a) Clinical picture of hypermagnesemia:
- Excess magnesium. Hypermagnesemia may be due to excessive oral intake, impaired excretion, or parenteral administration of magnesium.
- Excess oral intake of magnesium. Oral overdose of magnesium in healthy kidneys and intestines is not common. It has been observed in neonates treated with Mylanta (56 mg of elemental Mg in 4 ml) or Philips' Milk of Magnesia (8 teaspoons per day, i.e. 381.6 mg/kg per day) . Symptoms of hypermagnesemia sometimes develop in patients who frequently take magnesium-containing laxatives for drug overdose.
An excess of orally administered magnesium can induce diarrhea with elevated levels of this element in the feces. In cases of megacolon and intestinal obstruction, rectal administration of magnesium preparations resulted in lethal hypermagnesemia.
- Elimination disorder. Hypermagnesemia has been observed in patients with chronic renal failure receiving magnesium-containing antacids, enemas, or infusions. An excess of magnesium in the dialysate can also lead to symptomatic hypermagnesemia. In acute renal failure, serum magnesium levels were 2.6-3.8 meq/L (1.3-1.9 mmol/L). Azotemia, acidosis, acute skeletal muscle necrosis, and continued oral magnesium intake contribute to hypermagnesemia.
- parenteral administration. Magnesium excess symptoms may occur with parenteral magnesium therapy. The introduction of 250 ml of a liquid containing 20 g of magnesium sulfate to one adult patient for 15 minutes led to respiratory arrest, hypotension, bradycardia, expansion of the QRS complex and the QT interval. Errors by medical personnel in intravenous infusion (for example, a bottle with 50 ml of 50% magnesium sulfate instead of 2 ml of this solution) can quickly induce symptoms typical of hypermagnesemia.
b) Clinical manifestations of hypermagnesemia:
- Biochemical indicators. Symptomatic hypermagnesemia usually occurs when the plasma concentration of magnesium exceeds 4 meq/l (2 mmol/l). Its parenteral administration reduces plasma calcium levels in normal and hypoparathyroid patients. The anion deficiency may not change, but the osmolal one may increase.
- neuromuscular structures. An excess of magnesium slows down the conduction of impulses through neuromuscular synapses. At its blood level of 4 meq/l (2 mmol/l), there is a weakening or disappearance of deep tendon reflexes. At 4-7 meq / l (2-3.5 mmol / l) drowsiness is noted, and at 10 meq / l (5 mmol / l) and above - flaccid paralysis of arbitrary muscles. This can lead to impaired respiratory function and apnea, which is counteracted by calcium. In the absence of deep tendon reflexes, careful monitoring of respiration is necessary.
- The cardiovascular system. At plasma levels of magnesium 4-5 meq / l (2-2.5 mmol / l), bradycardia and hypotension are possible due to its direct vasodilating and ganglion-blocking effect at the level of peripheral arteries and arterioles. At plasma concentrations of 5-10 meq / l (2.5-5 mmol / l), there is an expansion of the intervals R-R, QRSw Q-T on the ECG. Complete heart block and cardiac arrest due to asystole are possible at levels of 15 meq/L (7.5 mmol/L) and above.
With an overdose of magnesium, already in the early stages, circulatory and respiratory arrest with coma, non-reactive pupils, flaccid limbs, loss of deep tendon reflexes and lack of response to painful stimuli are sometimes observed.
In normal individuals, 4 g of magnesium sulfate dissolved in 20 ml of 5% glucose solution, when administered intravenously, appears to increase cardiac output and heart rate, lowering systolic blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance. This is accompanied by expansion of the coronary arterioles. Parenteral administration of magnesium sulfate probably slows down conduction in the sinus and atrioventricular nodes; it also increases the refractory period of the atrioventricular node in normal individuals and may be useful in the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, quickly giving the desired response.
To stop pirouette tachycardia, magnesium sulfate (2 g per 1–2 min) was injected once or repeatedly intravenously, followed by continuous infusion at a rate of 3–20 mg Mg/min. In preeclampsia, this drug was used as an anticonvulsant: intravenously 4.0 g (saturating dose), and then 1.0-2.0 g / h.
v) Treatment of hypermagnesemia:
1. Termination of the introduction of magnesium.
2. If magnesium is in the intestines, remove it with an enema.
3. Activated carbon does not adsorb magnesium salts.
4. Monitoring of serum electrolytes, calcium, phosphorus, renal function, fluid intake, diuresis and electrocardiogram.
5. Readiness for vein catheterization, oxygen therapy and cardiac monitoring.
6. If the patient is symptomatic (hypotension, central nervous system depression), ECG changes are present, and the serum magnesium level is above 2.9 mg/100 ml (2.3 meq/l, or 1.1 mmol/l), treatment should be initiated .
