapy and exercise therapy are used for this. Folk remedies are also used. Operative methods of treatment are rarely used, only when the resulting protrusion or disc herniation in the neck can lead to disability in the future.
Methods for treating headache caused by osteochondrosis in the neck should be selected only by a doctor, after an examination and an accurate diagnosis.
Headache with osteochondrosis is treated in several stages. Initially, therapy will focus on relieving the pain itself. After that, the doctor will prescribe funds designed to restore the normal state of the vertebrae, restore the lost elasticity of the cartilage tissue, regulate nerve conduction and, if possible, eliminate the very cause of the pain. The goal of the third phase of treatment will be to prevent recurrence of pain attacks. Usually doctors prescribe:
Additionally, medications may be prescribed to help relieve other symptoms of headache caused by problems of the cervical vertebrae.
In addition to medications prescribed by a doctor, traditional medicine methods can also be used. Of course, it is useless to treat a severe headache with them, but it is quite possible to alleviate the condition, make the attacks less pronounced and help prevent their recurrence. You can use the following recipes yourself:
Various compresses can be made on the basis of herbs. It's not difficult to cook them yourself, for this you will need:
Traditional methods of treating headache with osteochondrosis can be used exclusively as an addition to the main therapy and only after consulting a doctor.
Treatment with essential oils has worked well. In addition to a pleasant aroma that can relieve nervous tension and improve mood, oils have a beneficial effect on the general condition, alleviate the general condition, stimulate the body's defenses and can help cope with pain. The oils of peppermint, lemon balm, lavender and rosemary are especially popular in the treatment of headaches. They can be used for therapeutic baths, used as compresses or for light massage.
It is used in the treatment of headaches with osteochondrosis and physiotherapy, manual therapy and massage. It is imperative to perform special exercises designed to increase the mobility of the cervical spine and strengthen the muscles. You need to do them constantly. However, all of these treatments can only be used after the acute period has passed.
Man - the structure of his body is unusual and unique. He is able to walk on two legs, that is, upright. This position of his body is provided by the spine. So we will consider its structure and the purpose of each department. The human spine is a unique creation of nature. It plays an important role in the structure of the human body. It is the pivot that holds all bones together and allows support and motor function.
The spine protects the body from damage and injury, stress, and serves as a support for the human body. It plays an important role in the human body.
Without it, we would not be able to walk, bend over, move. The main role of the human spine is to protect the bone marrow, it is located inside the vertebrae.
Thanks to the S-shaped shape, the spine performs a supporting and motor function. It has a spine of 32–34 cylindrical vertebrae and 24 intervertebral discs, which allow the spine to be mobile and flexible. The vertebrae are connected to each other by two upper and lower articular processes, ligaments, intervertebral discs.
Let's consider in more detail the structure of the spine. It is customary to divide and classify it into several sections: coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical. Each of them has a certain number of vertebrae.
Cervical department - vertebrae cervicales, translated from Latin means cervical. It includes 7 vertebrae, and there is also a zero, they are considered the cranial occipital bone, the name of the zero vertebra C0. In appearance, it resembles a letter with a convex forward. The cervical region is the most mobile. It differs from other departments and is responsible for the mobility of the head. The first and second vertebrae have their own names atlas and epistrophy.
The thoracic region - vertebrae thoracicae, translated from Latin means the thoracic. It has 12 vertebrae. In appearance, it resembles the letter c, convex back. This department is sedentary, there is almost no load on it, but it is responsible for the chest.
Lumbar - vertebrae lumbales thoracicae, translated from Latin means lumbar. It has the 5 largest and largest vertebrae. In appearance, it resembles the letter c, convex forward. The lumbar region connects the thoracic and sacral regions. This section is under great stress, because it keeps the thoracic region on itself.
Sacral region - vertebrae sacrales, translated from Latin means sacral. It has 5 vertebrae, they fused into one large bone-sacrum. The sacrum is the motionless part of the spine that is triangular in shape.
Coccygeal department - vertebrae coccygeal, translated from Latin means coccygeal. It has 3-5 vertebrae, fused into one. The coccygeal region differs from the rest in that it does not have lateral processes.
If you look at the spine from the side, you can see that it is not straight, but curved. It is impossible to imagine that he was straight, then we could not move, bend over, we were constantly injured.
The curvature of the spine allows you to soften the shock of walking, while protecting the brain from shock and shock. There are two bends. If the spine is curved forward it is called lordosis, and if the spine is curved back it is called kyphosis.
The main part of the spine is the vertebra. It resembles a kidney-shaped body or an arc with a round body. This is the most massive part. The arc closes the vertebra, it is needed to create the spinal canal.
The articular processes depart from it, they connect the adjacent vertebrae above and below. They consist of a spongy inner substance and a compact outer substance.
The external compact substance is very hard and it allows the spine to be resistant and durable to external influences. There is a red bone marrow inside the vertebra, thanks to which red blood cells are formed in the blood.
Depending on which department the vertebra belongs to, it has differences. The lumbar is larger and more massive than the cervical. The lumbar ones bear the load of almost the entire body, and the cervical ones only load the head.
There are intervertebral discs between the vertebrae of the lumbar, thoracic and cervical regions. They consist of a nucleus pulposus and fibrous rings. The elasticity of the disc allows you to change its shape. It acts as a shock absorber, allowing the spine to flex and distribute stress and pressure between the vertebrae.
Foraminal foramen form between two adjacent vertebrae. They are necessary and important because they pass through themselves the roots of the spinal cord, arteries and veins. Narrowing of these holes leads to compression of the nerve roots and this leads to impaired blood circulation.
There are many muscles involved in supporting the spine. The muscles of the thighs, back, shoulders, neck, chest must be trained so that the spine is in the correct position. If you lead a sedentary lifestyle, then there will be discomfort and possibly even pain in the muscles of the back and can lead to pathological conditions such as scoliosis, stoop, kyphosis and even a herniated disc.
The vertebral motor segment (VMS of the spine) is the part of the spine that consists of two adjacent vertebrae. The spine has a total of 24 vertebral-motor segments.
Each PDS has: two adjacent vertebrae, ligamentous apparatus, joints, intervertebral disc, paravertebral muscles. They also have two openings, of which there are veins, arteries and spinal nerves.
The numbering of the PDS starts from the very top of the cervical spine and ends at the border between the lumbar and sacral spine. The PDS begins to be designated from the name of the adjacent vertebrae. First, the upper vertebra is written, then a dash is put and the number of the lower, desired department is written. For instance:
For example, the cervical vertebrae are designed to support the head and provide mobility. Damage to the cervical vertebrae is fatal. The pectorals protect important vital internal organs: lungs, heart, stomach.
The sacral region provides stability and strength to the bones of the large pelvis. And the most interesting is the coccygeal spine. Since it is mobile, it is not connected to anything and resembles the tip of a tail, which indicates that our ancestors walked on four legs and had a tail.
But the natural conditions of life demanded an evolutionary change in the position of the human body, that is, to free the front legs for obtaining food.
Instructions
The first vertebra is C1, (atlas). Named after the titan Atlanta, who holds the sky over him. So he seems to be holding on to himself. In fact, the atlas is only a link with the rest of the spine. It does not have a body, but in fact is a ring consisting of two arcs: anterior and posterior, connected by lateral masses and two lateral formations. It is attached to the occipital foramen with the help of condyles, and from below its articular surface is almost flat. On the posterior arch, it has a small depression, with which the tooth of the second vertebra is docked. It has a very large spinal foramen so that in the event of sudden movements and slight displacement that may follow, there is no damage to the spinal cord.
The second vertebra, C2, is called an axis. It is unique in that during the formation of the skeleton in the embryonic period, the body of the first vertebra grows to it, forming the so-called tooth. The anterior and posterior articular surfaces are located at the apex of the tooth, the anterior one connects with the fossa on the atlas, and the posterior one with its transverse ligament. Around it, the atlas moves with the occipital bone, as if around its axis, therefore it is also called the axial vertebra. The spinous process is very strong and large, much more massive than that of the rest of the cervical vertebrae.
The third, fourth, fifth and sixth vertebrae - C3, C4, C5, C6 do not have their own names (vertebra cervicalis). In fact, they are no different from each other, so they are simply called by their ordinal number, for example, the fourth vertebra or the sixth vertebra. Since there are no great pressures on the cervical vertebrae, they are small and have low bodies, which explains the high probability of injury to this part of the spine. Each of them has an almost triangular vertebral foramen, and the transverse processes have an opening through which the vertebral artery passes. The ends of the transverse processes have two tubercles: anterior and posterior. The anterior tubercle of the sixth vertebra is slightly better developed, therefore, with severe bleeding, the common carotid artery can be pressed against it. The spinous processes of these four vertebrae are relatively short.
The seventh vertebra - C7 does not have its own name, but for slight differences in structure it is called a protruding vertebra (vertebra prominens). Since it has a very long spinous process, which can be easily felt through the skin, and it is used to count the vertebrae in patient examinations. Otherwise, its structure is almost completely identical to the four previous vertebrae.
