The modern Russian economy has as its main characteristic the active formation and development of market relations and institutions. Entrepreneurship must play a key role in this process. As world experience shows, the more opportunities the entrepreneurial class has for expanding their activities, the higher are the rates of development of the national economy. In these conditions, a very significant factor is the provision of favorable conditions for the development of entrepreneurial activity in the country.

The realities of Russian economic life are such that entrepreneurs in their practical activities are faced not only with economic, organizational, legal difficulties in the process of starting their own business and its development, but also with the negative impact of some entities, often of an illegal nature. This, in turn, necessitates maintaining a sufficient level of economic security of entrepreneurship. What is entrepreneurship, in what forms it is implemented, what are the threats to its security and what are the methods of protection against them - all these issues have been and remain relevant in Russia.

Entrepreneurial activity can be characterized from two points of view - economic and legal.

From an economic point of view, entrepreneurial activity performs a specific function in the economic development of any country. This function was most vividly described by the Austrian scientist Joseph Schumpeter. He called entrepreneurs "economic entities whose function is precisely the implementation of new combinations" (1). The function of entrepreneurs is that they implement innovations that play a leading role in the development of the economy. Innovations include the introduction of new products, technologies, the development of new sales markets and sources of raw materials, the use of organizational innovations, etc. The synonym for the Russian term “innovation” is the more and more frequently used concept of “innovation”.

Consequently, from an economic point of view, entrepreneurship is an innovative (innovative) activity, and the entrepreneur himself is the bearer of an innovative function.

The legal point of view assumes other criteria for entrepreneurial activity. Under Russian law, entrepreneurship is an activity:

1. independent;

2. carried out at its own risk (that is, the entrepreneur himself bears full responsibility for the results of his activities);

4. may consist in the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work, the provision of services;

5. presupposing state registration of persons as entrepreneurs.

Private entrepreneurial activity can be carried out both on an individual and collective basis.

The Russian peculiarity in the legislative regulation of individual entrepreneurial activity is that entrepreneurship can be carried out both without the formation of a legal entity, and with the formation of one.

In the first case, a citizen (natural person) is registered as an individual entrepreneur.

In the second case, carrying out entrepreneurial activity after obtaining the status of a legal entity (registering a private enterprise), the entrepreneur performs all actions on behalf of this legal entity (and not on his own behalf).

Collective entrepreneurial activity is represented in Russian legislation by a wide variety of forms. It is dealt with by commercial organizations that pursue profit-making as the main goal of their activities. These include: business partnerships and companies, production cooperatives.

The forms of collective entrepreneurial activity (non-state) under Russian law can be as follows.

1. A general partnership is a partnership, the participants of which (general partners), in accordance with the agreement concluded between them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activity on behalf of the partnership and are responsible for its obligations with property belonging to them.

2. A limited partnership is a partnership in which, along with the participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are responsible for the partnership's obligations with their property (general partners), there is one or more contributing participants (limited partners) who bear the risk of losses associated with activities of the partnership, within the amount of their contributions and do not take part in the partnership's entrepreneurial activities.

3. A limited liability company is a company founded by one or several persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents; members of a limited liability company are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the value of their contributions.

4. An additional liability company is a company founded by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents; its participants jointly and severally bear subsidiary liability for its obligations with their property in a mandatory multiple of the value of their contributions.

5. Joint-stock company is a company, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares; members of a joint-stock company (shareholders) are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the value of their shares. A joint-stock company can be closed - its shares are distributed only among the founders or another predetermined circle of persons, or open - its members can alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders.

6. A production cooperative is a commercial organization with the status of a legal entity, which is a voluntary association of citizens for the purpose of carrying out joint production or any economic activity. The ownership of such a cooperative consists of shares.

The practice of Russian business shows that the most common forms of entrepreneurial activity at present are such as: individual entrepreneurial activity without the formation of a legal entity, a private enterprise, a limited liability company, a joint-stock company.

Entrepreneurial activity in a modern market economy is characterized by a significant variety of not only organizational and legal forms, but also of various types. Types of entrepreneurial activity can be distinguished according to certain criteria.

1. By the nature of the activity, entrepreneurship can be:

· Production (associated with the creation of goods);

· Scientific and technical (development of new types of equipment and technologies);

· Commercial and intermediary (purchase, sale, resale);

· Service (provision of consumer services);

· Banking (provision of banking services);

· Insurance (provision of services for insurance of life, property, transactions, etc.);

· Managerial (provision of management services);

· Advisory (providing advice on organizational, economic, legal and other issues);

· Marketing (provision of services for market research);

· Other.

2. By size (depending on the number of employees or the annual turnover of the company), entrepreneurship is divided into:

· the average;

· Large.

3. By the form of ownership, entrepreneurship can be:

· Private;

· State;

· Mixed.

The above classification is certainly not exhaustive - in economic practice, a wide variety of types of entrepreneurial activity can take place.

Entrepreneurial activity is a complex phenomenon, it is not limited to just making a profit. Entrepreneurial activity must be assessed in development, in dynamics. In this case, it appears as a process, that is, a sequential change of various states, stages. So, among entrepreneurial firms, the following stages of entrepreneurial activity are distinguished.

The first stage is preparatory. It includes the search for partners, the preparation of constituent documents, the search for the necessary resources, the development of a business plan, the state registration of the company. This is the most difficult period in the formation of a company as an integral organizational entity.

The second stage is the functioning (direct activity) of the firm. This stage is the basis for the reproduction of the firm itself, that is, the resumption of its activities in the future. Depending on the type of entrepreneurial activity, the content of activity at this stage in different firms is different.

For example, for a manufacturing enterprise, it includes:

1. Pre-production stage. This is the period of preparation for production: the purchase and delivery of raw materials, materials, fuel, that is, the implementation of operations to supply production.

2. The actual production stage. This is where all production resources are used and the finished product is created.

3. Post-production stage. It is associated with the sale of manufactured products, sales.

The third stage is the termination of entrepreneurial activity. The liquidation of a company can be carried out on the initiative of the founders, or by a court decision.

The allocation of stages is necessary in connection with the definition of actions that must be taken by an entrepreneur (head of a company or department, for example, a security service) in order to ensure the safety of activities.

The normal functioning and development of the business sector in the economy of any country requires certain conditions to ensure these processes. One of the most important conditions is the safety of entrepreneurship.

The concept of security is generally introduced in the RF Law of March 5, 1992 “On security” - this is “the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats” (Art. 5).

The concept of business security is generally different from security. The safety of entrepreneurial activity should be understood as the state of protection of a business entity at all stages of its functioning from external and internal threats that have negative, primarily economic, as well as organizational, legal and other consequences.

An enterprise security system can include a number of subsystems (2):

1.economic security;

2. technogenic safety;

3. environmental safety;

4. information security;

5. psychological safety;

6. physical security;

7. scientific and technical safety;

8. fire safety.

Business security can be assessed using various criteria, that is, signs on the basis of which the assessment is made.