7. IV 10% calcium gluconate: 10-20 ml adults, 100 mg/kg children up to a maximum of 1 g (slowly, over 5-10 minutes, with electrocardiographic monitoring). It can stop hypotension and paralysis. In severe hypermagnesaemia, calcium is indicated even if total serum levels are normal.
8. If renal function is normal, furosemide (40 mg adults, 1 mg/kg children) can be given intravenously as an alternative, replacing the urine volume with 0.89-0.90% saline. Diuresis forced with mannitol (rapid intravenous infusion of 25 g) was also helpful.
9. Dialysis may be effective, and one neonate with severe magnesium toxicity received an exchange transfusion.
10. Aminoglycosides are contraindicated because they can potentiate magnesium-induced neuromuscular blockade.
11. Pacing can be helpful.
In the body, an excess of magnesium can have a wide variety of symptoms and manifestations. Its norm is also individual. During pregnancy, the symptoms of an increase in magnesium in the body are somewhat different.
Trace elements in the human body play a very important role, participating in many biochemical processes. Their insufficient quantity, as well as an overabundance, lead to violations. The level of magnesium in the body is no exception, because it is he who is involved in the production of enzymes, the formation of proteins, and energy production.
In the case of excessive intake of salts of heavy metals, as well as the consumption of coffee, alcohol, antibiotics, the level of magnesium will fall. But along with this, its excess is often observed in the body. This condition has its own symptoms, based on them you can suspect something is wrong and take action. It is only necessary to immediately make a reservation that only a doctor will reliably establish a diagnosis after a blood test for magnesium levels.
To find out that there is an excess of magnesium, you need to have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe normal indicator, from which you can build on. In order for an adult to feel normal, you need from 350 to 500 mg of magnesium per day. Half of this amount can come with cereals and cereals. During pregnancy, the above amount in the body is not enough and it should be increased to 1000 mg per day.
Magnesium is better absorbed with calcium. With constant stress, pregnancy, physical or mental work, the dose increases. This also applies to those who regularly consume alcohol or drugs.
It was not possible to establish a lethal dose for the human body, however, magnesium is toxic to humans in an increased amount. With prolonged intake, poisoning simply cannot be avoided, especially if there is an intake of calcium and phosphorus.
An increased amount can be observed when taking antacids, with increased acidity. These products also contain magnesium. The cause may be renal failure with a chronic course.
An excessive amount of magnesium in the body also has a bad effect on his well-being. And this condition in a person has its own symptoms, some reasons are to blame. Such can be an excessive intake of magnesium in the body or its disturbed metabolism.
In the case of an excess of magnesium, the consequences are less sad than with a deficiency. Internal organs are affected, in particular, the kidneys, which are not able to excrete an increased amount of magnesium on their own. It is with these organs that interruptions in work begin, the cause of which can be serious diseases.
A person has:
Along with the above, dyslexia joins, a condition in which a person cannot master reading skills. The activity of the thyroid and parathyroid glands increases. Against the background of an increased amount of magnesium, arthritis and psoriasis develop. Stones begin to form in the kidneys.
With an increased amount of magnesium, muscles begin to suffer. Oversaturation in the body is manifested by muscle atrophy, fatigue or constant weakness at an early stage. The nervous system starts to work more slowly, the thought process slows down. A person has expressed apathy and indifference towards many things. The blood pressure becomes low.
If the level of magnesium in the body is not reduced, then the consequences become worse and the symptoms only progress. As you know, everything should be in moderation, and when the first signs appear, it is better to see a specialist and undergo a full examination of the body.
If the excess becomes chronic, then the weakness and lethargy of the muscles, which was originally, for a person can result in complete paralysis. This can be not only from the motor sphere, but, most importantly, the respiratory tract.
Drowsiness, which was observed at the initial stage, can depress consciousness. Violations in the body can lead to coma.
