1st training question: Tasks and content of logistics support of the troops.
Modern combined arms combat is characterized by high decisiveness, maneuverability, tension and transience, rapid and abrupt changes in the situation, the conduct of hostilities on the ground and in the air, on a wide front, to great depths and at high rates. The battle can be fought with the use of nuclear weapons and other means of mass destruction, or only conventional weapons.
The successful conduct of modern combat depends on many factors, the most important of which is the condition and capabilities of the rear, which is the link between the country's economy and the troops. It organizes joint coordinated actions of various bodies and services on the main types of logistic support of all types of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces.
Rear- these are rear formations, units, subdivisions and institutions with stocks of material resources, intended for all-round rear support of troops.
The first elements of the Rear Services of the Armed Forces of Russia were permanent military carts that appeared in the 70s of the 17th century. With the creation of a regular army, an increase in the scale of hostilities and a change in the methods of their conduct in the 18-19th centuries, staff units, units and institutions intended for centralized logistic support of troops began to be created as part of units, formations, associations and at the disposal of the central bodies of military departments. ...
The further development of military affairs, especially the use of tanks and aviation in the troops of the 20th century, motorization and mechanization of troops, required the creation of forces and means of technical, road, airfield support, the supply of fuel and other equipment.
The rear of the Soviet Armed Forces was created during the construction of the Red Army. The first detachments did not have regular logistic units. In 1918, the Central Supply Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army was created; in the formations and formations, the posts of chiefs of supply were established, to whom the rear units, institutions and services were subordinate.
The well-organized and technically equipped Logistics of the Armed Forces developed in the course of the Great Patriotic War, which successfully completed a large volume of tasks for logistical support of the troops. During the war years, the rear of the Armed Forces received from industry and provided storage and delivery of over 10 million tons of ammunition, 16 million tons of fuel, a large amount of food and other materiel to the troops. 145 million tons of various cargoes were transported by road, railway transportation exceeded 19 million wagons. The road troops built and restored about 100 thousand km of highways, the railway troops - about 120 thousand km of railways. More than 6 thousand airfields have been equipped for the needs of aviation. The military medical service and medical institutions of the country were returned to service after more than 80% of the wounded and sick were cured.
In the post-war years, with the development of the country's economy, changes in the organizational structure, technical equipment of the Armed Forces, the Logistics of the Armed Forces have been and are being improved.
Currently, it is customary to distinguish between:
1.the scale and nature of the tasks performed:
Strategic rear;
Operational rear;
Military rear.
2. by accessory:
Center rear;
Frontal rear, district;
Naval, army, corps rear;
Divisional, brigade rear;
Regimental rear;
Battalion (rear of divisions).
The strategic rear is the highest echelon of the Rear of the Armed Forces. This includes the rear of the center, state reserves, special formations, institutions and enterprises intended to be transferred from the country's economy to the direct disposal of the central command and control bodies of the Armed Forces on the eve of or with the beginning of a war for logistic support of troops (forces).
The operational rear is a link between the strategic and military rear, and in some cases has direct links with enterprises and economic organizations.
The military rear is the final link of the Rear of the Armed Forces. It provides direct logistic and logistical support of formations, units and subunits.
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Relocation and placement of military rear
When troops were moving into combat zones, the rear was moved in the usual manner as part of columns of its units and formations under the cover of a specially allocated combat escort (armored groups).
In the area of ​​hostilities battalion and regimental rear was deployed, as a rule, near the command post, part of the divisional rear, together with the operational group (OG) of the division.
Arrangement of troops
Accommodation of personnel originally carried out in tents(UST, USB, UL and camp) or in existing local buildings. Later, when it became clear that the troops would be in the areas assigned to them for a long time, the leadership of the Armed Forces decided to build comfortable premises in all garrisons for accommodating personnel, as well as canteens, baths and other facilities of the military economy.
Therefore, in all large garrisons, prefabricated panel barracks (houses) were built to accommodate personnel and headquarters, and collapsible metal storage facilities (SRM-18XA) were used for storage facilities.
Total troops in Afghanistan settled in 183 military camps .
Logistics support for outposts, raid and blocking groups P
In order to ensure the unhindered passage of combat subunits and units, automobile convoys with materiel, as well as to monitor the enemy's actions in mountainous conditions and for combat protection of areas of permanent deployment of troops, sentry outposts were set up. They were strong points with a prepared fire system and engineering equipment. Each of them, as a rule, included a motorized rifle platoon (a motorized rifle company or an airborne company), reinforced by artillery, tanks, engineering and other units. The outposts were spaced from each other at a distance of 5 to 25 km or more. Most of them, from dawn to dusk, separated from their composition mobile guard posts with an interval of 2 - 5 km from each other.
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On the outposts increased stocks of materiel were created, which made it possible, without replenishing them, to conduct an all-round defense for several days. Food preparation was carried out using standard field equipment (MK-10, KP-20, KO-75, KP-130). For the supply and storage of water, the outposts were provided with TsV-3 (3000 l) and TsV-1.2 (1200 l). The washing of personnel was carried out in a specially equipped place at the outpost. Each serviceman was provided with three sets of underwear.
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The personnel were usually located in dugouts, which were equipped with field furniture and property.
Subdivisions of special forces and the airborne troops in a number of cases were involved in raiding operations. Based on their expected duration, increased reserves of materiel and especially water were created without fail. Delivery of materiel during the execution of a combat mission was carried out, as a rule, by helicopters. For medical support, a doctor usually followed the battalion management, a paramedic with companies, and sanitary instructors and orderlies with platoons.
The blocking groups (separate groups) operating in the mountains were delivered material assets using transport helicopters. Usually, cargo in special packaging was dropped from a helicopter, only in rare cases was cargo delivered with a helicopter landing.
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The well-known position of military science, according to which each commander, when setting a combat mission to the troops, is obliged to simultaneously solve issues of their all-round, including logistic support, acquires special significance in modern conditions.
All levels of the Armed Forces have special forces and means for logistic and logistical support services, which together make up the Logistics of the Armed Forces. In terms of the scale and nature of the tasks performed, it is subdivided into strategic, operational and military. In the general structure of the Rear Services of the Armed Forces, the military rear is the final link, which determines its special role in the achievement of success by the troops in battle. It is intended for direct logistic and logistic support services for technical support of units, ships and subunits. With the forces and means of the military rear, each soldier must be provided with everything necessary for battle and life, therefore the slightest violations in the performance of their tasks can immediately affect the combat activities of units and subunits.
Since the military rear is an integral part of the Rear of the Armed Forces, it is available in every type of the Armed Forces. With regard to the ground forces, it includes units and subdivisions of material support with stocks of materiel, medical, aerodrome-technical, other units and subunits of the rear, which are part of formations, units and subunits of all branches of the military and special forces of this service of the Armed Forces.
In contrast to the operational rear, the rear of formations, units and subunits is constant in its composition, since the number and organizational structure of the rear units and subunits is determined by the states. When developing the staffs of units and subunits of the rear, the peculiarities of theaters of military operations, the combat strength and purpose of formations and units are taken into account. The composition of the military rear is not affected by the type of combat operations and the nature of the tasks performed by formations, units and subunits. However, depending on the situation for the rear support of formations and units in battle, their rear can be strengthened at the expense of the attached forces and means. The military rear in battle, when moving or positioning on the spot is always together with the supported units and subunits.
The commanders of formations, units and subunits, having in their direct subordination regular units and subunits of the rear for various purposes, can directly influence the success of the battle, creating the necessary material base for this and conducting maneuvers with the forces and means of the rear in accordance with the situation. Rear services units and subunits with supplies of materiel, being a regular accessory of troops, thereby ensure their autonomy in the rear area and independence from the operations of the operational rear for a certain period of time, which is important not only in the course of hostilities, but also especially at the beginning of a war, when units of the rear of the formation and regional command may have an extremely limited composition. In order for the troops to achieve success in battle, the troop rear solves a number of tasks in their interests. These tasks cover a wide range of important issues and in order to systematize them, they can be conditionally divided into three groups:
Material support tasks;
Medical support tasks;
Rear tasks.
The tasks of the military rear in terms of material support are:
Direct provision of units and subdivisions with material resources;
Creation of established stocks of materiel, delivery of materiel (including water), evacuation of defective and unnecessary for battle domestic, as well as captured weapons, equipment and property;
Refueling of military and other equipment with fuel;
Providing personnel with hot food and bread;
Bath and laundry service.
The tasks of the military logistics for medical support are:
Search, collection, removal (removal) from the battlefield and evacuation of the wounded and sick, providing them with first medical, first-aid (feldsher's) assistance, conducting sanitary and hygienic and anti-epidemic prevention;
Taking measures to protect troops from weapons of mass destruction.
Other tasks of the military rear include:
Providing for the basing of army aviation units that are part of motorized rifle (tank) formations and other separate aviation units;
Maintenance of units and subdivisions for rear services;
Veterinary and sanitary supervision;
Burial of soldiers who died in battle and died;
Providing food and medical care to prisoners of war before their transfer to their destination.
It should be borne in mind that in the conditions of modern combined arms combat, the traditional tasks of the military rear are now filled not only with new content and increased in volume, but the ways of their solution have also changed.
It was necessary, for example, to reconsider the size of stocks of materiel, the procedure for their separation and maneuver in battle, i.e. to clarify the system of material support of the troops; in some cases, to develop a modernly new one. Each of the listed tasks of the military rear has a specific goal.
Direct provision of units and subdivisions with material resources is carried out in order to bring rocket fuel fuel, food, clothing and medical equipment, various logistics equipment and other material resources obtained in the order of centralized supplies (procurements) from local resources, weapons, trophies to direct consumers (personnel) for their intended use in battle or when units and subunits are solving daily tasks.
Maintenance of designated stocks of materiel, as the basis for the material support of troops, is carried out with the aim of timely transferring the military rear from a peaceful position to a military one, satisfying the needs of the troops, replenishing the expense and losses in battle to maintain the level of sufficient supply of formations, units and subunits. The successful solution of this task is achieved by correct separation, dispersal and shelter of stocks of materiel and their timely delivery to units and subunits.
The supply of material resources (including water) is one of the main tasks of the material support of units (subdivisions). This means that even a violation of the supply and evacuation routes, the separation of rear services from units and subunits cannot serve as an excuse for their untimely material support.
Evacuation of defective and unnecessary for battle domestic, as well as captured weapons, equipment and property is produced with the aim of using these material resources as additional sources at the expense of the planned provision of units and subunits, increasing their combat capabilities. It is carried out by regular evacuation and vehicles of formations, units and subdivisions.
Refueling military equipment and other equipment is the final stage in providing the troops with fuel. It is organized with the aim of quickly restoring spent fuel supplies with vehicles for their continuous participation in hostilities (marching). The successful fulfillment of this task is achieved by the joint efforts of the commanders of formations and units, their deputies for logistics and armaments, chiefs of services, unit commanders, personnel of the fuel and lubricants service and car drivers.
Providing personnel with hot food and bread it is imperative in any conditions of a combat situation, so full and high-quality nutrition helps to compensate for the energy consumption of the body of military personnel to maintain their health and combat effectiveness (efficiency), increase the body's resistance to various loads, which largely positively affects the morale of the troops.
Bath and laundry service is aimed at preserving the health and fighting efficiency of military personnel, ensuring the prevention of their diseases, improving the life of soldiers, preventing premature wear of uniforms and underwear.
Search, collection, removal (removal) from the battlefield and evacuation of the wounded and sick, the provision of first medical, pre-medical (paramedic), first medical and qualified medical aid to them are the basis of medical and evacuation measures carried out in formations and units, and is organized with the aim of timely delivery of the wounded and sick to the stages of medical evacuation, and consecutive medical measures there for preservation of life, restoration of health and the fastest return to service of the maximum number of wounded and sick.
Conducting sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures is aimed at preserving the combat effectiveness of personnel and strengthening their health, preventing the emergence and spread of infectious diseases in the troops.
Measures of the medical service to protect personnel from weapons of mass destruction is carried out in order to prevent his defeats, to carry out isolation-restrictive and other measures in the elimination of the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy.
Providing for the basing of army aviation units, which are part of motorized rifle formations, is organized and carried out in order to disperse them secretly and safely at landing sites and create the necessary conditions for maintaining the constant readiness of helicopters to conduct combat operations.
Technical support of units and divisions by service the rear are an integral part of the technical support for the combat operations of the troops. It is organized and carried out in order to maintain in good condition, constant readiness for use and to ensure reliable operation of the rear services available in them.
Veterinary and sanitary supervision is carried out in order to determine the possibility of using to provide units and subdivisions with food, control over storage, means and conditions of transportation and areas of procurement.
Burial of those killed in battle and deceased soldiers is a military duty and is carried out with the aim of clearing the areas of hostilities and the deployment of troops from the corpses of dead people in order to maintain sanitary well-being and a high moral and psychological state of personnel. It should be mandatory in any setting. The procedure for the burial of servicemen is set out in the order of the Minister of Defense - instructions on the registration of personnel of the Armed Forces.
Provision of food and medical care for prisoners of war before their transfer to their destination, it is carried out in the prescribed manner by order of the deputy commander of the formation for the rear in order to fulfill the conditions and rules determined by the norms of international law. The solution of all these tasks, except for the technical support for the rear services, constitutes the main content of the rear support in the military echelon.
The success of the logistic and logistical support services during hostilities, and, consequently, the fulfillment of the tasks listed above achieved:
Maintaining a constant high combat readiness of the rear;
Active, purposeful and continuous political work in the military rear, in the high all-round training of its personnel;
Clear planning and the correspondence of the organization of supplying units (subdivisions) to their tasks and conditions of a specific situation;
Concentration of the main efforts of the rear on the provision of units (subunits) performing the main task and ensuring their maximum autonomy in the rear;
By coordinated use of all forces and means of the rear;
Creation of conditions for stable support of units (subunits) in combat operations carried out continuously;
A bold maneuver, by the forces and means of the rear;
Continuous logistic reconnaissance;
Maintaining high survivability of the logistic and technical support system;
Continuous and firm control of the rear.
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The conduct of hostilities by tank subunits and units requires a large expenditure of ammunition, fuel and other material resources. In order to provide troops with the opportunity to conduct continuous combat operations for a long time and maintain their combat effectiveness, it is necessary to constantly replenish them. At the same time, the scale of supply, as well as the number of types of expendable material resources, increase with the improvement of weapons and military equipment, which is one of the important laws of material support. The main task of the rear is complete and timely material and medical support of the troops. Home front operations must be planned and predictable and meet requirements such as flexibility, continuity, reliability, timeliness and efficiency. Successful fulfillment of tasks by the rear can be achieved with continuous and firm control of its resources, their high preparedness, correct separation, rational use for the supply of all types of transport. Deep revolutionary transformations in fundamental questions of military affairs have led to significant changes in the conditions of logistic support. First of all, there was a manifold increase in the volume of tasks for material support. If in the First World War about 6 kg of various funds were spent daily per soldier, in the Second World War up to 20 kg, now this consumption can be up to 100 kg. Therefore, of all the tasks solved by the rear, the main attention is paid to the main issues of material and medical support, to the supply of materiel, which is of paramount importance for tank and motorized rifle troops.
In general terms, the concept of "logistics" includes: material support; delivery of material resources; transport, medical, veterinary, trade and household, apartment maintenance, financial and other types of support. Logistic support of the troops is carried out by special logistic formations, units, subdivisions and institutions, which are united by the general term Logistics. The rear of the Armed Forces of Russia is subdivided: according to the scale and nature of the tasks performed, into: military; operational; strategic; by belonging to the rear: battalion (divisions); regimental; divisional; body; army; frontline.
STRATEGIC LOGISTICS is the highest echelon of the rear in the Armed Forces. It includes: the rear of the Center, which forms its basis, as well as state reserves and special formations, institutions and enterprises intended for the transfer of material resources (MS) from the national economy of the country for logistical support of the Armed Forces. THE MILITARY REARS includes warehouses with MC supplies, transport and medical units and subdivisions. It is intended for logistic support of formations, units and subunits and is subdivided into: divisional; regimental; battalion and rear divisions. The presence of the corresponding regular rear units and subunits directly subordinate to the commanders of formations, units and subunits gives them the opportunity to create the necessary material base to provide subordinates, corresponding to the assigned combat missions, and to influence the course of hostilities, carrying out a maneuver with the forces and means of the rear in accordance with the prevailing the course of the battle by the situation. The increased dependence of the success of a battle on the completeness and continuity of the rear support of the troops necessitates its correct and precise organization.