First, it can be assessed from the organizational point of view. In this case, the preservation of both the company itself and its organizational integrity, the normal functioning of the main divisions (departments, services, etc.) is assumed. The main divisions of the firm (for example, the purchasing department, the production department, the financial department or accounting department, the marketing department) perform all their functions to achieve the main goal of the company.

Secondly, this is an assessment from the legal side. This refers to the constant provision of compliance of the firm's activities with the current legislation, which is expressed in the absence of claims from law enforcement agencies (or counterparties) to the firm. In addition, there are no losses from transactions with external partners due to violations of the law by the latter (intentionally or unintentionally). This is ensured by the legal expertise of all ongoing operations and transactions, contracts concluded.

Thirdly, from the informational side. Security can be assessed as maintaining the state of protection of internal confidential information from leakage or disclosure in various forms.

Fourthly, from the economic point of view. This is manifested in stable or tending to growth of the main financial and economic indicators of the firm's activities (such as equity, annual turnover, profit, profitability). They reflect the general results of ensuring security from the organizational, legal, informational and proper economic aspects. This may include such indicators as the absence of fines, sanctions from government bodies for violation of legislation (for example, tax, antitrust), the absence of losses from transactions with unscrupulous counterparties.

Thus, in the most general form, the safety of a company is evidenced by its preservation as an integral structural entity and a legal entity and stable (or growing) values ​​of the main financial and economic indicators. With regard to a specific side of a firm's activities, specific indicators of its safety can be used.

However, in the process of business, business entities may experience the impact of various individuals and legal entities, which have negative consequences, primarily for the economic condition of the company. In this case, the concept of a threat to the security of entrepreneurship arises. Moreover, the most important for a business entity are threats to economic security, since all losses (organizational, informational, material, company image) are ultimately expressed precisely in economic losses, that is, financial losses (and all other threats are based on usually economic motives). This problem is of particular importance in modern economic conditions in Russia, when the processes of criminalization of the economy have intensified (see also: Economic crime in modern Russia), and according to the calculations of some scientists, the real prevalence of only criminal encroachments on the economic security of non-state economic entities exceeds the calculated recorded indicator in 60-65 times (3).

What should be understood by threats to the economic security of entrepreneurship, what is their content? Threats to the economic security of entrepreneurship are potential or real actions of individuals or legal entities that violate the state of security of a business entity and can lead to the termination of its activities, or to economic and other losses.

It should be borne in mind that not every action that has negative consequences can be a threat to the economic security of entrepreneurship. So, one should not consider the activity of the company's management to invest in securities (public or private), the introduction of new organizational forms, the organization of the production of a completely new product, as a threat to the economic security of entrepreneurship. All these management decisions are risky and can have negative economic consequences due to the fact that the situation on the securities market, the needs of the population, or new organizational forms will not justify themselves. But it must be borne in mind that ultimately all this is aimed at achieving the main goal of the company, at its further development. Such decisions form an integral part of the entrepreneurial activity itself, which is carried out at its own risk and involves certain losses (see the definition of entrepreneurship). The establishment of low prices for products by the management of the company in the initial period of the company's activity cannot be considered a threat to the security of entrepreneurship. Although in this case there may be no profit and, conversely, there is a loss, but this is a standard marketing technique aimed at attracting buyers to a seller they do not know. Later, the price difference will be corrected.

Actions defined as threats are deliberately aimed at obtaining any benefit from the economic destabilization of the firm, from encroachments on its economic security.

The activities of the company's management, despite their risky nature, generally comply with the current legislation. Threats, as a rule, imply a violation of legislative norms (of a particular branch of law - civil, administrative, criminal) and imply a certain responsibility of the persons who carry them out.

Thus, three features can be noted that are characteristic of threats to the economic security of entrepreneurial activity:

· Conscious and selfish character;

· Focus of actions on causing damage to the business entity;

· Illegal nature.

Classification of threats to the economic security of entrepreneurship

Threats to the economic security of entrepreneurial activity can be very diverse.

So, V.I. Yarochkin provides the following expert assessments of the threats to entrepreneurial activity in the Russian economy (4):

Here is a classification of threats according to various criteria.

1. According to the source of occurrence, all threats can be divided into external and internal. External can include, for example, the theft of material assets and valuables by persons not working in this company, industrial espionage, illegal actions of competitors, extortion from criminal structures. Internal - disclosure of confidential information by its own employees, low qualifications of specialists who develop business documents (contracts), ineffective work of the economic security service and those responsible for checking counterparties. The greatest danger, as a rule, is posed by external threats, since internal threats are often the implementation of external "orders".

2. By severity of consequences: threats with high, significant, moderate and low severity of consequences.

High severity means that these threats can lead to a sharp deterioration in all financial and economic indicators of a business entity, which causes an immediate termination of its activities or causes such irreparable harm that will lead to the same consequences later. In this case, the company is liquidated.

A significant degree of severity of the consequences of the implementation of threats suggests the possibility of inflicting on the company such financial losses that will have a negative impact on the main financial and economic indicators of the company, on its activities in the future and are overcome over a long period of time.

Moderate severity means that overcoming the consequences of the implementation of these threats requires costs (causes losses), comparable to the current costs of the firm and does not require significant time.

The consequences of the implementation of threats with a low degree of consequences do not have any significant impact either on the strategic position of the firm, or even on its current activities.

In general, with regard to the quantitative assessment of threats, there are different approaches and opinions. The simplest technique for assessing damage from emerging threats is proposed by V.V. Shlykov (5). The methodology is based on calculating the damage coefficient (K), the value of which makes it possible to make a decision on more effective protection of one's own economic interests.

The following data are used to calculate the damage ratio:

· Actual losses (FU);

· Costs of reducing losses (ZSU);

· Costs of compensation for damages (ZVU).

The sum of these values ​​characterizes the actual amount of losses (DWL), that is

Fiberboard = FU + ZSU + ZVU.

The ratio of the actual value of losses and own resources of the enterprise (firm) is the coefficient of damage:

Ku = fiberboard / Q,

where Ku is the coefficient of damage; Q is the volume of own resources.

3. In terms of likelihood, threats may be unlikely and real.

Low-risk threats include, for example, a homeless person visiting a firm's premises and demanding that money be given to him using foul language. Factors of low probability of this threat:

• one person threatens (not an organized group);

· There are no real opportunities to enforce the threat;

· There are quite simple ways of protection (by physical expulsion of this person, or handing him over to law enforcement agencies).

Real threats include, for example, those that:

· Accompanied by physical violence, damage to company property, abduction of employees (managers);

· Carried out by an organized group, putting forward specific requirements and certain amounts;

· Carried out with the participation of “qualified” criminal “specialists”.

4. Threats can vary in impact at the business stage. The most probable and dangerous threats are at the stage of the creation of the company and at the stage of its functioning.

In the first case, it can be illegal actions on the part of officials, hindering the organization of the company, or extortion by criminal gangs. At the stage of functioning, threats can arise at the preparatory stage (obstruction of the normal supply of raw materials, materials, equipment), the actual production stage (destruction or damage to property, equipment, theft of "know-how"), at the final stage (obstruction of sales, restriction of competition, illegal restriction of advertising).

5. Threats can vary according to the target of the attack. The objects of encroachment are primarily resources: labor (personnel), material, financial, informational. Threats to personnel - blackmail in order to obtain confidential information, kidnapping of employees, extortion, etc. Threats to material resources - damage to buildings, premises, communication systems, theft of equipment. Threats to financial resources - fraud, falsification of financial documents, currency, theft of funds. Threats to information resources - unauthorized connection to the company's information network, confiscation of confidential documents, etc.

6. By subjects of threats:

· Threats from criminal structures;

· Threats from unscrupulous competitors;

· Threats from counterparties;

· Threats from own employees.

7. By type of damage - threats, the implementation of which bears direct damage and threats, the implementation of which will lead to lost profit.

8. A very peculiar classification of threats can be proposed by the nature of the responsibility of subjects, whose activities can be qualified as an encroachment on the economic security of entrepreneurial activity.

In this case, the responsibility arising as a result of the consequences of activities defined as an encroachment on the security of entrepreneurship can be of both civil and criminal nature.

By the nature of the responsibility of a person (legal or physical) who carries (or implements) a threat to the economic security of entrepreneurship, one can distinguish:

· Threats, as a result of the implementation of which the norms of civil liability may be applied to the persons carrying them out;

· Threats, as a result of the attempt or implementation of which measures of criminal liability may be applied to the persons carrying them out.

There are, therefore, a wide variety of threats, which can simultaneously belong to different groups of classification.

Introduction

Chapter I. Entrepreneurship in Russia

§ 1. History of the development of entrepreneurship in Russia

§ 2. Entrepreneurial potential of Russia

Chapter II. Formation of the concept of entrepreneurial management

§ 1. The essence of the concept of entrepreneurial management

§ 2. Specificity of the entrepreneurial organization and development

self-government

Chapter III. Organization of business activities of NGOs

§ 1. Correlation of non-commercial status and entrepreneurial activity, work of NGOs with guarantors as entrepreneurship

§ 2. Prospects for entrepreneurial activity in Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that Russia, having been in a state of long and painful reforms for a long time, is trying to enter the main road of world economic development, on the road where the laws of entrepreneurship prevail. Throwing off the shackles of the command-administrative system, our society seeks to develop within the framework of a market economy. The latter presupposes the formation and development of enterprises of various organizational and legal forms based on different types of property, the emergence of new owners, both individual citizens and labor collectives of enterprises. Now we can already say that such a type of economic activity as entrepreneurship has appeared in the country.

Any nation is proud of the fruits of the activities of its entrepreneurs, of its involvement in the implementation of any specific entrepreneurial idea. Entrepreneurship as one of the specific forms of manifestation of social relations contributes not only to an increase in the material and spiritual potential of society, not only creates a fertile ground for the practical implementation of the abilities and talents of each individual, but also leads to the unity of the nation, the preservation of its national spirit and national pride.

A huge number of problems in the field of entrepreneurship have accumulated. So, according to the Center for Economic Conditions under the Government of the Russian Federation, in 2002-2003 alone, the number of investment-active small enterprises fell from 20 to 12.5 percent. There is no secret that millions of entrepreneurs are still working in the shadows. Reforms to improve the efficiency of entrepreneurship are stalled. The main reasons lie on the surface: a) the current legislation is often not implemented locally; b) new administrative barriers are artificially created, allowing officials to compensate for their losses in cases where de-bureaucratization measures are implemented; c) officials find loopholes in normative acts in order not to weaken, but, on the contrary, to complicate the permissive and reconciliation practice.

Meanwhile, the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, in his message to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in May 2004, rightly emphasized: “Only maintaining high rates of development - such as Russia has now reached - will not allow us to be thrown back into the“ margins ”of the world economy. Today, in order to take the leading positions in the difficult conditions of global competition, we must grow faster than the rest of the world. They must outpace other countries in growth rates, in the quality of goods and services, and in the level of education, science and culture. This is a matter of our economic survival. "

The general rejection of entrepreneurship is gradually turning into an awareness of the need to create conditions for its fastest and most effective development. There is no doubt that the future belongs to entrepreneurship in Russia.

The object of the research is social relations arising in connection with the development and state regulation of entrepreneurship in Russia.

The subject of the research is the essence of entrepreneurship and organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurial activity.

The aim of the study in this work is to reveal the essence of entrepreneurship, to determine its organizational and legal forms, to understand the problems in the development of entrepreneurship in Russia.

To achieve this goal, we have put forward the solution of the following tasks:

Study of the most profound works of domestic and foreign scientists-economists on this topic;

Determination of the most important problems of the development of entrepreneurship in Russia;

Formulation of some proposals to accelerate the development of entrepreneurial activity in Russia.

The methodological basis of the work is the dialectical method of cognition of the phenomena and processes of reality, considering them in constant development, close interconnection and interdependence.As special methods of cognition, the following are used: formal-logical, comparative-legal and system-structural and statistical analysis.

It should be noted that many scientists have devoted their works to the problem of the development of entrepreneurship in our country: V.D. Andrianov, A.V. Glazyev, V.V. Laptev and many others. Particular attention was drawn to fundamental works edited by M.N. Chepurina "The course of economic theory", T.V. Kashanina "Entrepreneurship", T.K. Daurov's "Entrepreneurship", which served as the theoretical basis for writing this work. Also used were the statistical data of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the Ministry of Labor of Russia, the State Statistics Committee of Russia, notable publications in the media on this issue.

Entrepreneurship in Russia

§ 1. History of the development of entrepreneurship in Russia

The essence of entrepreneurship is that it is an activity aimed at making a profit through the rational organization of production and the sale of goods and services. Entrepreneurship, in a broad sense, is the independent activity of people organizing production or trade, that is, having their own business that generates income.

For a deeper understanding of the content of the development of entrepreneurship in Russia, in our opinion, it is useful to look at its history.

Undoubtedly, the development of entrepreneurship and market relations in Russia was distinguished by a number of features, the main of which is as follows. Our country belongs to a group of countries (such as Germany, Italy, Japan) that, with a certain delay, in the second echelon, began to industrialize their economies and, as a result, were often forced to rely in their assertion not only on economic, but also on administrative methods. The state played a particularly large role in the economy of the Russian Empire. The main focus was not on freedom of entrepreneurship, as in England or the United States, but on government regulation, which predetermined the relatively strict subordination of entrepreneurial activity to national tasks and a rather indifferent attitude towards low economic efficiency.

An entrepreneurial is an independent activity carried out at its own risk aimed at systematically making a profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by a person registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law.

Business entities in Russia can be:

· Citizens of the Russian Federation;

· Citizens of foreign states;

· Associations of citizens (collective entrepreneurs).

The main features of entrepreneurship are: the independence of business entities and their economic independence; personal economic interest (maximizing profit); personal responsibility for the results of their activities; innovation and creative search; entrepreneurial risk.

Possible areas of entrepreneurship can be: manufacturing, commerce, finance, intellectual complex.