On the part of the heart, which suffers in the first place with a deficiency, disturbances are also observed with an overabundance. It can simply stop its activity, because the conduction of impulses is disturbed. An additional ECG will help verify this.
For a person, there is only one correct way out - to normalize the level of magnesium in the body. But before using various methods, it is necessary to consult a doctor so that without getting carried away, the excess is converted into a deficiency.
It is necessary to use diuretics prescribed by a doctor and consume as much fluid as possible. Under certain terms, stipulated at the doctor's appointment, the magnesium level will return to normal. It is also impossible to take diuretics on your own, because an incorrectly selected drug will remove no less useful potassium from the body.
When there is no point in taking diuretics and kidney failure has developed, they resort to the hemodialysis procedure. This is a special apparatus that, like the kidneys, filters the blood through itself and returns it back to the body. It is popularly called "artificial kidney". The procedure is not the most pleasant and lengthy, it takes about 6 hours and this must be done about three times a week. But it is she who, with impaired kidney function, allows you to remove excess magnesium and save, and sometimes even extend a person’s life.
During gestation, an excess of magnesium can also be observed. Causes of this condition during pregnancy:
During pregnancy, there are also symptoms of double vision (diplopia). There may be a flush of heat to the face, excessive sweating, pain in the head, and the pregnant woman may feel sick. Speech is slurred, it becomes inhibited, blood pressure decreases.
An overdose does not go away so easily for the body of a pregnant woman. Brain activity is suppressed, mood and joy of life decrease, you constantly want to sleep. The pressure rises, the work of the heart and blood vessels is disturbed. The result can be paralysis of the respiratory muscles and loss of consciousness.
It is impossible to diagnose an overabundance only by symptoms. To do this, even at an early stage, and it is better to establish the level of magnesium in the body during pregnancy planning. For this purpose, many laboratory diagnostic studies are carried out. One of these is a serum absorption study with the addition of xylidyl blue.
An overabundance of magnesium and symptoms occur if it enters the body in excessive amounts. The source of this element is food. So, a lot of magnesium is found in buckwheat and millet groats, which everyone can afford.
This element is also present in meat, a lot of it is in the liver, ham. Less in rabbit meat, veal, pork, the source is even sausage, if it is produced according to all standards.
If there are symptoms of an excess of magnesium, you should not be treated on your own, it is better to consult a doctor and determine the cause. Perhaps it lies in the wrong intake of drugs or malnutrition. Delay in this matter can lead to sad consequences. It is better when everything is within the physiological norm.
httpss://youtu.be/nKcM2Uheg9o?t=4s
What are the symptoms of excess magnesium in the body in women? If the concentration of magnesium in the blood plasma increases significantly in the human body, then reflexes are inhibited, severe weakness appears, a disorder of consciousness and depression occurs, and the work of the cardiovascular system is disrupted. Most often, an excess of magnesium occurs due to the development of kidney disease, diabetes, thyroid disease, cancer, dehydration, hormonal failure.
Hypermagnesemia is an excess content that exceeds 1.2 mmol / l. What are the symptoms of excess magnesium in the body in women? If the concentration of the substance increases to 1.4 mmol / l, then the patient has unpleasant symptoms, which manifest themselves as:
If the magnesium excess reaches 2.6 mmol/l, the patient will experience a change in the electrocardiogram. There is an increase in external signs of an overabundance of the element, which are caused by a violation of the water-salt balance.
What are the symptoms of excess magnesium in the body in women? If the magnesium index exceeds 5 mmol / l, the work of the cardiovascular system and tendon reflexes is disrupted, the following may occur:
If one of the symptoms of excess magnesium in the body appears in women, men and children, it is important to immediately consult a doctor. A thorough diagnosis is recommended. At home, it is impossible to determine the lack and excess of magnesium in the body.
A constant indicator of magnesium in the body is provided by the intake of a substance with food, the efficiency of absorption in the intestines, the functioning of the kidneys, which are responsible for removing excess magnesium in the urine. If there is an excess of potassium and magnesium in the body, then the general well-being of a person worsens.
Macronutrients can accumulate in the heart, lungs, and bone tissue. Under such conditions, their full functioning is disrupted. Hypermagnesemia often occurs due to:
Thanks to the full functioning of the urinary system, the body copes with the increased level of the substance. If there is an excess of magnesium in the human body for a long time, calcium is washed out of the bones, the concentration of ions increases, as a result of which insoluble salt is deposited on the vessels, which disrupts the functioning of the kidneys. Due to the development of pyelonephritis, neurosis, glomerulonephritis, renal failure, the concentration of magnesium in the blood increases.
Diet and medications can cause an excess intake of magnesium in the human body. It is not recommended to frequently consume mineral water containing magnesium in its composition. Medicines containing magnesium can increase blood levels. Laxatives and magnesia, which are used in the process of bearing a baby in order to reduce the tone of the uterus and prevent miscarriage, often provoke the development of hypermagnesemia.
What are the symptoms of excess potassium and magnesium in the body? If the concentration of macroelements in the blood increases, then the general well-being of the patient will significantly worsen. Under such conditions, a person's appetite and psycho-emotional state decrease, a feeling of weakness arises. Due to excess magnesium, the functioning of the nervous system is inhibited, the activity of nerve cells and muscle tone decrease. Arterial pressure decreases.
If one of the symptoms appears, you should immediately seek help from a specialist, since self-medication can provoke the development of serious health problems.
Due to the excess of magnesium in the blood plasma, the work of the central nervous system and peripheral nerve cells changes. Under the influence of an imbalance of electrolytes and an increase in the rate of calcium and potassium ions in the intercellular substance, the patient's well-being worsens. Among the main symptoms of hypermagnesemia are:
If the concentration of magnesium in the blood is 2.9 mmol / l, a magnesian state occurs, in which a person is deeply relaxed and outwardly looks like he is sleeping. In this condition, coma, paralysis, lethargy may occur.
Due to the high concentration of magnesium, the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which disrupts the neuromuscular transmission of nerve impulses, is disrupted. Because of this, the tone of the muscles of the smooth muscles decreases, as a result of which there may be no muscle contractions and paralysis will occur. An excess of magnesium in the body leads to:
There may also be disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system.
Due to excess magnesium, the blood circulation process is inhibited. Under the influence of hypermagnesemia, the work of blood vessels is disrupted. Besides:
Quite often, the magnesium level in the blood rises due to a violation in the functioning of the kidneys and after the use of certain medications.
If there are signs of an excess of magnesium in the body, it is important to carry out complex treatment. In frequent cases, therapy is carried out with the help of calcium gluconate and drugs that restore the functioning of the urinary system. It is equally important to eliminate the symptoms of dehydration.
In the event that there is an excess of magnesium in the body, it is necessary to provide the victim with first aid. First of all you need:
If there are other health problems, then it is not recommended to self-medicate - all procedures will be carried out in a hospital. Only the attending physician should prescribe medications, since self-medication can provoke the development of serious complications, even death. If the nephropathy progresses, then it is necessary to carry out the procedure of peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis. If the patient's kidneys are functioning normally, Furosemide or sodium chloride must be administered - such actions should be performed by a qualified medical professional. In order to prevent the development of health problems, it is important to seek help from medical personnel in a timely manner.
If a person is taking a drug that contains a large amount of magnesium, the drug should be stopped as serious consequences may occur. The stomach should be washed with plenty of water and an intravenous calcium or gluconate preparation should be administered. Such substances neutralize the action of magnesium. It is necessary to call an ambulance in order for the doctor to carry out a thorough diagnosis of the patient and determine the cause of the increase in the element in the blood. Before taking medicines that contain a trace element, you should undergo a medical examination and determine if there are any contraindications to the use of the medication.
It is forbidden to carry out treatment at home - self-treatment will only harm. To identify the cause that provoked an increase in the concentration of magnesium in the blood, it is important to carry out a diagnosis. Many drugs cause side effects, so you should not risk your health and randomly select drugs for treatment. Regular medical examination is the best preventive measure for all diseases.
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential trace element for the human body. It ranks 4th in importance. It is required for the normal functioning of the nervous system, digestive organs and muscle structure.
The lack of an element negatively affects the activity of the heart and kidney cells. It is recommended to take together with calcium, then the absorption by the body is more efficient. An overdose occurs with excessive consumption of products with a mineral and a biological supplement at the same time. A lack of metal is tolerated by a person better than an excess. Therefore, it is necessary to control the intake of magnesium.