The main area of ​​entrepreneurial activity is production, which creates material goods necessary for human life.

There are the following types of entrepreneurship:

Production - the production of products, works and services is carried out, the collection, processing and provision of information, the creation of spiritual values, etc., subject to subsequent sale to consumers; at the same time, the main activity is to ensure the functioning of production.

Commercial - as part of entrepreneurial activity for the direct sale of products, services and making a profit (the main content is commodity-money relations, trade and exchange operations).

Financial - is a type of commercial enterprise, since its object of sale and purchase is a specific product: securities, money, currency, sold by an entrepreneur or provided on credit to a buyer.

Intermediary is an entrepreneurship in which an entrepreneur does not produce goods himself, but acts as an intermediary.

Insurance - is that the entrepreneur guarantees the insured for a certain fee compensation for the possibility of damage to property, values, life as a result of an immediate disaster.

Advisory (consulting) - the provision of consulting services in financial, management, marketing, production and other activities.

Entrepreneurial activity of various subjects of a market economy is carried out within a certain form. Each form of entrepreneurship has its own specificity, which is expressed in the difference in the mechanisms of functioning of these forms. The choice of the form of entrepreneurship is determined by many factors. The most significant of them:

· field of activity;

· The dignity of certain forms of entrepreneurship;

· Availability of funds from the entrepreneur;

· The state of the market;

· Interests of entrepreneurship.

The rights and obligations of business entities are regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Charter of the enterprise and other regulatory legal acts.

An economic entity has the right to start and conduct entrepreneurial activities, independently form a production program, choose suppliers and consumers of its products, dispose of profits, etc.

The model of enterprise functioning in a market environment.

Any enterprise, regardless of the organizational and legal form, form of ownership, industry affiliation, products or services provided, is an open economic system. The success of the systems will depend on how well they are organized.

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Introduction

In the context of the transformation of the world economy, the transition of civilization to the post-industrial path of development, entrepreneurship is becoming an integral link in the structure of the social reproduction process, without which it is impossible to ensure the successful socio-economic development of society and the growth of production efficiency.

The relevance of the course work lies in the following provisions. The need to reassess the role of entrepreneurship, taking into account structural shifts in the industries of mass production and a change in orientation in consumer requirements for a modern product, changes in the level of development of modern technology and technology. On the one hand, science has accumulated vast experience on issues such as entrepreneurship and economic growth. On the other hand, despite this, its most important aspects remain poorly understood - the mechanisms of self-development of entrepreneurship and its role in ensuring national economic development.

The object of analysis of the course work is entrepreneurship.

The subject of my research is the forms of entrepreneurship in a market economy.

In my work, I used such methods of analysis as graphical, comparative, factorial, formal-logical.

The purpose of my research is to analyze entrepreneurship as a factor in ensuring economic growth. In this regard, the work defines the economic essence of small business, shows a systemic view of entrepreneurship not only from the point of view of productive forces, but also property relations and the role of hired labor.

The objectives of this work are to consider the essence and forms of entrepreneurship, take into account their peculiarities in a market economy, make an analysis of the material, draw conclusions on the problems associated with entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activity.

The course work was written using the literature of such authors as: K. Marx, M.R. McConnell., S.L. Bru, Drucker P.F., Bagiev G.L., Asaul A.N. and others, as well as materials from periodicals.

Development and essence of entrepreneurship

Content of entrepreneurial activity

Economic reforms are inevitably carried out in Russia, although not always consistently and reasonably. The result of the reforms is the formation and development of new economic, financial, social and other relations based on the formation of a market economy in which entrepreneurs are the leading economic entity. Therefore, at present, it is necessary to accelerate the formation of a set of conditions for entrepreneurial activity, to create a favorable business climate.

The economic system, based on the unlimited domination of state property, could not provide conditions for creativity and initiative, without which the widespread dissemination of innovations is impossible. It should be recognized that a prerequisite for the development of entrepreneurship is private property.

Of course, other conditions are needed for the development of entrepreneurship. They include the stability of the state economic and social policy, preferential tax treatment, and a well-developed infrastructure for supporting entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs should be able to freely enter the external market. It is necessary to create an accessible credit system for entrepreneurs, to provide an opportunity to purchase the necessary means of production, raw materials, components. In all this, Russian entrepreneurs are still experiencing serious difficulties.

As never before, the country needs those people who would start the difficult but fruitful work to create a truly effective economy.

entrepreneurship typology commercial market

Behind the word "entrepreneurship" is "business", enterprise, production of a product or service. Entrepreneurial activity is often called business.

Today, there is not even a generally accepted definition of entrepreneurship. As noted by the famous American economist P.F. Drucker, "Many years have passed since Sey introduced this term, and we still continue to get confused about the definitions of" entrepreneur "and" entrepreneurship "."

One of the modern definitions of entrepreneurship looks like this: "Entrepreneurship is a proactive independent activity of citizens aimed at making profit or personal income, carried out on their own behalf, under their property responsibility or on behalf and under the legal responsibility of a legal entity."

Entrepreneurship (English business, French enterprise) as a socio-economic phenomenon has a long history. It arose in the early stages of the development of society, at the time of the birth of the division of labor and exchange operations, and reached its apogee with the flourishing of the market economy.

The concept of "entrepreneurship" was first used by the English economist of the late 17th - early 18th centuries. Richard Cantillon. In his opinion, an entrepreneur is a person acting under conditions of risk. R. Cantillon considered the source of wealth to be land and labor, which determine the real value of economic benefits.

Later, the well-known French economist of the late 18th - early 19th centuries J. Sey (1762-1832) in the book "Treatise of Political Economy" (1803) formulated the definition of entrepreneurial activity as a combination, a combination of three classical factors of production - land, capital, labor. The main thesis of J. B. Seya is about recognizing the active role of entrepreneurs in product creation. The entrepreneur's income is a reward for his labor, the ability to organize the production and marketing of products. An entrepreneur, he pointed out, is a person who takes risks and for his own benefit to produce some kind of product.

In his work "Investigation of the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776), the famous English economist Adam Smith also paid attention to the characteristics of the entrepreneur. An entrepreneur, according to A. Smith, being the owner of capital, for the sake of implementing a certain commercial idea and making a profit, takes risks, since capital investments in this or that business always contain an element of risk. Entrepreneurial profit is the owner's compensation for the risk. The entrepreneur himself plans, organizes production, realizes the benefits associated with the division of labor, and also disposes of the results of production activities. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. French economist André Marshall (1907-1968) added to the three classical factors of production (land, capital, labor) a fourth factor - organization. From this point on, the concept of entrepreneurship expands.

The famous American economist Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) in his book "Theory of Economic Development" interprets the concept of "entrepreneur" as an innovator. The entrepreneur's function, he argues, is to implement innovations.

Based on the above definitions, we can say that entrepreneurship is a free economic management in various fields of activity (except for those prohibited by legislative acts), carried out by subjects of market relations in order to meet the needs of specific consumers and society in goods (works, services) and profit (income ), necessary for the self-development of one's own business (enterprise) and ensuring financial obligations to budgets and other business entities.

ContentIntroduction Economic reforms are inevitable. The result of the reforms is the formation and development of new economic, financial, social and other relations based on the formation of a market economy in which the leading business entity is entrepreneurs (collective and individual). Any nation is proud of the fruits of its entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship as one of the specific forms of manifestation of social relations contributes not only to an increase in the material and spiritual potential of society, not only creates a fertile ground for the practical implementation of the abilities and talents of each individual, but also leads to the unity of the nation, the preservation of its national spirit and national pride. antisocial figure. Acting in his own interests, he satisfies our needs, ennobles our life, makes it more comfortable. Yes, our entrepreneurs have more money than representatives of other professions. But, after all, it is money that is the entrepreneur's professional tool and indicator 2

the effectiveness of its activities. An entrepreneur produces goods in which we are interested, he supplies them to us, gives work to many of us, Society always needs entrepreneurs, especially ours in Russia. The mechanism of entrepreneurship is signed in the work, taking into account the accumulated experience in the development of theory and practice in developed Western countries, experience in the formation of entrepreneurship in Russia, the application of legislation regulating the organization of entrepreneurial activity, the basic concepts and terms denoting the essence of almost all subsystems of entrepreneurship, which allows us to have a complete understanding not only of entrepreneurial activity, and of the conditions and factors of its organization in a market economy. 1. History of origin and essence of entrepreneurship1.1. The history of the development of entrepreneurship. The history of entrepreneurship is a very relevant topic and arouses a lively scientific and public interest. Modern historical science shows great interest in the development of entrepreneurship and has its own tasks. They consist in a specific examination of the problem of entrepreneurship on the basis of historical facts in their chronological relationship. The history of entrepreneurship dates back to the Middle Ages. Already at that time, merchants, traders, artisans, missionaries were beginning entrepreneurs. The activities of merchants were aimed at exploiting the existing discrepancies between supply and demand, and the source of their income was the difference in prices of goods moved from market to market. During this period, the functional content of entrepreneurship was limited to the use of emerging market imbalances, and its dominant pretext was the conjugation with a high degree of risk. ... With the rise of capitalism, the pursuit of wealth leads to the desire for unlimited profits. The actions of entrepreneurs take on a professional and civilized character. Often, an entrepreneur, being the owner of the means of production, also works in his own factory, in his own factory. From the middle of the 16th century, equity capital appears, joint-stock companies are organized. The first shareholder campaigns originated in area 3

international trade. The very first was founded by an English trading company for trade with Russia (1554). Later, in 1600, the English East India Trading Company was created, in 1670 - the Hudson's Bay Campaign. Subsequently, the joint-stock form of management penetrated into other economies. the first joint-stock banks appear. So, in 1694 the Bank of England was founded on a joint stock basis, in 1695 - the Bank of Scotland. At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries. the joint-stock form of organization of banking is widely developed in many countries. Entrepreneurship has existed in Russia for a long time. It originated in Kievan Rus in a trade form and in the form of crafts. Small traders and merchants can be considered the first entrepreneurs in Russia. The greatest development of entrepreneurship belongs to the years of the reign of Peter I (1689-1725). All over Russia, manufactories are being created, and such industries as mining, weapons, cloth, linen are developing rapidly. The most famous representative of the dynasty of industrial entrepreneurs at that time was the Demidov family, whose ancestor was a Tula merchant. Further development of entrepreneurship was restrained by the existence of serfdom. The reform of 1861 became a serious stimulus for the development of entrepreneurship. The construction of railways began, heavy industry was reorganized, and joint-stock activity was revived. The development and reorganization of industry is facilitated by foreign capital. In the 90s of the XIX century, the industrial base of entrepreneurship was finally formed in Russia. In the 15th and first half of the 19th century, there was a process of forming a national type of Russian entrepreneur, the main features of which were patriotism and adherence to Orthodox values. At the beginning of the 20th century, entrepreneurship is becoming a mass phenomenon in Russia. The process of monopolization of firms begins. Among the large firms are known "Prodamet", "Prodvelom", "Produgol", partnerships of the Russian-American manufactory, the Nobel brothers and others. Unfortunately, in Russia after the end of the First World War and the end of two revolutions - February and October - a course was taken towards the elimination of market economic ties. Some revival in entrepreneurial activity was brought about by a new policy - NEP (1921-1926). However, since the end of the 1920s, entrepreneurship has been curtailed again, and only in the 90s began its reanimation in Russia. In October 1990, the Law “On Property in the RSFSR” was adopted, in December 1990 - the Law “On Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Activity”. Since the moment when private property and entrepreneurial activity were restored in 4

their rights, the development of joint-stock companies, partnerships and other forms of enterprise activity began. 1.2. Evolution of the term "entrepreneur" and"Entrepreneurship". Entrepreneurship, like any type of activity, must have a theoretical basis that explains its essence. The concepts of "entrepreneur" and "entrepreneurship" in the modern sense were first used by the English economist of the late 17th - early 18th centuries RichardCantillon... He expressed the opinion that an entrepreneur is a person acting in conditions of risk. R. Cantillon considered the source of wealth to be land and labor, which determine the real value of economic benefits. Later, the famous French economist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, J.B. Say (1767-1832) in his book "Treatise of Political Economy" (1803) formulated the definition of entrepreneurial activity as a combination, a combination of three classical factors of production - land, capital, labor. Say's main thesis is to recognize the active role of entrepreneurs in product creation. An entrepreneur's income is a reward for his labor, the ability to organize the production and sale of products, to provide a "spirit of order". English scientist-economist A. Smith (1723-1790) in his main work "Investigation of the nature and causes of the wealth of the people" (1776) paid attention to the characteristics of the entrepreneur. An entrepreneur, according to A. Smith, being the owner of capital, takes risks for the sake of implementing a certain commercial idea and making a profit. Vekardo considered entrepreneurial activity as an indispensable element of effective management. Underpinning economic 5

Karl Marx's theory gave rise to the idea of ​​the entrepreneur as a capitalist-exploiter. And only at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. awareness of the importance and role of the institution of entrepreneurship begins. The French economist Anre Marshal (1907-1968) was the first to add to the above three classical factors of production (land, capital, labor) a fourth factor - organization. Since that time, the concept of entrepreneurship has expanded, as have the functions transferred to it. The American economist JB Clark (1847-1938) somewhat modified Say's "triune formula". In his opinion, four factors are constantly involved in the production process: 1) capital; 2) capital goods - means of production and land; 3) the activity of the entrepreneur; 4) the labor of the worker. Friedrich von Hayen (1899-1984) took a fresh look at this problem. ). In his opinion, the essence of entrepreneurship is the search for and study of new economic opportunities, a characteristic of a business, and not a type of activity. Closely to the concept of "entrepreneur" is the concept of "entrepreneurship". As for the understanding of the term itself, two approaches can be distinguished here: the 1st approach, focusing on the entrepreneur and his activities to the specific conditions of the external environment, perceived by the researcher as an objective and time-invariable factor (linear equilibrium approach based on the closedness of the system "Entrepreneur / enterprise - the environment for its development"); 2nd approach, emphasizing the interdependence of the entrepreneur / enterprise and its environment of its activity (interactive, non-linear, non-equilibrium or synergistic approach, proceeding from 6

openness of the system "entrepreneur / enterprise-environment of its development"). It is interesting to trace the evolution of the term "entrepreneur" (in the Middle Ages - an entrepreneur) and "entrepreneurship": 1725 Richard Cantillon : An entrepreneur is a person who operates under conditions of risk. 1797 year. Bodo : the person who is responsible for the undertaken business; one who plans, controls, organizes and owns an enterprise. 1876 ​​Francis Walker ; it is necessary to distinguish between those who provide the drink and receive interest for it, and those who profit from their organizational skills. 1934 Joseph Shu ; an entrepreneur is an innovator who develops new technologies. 1961 David McLelland an entrepreneur is an energetic person who operates in a moderately risk environment. 1964 Peter Drucker an entrepreneur is a person who seizes an opportunity with maximum benefit. 1975 Albert Shapiro; an entrepreneur is a person who takes initiative and organizes socio-economic mechanisms. Acting in market conditions, he is responsible for possible failure. 1985 Robert Hydrich Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new that has value, and an entrepreneur is a person who spends all the necessary time and effort on this, assumes all financial, psychological and social risk, receiving money as a reward and satisfaction with what has been achieved. 1.3. The main features and functions of the entrepreneurialactivities 7

"Three waves" of development of the theory of entrepreneurial function - soyou can conditionally characterize the development of the process of scientific comprehensionbusiness practices. The “first wave”, which emerged in the 17th century, was associated with a focus on entrepreneurial risk taking. In the 18th century, the French economist of Scottish descent R. Cantillon first put forward the position of risk as the main functional characteristic of entrepreneurship. The “second wave” in the scientific understanding of entrepreneurship is associated with highlighting innovation as its main distinguishing feature. The founder of this trend is one of the largest representatives of world economic thought, Joseph Schumpter (1883-1950). Both the first and second "waves" of development of the theory of entrepreneurial function were based on the multifunctionality of the entrepreneurial role, which led to excessive one-sidedness in the interpretation of the problems of entrepreneurship. The multifunctional model of entrepreneurship is associated with the emergence of the "third wave" as a result of theoretical research by J. Schumpter, as well as the neo-Austrian school of economic analysis, the most prominent representatives of which were L. Mises and F. Hayek. The “third wave” is distinguished by a focus on the special personal qualities of an entrepreneur (the ability to respond to changes in the economic and social situation, independence in choice and decision-making, availability of managerial abilities) and on the role of entrepreneurship as a regulating principle in a balancing economic system. The modern stage of development of the theory of entrepreneurial functions can be attributed to the "fourth wave", the appearance of which is associated with a shift in emphasis to the managerial aspect in the analysis of the entrepreneur's actions, and, consequently, with the transition to an undisciplined level of analysis of entrepreneurship problems .8

Sirotkin S.P. highlighted the main features of entrepreneurial activity: 1. Owning capital, own or borrowed, making a circuit. 2. Management, supervision and control over the processes of production and circulation of capital. 3. Subordination of the process of capital movement in any area to maximizing profits. 4. Accounting and use of the market. conjuncture - competition of supply and demand, etc., up to the tastes of consumers. 5. Freedom of making economic decisions in order to provide technical and economic methods and methods of business with the lowest production costs. 6. The orientation of producers, as providers - carriers of supply to satisfaction of needs, consumers - bearers of demand, for the provision of society with goods and services at the expense of increasing labor productivity. 7. Ability to experiment, innovation and risk to achieve maximum success. The listed most important features of entrepreneurship are interconnected and act simultaneously. The essence of entrepreneurial activity through its feasible functions. "Functions of entrepreneurship" is the implementation of production and excellent operations between the entrepreneur and other elements of the economic environment 1. The entrepreneur takes the initiative to combine the factors of production into a single process of production of goods and services in order to make a profit; 9

2. An entrepreneur is an organizer of production, setting and setting the tone for the company's activities and assuming the burden of responsibility for the success of their conduct; 3. An entrepreneur is an innovator who introduces new products, new technologies, new forms of business organization on a commercial basis; 4. An entrepreneur - this is a person who is not afraid of risk and consciously takes it in order to achieve the goal of the business. To the listed functions, you can add: 1. Support for entrepreneurship. Distribution of entrepreneurial ideas, initiative and management experience, which is a function of management. 2. Determination of customer needs and management of the exchange process between the enterprise and its counterparties, which is a function of management. 3. Public relations (the so-called "public relations") Implementation and management of relations between the enterprise and public structures or the media. Thus, it is possible to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of entrepreneurial activity. The undoubted advantages of a private entrepreneurial firm are: 1. Ease of organization (establishment, management, etc.); 2. Freedom of action (not associated with the need for coordination in decision-making, etc.) .); 3. A strong economic incentive (getting all the profit by hugging a face); Among the obvious disadvantages of a private enterprise firm, one should first of all name: 1. The limited financial and material resources (associated both with the lack of funds of the owner of the company and with the difficulty of obtaining loans) ;10

2.Lack of a developed system of internal specialization of production and management functions (especially in conditions of small and medium-sized production, which is most typical for a given form of ownership); 3.Existence of unlimited liability (when the owner, in the event of bankruptcy, risks not only the capital invested in the business, but also his own For the development of entrepreneurship in Russia, it is essential to understand that not every new business is entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship, first of all, is associated with the effective use of all factors of production for the purpose of economic growth and meeting the needs of individuals and society as a whole. The main function of entrepreneurship in Russia should be to produce, “bring” goods (services, works) to specific consumers and receive material and moral compensation for this. As V.I. Dal, to undertake means to undertake, to decide to carry out any new business, to begin to accomplish something significant.11

2. The condition of effective entrepreneurialactivities.2.1. The economic conditions for an efficient entrepreneurialactivities Economic conditions are, first of all, the supply of goods and the demand for them; the types of goods that buyers can purchase; the amount of money that buyers can spend on these purchases; surplus or insufficiency of jobs, labor force, affecting the level of wages of workers, i.e. the availability and availability of monetary resources, the level of income on invested capital, as well as the amount of borrowed funds that entrepreneurs are ready to apply for to finance their business operations and which credit institutions are ready to provide them with. a wide variety of organizations that constitute the market infrastructure through which entrepreneurs can establish business relationships and conduct commercial operations. These are banks that provide financial services; suppliers supplying raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components, fuel, energy, machinery and equipment, tools and 12

In Russia, the development of the processes of initial capital accumulation was hampered by the prolonged domination of the feudal-serf system, which held back the economic liberation of those factors of production such as labor and land. Initially, the owner of capital and the manager of the enterprise were united in one person. However, this is the initial position, when the capitalist and the manager - the director were merged gradually and widely reproduced, especially in small and medium-sized businesses. The separation of the subjects of ownership of capital and management objects that have reached large sizes in corporations does not change the essence of the process. The method of formation and accumulation of capital in Russia has its own characteristics. Chief among them is that the accumulation of capital in our country began not in production, but in banking, stock exchange, and insurance. Moreover, all this was based mainly not on real (having material support) capital, but on the so-called "pyramids" (collection of funds from some investors and payment of dividends at the expense of others), shadow, mafia (over 50%) capital, total corruption, etc. In Busygin A. V. in the book "Entrepreneurship" the conditions for carrying out entrepreneurial activity are factors of production. Economics traditionally attributed land, capital and labor to the factors of production. Entrepreneurship as a special form of economic activity in modern conditions requires an extended 14

a set of factors of production, that is, the mandatory presence of the following factors: ideas, technology, means of production, capital and an entrepreneur. Moreover, it is the entrepreneur who combines the other factors of production indicated by us to achieve certain goals, and the process of combining the means of production is the production process. The main task of the entrepreneur is the need to choose the most effective form of combining the factors of production, which allows organizing the production process. 2.2. Social conditions of an effective entrepreneurialactivities. Social conditions for the formation of entrepreneurship are closely related to the economic ones. Socio-cultural norms - moral and moral norms, religious beliefs, educational level of the population, influencing the formation of needs and characteristics of demand, the specifics of the organization of entrepreneurship and business ethics, on the very attitude to entrepreneurship. First of all, this is the desire of buyers to purchase goods that meet certain tastes and fashion. At different stages, these 15

needs can change. These norms have a direct impact on the lifestyle of consumers. Genuine entrepreneurship is essentially a market-based phenomenon. It is determined by the degree of freedom (freedom in economic science is always understood as independence) of the economic behavior of a commodity producer. This behavior implies freedom of demand and supply of the goods and goods produced, labor, freedom of initiative and enterprise, freedom of thought and action. Social conditions affect the attitude of an individual to work, which in turn affects his attitude to the amount of wages, to working conditions the prospective business. From entrepreneurial activity the entrepreneur should receive satisfaction. He participates in solving social issues of the labor activity of his employees: protecting their health, preserving, preserving jobs, etc. In particular, it is necessary to solve a double task in the field of labor relations: to guarantee the protection of the interests of entrepreneurs, contributing to their high labor activity and safety, and, on the other hand, to provide the entire set of legal, economic and social guarantees for employees.16

First of all, this concerns persons who have primary employment in commercial organizations and have a sufficiently high level of competitiveness in order to fully realize their labor potential. It should be borne in mind that the practical absence of social guarantees in entrepreneurial structures is to a certain extent aggravated by the fact of preference for high wages (with a high labor intensity) over social protection of workers. Based on the realities of specific socio-economic reality, it is clear that the majority of able-bodied members of our society are deprived of elementary means and conditions of production, therefore, in most cases, the opportunity to actively engage in entrepreneurial activity. The most important condition for the development of production is the presence of a significant number of people deprived of working conditions and sources of livelihood, except for the sale of their labor. A significant role in the formation of entrepreneurship. training and advanced training of personnel of entrepreneurs play: organization of training in modern methods of doing business, training and retraining of personnel, their internship in developed countries, organization of training and retraining of teaching staff for training entrepreneurs, creation of a network of advisory centers, 17

conducting professional selection and orientation of personnel in the entrepreneurial sector, etc. For the training and education of modern managers, it is necessary to: 1. Make the learning process adequate to the goals of training specialists who are able to work and manage in modern market conditions; 2. To activate a positive and creative attitude of future and current managers to the learning process under the motto "amortization of knowledge"; 3. To provide the practical activity of a modern manager in solving specific managerial problems in real circumstances. correct management decision. This is available only to a leader endowed with the ability to analyze, flexibility, the ability to quickly adapt, and an adequate response to changes. It is also extremely important there that managers can work in a team, conduct a dialogue, defending their position. Ultimately, managers need to be trained to overcome the professional challenges they face in the process. 2.3. Legal conditions for effective businessactivities Any business activity operates within the framework of an appropriate environment. Therefore, the creation of 18

necessary legal conditions. This is, first of all, the existence of laws regulating entrepreneurial activity and creating the most favorable conditions for the development of entrepreneurship: a simplified and accelerated procedure for opening and registering enterprises; protection of the entrepreneur from state bureaucracy; improvement of tax legislation in the direction of motivating industrial entrepreneurial activity, development of joint activities of Russian entrepreneurs with foreign countries. Legal norms - the degree of development of economic law, regulation of relations between agents of economic turnover, legislative protection of entrepreneurship, the nature of regulatory intervention of the state - not only provides the prerequisites for entrepreneurial activity, but and determines the level of her activity. This includes the creation of regional centers for supporting small businesses, improving accounting methods and forms of statistical reporting. An important role is also played by the preparation of legislative initiatives on the legal guarantee of entrepreneurial activity, including, first of all, the right to property and compliance with contractual obligations. An example is the system of laws in force in the US business that has evolved over the years. Justifying the need for state regulation of entrepreneurial 19

medical = recreational areas and resorts "in principle excluded their use on a business basis, although there are ample opportunities for this that do not prejudice the requirements for preserving the country's resort base. Proclaiming the recognition of all forms of property, the 1993 Constitution fixes the protection of only private property (Art. 35). It is no coincidence that legislation, including the Civil and Criminal Codes of the Russian Federation, is aimed at creating conditions for the development of private property without restricting the powers of private owners, in contrast to countries with developed market economies. The most important direction for further improvement of legislation is associated with the establishment of clear boundaries of state intervention in the activities of entrepreneurs; in the implementation of missing legal norms; ensuring the unity of the legal field; prevention of unjustified regionalization of legislation; improving the implementation of laws. Thus, modern entrepreneurship is between the direct organizers of entrepreneurship and those individuals, organizations, structures that form the internal and external environment of entrepreneurship. The internal environment consists of the relationship between capital owners, managers and employees. The external environment is characterized by the interaction of organizers 21

entrepreneurship with state and public structures, suppliers, creditors and consumers. Obviously, such a variety of interests is very difficult, and even impossible, to realize without conflict. Therefore, the social and economic success of entrepreneurship depends on the degree of harmonization of these interests, on the extent to which it was possible to minimize the gap between the interests of individual counterparties and to achieve a dynamic balance between their goals .22

The market economy, despite its many positive features, is not able to automatically regulate all economic and social processes in the interests of the whole society and every citizen. It does not ensure a socially fair distribution of income, does not guarantee the right to work, and does not support socially unprotected segments of the population. The market economy does not solve many other pressing problems as well. The state should take care of all this by creating a mechanism of state influence on entrepreneurial activity. 3. State regulation of entrepreneurship.3.1 Methods of state regulationentrepreneurial activity. The activities of a number of firms are regulated by the state. The state directly implements the economic regulation of the business sector through a privatization policy, the creation of a certain investment and business climate, and state support for entrepreneurship. In a broader sense, this can also include the creation of a wide range of conditions, including financial markets and their infrastructure, a market system of commodity circulation, a specific environment and antimonopoly mechanisms, and other equally important institutional forms and institutions. in the book "Economics" identifies three main methods of government influence on private economic activity: 23

1. Taxes that reduce private income, and therefore private spending (on cars or restaurants) and provide resources for public spending (building bridges, collecting rubbish, etc.). The tax system also serves to suppress certain industries that are subject to higher taxes (for example, the production of cigarettes), and to encourage others to benefit from tax incentives (building private houses); 2.Expenditures that induce firms or workers to produce certain goods and services (tanks, education and law enforcement), as well as transfer payments (social security payments) that generate income for individuals; 3. Regulation or control that encourages people to either continue or stop certain activities (examples include environmental control, control of working conditions or the requirement to indicate the nutritional value of a product on its packaging) Thus, the implementation of tax policy in the country is an effective means of state regulation of the economy and entrepreneurship in market conditions. Fulfillment of tax obligations by business taxpayers is the most important requirement of state discipline. Tax legislation provides for measures to ensure the payment of taxes and other mandatory payments. For violation of tax legislation, a taxpayer may be subject to financial, administrative, disciplinary and criminal liability.24

Limits on profit margins regulate residual income. This state policy leads to the fact that part of the profit is either converted into costs (by raising wages, additional chromium plating, etc.), or donated to consumers by reducing the price of manufactured products. However, the methods of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity proposed by Samuelson can be supplemented Firstly, attracting investments, including foreign ones, is one of the most effective methods of developing the entrepreneurial process. Leasing is the most promising instrument for attracting investment. Currently, the bulk of the global leasing market is concentrated in the United States, Western Europe and Japan. The development of leasing services in the country will be able to contribute to the solution of such important tasks facing the country's economy as conversion, renewal of fixed assets, increasing the competitiveness of investments. Secondly, entrepreneurship, as a special form of economic activity, as a specific form of ensuring self-employment of a part of the population and jobs enjoys government support in all industrialized countries (in backward countries, the so-called street entrepreneurship is becoming widespread). The essence of government (state) support is most often reduced to the development of specific measures in three areas: 25

1. Consulting support of the process of creation and functioning of newly created firms at the initial stage (1-3 years from the date of the establishment of the firm); in the United States, for example, for this purpose, regional branches of the government "Agency for Small Business" (" Small Business Administration"); 2. Providing certain financial support to a newly created structure or providing such a structure with certain benefits (usually in the field of taxation); 3. Providing technical, scientific, technical or technological assistance to financially low-powered entrepreneurial structures (In the Netherlands, for example, regional scientific and technical bureaus, which, on a gratuitous basis, at the request of small enterprises, participate in solving their scientific and technical or technological problems related to the production process). Therefore, the solution of such an important task of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity as creating conditions for managers of small enterprises, carried out with the help of consulting activities, without having experience and special knowledge, due to the lack of time to independently solve their problems, without having large specialists, small businesses should become regular customers of consulting services. Ultimate (consulting) activity is one of the important elements of the system of infrastructural support of the market economy as a whole, its business sector in particular. The involvement of the state in economic life is usually associated with functional shortcomings of the market mechanism, and the state 26

takes on entrepreneurial functions not because of the coordination of market relations (here it can be limited to measures of economic and regulatory regulation), but in conditions when the private form of entrepreneurship is not able to ensure the solution of the problems facing the economy. 3.3. The role of the state in the development of entrepreneurialprocess Disputes about the role of the state and the degree of its interference in economic processes never cease to excite modern economic thought. As many respected scholars have noted, economics cannot fall back on monetarist theories. Other equally respected economists suggest minimizing the role of the state. The determining role of the state in stimulating and regulating entrepreneurship is traditional for the country. States always actively intervene in the activities of an entrepreneur, sometimes acting as an outside observer or arbiter. At the same time, a fairly diverse toolkit is used, including a wide range of both economic and administrative levers, which began to manifest itself most clearly from the beginning of the 18th century, when a patronage system began to take shape that ultimately determines the fate of entrepreneurship. It is the state, not private capital, 27

was the main initiator of the development of most areas of entrepreneurial activity. The role of entrepreneurship and national capital in creating an economic model of Russia, its transformation into a world economic power was clearly recognized in the era of the Great Reform, during the reign of Emperors Alexander II and Alexander III. The state policy towards the Russian economy pursued the main goal - the growth of all aspects of Russian industry as the highest condition for the prosperity of the state and the nation. An analysis of the ways of development and industrial entrepreneurship allows us to conclude that large-scale industry arose thanks to the active support of the state. History has accumulated rich experience. state support for private initiative and entrepreneurship. Among its specific methods - a variety of tax incentives In some periods, the development of entrepreneurship was promoted by a protective customs policy. State orders played the most important role in the activities of entrepreneurs. A whole network of private enterprises in various industries worked primarily for the treasury.28

In addition to the economic form of state support, non-economic levers have become widespread - the publication of special professional journals for entrepreneurs (Journal of Manufactures and Trade), the opening of educational institutions that train entrepreneurial personnel (the Mining Cadet Corps, the Moscow Practical Academy of Commercial Sciences). the state, as well as other public institutions aimed at the formation of a civilized class of entrepreneurs, legislative and organizational support of this process. The state played a great role in raising the social status of entrepreneurs, creating conditions under which their activities became respected and honorable. The state played a decisive role in the development banking business. For a long period, the State Bank held a dominant position in the credit system. With the development of a network of commercial banks and the activation of its activities, he continued to act as an instrument and conductor of state policy. It had the specific character of government support for narrow entrepreneurial groups and enterprises, which was expressed in the artificial restraint of the organization of new banks and the creation of a monopoly position for the existing ones .29

Thus, we can conclude that state intervention in the economy of the entrepreneurial process is necessary and plays a large role in the development and improvement of entrepreneurship.30

ConclusionConclusions on the first chapter: For the development of entrepreneurship, it is essential to understand that not every new business is entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship, first of all, is associated with the effective use of all factors of production for the purpose of economic growth and meeting the needs of individuals and society as a whole. The main function of entrepreneurship should be to produce, “bring” goods (services, works) to specific consumers and receive material and moral reward for this. Conclusions on the second chapter: The market economy, in spite of its many positive features, is unable to automatically regulate all economic and social processes in the interests of the whole society and every citizen. The market economy does not provide a socially fair distribution of income, does not guarantee the right to work, does not support socially unprotected segments of the population. the economy does not solve many other individual problems either. The state should take care of all this by creating a mechanism of state influence on entrepreneurial activity. Conclusions on the third chapter: The involvement of the state is usually associated with functional shortcomings of the market mechanism, and the state assumes entrepreneurial functions not at all due to the coordination of market relations (here it can limit itself to economic and 31

regulation), and in conditions when a private business firm is not able to ensure the solution of the problems facing the economy. The policy of the state in relation to the economy pursued the main goal - the growth of all aspects of industry as the most important condition for the prosperity of the state and the nation. and plays an important role in the development and improvement of entrepreneurship.32

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