Magnesium in the body is involved in vital processes. With a sufficient intake of the element, the heart and kidneys work without failures and disturbances - the rhythm is maintained at the proper level, providing the body with the necessary substances from the bloodstream. Sources of ions are food products containing a substance in the composition and synthetic vitamins. Useful properties have a beneficial effect on the general condition and well-being of a person.
Benefits of magnesium in the human body:
The lack of an element in the body provokes a calcium deficiency, which leads to brittleness and fragility of the bone structure and teeth, provoking gradual destruction.
Signs of magnesium deficiency:
If the doctor diagnoses the symptoms of a substance deficiency, a course of special vitamins is prescribed with nutritional adjustments. The dosage and duration of taking the drug are calculated individually, according to the data of the person's medical tests. Self-consumption increases the risk of overdose, which negatively affects well-being.
In adults, the daily dose should not exceed 480 mg. Every day a person should receive at least 240 mg of the substance. In children, the dose varies from 140 to 400 mg. Only half of the required dose of the vitamin comes from food. The rest is recommended to be filled with synthetic means.
During pregnancy, women are supposed to double the dosage of the substance. The body performs normal functions already with an increased load.
In pharmacology, there are a lot of synthetic drugs with magnesium. The most effective and popular are Magne B6 and Magne B6 Forte, Cardiomagnyl, Magnerot, Magnelis and Magnesium Sulfate. The element in the products is contained in different compounds: Magne B6 contains lactate, Magvit contains citrate, and Cardiomagnyl contains hydroxide.
The main reason for an overdose is the systematic excess of the daily allowance. There are a number of other factors that can provoke poisoning:
An overdose is sometimes caused by several reasons, which are not always associated with the intentional actions of a person.
With magnesium poisoning, signs of an acute and chronic phase are distinguished. Chronic intoxication occurs due to prolonged intake of high concentrations of the substance. The mineral accumulates in the tissues, hence a certain symptom:
A single high dose of the drug can lead to acute poisoning of the body. Often this form provokes a failure in the work of the organs of the excretory system.
Symptoms of magnesium overdose:
An excess of the compound has a negative effect on all body systems. Symptoms appear depending on the lesion of a particular organ or system.
The nervous system reacts sharply to an excess of the drug:
When poisoned by a substance, impulses from the nerve centers arrive at the muscle tissues with disorders. This provokes a decrease in the overall tone, the function of contractions is absent or manifests itself late, which leads to paralysis. Often the situation manifests itself in a disorder of intestinal motility - there is intense diarrhea, lack of tone and reflexes.
An excess of magnesium causes a relaxed state of the heart muscle, provoking a decrease in heart rate.
Signs of heart damage:
The heart system usually suffers in the elderly when a high dose of the substance is received.
Acute poisoning requires the help of doctors, it is recommended to immediately call the ambulance team. Prior to the arrival of the brigade, it is necessary to take measures to reduce the toxic effects:
First aid provided before the arrival of doctors often saves lives and prevents the development of complications.
Ambulance doctors will provide the necessary assistance and deliver the patient to the hospital. The patient is admitted to the toxicology department.
Doctors will continue gastric lavage with a special medical probe. The intake of rehydration solutions will replenish the water and electrolyte balance. If the antidote was not administered at home, it will be done in the hospital.
To stimulate the activity of the kidney cells, a course of drugs with a diuretic effect is prescribed. Diuretics should not be taken on their own. The dosage is carefully calculated by the attending physician. The reception takes place under strict medical supervision. It is also required to observe the mode of fluid intake into the body.
Children, pregnant women and people of retirement age need hospitalization.
The consequence of an overdose is a depressing effect on the nervous system and the work of the heart with the kidneys. Dangerous pathologies that require long-term treatment develop. Sometimes the consequences are not amenable to any measures.
Magnesium is one of the important elements that is necessary for the normal functioning of the human body. Without it, the work of the nervous system, muscle contraction and the functioning of the heart is impossible. Therefore, with malnutrition, poor absorption or increased need, experts recommend taking appropriate drugs. But everything is good in moderation, because overdose of magnesium will lead to severe disturbances in those organs that need it most of all.
The amount of magnesium in its normal intake is 25 g. Most of it is found in bone tissue (60%), the remaining 40% is distributed in muscles, brain, heart and liquid media.
This element takes part in the following processes:Magnesium helps:
