Since ancient times, people have known that in order to overcome a cold, you need to somehow strengthen your body, that is, immunity. Thanks to beautiful and promising advertising, we will soon forget that there are more effective and safer remedies in nature for colds, flu and sore throats. Viburnum, mountain ash and rosehip berries are the remedy that needs to defeat the common cold, and synthetic stimulants of immunity do not enhance, but rather weaken it.

Viburnum is saturated with vitamins and useful minerals, so it is an excellent tool for strengthening our immunity during periods of flu epidemics and other colds. Moreover, it acquires the maximum useful properties after the first frost. Even its taste during this period turns from bitter to a little sweetish. It is rich in phytoncides that kill pathogenic bacteria, and its "vitamin complex" effectively fights against spring hypovitaminosis. Kalina can be used for making tea and compote, pies, cereals, jelly and preserves, marmalade.

For the prevention and treatment of colds, viburnum infusion is most effective. Take 40 g of grated berries and pour 200 ml of hot honey. Take a tablespoon 4 times a day. To remove the bitterness of viburnum berries, they must first be held for 6-7 minutes in boiling water. This infusion is especially useful for coughing and hoarseness. Viburnum juice is also very useful. Its use normalizes blood pressure, improves blood formation and stimulates the heart. It is also good as an antiseptic and wound healing agent.

Rose hip not far from the viburnum in its useful properties. Its broth, which can be drunk instead of tea, is very useful, as it contains vitamin C. Rosehip berries should never be boiled, they are brewed in a thermos. So its useful properties are not lost. Put two handfuls of berries in a thermos and pour 0.5 liters of boiling water over them. Close the thermos and leave for 6 hours. Strain the drink before drinking and add honey or sugar to taste. Such a broth can be consumed at least a liter every day, but after 2-3 weeks, you must definitely take a break. Those who have problems with the kidneys need to use rose hips very carefully - a large amount of vitamin C creates an additional burden on the kidneys.

Rowan generally can be considered a real natural pharmacy. As well as viburnum, it acquires maximum useful properties after the first frost. Rowan berries contain pectins, which remove radioactive substances and heavy metals from the body. The substances contained in the berries neutralize most of the pathogenic bacteria, tone up the intestines, and strengthen the walls of blood vessels. Mountain ash juice is very useful. It stimulates the immune system, effectively fighting colds; improves blood circulation and lowers blood cholesterol. It is useful for the prevention of hypertension and atherosclerosis.

1.2.4. Seed reproduction

Seed reproduction is a type of sexual reproduction, as a result of which a seed-embryo of a plant is formed, enclosed in a seed coat along with storing nutrient tissues. The seed coat protects the embryo from drying out, and the supply of substances provides the seedling with nutrition in the early stages of development. The appearance of seeds in the evolution of plants ensured their adaptation to a variety of ecological conditions and the wide distribution of seed plants in the vegetation cover. In angiosperms, the development of the seed is carried out in a closed chamber-ovary of the pistil, which ensures their protection from unfavorable environmental factors. Flowers, fruits, seeds are structures that provide sexual reproduction of flowering plants, which, to a much lesser extent than vegetative organs, change under the influence of environmental factors.
In some plants, apomixis is observed - this is a secondary asexual seed reproduction, not accompanied by a sexual process. At the same time, the beginning of a new organism can be given by an unfertilized egg cell (parthenogenesis) or a vegetative cell (apogamy). Apomixis most often occurs in cultivated plants (beets, flax, tobacco, barley, wheat) with the formation of a haploid embryo. Apomixis is also known in wild species: bluegrass, buttercups, cuffs, St. John's wort, hawks, dandelions. They often develop diploid embryos, which usually develop from nucellus cells. Interestingly, pollen is not formed at all in the cuffs or is underdeveloped, and in buttercups, hawks, dandelions, St. John's wort, pollination with normal pollen stimulates the development of the embryo without fertilization. Many authors consider apomixis to be a progressive phenomenon that ensures the formation of a large number of seeds.

Pollination of flowers. Cross-pollination (with the pollen of a neighboring flower or even another plant) contributes to an increase in intraspecific diversity and further adaptive evolution. In this regard, plants have a number of adaptations that provide cross-pollination. These include such as dioeciousness. At the same time, male and female flowers can be on one individual (corn) - monoecious plants or on different copies - dioecious plants (willows, poplars, ash-leaved maple, hemp, sea buckthorn). In some plants in the same flower, there is a non-simultaneous maturation of the Eyes and the pistil (dichogamy). With protrandria, the anthers are hidden until the pistil ripens (clove, geranium, Malvaceae, liliaceae, asteraceae), with proterogyne - the opposite (cruciferous, rosaceous, sedge). In some Plants, some specimens have flowers with long columns, others with short ones. Their stamens are located below or above the stigma. This phenomenon is called variegated or heterostyly (primrose, willow loaf).
Self-pollination (pollination of a flower with its own pollen) is important as a backup method of pollination, it is necessary to stabilize the characteristics of the species, in breeding - to breed clean lines. More often it is typical for cultivated plants: wheat, peas, beans. An extreme case of self-pollination is cleistogamy. With it, non-opening (cleistogamous flowers) are formed on the plant, usually located near the soil surface. In this case, pollen grows inside the anther, and the pollen tube penetrates into the pistil through the anther wall. Such flowers are formed in the amazing and hairy violet (see the section "Primroses").
Cross-pollination agents can be insects, wind, water, animals.
Anemophilia (wind pollination) is usually typical for plants in open areas. Their flowers are small, collected in multi-flowered inflorescences, easily swayed by the wind, with a lot of water, often bloom before the leaves open.
Entomophilia (insect pollination) is often highly specialized. The flowers are usually brightly colored, have a special smell, nectar, large sticky or clinging pollen. Orchids sometimes mimic the resemblance to female pollinators.
Hydrophilia occurs in a small number of plants.
In some plants, anemophilia and entomophilia can be combined (for example, plantain).

Pollination types

Pollination by bees is of particular importance for humans, because at the same time they form honey from nectar, from pollen - bee bread, from pollen, resin, gum of trees and other substances of non-plant origin - propolis.
Bee honey is a syrupy sugary liquid processed by bees from vegetable juices and folded into cells of wax combs as reserves. Flower honey is collected by bees from flowers. Honeydew honey - from leaves and other parts of plants.
Types of honey differ in origin, time of collection, method of extraction from the hive, appearance, chemical composition, purpose and special properties.
Flower honey of the Kemerovo region is divided into monofloral, collected from one and polypheric, collected from several types of plants. The latter prevail and have names: meadow, taiga, steppe, etc. and are often superior in quality to monofloral.
Honey is considered a honeydew if it has a dark color and a honeydew taste. There are two types of honeydew: plant - honeydew (it is almost never collected) and animal origin (it is collected annually in the taiga and forest-steppe zones) - the release of aphid pests of plants. More than 150 species of aphids living in the roof of trees and shrubs secrete sugars that are absorbed from plants. Bees collect honeydew, which collects on the leaves and flows from them, from species such as linden, aspen, fir, spruce, willow. Honeydew honey is very useful for the human body, especially for children, because promotes the formation of red blood cells, is used for stomach diseases and colds. But bees cannot hibernate on this honey.
In the Kemerovo region, flower honey is most often found from yellow acacia, willow (May), rapeseed, mustard, buckwheat, sweet clover, angelica, fireweed, limes, raspberries ... The type and speed of crystallization, taste and medicinal qualities of honey depend on its maturity and origin. Note that the shape and size of the crystals do not determine the quality of honey. If honey crystallizes in combs, then bee colonies do not tolerate wintering well. Any heated honey loses enzymes and is not considered natural.
May honey, as a rule, is collected from willow, but since the weather during its flowering is cold, it practically does not enter the trading network. May honey is rich in sugars, vitamins, enzymes, minerals, the most valuable fresh.
Gornaya Shoria honey (a mixture of linden and angelica) was supplied to the tsar's table as one of the best honeys.

Features of various honeys

Name	Characteristic	Crystallization
Acacia	liquid, transparent, soft taste with a pleasant delicate aroma	does not crystallize up to 2 years, fine-grained white cage
Rapeseed or mustard	light or intense yellow taste is not very pleasant	quickly crystallizes into a solid yellowish-white mass.
Buckwheat	dark, reddish, aromatic	quickly crystallizes, the cage is fat-like, fine or coarse-grained
Donnikovy	colorless or light amber, delicate, aromatic	does not crystallize up to 2 years fat-like, fine- or coarse-grained
Cypress	colorless, no aroma, great taste	shrinks in 4-6 months after pumping, fat-like, white, fine-grained mass.
Lime		fine-grained cage, fat-like
Phacelia	light yellow, with a strong aroma and pleasant taste	the cage is fine-grained, fat-like, white.
Angelica	light brown with a strong aroma, pleasant taste	the cage is creamy, crystallizes slowly.
Crimson	transparent, colorless, pleasant aroma and taste	white cage
Alfalfa	transparent, pleasant taste with a subtle aroma	white, slowly crystallizes
Polyfloral honey:
Taiga	amber, brown pleasant aroma and taste	dark cage
Forest-steppe	greenish, with a strong aroma, pleasant taste	cage greenish, coarse or fine-grained, fat-like
Steppe	light, creamy greenish, pleasant taste, strong indefinite aroma	cage white or greenish

Inflorescences
In the process of evolution, instead of large single flowers in plants, inflorescences are formed - a set of small flowers located on the same axis.
Thanks to the inflorescences, the possibilities of pollination are increased while the consumption of plastic material is reduced. Pollinators can pollinate more flowers in one visit. Non-simultaneous ripening of flowers in the inflorescence prolongs the flowering period, allowing you to avoid periods unfavorable for pollination. In addition, stamens and pistils can ripen in the same inflorescence at different times, thereby increasing the chances of cross-pollination. In some plants, some of the flowers (usually marginal) inflorescences are sterile (sterile, performing the functions of attracting insects: viburnum, sunflower, chamomile, cornflower, non-double asters, marigolds, kosmeya.
The inflorescences are extremely diverse, and their classification continues to be developed. Here are the types most common in species of local flora, which can be easily identified.

Variety of inflorescences

Inflorescence name	Plant names
Brush	ivan tea, bells, peas, bird cherry, currants, crucifixes, lilies of the valley, irga
Ear	orchis, plantain, sedges, wheatgrass
Ear of ear	cattail, female corn inflorescences, calla lilies, calamus
Head	clover, headhead, blackhead
Basket	Compositae
Umbrella	apple tree, primrose, bows, break
Shield, compound shield	mountain ash, pear, hawthorn, spirea, viburnum
Sophisticated umbrella	umbrella reeds
Complex ear	many cereals
Earring (drooping brush)	birch, poplar, alder, willow
Curl	onosma, lungwort, forget-me-nots, cucumber herb, gladiolus
Panicle	bluegrass, lilac, oats, male corn inflorescences
Dichasius ("fork")	Potentilla, spiderweed, resins, cuffs, strawberries, carnations, St. John's wort

Fruit
The variety of fruits is determined not only by species characteristics, but also by their adaptation to distribution.
Juicy fruits (berries, apples, drupes, polystyrene, pumpkin) are usually eaten and carried by animals, the seeds pass intact through the intestines, while their germination even accelerates and improves, and the feces act as fertilizers. Interestingly, the fruit becomes attractive in color and loses its sour or bitter taste when the seeds are fully developed.
Dry polyspermous fruits are opened in various ways, with the seeds discarded (beans) or spilled out (capsules, pods, leaflets).
Single-seeded fruits either fall to the ground under their own weight (nuts, kernels), or are carried by the wind, having various outgrowths-wings (lionfish), hairs (achenes).
In barley and feather grass, the caryopses are equipped with long outgrowths that are able to respond to changes in moisture. After the fruits spill out, their axes bend, they can curl, pulling seeds into the soil.
Achenes in many plants have "parachutes" (dandelion) and special attachments (burr, string).
In addition to legumes, scattering their seeds as a result of narrow twisting of the valves, we grow such plants as touch-sensitive core, touch-me-not balsam, oxalis (forest plants), in which the seeds "shoot" from the fruit when touched, hit by raindrops , sharp gusts of wind.

Variety of fruits

Fruit type (number of seeds)	Distribution method	Plant name
Berry (polyspermous)	Animals	Raven eye, tomato, honeysuckle, blueberry, cranberry, nightshade, currant, gooseberry, lingonberry
Boneberry (single-seeded)	Animals	Bird cherry, cherry, cherry, coffee, plum
Polystyrene (there is a seed in each fruit)	Animals	Bird cherry, raspberry, blackberry, cloudberry
Many roots (there is a seed in each fruit)	Animals	Rosehip, wild strawberry, strawberry, buttercups, cinquefoil, chastuha, gravilats
Pumpkin (polyspermous)	Animals	Cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon, melon
Polyleaf (polyseed)	Each fruit is opened on one side, the seeds spill out	Swimsuit, larkspur, wrestler, aquillegia
Box (polyseminated)	Opened by furrows, lid, holes, seeds spill out	Poppy, celandine, violet, poplar, tulip, willow, aspen, lily, kandyk, henbane
Bob (polyspermous)	Opened by valves or disintegrate into segments, seeds are thrown out	Legumes
Pod, pod (polyspermous)	They fall into two halves, the seeds are on the partition from which they crumble	Cruciferous
Apple (polyseed)	Animals	Apple tree, mountain ash, pear, hawthorn, quince
Lionfish (each half contains a seed)	Carried by the wind	Maple, ash, elm
Hipcarp (in each half of the seed)	They fall into 2 halves, hanging on the stalk, fall off, animals	Umbrella
Walnut (single-seeded)	Fall to the ground	Hazel, linden
Caryopsis (single-seed)	Fall to the ground	Cereals
Achene	Wind, animals	Compositae, fleecy
Pouch (single-seeded)		Sedge

The genus viburnum (Viburnum L.) belongs to the honeysuckle family, one of the relatively late arisen families of angiosperms. Currently, taxonomists count more than 400 species in the family, united in 14 genera. Most of the members of the family grows in the temperate latitudes of Europe, Asia, North America, but there are species confined to warmer regions - the subtropical and tropical zones of Asia, Africa, Central and South America. The basis of the family, in terms of the number of representatives, is made up of two genera, each of which contains about 200 species. This is the birth of honeysuckle and viburnum.

On the territory of the Soviet Union, the honeysuckle family is represented by 76 naturally growing species, united in 6 genera. In addition, more than 160 species from 10 genera of this family are bred in botanical gardens, dendrological parks and on the streets of cities and other settlements. In the natural forests of our country, representatives of the genus honeysuckle are most widespread - 51 species, elderberry - 11 species and viburnum - 8 species.

Of the introduced plants, shrubs from the genus honeysuckle are most often bred - more than 90 species, the genus Viburnum is somewhat inferior to it - more than 40 species and is significantly inferior to the first two genera of Weigela - 9, Snowberry - 8 and Abelia - 5 species, although in percentage they are planted more often than the first two genera.

Almost all species of the honeysuckle family are shrubs, less often - small trees and very rarely - perennial herbaceous plants. The characteristic features of the whole family are: the presence of a pith (or hollow chambers after its destruction) in the stems; opposite and only very rarely whorled arrangement of leaves; cymose inflorescences; predominantly brightly colored, bisexual, 4-5-membered flowers.

The vast majority of representatives of the honeysuckle family are ornamental plants. With their bright flowers, fruits and leaves, they decorate the streets of cities and villages, parks and squares. Of those naturally growing over the vast expanses of the Soviet Union, some species of the honeysuckle family have large and brightly colored flowers or original fruits that stand out against the background of leaves, for example, weigela, abelia, snowberry imported from North America.

Of more modest importance are the products obtained from the fruits of these plants. The fruits of only some types of viburnum are used for food, which differ in late ripening and a long period of abscission, as a result of which they can be harvested even in winter (viburnum ordinary and Sargent viburnum). Currently, the fruits of these plants are harvested only in areas poor in fruits and berries. The leaves and bark of representatives of the honeysuckle family contain good dyes. Very dense, strong, sometimes with a beautiful pattern, wood, due to the small size of the trunks, is used for small crafts, and the rods are used for basket weaving. Almost all members of the honeysuckle family are valuable honey plants. Even plants with no nectar in their flowers are visited by bees to collect pollen.

The viburnum genus mainly consists of thermophilic plants. Most of its species grows in the forests of southern Europe, North Africa, Asia (mainly in Southeast), in North, less often in Central, and South America. In the Soviet Union, there are only 4% of the species of the viburnum genus, one of the most numerous genera of the honeysuckle family.

Most of the viburnum species are deciduous shrubs, but there are also evergreens. Occasionally they reach the size of a small tree. The foliage is opposite and very rarely whorled. Viburnums are most often shade-tolerant, moisture-loving plants, demanding on the richness of the soil. However, of the species growing in the natural forests of our country, a significant proportion are light-loving, relatively undemanding to soil moisture and richness.

In a systematic respect, the viburnum genus is divided into nine sections, of which representatives of only four grow on the territory of the USSR. They are characterized by a 3-5-toothed calyx of flowers, a corolla with fused petals at the base, most often white, five stamens and a three-celled ovary. Two nests of the ovary do not develop and therefore a single-seeded fruit is formed from only one. In some species of viburnum, only sterile flowers are formed at the edges of the inflorescence. The fruit is a red or black berry-shaped drupe with a large seed.

Eight species of viburnum grow in our forests: three in the western regions and five in the east; four species have relatively small areas. More than 40 foreign species introduced into our country are bred mainly in the southern regions (Crimea, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus).

Viburnum ordinary(Viburnum opulus L.). The greatest economic role is played by the common viburnum, as it has a vast area, which occupies most of the forest zone. Most often it grows in the form of a small spreading tree or a large bush 3-4 m high.Under the best growing conditions, its height can reach 6-7 m. , 5 m. In plants located under the canopy of forest stands, the size is much more modest.

Viburnum vulgaris is a fast-growing shrub. Annual growth even in lateral shoots reaches 30-40 cm. It lives up to 50 years of age. The root system usually consists of a long taproot and numerous lateral roots. Young shoots are green, branches are glabrous, ribbed or smooth, with a grayish-green bark, which in some individuals has a faint reddish tint. On old branches and on trunks, the bark is grayish-brown, cracking by old age.

The wood is sound, hard, dense. The sapwood is white, the core is yellowish-reddish, rarely dark brown. Wood has an unpleasant odor. The buds are ovoid, sometimes with a pointed tip, reddish green, with two scales. Kidney expansion in the middle zone of our country is observed from late April to mid-May.

In general outline, the leaves are broadly ovate or round, more often three-lobed; on some bushes, five-lobed are occasionally found. The length is up to 10 cm, the width is up to 8 cm (sometimes the leaves are large on the coppice shoots). The leaf arrangement is opposite. The base of the leaf blade is often rounded, sometimes wedge-shaped or truncated; leaves with a shallow cordate base are less common. Three main veins branch off from the petiole, which branch into lobes. The parallel-sided middle lobe has an almost quadrangular shape. At the base, it is somewhat narrowed, and at the top it is coarsely toothed. The ends of all lobes are sharp or drawn into a short cusp. The lateral blades have an ovoid shape (sometimes with this shape they are found in the middle of the blade) and the edge is coarsely toothed on the outside. Irregular, pointed teeth. There are leaves with entire blades. The leaf blade is glabrous above, dark green, on the underside it is lighter from gray, dense and soft velvety pubescence. There are specimens with slightly pubescent and even bare underneath leaves. In the latter case, the hairs are located in the form of barbs only in the corners of the veins. Leaf petioles are short, 1-2 cm long, furrowed, with 2-4 disc-shaped glands and 2 adherent filiform stipules. The autumn color of the leaves is very diverse: from orange-red to purple. The beginning of autumn coloring is the second-third decade of September, the beginning of leaf fall - the end of September - mid-October.

Viburnum inflorescences are especially interesting. At a cursory glance at them, it seems that the petals of most of the flowers have already fallen, or have not yet blossomed. Taking a closer look, you can see that real flowers with stamens and pistils are located only in the center of the inflorescence. The beautiful marginal flowers are sterile. Seeds in higher plants are formed only after pollination of flowers. Pollen from the stamens on the stigma of the pistil is carried by insects or wind. Entomophilous plants have brightly colored flowers to attract insects. Wind-pollinated plants to facilitate the transfer of pollen have flowers consisting of only stamens and pistils, without perianths. In addition, to facilitate the penetration of wind to the flowers, such plants are either tall or bloom before the leaves open. Viburnum vulgaris does not reach a great height, its flowers are invisible and bloom late. Therefore, pollination of the common viburnum occurs with the help of insects. To attract bugs, butterflies and bees, bright white sterile (asexual) flowers were formed along the edges of viburnum inflorescences.

In common viburnum, sterile flowers are white, flat, 1-2.5 cm in diameter, with five irregular obovate corolla lobes, sit on pedicels 1-2 cm long and are located only along the periphery of the inflorescence. Bisexual flowers are sessile, white or pinkish-white, short bell-shaped, up to 0.5 cm in diameter. The non-fused parts of the petals (lobes) are wide, 1.5 times longer than the corolla tubule. Stamens with yellow anthers, filaments 1.5 times longer than the corolla tubule and therefore protrude from the flower. The ovary is inferior, cylindrical, three-celled, although, like all other species, only one nest develops. Flowers are collected in a loose umbellate panicle, consisting of 6-8 rays and reaching 5-10 cm in diameter. The length of the peduncle is from 2.5 to 5 cm. All parts of the inflorescence are usually covered with small glands, sometimes bare.

The fruit is almost spherical or broadly ellipsoidal (syncarpous drupe), bright red, with yellowish flesh, up to 8-10 mm in diameter. The stone is round or broadly ovate, pinkish-brown, with a pointed apex and an uneven lateral surface, 7-9 mm in length. Viburnum vulgaris blooms in May - June, and the fruits ripen in September and hang on the bushes until the snow falls, and sometimes much longer. Viburnum vulgaris fruits are edible and rich in vitamins.

In natural forests, 5 forms of Viburnum grow, which can be used in green building.

1. Dwarf form. It is characterized by the small size of the plant itself, small leaves and a dense compact crown.

2. Fluffy shape. It differs from other forms of viburnum in leaves. Above, they are the same naked and dark green, as in other forms, and below they are grayish-green due to dense pubescence.

3. Variegated form. The leaves of plants of this form have a decorative appearance due to their white-variegated coloring.

4. Sterile form. The most decorative form. Its inflorescences consist of only white sterile flowers and are spherical in shape. The sterile form of viburnum has no fruit and reproduces only in a vegetative way. The latter circumstance prevents its wide dispersal in natural conditions. The variety derived from this form was named "buldenezh" - a snow globe.

5. Yellow-fruited form. A shrub that differs from other forms of viburnum ordinary golden-yellow color of the fruit.

Viburnum vulgaris is distributed almost throughout the East European Plain, with the exception of the Far North and desert regions, as well as in the Crimea, the Caucasus, in some regions of Kazakhstan, Western Siberia and the southwestern part of Eastern Siberia. The border of the natural range of Viburnum vulgaris in the west is outside the Soviet Union. In the north, it starts from the border with Finland, which it crosses at 65 ° N. sh. and goes to the coast of the White Sea to the Northern Dvina, gradually descending south along its right bank, and then again goes almost directly to the east, a little north of Syktyvkar and goes to the Ural ridge already at latitude 61 °. On its western slopes, the border of the range again shifts southward to latitude 59 ° and returns to latitude 61 ° along the eastern slopes of the ridge. On the northern borders of the range, viburnum does not grow in the mountains. On the river Kondé border passes into Western Siberia, where it crosses the Ob near Khanty-Mansiysk and the mouth of the river. Irtysh and again goes east almost parallel to its right bank, then again drops to 59 °, crosses the Yenisei north of the mouth of the river. Angara and heading east to the river. Chadobets (99 ° E). After that, the border of the area changes direction to the southeast and goes to the Baraba bend of the river. Lena. The easternmost point of the range of the common viburnum is at 105 ° E. d., not far from the city of Irkutsk.

The southern border of the area is established less precisely, since the border of the forest zone itself is often interrupted by steppes and fields. Returning to the west, the border of the distribution of viburnum crosses the river. Angara a little higher than Angarsk and goes further along the northern foothills of the Eastern Sayan, reaches the latitude of Krasnoyarsk (Bazaikha river), crosses the Eastern Sayan and almost along the meridian approaches the Western Sayan, south of Abakan it crosses the Yenisei and already along the foothills of the Western Sayan descends to the south parallel to the axial Sayan ridge. After that, the border of the range approaches Gorny Altai and approximately at 52 ° latitude goes from the mouth of the river. Chulyshman to the border with Kazakhstan and then along the river. Alei leaves for the PRC. At a latitude of 44 °, the border of the common viburnum range returns to the territory of the USSR and goes to the northeast almost parallel to the state border to the middle of the lake. Zaysan, then turns to the north-west and through Semipalatinsk, Pavlodar and Omsk (crossing the pp. Ishim and Tobol) passes into the Kurgan region. Then the border of the range again returns to the Ural ridge in the Orenburg region and, bending, southwest of Kuibyshev goes to Saratov, from which it turns sharply southwest to Rostov-on-Don. Here she again goes to the north and north-west, crosses the river. The Dnieper near the city of Cherkassy and goes to Moldova, then again approaches the Dnieper in the Nikopol area and along the right bank (at a distance of 50 km from it) goes to the sea.

In the Caucasus, the northern border of the area from the city of Anapa goes northeast to the city of Bashtany, crosses the river. Kumu near the city of Budennovsk and descends south to Makhachkala. The southern border goes to the river. Chickens, then west to Tbilisi and near Leninakan goes to Turkey.

The insular ranges of the common viburnum are located along the banks of the Volga, between Volgograd and Saratov. There are especially many of them in Kazakhstan. According to A.M. Mushegyan (1957), the common viburnum grows in the territories of Tselinograd, Aktobe, Turgai, North Kazakhstan and Alma-Ata regions. In Crimea, viburnum is found only in the mountainous part, in the Caucasus - in the mountains - from the lower to the subalpine belt. There is no viburnum in Moldova south of Chisinau.

Judging by the amount of bark harvested for medical purposes (Atlas of Areals and Resources of Medicinal Plants of the USSR, M., 1980), the largest stocks of Viburnum are found in the Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Chernigov, Kiev, Lvov, Ternopil, Transcarpathian and Chernivtsi regions, Altai and Krasnoyarsk Territories and Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

As an ornamental shrub, viburnum is bred on the Solovetsky Islands, in the years. Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Solikamsk, Ussuriisk.

Viburnum ordinary cold-resistant. It grows well and bears fruit almost at the northernmost border of the forest. Under normal conditions, it does not suffer from frost and severe frost. In relation to the light behind the Viburnum vulgaris, the reputation of a shade-tolerant breed has strengthened. Viburnum grows quite successfully under a dense canopy of deciduous and mixed stands. In open places, viburnum bushes bear fruit more abundantly and almost annually. This forces the viburnum to be planted when it is introduced into the field and soil protection belts.

Viburnum is quite demanding on wealth and especially soil moisture. It takes a significant part in the formation of the undergrowth of deciduous and small-leaved forests in river valleys and on other low relief elements. Grows in meadows flooded during floods. According to W / P. Kornev (1956), viburnum participates in the undergrowth of at least 0.1 in the types of growing conditions C 3, C 4, D 3, D 4 and D 5 (on relatively rich, rich moist, damp, waterlogged soils). It is also found in drier conditions - in oak forests, but it grows there as a small bush. Kalina satisfactorily tolerates soil salinity. Grows on marls and soils underlain by chalk deposits. Viburnum ordinary tolerates dust and gas pollution in the air and therefore it can be bred on the streets of cities.

The stocks of Viburnum vulgaris fruits in forests are usually small. Its approximate distribution over the territory of the regions of the middle zone of the European part of the USSR is given by M.A.Kuznetsova (1972). In 6 out of 22 regions of Chuvashia, industrial harvesting of berries of a viburnum is possible. In most types of forest, viburnum is generally absent. As noted by A.A. Voronin (1972) for the Kaluga region, there are only 3-4 bushes per 1 km2. And only in meadows and in shrub thickets along river valleys, the number of bushes per hectare can reach several tens, rarely hundreds. An interesting viburnum grove (almost from one viburnum), stretching along the old Smolensk road from the city of Vyazma to the village. Semlevo.

Under natural conditions, Viburnum vulgaris reproduces by seeds, shoots from a stump, root suckers and rooting shoots. Birds carry seeds over a considerable distance, allowing the viburnum to settle into new areas. Stump growth is usually abundant, always providing timely replacement of felled and dead bushes. Viburnum is very resistant to damage of all kinds. Sometimes a bush grows on the outskirts of the village, near the road, on a pasture, and no matter how much its flowering or fruiting branches break off, the twigs are cut off, the roots are trampled, the bush stands, grows and bears fruit.

Kalina is a valuable honey plant. Bees collect nectar and pollen from its flowers. From 1 hectare of common viburnum thickets, they collect up to 30 kg of fragrant honey. It is especially important that viburnum blooms early and allows you to collect nectar at a time when most of the nectar-bearing plants are not yet blooming.

In silvicultural practice, viburnum is usually bred with seeds. In the forest nursery, seedlings are grown, which are then transplanted to the silvicultural area. To obtain high-quality planting material, it is necessary to harvest well-ripened fruits from the best shrubs, process them correctly and save them so that the sowing quality does not deteriorate. With large harvesting of seeds, due to the small number of plants, it is not always possible to select the best bushes for harvesting fruits. In this case, fruits are not harvested only from those plants that have obvious negative signs (poor fruiting, growth, damage by insects and diseases).

Collecting viburnum fruits is not a very laborious operation. Clusters of berries from the shoots are cut with secateurs or garden shears. Only in exceptional cases (tall bushes) do you have to bend down the branches or use a pruner worn on a high pole. The main costs of time are associated with the search for bushes and the transitions from one bush to another, which affects the number of harvested fruits. A picker usually manages to collect no more than 8 kg of viburnum berries in an 8-hour working day.

For better organization of harvesting fruits, it is desirable to have special forest inventory materials. On a special plan of afforestation, it is necessary to mark the boundaries of plots or plots allotted for harvesting fruit and berry plants with approximate data on fruit stocks. Employees of leshozes or forestries can themselves draw up a schematic plan for the location of areas that are promising for harvesting viburnum fruits, using for this observation data from forest protection, information on the distribution of forest types, in the composition of the undergrowth of which viburnum takes a significant part. In drawing up a plan, some help can be provided by hydrographic data, since viburnum is usually more common in river and stream valleys. Despite the fact that viburnum berries hang on the bushes for a very long time, they should be harvested immediately after ripening, since a significant amount of fruits, and sometimes the entire crop, can be eaten by birds. Once harvested, the fruit is either processed immediately or dried in the open air, in well-ventilated areas or in dryers. In this form, the fruits are stored until they are bookmarked for stratification.

The seeds are separated from the pulp with fruit graters, and then washed in water. At the same time, such a valuable product as viburnum juice, which can be used in the food industry or for the production of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry, is lost. It is wasteful to use this method of processing fruits at the present time. The seeds should be washed in water from the remaining pulp only after separation of the juice. For an 8-hour working day, the worker manually processes up to 45 kg of fruit, and when using mechanized fruit-graters - up to 300-320 kg. The yield of pure seeds from fruits is 8-10%.

After washing, the seeds are sprinkled in a thin layer on sieves that allow excess moisture to drain off quickly, and dried in well-ventilated rooms or under sheds. When stored in conventional warehouses, seed germination is maintained for two years. The average weight of 1000 seeds is 26 g (from 21 to 31). Viburnum seeds sown in autumn do not sprout next spring, germinate only 1.5 years after sowing. It is better to lay seeds in stratification immediately after harvesting and processing of fruits. With the usual methods (wet sand and storage at a temperature of + 4-5 ° C), stratification lasts six months.

For growing seedlings of viburnum, seeds are sown in a forest nursery. 6-7 g or 240 class I seeds are sown per 1 m of the sowing line. The seeding depth is 3 cm. A large yield of high-quality planting material is provided by spring sowing with stratified seeds. When sowing freshly harvested seeds in autumn, the yield of planting material is usually less, and the planting material itself is much more expensive. During the summer, you have to take care of the so-called dead crops, that is, areas where weeds grow abundantly, and there are seeds that have not yet emerged in the soil.

Viburnum seeds are valuable animal feed, especially for birds. They contain up to 9% carbohydrates, 36.8% fat and 2.6% total nitrogen. Mouse rodents eat seeds even in crops. This indicates the need for measures to protect crops from mice and other rodents.

For the rest, the cultivation of seedlings of Viburnum vulgaris is almost the same as the cultivation of seedlings of other deciduous shrubs. Viburnum is a fast-growing breed and therefore annual seedlings are suitable for forest crops. When using viburnum in green construction, and sometimes when introducing it into already existing plantations, the seedlings are transplanted to the school branch of the nursery to obtain large-sized planting material.

Gordovina(Viburnum lantana L.). A large shrub or small tree, in the best growing conditions, reaching a height of 6 meters. The bushes usually have a compact "crown" with arched branches that rise in an arched manner. Young shoots are covered with grayish scaly-stellate pubescence. The bark on the shoots is brown, on the old branches and trunks - gray, cracks with age. At the bottom of the stems - corky. It grows quickly and lives up to 50 years of age.

Buds are felt, without scales, buds open in late April-early May. Leaves are elliptical, ovate or oblong-ovate. On young shoots and especially on overgrown shoots, they reach 15 cm in length and 9 cm in width. On old branches, the leaves are much smaller - 5-10 cm long and 3-6 cm wide. The apex of the leaf blade is often shortly pointed, less often acute or obtuse. The base of the leaf is shallowly cordate or rounded. The leaf blade is dark green above, covered with sparse pubescence of stellate hairs, which usually fall off by the second half of summer. Below, the leaves are gray tomentose from pubescence of the same stellate hairs, which are thinned out by the second half of summer and then the leaves acquire a greenish color. In autumn, the leaves turn yellow, turn red, or take on the original purple-violet hue. The beginning of autumn leaf coloring is late August - early September. The edge of the leaf blade is acute-notched-dentate. From the main vein there are 8-13 pairs of lateral ones. The petiole is short, 1-3 cm long, dense, covered with stellate hairs.

All flowers are bisexual with a cupped-wheel-shaped yellowish-white corolla, 6-8 mm in diameter. The free lobes of the petals are oblong, 1.5-2 times longer than the corolla tubule. The stamens are glabrous, with yellowish veins on the filaments, protruding from the flowers, since their filaments are 1.5 times longer than the corolla tubule. The ovary is naked. The flowers are collected in a multi-flowered, dense, often seven-rayed, umbellate, paniculate inflorescence, 6-16 cm in diameter. Its axes are covered with dense tomentose pubescence. Gordovina blooms in May - June. Duration of flowering is 6-15 days. There is no nectar in the flowers, but bees visit them and collect pollen.

Fruits are oblong, ovate-ellipsoidal, up to 8 mm long. At the beginning of ripening, they are green, then they acquire a bright red color and, when fully ripe, become black and shiny. Seeds are ovate-elliptical or elliptical, laterally flattened, with three grooves on the ventral side and two on the back. Ripen in August - September.

Taxonomists have identified and described 7 forms and varieties of gordovina naturally growing on the territory of the Soviet Union.

1. Low form. An extremely dwarf plant with a compact crown, large leaves and inflorescences. Very decorative. It is sometimes used for planting inside flower beds.

2. Naked form. Medium-sized plant. The leaves are glabrous both on the upper and lower sides, even at the time of their blooming.

3. Fluffy variety. Represents, as it were, the opposite of the previous form. Its small leaves are densely covered with white tomentose hairs.

4. Large-leaved form. A shrub or tree of common size, with large leaves and inflorescences.

5. Golden shape. Ornamental plant. Leaves have a beautiful golden yellow color, especially immediately after blooming, in early spring.

6. Golden-bordered form. Just like the previous form, it is used in decorative design. Dark green or green leaves have an original golden yellow border around the edge of the leaf blade.

7. Variegated form. The plant with leaves covered with yellow spots is quite impressive and deserves wider use in green building.

Gordovina is common in the forests of central and southern Europe. On the territory of the USSR, it naturally grows in the south of the European part of the country, mainly in the Caucasus, where it is found along forest edges, in glades and glades, among thinned deciduous stands and in shrub thickets. In the mountains it grows in the upper forest and subalpine belts. In the latter case, it often forms clean thickets (Sukachev, 1938).

Gordovina is successfully bred in Leningrad and Sverdlovsk, Komi ASSR. In botanical gardens and arboretums, it grows further north - to the city of Arkhangelsk. In the Asian part of the country, there are gordovina bushes in Kazakhstan, Central Asia and in the south of the Primorsky Territory (Mountain taiga station of the Far East Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR).

Gordovina is more thermophilic than common viburnum, photophilous and therefore grows well only along the edges of forests, in the extreme rows of shelter belts, among shrubs and loose-leafed tree species. To the soil is undemanding. Can grow on limestone. Drought-resistant and tolerates soil salinity. According to D.V. Vorobyov (1967), it is most typical for the types of growing conditions C 1 C 2, C 3, D D 2 and D 3.

Gordovina is renewed by seeds, overgrowth from a stump, root suckers. In afforestation, seed propagation is more often used.

The fruits of gordovina are harvested in the same way as the fruits of other types of viburnum. They are cut from the branches with garden shears and secateurs. The decrease in the mass of the brushes is compensated by the greater participation of gordovina in the composition of the undergrowth, and especially in the composition of shrub thickets in the southern regions of the country and the Caucasus mountains. In one day, you can collect several times more gordovina fruits than the fruits of other types of viburnum. A.D. Agafonov and B.V. Andrest (1975), characterizing gordovina, note that its fruits are edible and rich in vitamins. They are rarely eaten, since in the regions of its distribution there are many other, more tasty fruits (similar cases are observed with the fruits of nightshade and bird cherry).

When processing the fruits of gordovina, they are ground in fruit-milling machines or in hand-held devices and washed from the pulp in water. The washed seeds are dried and stored.

The yield of pure seeds from fruits ranges from 15 to 20%. The average weight of 1000 seeds is 40 g (from 32 to 46). The seeds contain 8.3% carbohydrates, 28.3% fats and 2.5% total nitrogen (Zaborovsky, 1962). When stored in conventional warehouses, seed germination is maintained for two years. Hordovina seeds can be sown in spring and autumn. With autumn crops, seedlings appear in the spring of the next year, and with early spring crops - in the summer of the same year. To accelerate seed germination, increase their germination and obtain larger seedlings, sowing is best done with seeds stratified for three months. Up to 10 g of I grade seeds are sown per 1 m of the sowing line in the nursery.

Kalina Sargent(Viburnum sargentii Koehne). A large shrub with a pseudo-dichatomic type of branching, in the best growing conditions it reaches 3 meters in height. Young shoots are hairy or glabrous, but always covered with lenticels. Branches are brownish-grayish, tuberous from randomly scattered oblong or rounded lentils. Stem-enveloping leaf scars. Old branches and trunks are covered with brown or gray cracking bark. Lives up to 40-50 years. It is fast-growing, but grows slowly under the canopy of forest stands and on small stony soils of mountain slopes. The wood is dense and heavy.

The buds are covered with two pairs of scales. The upper pair with fused edges forms a kind of a boot or cap. From the side of the shoot, the buds are flat, and from the outside they are convex.

The general outline of the leaf blade is ovoid or rounded. On young, coarse and sterile shoots, the leaves reach 12 cm in length and 10 cm in width. On the other shoots, they are much smaller. The leaf blade often has three lobes and three main veins. It is not uncommon to find leaves in which the width is greater than the length. The lateral blades deviate to the sides almost horizontally. The middle blade is usually elongated. The tops of all lobes are pointed into an elongated cusp. The base of the leaf is rounded, cordate, wedge-shaped, or truncated. The edge of the blades is roughly toothed or notched-toothed. On sterile shoots, the upper leaves often lack teeth. They are full-edged and narrowly elliptical. Above, the leaves are dark yellow-green, glabrous, below are light green, pubescent. The petioles are longer than those of the common viburnum, and reach 2-3.5 cm in length. They are covered with large disc-shaped glands and have two styloid stipules.

Sterile flowers with a white zygomophoric corolla 1.5-3 cm across and on long pedicels. The free lobes of the corolla are unequal, obovate. Bisexual flowers are creamy white, sessile. The obtuse corolla lobes are equal in length to the corolla tubule. Stamens with purple anthers on filaments are 1.5 times as long as the corolla tubule. There are rare glands on the filaments. The stigma of the ovary is two-lobed. Inflorescence is a complex umbel with sterile flowers along the edge up to 7-11 cm in diameter, on peduncles 2-6 cm in length.

Viburnum Sargent blooms usually in May, sometimes in early June (in Khabarovsk from June 10 to 25), for 15-20 days. Leaves bloom from the second decade of May. The crimson autumn color of the leaves appears at the end of September and lasts until the second half of October.

Fruits are orange-red, almost spherical drupes, 7-9 mm in diameter. The taste is very similar to the fruits of the common viburnum. The seed is round, 5-7 mm in diameter, with an uneven lateral surface. The fruits ripen in early September and can hang on the bushes until it snows, and sometimes much longer, but most often they are quickly pecked by birds. The seed ripening period extends to 25 days. The berries should be picked between September 20 and October 30.

Within this type of viburnum, seven forms are described. Three of them differ only in the nature of leaf pubescence.

1. Fluffy shape. Shrub or small tree with pubescent leaves and inflorescence legs. This form was previously described as an independent species of fluffy viburnum.

2. Bearded-nerve form. Shrubs attributed to this form have almost bare leaves, only in the corners of the veins there are barbs of hairs.

3. Intermediate form. It was isolated and described by the Japanese botanist Nakai and occupies an intermediate position between the first two. On the leaves, the hairs are located only along the main vein.

The remaining forms of Sargent viburnum are distinguished by the color and shape of the leaves and by the color of the fruit and the shape of the inflorescences. This determines their economic value when used in green building.

4. Sterile form. It is very similar to the sterile form of the common viburnum. Its inflorescences also consist of some sterile flowers and are very beautiful. It is quite rare and is used little in landscaping.

5. Yellow-flowered form. The flowers of shrubs of this form have a yellowish corolla and therefore it also deserves wider use in planting on the streets and squares of cities and villages.

6. White-flowered form. It is characterized by flowers with pure white petals.

7. Yellow-fruited form. It is distinguished by the original yellow color of the fruit. Decorative and deserves widespread use in green building, especially in places that need autumn decoration.

Viburnum Sargent grows in the undergrowth of coniferous-broad-leaved and deciduous forests (cedar-broad-leaved, black-fir-broad-leaved, ash-broad-leaved, ash-elm, oak, etc.), as well as adjacent types of vegetation. It grows in the southern part of the Far East (Primorsky Territory, the southern part of the Khabarovsk Territory, the southern regions of the Sakhalin and Amur regions) and in the south of Eastern Siberia (the south of the Chita region).

All these areas are mountainous and therefore the border of the distribution area of ​​the Sargent viburnum is very difficult to draw. For example, in the Primorsky Territory, where viburnum is widespread almost everywhere, in the mountains above 600 m above sea level. m. it is not even in the very south of Primorye. Under these conditions, it is possible to roughly outline only the most extreme points of the northern and western limits of the distribution of the Sargent viburnum.

On the east coast of. Sakhalin, the border of the distribution of the Sargent viburnum runs in the upper reaches of the river. Nabil (Kabanov, 1940), and on the western coast - south of Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky. In the central part of Sakhalin, on the two Sakhalin ridges (western and eastern), there is no viburnum, here the border shifts a considerable distance to the south. But between the ridges on the Tym-Poronayskaya plain, the border of the area runs at almost the same latitude as on the coast. Viburnum Sargent also grows on the southern Kuril Islands (Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup).

In the mainland of the Far East, small groups of plants are found in the lower reaches of the river. Amur River near Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, to the west, the border goes north of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, not far from Lake Evoron and further south of Chegdomyn goes to the territory of the Amur Region. Here the border passes through Abakan, r. Zeya and the upper reaches of the river. Nkzhzhi, and then leaves the Far East for the Chita region. The southern border of the area of ​​the Sargent viburnum is located on the territory of the Korean Peninsula and the PRC.

Outside the natural distribution area, the Sargent viburnum is bred almost throughout the European part of the USSR. The northernmost breeding sites are located in Leningrad, Sverdlovsk, Solikamsk, Berezniki, Ufa.

By its ecological properties, Sargent viburnum is close to the common viburnum. It is shade-tolerant and also bears fruit in open places or under the canopy of thinned stands. In relation to the winter cold, it is somewhat superior to its western relative. Kalina Sargent grows and develops normally in the Lower Amur and north of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, where winter frosts reach -50 ° C and more. She adapted especially well to fluctuations in temperature. In early spring, in the south of the Primorsky Territory, an extremely unfavorable temperature regime develops, when the temperature drops during the day and at night are very large and reach almost 20 ° C. Such temperature drops are often the main reason for the death of many varieties of fruit trees imported from other regions of the Soviet Union. Viburnum Sargent is also characterized by the resistance of the roots to winter frosts. In the southern half of the Primorsky Territory, snowless winters are quite common, and then the roots of woody plants are under the influence of low air temperatures, which in these areas drops to -30 ° C and below.

The viburnum is demanding on the richness of the soil (Solodukhin, 1962), although some literary sources contain indications of its lack of demand (Usenko, 1969). Some misconception has occurred here. It is known that the same soils in the mountains can be infertile for tree species and fertile for shrubs. For example, a fairly common indicator of fertile soils - oxalis in the Far East is often found and grows normally in stone pine forests of the IV bonitet. On mountain slopes, soil fertility for trees is often determined by the thickness of the root layer of the soil and its skeletal structure (Solodukhin, 1965). For shrubs under these conditions, soil chemistry plays an important role, since their roots usually spread in the surface horizon. Viburnum Sargent is more often found on loamy and clayey, containing a significant amount of humus in the fine-earth part, albeit shallow, skeletal soils. To the moisture content in the soil is less demanding than the common viburnum. In places where the Sargent viburnum is spread, the lack of moisture in the soil is compensated by its high content in the air, especially in coastal areas.

Unlike the common viburnum, the fruits of the Sargent viburnum are easier to harvest due to the confinement of its main thickets to the lower parts of the mountain slopes and river valleys. There are fewer transitions and it is easier to find bushes. This is evidenced by the average data on the number of fruits harvested by a picker for an 8-hour working day - 9 kg. When collecting, the fruit brushes are cut with pruning shears and garden shears, or cut off by hand. Their collection usually begins in the third decade of September and continues for 40 days.

The collected fruits are separated from the stalks, washed and used to obtain juice. For this, a press is used, and for small batches, an ordinary juicer. Then the seeds are washed from the remaining mass and dried. The yield of pure seeds from fruits is 8-12% (on average, about 10%). Pledged for storage in any unheated warehouse, according to A. G. Emlevskaya, N. V. Krechetova, G. V. Senchukova and V. I. Steinikova (1964), the seeds remain viable for 5 years. Seed germination usually ranges from 70 to 80%. The seeds of the Sargent viburnum are larger than the seeds of the common viburnum, the average weight is 1000 pcs. is equal to 33 g. Duration of stratification is 4-5 months. Seeds are usually placed in stratification immediately after harvesting. If they start to germinate before sowing can be done, they are kept under snow.

Kalina Sargent in the Far East began to grow long ago and in large areas. Viburnum seeds were easier and easier to procure than seeds of many other species, especially conifers. Its bushes grew in river valleys, near roads and settlements, and sometimes near the nursery. Kalina often died off due to the mismatch of soil and soil conditions (lack of moisture and nutrients). Now the Sargent viburnum is bred mainly for green construction.

Kalina Sargenta gives abundant pneumatic shoots and rarely root suckers. Propagated by seeds, layering, winter and summer cuttings. When growing seedlings, 240 pieces are sown per 1 m of the sowing line, or 8 g of I grade seeds. Planting depth 3 cm. The best sowing time is early spring. Row placement is common for deciduous shrubs. 600-700 thousand seedlings are obtained from 1 hectare.

Kalina Buryat(Viburnum burejaeticum Rgl. Et Herd). In some sources (Kachalov A. A. Trees and shrubs. M., Lesnaya promyshlennost, 1970) another name is given - viburnum bureinskaya. Buryat viburnum in the best growing conditions reaches the size of a small tree up to 5 m high and up to 7 cm in diameter.

Under the canopy of forest stands it grows in the form of a low bush. Young shoots are covered with stellate hairs; yearling branches are smooth, glabrous, with light gray or yellowish gray bark. On old branches and stems, the bark becomes darker in color, cracks and becomes cork.

Leaves are elliptical, ovoid, 4-9 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, sometimes elliptical-obovate leaves. The apex of the leaf blade is often acute, less often short-pointed or obtuse. The base of the leaf is obtuse, wedge-shaped or rounded, and very rarely cordate. From the main vein there are 5-6 pairs of lateral ones. The leaves are dark green above, lighter below, evenly serrated along the edge. The main vein is covered with sparse simple appressed hairs, underneath - stellate. By the end of summer, these hairs fall off. The petiole is short (3-8 mm long), covered with dense stellate hairs.

The flowers are small with a yellowish-white, almost wheel-shaped corolla, the oblong lobes of the petals of which are twice as long as the corolla tube. Stamens with bare filaments are much longer than the corolla tubule. The ovary is cylindrical, covered with stellate hairs. Flowers are collected in dense, five-rayed umbellate panicles, 3-7 cm in diameter, peduncles 1-3 cm long. Blooms in May - June. The flowering period lasts 10 days.

Fruits are ellipsoidal, green at first, then red and finally black, somewhat narrowed at the upper end, rounded at the base, up to 1 cm long. ... The fruits ripen in late August - early September.

Kalina Buryat is common in the southern half of the mainland of the Far East. Within this common area of ​​distribution, there are many areas in which it does not occur at all. Its thickets are quite common in the forests of South Primorye and on the Middle Amur. In the west, its range reaches the lower reaches of the river. By the storm. A separate habitat was found by G.F. Starikov (1961) on the Lower Amur, near the village of P. Osipenko. It usually grows in the undergrowth of deciduous, mainly broad-leaved, and mixed forests, mainly along the edges of stands and under the canopy of sparse stands.

Buryat viburnum is a more light-loving plant than the red-fruited viburnum described above. In relation to heat, it is characterized by almost the same indicators as Sargent's viburnum. Although, when cultivated in the European part, in the same areas as the Sarzhenta viburnum (Moscow, Leningrad, Ufa and the Estonian SSR), it sometimes freezes over, while the latter successfully grows and bears fruit. In terms of demands on the soil, it is somewhat inferior to red-fruited viburnum and comes closer to Hordovina. Under natural conditions, it usually grows on loamy and clayey, often very shallow and stony soils. It is less demanding on the moisture content in the soil, but it is found along the banks of forest rivers and streams. Demanding on air humidity.

Harvesting the fruits of the Buryat viburnum is more laborious than harvesting the fruits of the types of viburnums already described above. This is due to the small harvest of berries on one bush, a smaller number of fruits themselves, formed on one inflorescence, their less noticeable color. This deficiency is compensated by the large participation of the Buryat viburnum in the undergrowth. As a rule, a picker collects about 4 kg of fruit in an 8-hour working day.

Berries from the bushes are torn off by hand and only when harvesting fruits from tall plants are pruners worn on a pole used. After harvesting, the fruits are ground with various fruit-milling machines or hand tools, and sometimes they are simply dried and stored in this form. The mashed fruits are washed from the pulp in water. The yield of pure seeds from fruits is 20 to 25%. 1 kg contains 20-30 thousand seeds. The mass of 1000 seeds is 33-50 g. You can also harvest dry fruit pulp for use in the confectionery industry, as is done with the fruits of other plants.

Sown in the fall, immediately after harvesting, the seeds sprout next spring. For spring crops, seeds are stratified within 3-4 months. When stored in ordinary unheated warehouses, seed germination is maintained for two years.

Viburnum is bred with seeds, root suckers, layering and cuttings. The experience of breeding the Buryat viburnum is extremely insignificant.

At a young age, Buryat viburnum grows quickly and therefore annual seedlings are used as planting material. Seeds are sown in early spring. In the practice of forestry, autumn crops did not become widespread due to the heavy texture of soils, which form a crust in spring. The seeding depth is 3-4 cm. 9-10 g of I grade seeds are sown per 1 m of the sowing line. The rest of the cultivation of seedlings of Buryat viburnum does not differ significantly from other deciduous shrubs.

Kalina Mongolian... Low (1-1.5, rarely 2 m) shrub with spreading branches. Young shoots are thick, densely drooping with stellate hairs. Annual shoots are yellow-gray in color, glabrous. The bark on old branches and trunks is light gray, wrinkled.

The leaves are broadly ovate or elliptical, small, the length of the leaf blade is 3-6 cm, width is 1-4 cm. In most cases, the leaf apex is obtuse or round, rarely slightly pointed. The base of the leaf blade is rounded or slightly notched. The edge of the leaf is uniformly finely scattered toothed. Above, the leaves are dark green, covered with sparse hairs (simple over the entire surface of the leaf blade and stellate along the veins), underneath are lighter with sparse stellate hairs. The petiole is very short, 3-8 mm long. It is also covered with sparse stellate hairs.

The flowers are bisexual with a yellowish-white, tubular-funnel-shaped corolla, 5-7 mm in diameter, with obtuse semicircular lobes, the limb of which is half the length of the corolla tubule. The stamens are also shorter than the corolla and therefore are not visible from the flower. Filaments are bare. The ovary is also glabrous, with a very short conical column and almost spherical, with a 3-lobed stigma. The flowers are collected in a few-flowered umbellate inflorescences, very small, 2-4 cm in diameter. The axes of the inflorescences branch out only at the tops. Mongolian viburnum blooms in May - June.

The fruits are green at first, then gradually turn red and, when fully ripe, acquire a black color. Each berry has one flat bone with two grooves on the dorsal side and three on the ventral side. Fruits usually ripen earlier than other types of viburnum, in August-September.

Kalina Mongolian on the territory of the Soviet Union is distributed only over a small area in Eastern Siberia, the eastern part of the river basin. Argun, and outside our country - in Mongolia and Tibet. Due to the frost resistance of the Mongolian viburnum, attempts to breed it were undertaken 200 years ago.

Mongolian viburnum is a plant of a very harsh climate. On the territory of its distribution, the air temperature in winter quite often drops to -50 ° C and below, and its daily fluctuations are significant. It would seem that this is a promising species for landscaping northern cities and villages, but its shoots freeze at much lower air temperatures in the North-West of the USSR, in the city of Leningrad, the Estonian SSR. This is affected by the influence of different length of daylight hours. Kalina Mongolian, as a southern plant, has adapted to a short day, and in the north, in conditions of a longer day, it does not have time to prepare for the winter cold. At home, it is photophilous and usually grows in clearings and in the open air.

Mongolian Kalina is less demanding for the richness of the soil than other representatives of this genus of plants, which naturally grow in our forests. It can often be found on stony and shallow soils of mountain slopes, sometimes among the placers of stones.

In this regard, some researchers characterize the Mongolian Kalina as an undemanding breed (in fact, it is not so) to the moisture content in the soil. This conclusion sometimes leads to failure when breeding in arid places. Kalina Mongolian grows in areas with harsh climatic conditions, in which the consumption of water for physical and physiological evaporation is small. In addition, in mountainous conditions, moisture reserves are replenished due to condensation from the air.

The Mongolian Kalina is included in the same section with the Buryat and Gordovina viburnum and therefore many of its other bioecological properties are close to the properties of these two species. It propagates by seeds, shoots and root suckers, it is bred by seeds, stem and green cuttings and layering.

Collection and processing of fruits, storage of seeds, methods of preparing them for sowing and cultivation of planting material are carried out in the same ways that are used for its closest relatives - Buryat viburnum and Hordovina.

Kalina Mongolian is bred as a decorative breed to decorate parks, squares and streets of settlements in the south of Western and Eastern Siberia. Kalina Mongolian is one of the most promising breeds for green building in these harsh climatic conditions.

Viburnum forked(Viburnum furcatum Blume ex Maxim). A small shrub (1.5-2 m tall), rarely, in the best growing conditions, reaching a height of 4 m, with upward shoots and forked branching, for which it received its specific name. Young twigs are smooth with reddish or grayish brown bark. Shoots are covered with yellowish stellate pubescence, which is one of the characteristic features of all species of this section. The leaves are deciduous, toothed, apical umbellate inflorescences sessile with bisexual inner flowers. The outer flowers are sterile. Fruits are bluish black or purple drupes.

On the territory of the USSR, this section of the viburnum genus is represented by only one species - the forked viburnum. The leaves of the viburnum forked are rounded or rounded-ovate, on shortened shoots 6-15 cm long, on elongated ones - up to 25 cm, with a pointed or blunt apex. The base of the leaf is shallow heart-shaped, the edge of the leaf blade is not large-toothed. Above, the leaf blade is dark yellowish-green, glabrous and covered only along the veins with a few branched hairs. Young leaves below are completely covered with tomentose pubescence. Then the pubescence is noticeably thinned out. Yellowish, short stellate hairs are preserved only along the veins, and in the corners of attachment of the lateral veins to the main one, from which 9-10 pairs of lateral ones depart. The petiole is short (1-2 cm), pubescent and strongly widened at the base. In autumn, the leaves take on a beautiful lilac-raspberry color.

Sterile flowers with a white zygomorphic corolla, 1-3 cm in diameter, on long pedicels, arranged in a strip along the edge of the inflorescence. Fertile flowers with a wheel-shaped corolla, 7-8 mm in diameter. The lobes of the petals have pointed ends. They are longer than the corolla tubule. Filaments are bare, half the length of the tubular part of the corolla. The ovary is cylindrical, glabrous, with a thick column and a short 3-lobed stigma. The flowers are collected in a complex 4-6-ray umbellate panicle, reaching 8-10 cm in diameter. All parts of the inflorescence are initially covered with stellate hairs, then a significant part of the hairs falls off. Flowers are located on the axes of the third or fourth orders. Inflorescences are formed at the ends of two-leaved young twigs. Blooms in May - June.

Fruits are elongated-ovate-ellipsoidal with a mealy pulp, 8-11 mm in length, at the beginning of ripening they acquire a red color, when fully ripe they become black. The bone is elliptical or ovoid, with deep grooves on each side, with a flat ventral and curved dorsal side. The fruits ripen in August. Abundant fruiting is observed after 1-2 years.

Fork viburnum is common in southern Sakhalin and two southern Kuril Islands - Kunashir and Iturup. The northern border of its distribution area on Sakhalin runs along almost 49 ° N. sh., north of the city of Makarov on the east coast and south of the city of Uglegorsk - on the west. The southern border is located outside the territory of the Soviet Union - in the mainland of Japan and on some islands. In addition to the Far East, the forked viburnum, like another Sakhalin species, the Wright viburnum, is found only in botanical gardens, dendrological parks and special scientific institutions. In the north of the European part, shoots often freeze due to the influence of the length of daylight hours.

Fork viburnum is a thermophilic breed. It grows in places where evergreens live, such as holly (throughout the range) and oboval magnolia (in the southernmost part of the range). It is resistant to winter frosts under these conditions. It is characterized by greater light-love than other types of viburnum. It is found mainly in clearings, meadows under the canopy of sparse deciduous stands (more often oak - from toothed and curly oak). A breed of mild monsoon climate, demanding on air humidity. It is less demanding for the richness of the soil than the red-fruited viburnum. Even less demanding on the moisture content in the soil.

Viburnum forks reproduces by seeds, it is renewed by pneumatic shoots and root suckers. Diluted with seeds, layering and stem cuttings. It has no particular economic importance for the Sakhalin Region, where many other more ornamental shrubs grow. All researchers of the Sakhalin vegetation are usually recommended as an ornamental shrub for the south of the European part of the USSR.

Kalina Wright(Viburnum wrightii Miq). A small bushy tree up to 3 m high, sometimes a shrub. Thin branches are usually directed upward. Young shoots are glabrous or covered with sparse hairs. On old branches and trunks, the bark is grayish-brown. The only closest relative (by section) on the territory of the Soviet Union is the eastern viburnum grows in the Transcaucasus. Life expectancy is 40-50 years.

The buds have two pairs of scales, the outer ones are naked, the inner ones are hairy. Leaves are of various shapes and sizes on shortened and elongated shoots. On the first, they are almost round or broadly obovate, with a 6-14 cm long leaf blade, on the second, they are rounded obovate and broadly ovate, larger. The apex of the leaf is more often drawn into a thin acumen, less often it is rounded. The base of the leaf is rounded or broadly wedge-shaped. The edge of the leaf blade is coarsely serrated and toothed. 6-9 pairs of lateral ones extend from the main vein. Above, the leaves are bright green, with sparse hairs, below are lighter and with long, upward hairs, which form beards at the corners of the veins. There are punctate glands on both sides of the leaf blade. The petiole is short (6–20 mm in length) without stipules.

The flowers are small (5-7 mm in diameter), bisexual with a white wheel-like corolla. The folded lobes of the petals are villous along the edge. Stamens with yellow anthers, longer than corolla. The column is conical, thick. The inflorescence is a five-rayed umbellate panicle, 5-10 cm across, consisting only of bisexual flowers. Peduncle 1-2.5 cm long. All parts of the flower are pubescent. Blooms in June-July.

Fruits are bright red, almost spherical, about 1 cm in diameter with a pointed tip, juicy pulp, bitter. The seed is spherical-ovate, narrowly flattened, with two grooves on the dorsal side and three, indistinctly pronounced, on the ventral side. The lateral surface of the seeds is uneven. The fruits ripen in September - October.

Kalina Wright is distributed in the very south of Sakhalin and the southern Kuril Islands (Kunashir and Iturup). The northern border of its range on Sakhalin runs along approximately 48 ° N. sh. and is located between Krasnogorsk and Ilyinsky on the west coast, on the east coast it runs south of the village. Eastern. In the central part of Sakhalin, due to higher terrain elevations above sea level. m. the border is shifting to the south. The southern border of the distribution of Wright's viburnum is in Japan and on the Korean Peninsula.

In areas that do not belong to the Far East, Wright's viburnum is quite rare - in botanical gardens and dendrological parks, like the forked viburnum. In Leningrad, Moscow and the Baltic States, shoots often freeze near the Wright's viburnum bushes. Plants planted in the southern regions of the country feel much better, although sometimes they suffer from drought.

Kalina Wright is thermophilic. Judging by the northern border of its range, it is more thermophilic than the forked viburnum. It also grows in areas with a mild maritime climate, which even in these areas is characterized by cold winters (the influence of the Siberian anticyclone and the cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk). It tolerates significant shading, but like all other woody plants, photophilousness increases with age and abundant fruiting is observed only on well-lit bushes.

It is a typical breed of the monsoon climate, demanding on the humidity of the air and the richness of the soil. On Sakhalin, it is usually found in the lower parts of the mountain slopes and in the valleys of rivers and streams. In this respect, it resembles Sargent and ordinary viburnum. In the humid climate of the Sakhalin region. special confinement to fresh and damp growing conditions Not observed. In other areas, it can be more demanding on the moisture content of the soil.

Viburnum Wright is propagated by seeds. It is renewed by root suckers and shoots from the stump, seeds. Diluted with layering and stem cuttings. It is usually recommended for use in green building for the southern regions of the European part of the Soviet Union. Under irrigation conditions, it can be used in Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

Oriental viburnum(Viburnum orientale Pall). Shrub up to 2 m high. Young twigs are first covered with sparse hairs, then glabrous. The bark on the branches and trunks is smooth, brown, cracks at the base. Lives up to 50 years of age. Buds with two pairs of scales, on short legs.

Leaves are round or oblong-ovate, 3-lobed in the upper part, 6-15 cm long, with three main palmate-diverging veins. The extreme veins have 6-7 lateral veins. The bases of the leaves are cordate or truncated. The blades are tapered or pointed. The lateral lobes are sometimes poorly developed. The edge of the leaf is coarse and sharp-toothed, rarely irregular or notched-toothed. The leaf blade is dark green above, glabrous, lighter below, along the veins and, especially, in their corners with appressed hairs. Petioles are short, filiform stipules are located at their base.

The flowers are bisexual, shortly bell-shaped, with a corolla tube about 3 mm long; the free lobes of the petals have semicircular obtuse ends with a bend of up to 4 mm. The stamens are longer than the corolla, as a result of which they protrude from the flower. Anthers are white. The ovary is glabrous, inversely conical-cylindrical. Flowers are collected in six to eight-rayed, multi-flowered umbellate panicles 4-7 cm in diameter. Peduncles densely covered with short hairs. Blooms in June - July.

Ellipsoidal fruits, initially green, become bright red as they ripen, by the time of full ripening they acquire a black-purple color. Mealy pulp. The bones are flat, with two grooves on the dorsum and three on the ventral side, up to 8-9 mm in length. The fruits ripen in September.

Viburnum orientalis grows in the Western Transcaucasia and the northern part of the Eastern, in the middle and lower belt of the mountains, where it takes a significant part in the composition of the undergrowth in plantations. The exact border of its range is difficult to draw due to the complexity of the mountainous relief, since its latitudinal boundaries are shifted due to vertical zoning. Experimentally, the eastern viburnum has been bred since the end of the last century. It grows well only in the south - in Tbilisi, Batumi and Tashkent. A.G. Dolukhanov (1969) describes two types of beech forests with undergrowth, which is dominated by eastern viburnum.

Viburnum orientalis is the most thermophilic of the viburnum naturally growing on the territory of the USSR. It is included in the same section with the common in the south of the Sakhalin region. Viburnum Wright, is its closest and only relative in our country. They differ significantly in morphological characteristics, and are very similar in bioecological properties. Oriental viburnum is shade-tolerant and successfully grows and develops under the canopy of dense-crowned beech stands. Demanding on the richness and moisture of the soil.

In green construction, the eastern viburnum has not yet gained significant distribution, since the shrub flora of Transcaucasia is very rich and represented by a large number of species that surpass it in decorative properties. Favorable climatic conditions make it possible to use the richest assortment of ornamental plants of the subtropical zone to decorate health resorts and other settlements.

Oriental viburnum reproduces by seeds, renewed by pneumatic shoots and root suckers. It is bred with stem cuttings, layering. A more promising future awaits the eastern viburnum when it is used in the undergrowth of many stands to protect slopes from erosion, transfer surface runoff to subsurface runoff. The latter will contribute to an increase in the flow rate of mineral water sources.

Do you have mountain ash on the site? We hope that we have convinced you of the usefulness of this culture and that you will find a place on your site for a beautiful mountain ash.

Everyone loves this slender, elegant beauty. In the spring it pleases us with its snow-white flowers with an almond scent, and in the fall it attracts us with clusters of red-orange fruits. And its foliage, changing color from yellow to red at this time, is also very elegant. Remember S. Yesenin: "A fire of red mountain ash is burning in the garden ..."

The word "mountain ash" is often used together with the word "bitter". Indeed, rowan fruits lose their bitterness only after frost or special processing. But few people know that mountain ash can be sweet-fruited. The most famous variety of such mountain ash is Nevezhinskaya.

Gardeners who decide to grow sweet mountain ash should take into account that many of its varieties need cross-pollination and therefore it is better to grow 2 - 3 trees of different varieties on the site.

There are 80 types of mountain ash known on the globe, and 34 are found in our country. Of these, the common mountain ash is the most widespread. It grows in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of the country, in the Caucasus in the mountain-wooded belt and in the mountainous Crimea.

Mountain ash can be found in the undergrowth of mixed and coniferous forests, in clearings, along forest edges, among thickets of bushes, near water bodies, on rocky mountain slopes.

Its fruits contain many valuable biologically active substances useful for humans: 4-8% fructose, glucose, sorbose, sucrose; up to 2.7% acids (grape, citric, malic, succinic), pectin and tannins; vitamins - up to 200 mg%, including more ascorbic acid than in lemons, carotene - 5.5-20 mg%, vitamin P and bitter substances: fruits contain flavonoids. The seeds have 22% fatty oil and amygdalin glycoside.

In medical practice, rowan fruits are used mainly for vitamin deficiencies in the form of an aqueous infusion or tea (to prepare an infusion, 1 teaspoon of fruits is brewed with a glass of boiling water and drunk 1/2 cup 1-3 times a day). Fruits are also part of vitamin teas. Vitamin syrup, vitamin concentrate, canned with sugar - what can you not prepare from the fruits of this plant! In addition, in the winter-spring period, when the diet lacks vitamins, we can widely use dried and canned fruits.

In folk medicine, the fruits and flowers of mountain ash are used for dysentery. Decoctions of dried fruits are used as a diuretic and hemostatic agent. There is evidence that the fruits have an antibiotic effect.

Rowan is widely used in the food industry and in everyday life, processing it into jams, wines, liqueurs, liqueurs, confectionery fillings, marmalade, vinegar, and kvass.

Possessing a whole range of valuable qualities, mountain ash deserves the closest attention of amateur gardeners. Now there are many interesting varieties of mountain ash - high-yielding, winter-hardy, with large fruits and excellent taste. These are Nevezhinskaya mountain ash and hybrids bred with her participation, varieties I.V. Michurin (Granatnaya, Likernaya, Dessertnaya, Burka) and his followers - A.S. Tikhonova (Titan, Krasavitsa, Rubinovaya) and T.K. Poplavskaya (Alaya large).

Rowan varieties

The variety is medium-sized (5 - 6 m). The wood is winter-hardy. The leaves are rather large, strongly wrinkled. Flower buds are weakly resistant. The fruits are edible, medium-sized (up to 1 cm in diameter) or large, yellowish, juicy, sweet and sour with a tangible bitterness, taste similar to the fruits of mountain ash.

A hybrid of rowan and hawthorn. The tree is low, 3-4 m, with a sparse crown, the leaves are pinnately dissected in the upper part, and elliptical in the lower part. The variety is winter-hardy, fruitful.

A complex hybrid of alpine sorbaronia and common mountain ash. It starts bearing fruit from 2-3 years. The tree is undersized, 1.5-2.5 m. The crown is compact. Leaves are simple, pinnate. The variety is highly winter-resistant. The yield is annual, stable, 40-60 kg of berries can be harvested from 1 plant. The taste is only slightly inferior to Dessertnaya. Fruits are medium in size, reddish brown, slightly tart. Stores well for 3-4 months.

The variety is obtained by pollination of mountain ash with a Moravian mixture of several pear varieties. A vigorous tree with a spreading crown. The leaves are large, pinnate. The variety is winter-hardy, high-yielding (up to 150 kg per tree), bears fruit annually. The fruits are large (1.5 g), orange-red in color. The content of sugars is 7-9%, acids - 2-2.5%. Used in recycling.

A very interesting new variety of T. K. Poplavskaya's selection, which tastes like cranberries. The variety is still little known to gardeners, but deserves special attention.

A variety of folk selection. The tree is powerful, compact, spherical, highly winter-resistant. Productivity up to 80 - 100 kg. The fruits are large, red, with orange juicy pulp, pleasant sweet and sour taste without bitterness and astringency, ripen in the first half of September, stored fresh until April, stay on the tree all winter without losing taste.

A hybrid of a pear with a mountain ash. High-yielding, drought-resistant. Medium height tree. Fruits of medium size, maroon color, sweet-sour taste.

The variety is fast-growing, vigorous. Abundant fruiting, annual. The fruits are large, juicy, and have good taste.

The varietal assortment of mountain ash is quite diverse, there are also hybrids with chokeberry, medlar, pear and hawthorn.

Before you start planting plants, you need to familiarize yourself with some of the features of mountain ash. Rowan cultivars are self-fertile and require cross-pollination, so at least 2 varieties must be planted in the garden. You can limit yourself to one, if it is transformed into a "garden tree" by grafting with cuttings of other varieties. Mountain ash is also characterized by parthenocarp, that is, the formation of ovaries without fertilization, but this phenomenon is quite rare.

Plants of low-growing varieties (Burka, Dessertnaya, Titan) should be planted at a distance of 2-3 m between themselves. They begin to bear fruit early, in the 2-3rd year, quickly increase the yield, which reaches 15-40 kg of fruits per tree. Vigorous varieties (Nevezhinskaya, Krasavitsa, Scarlet large) are planted at a distance of 5-6 m, then they must be carefully formed, limiting the number of skeletal branches. At a mature age, from 1 plant of vigorous varieties, 100-150 kg of fruits can be harvested, but later (from 4-5 years) they begin to bear fruit and increase the yield more slowly.

The lifespan of rowan plants can be 80-100 years, but the productive age for most varieties is limited to 25-30 years. It is known that the age of plants affects the level of accumulation of vitamins: the fruits of young trees, as a rule, contain less vitamins than in plants that have reached the productive period.

Most varieties of mountain ash tolerate a drop in temperature to 45-50 ° C in winter. Rowan begins growing season relatively early, at fairly low average daily temperatures. It blooms in mid-late May, 6-10 days later than apple and pear, with an average daily temperature of 12-15 ° C. Rowan "leaves" from late spring frosts, although the flowers are able to withstand temperatures as low as -2.5 ° C. In terms of flowering time, different species and varieties of mountain ash under the same conditions differ little from each other, therefore, their mutual pollination is possible. Duration of flowering of one variety is 6-10 days. But the fruits do not set well if the weather is rainy or too hot during the flowering period.

In mountain ash, flower buds that provide the next year's harvest are laid earlier than in most fruit crops. This process begins from the beginning of June and coincides in terms with the formation of the fruits of the current year, therefore, during this period, the plants must be provided with a sufficient amount of nutrients and moisture. Mountain ash has a short growing season (140-175 days), leaf fall ends early, in winter the plants leave with well-formed flower buds and mature wood.

Rowan is a plastic, unpretentious plant. A variety of soil and climatic conditions are suitable for it, however, plants grow and develop better in well-lit areas with fertile, moisture-absorbing and air-permeable soil. Protection from winds for mountain ash does not matter much, pollination of flowers and the safety of ovaries are the same in both protected and open areas. The mountain ash does not tolerate long stagnation of water, it underpins the bark, and the roots are damaged.

Rowan can be planted both in autumn and spring. Planting pits for vigorous varieties are prepared with a diameter of 100 cm and a depth of 60 cm, for low-growing varieties, respectively 80 and 50 cm.With good fertilization of the planting pits in the first 2-3 years after planting, you can limit yourself to the introduction of only nitrogen fertilizers (30-40 g / m 2) ... During the period of full fruiting, the rate of organic fertilizers is 8-10 kg / m 2. The trunks can be kept under black steam or covered.

Light rejuvenating pruning of mountain ash can be started when the growth on the tree noticeably decreases, but not less than 10-15 cm, and the yield is still relatively high. Strong pruning is carried out when the average length of the growth becomes less than 5-6 cm or it is absent at all. Skeletal and semi-skeletal branches rejuvenate 5-6 years old wood.

Rowan is usually propagated by grafting. Rootstocks can be grown from seeds. Freshly harvested seeds, sown in the ground in late August - early September, germinate well. The rootstocks of apple, pear, quince, hawthorn and chokeberry were studied as rootstocks for mountain ash. More viable rowan grafts were obtained on chokeberry (chokeberry).

Some varieties of mountain ash can be propagated by green cuttings in greenhouses with artificial fog (except for varieties of Nevezhinsky mountain ash). Good rooting was achieved in the varieties Granatnaya, Dessertnaya, Burka, Rubinovaya, etc. Green cuttings taken from annual growths taken from annual growths during their active growth, that is, from May 10-15 to June 5-10, take root better.

We hope that we have convinced you of the usefulness of this culture and that you will find a place on your site for a beautiful mountain ash.

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Mountain ash is damaged by: mountain ash moth, cherry slimy sawily, aphids and gall mites.

At the chosen place, they dig a hole with an area of ​​50x50 cm and a depth of 50 cm, discarding the upper fertile and lower infertile horizons into 2 different piles. Mixed with the top fertile soil layer 6 kg of humus, 50 g of wood ash, 60-80 g of double superphosphate, 40-50 g of potassium sulfate. With this composition, the roots of the seedling are poured, shaking it by the stem, trample it down. The soil is poured on top from the second "infertile" heap and watered (one and a half buckets of water). Then, after watering, the soil is mulched with a 5-centimeter layer of peat or humus.

... Bred by I.V. Michurin in 1916 by pollination of a hybrid rowan seedling with a mixture of pollen of various varieties of apple and pear. The trees are tall, up to 10 m in height. The crown is dense, pyramidal. The branches are dark gray. The kidneys are large, elongated. Leaves are pinnate, dark green. The fruits are juicy, red, faceted. The taste is good, sweet and sour. The variety is winter-hardy, high-yielding, like all varieties, it has a fruiting frequency. Elderberry rowan There are a wide variety of mountain ash species, which differ very significantly in their morphological characteristics. The differences in the shape and size of the leaf blade are especially striking. They also differ in flowers, inflorescences, fruits.

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In terms of vitamin P content, nevezhin varieties are 10 times higher than apples, lemons, oranges; in terms of the amount of vitamin C, apples are 5 times superior, lemons are 3 times; in terms of provitamin A content, they are not inferior to the best varieties of carrots and rose hips. In addition, rowan fruits contain vitamins PP, B, B2, E, etc. You can plant rowan in autumn (during massive leaf fall, 15-20 days before stable frosts) and in spring (in early April, before swelling in seedlings of buds.) Fruits of rowan are apple-shaped, globular, bright red or red-orange, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, soft when ripe, with 2-5 seeds. Rowan blooms in May-June, its fruits ripen in September-October.

Struck your plant in the fall, then you should subject the rose to strong pruning, that is, cut off all shoots at the level of the second or third bud from the base of the plant.

Greetings, friends!

Control measures: against the mountain ash moth, the caterpillars of which damage the fruits, causing them to rot, the plants are sprayed with a 10% s.p. or k.e. karbofos (25 g per 10 l of water) a week after the end of flowering. At the same time, this also serves as a fight against aphids, which sticks to young succulent parts of plants (shoots, leaves, etc.) and sucks out cell sap from them. Against the gall mite, which causes swelling on the leaves, treat with colloidal sulfur.

The best planting time is October, but if you didn't have time, then you can plant it in early spring. Distance between plants 2.5 m.

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Rowan Nevezhinskaya

Ruby

... Valuable primarily for its short stature. It is a shrub 1-1.5 m in height, with large sweet fruits rich in various biologically active substances. A very promising view.

The most common mountain ash is common, which belongs to the Rosaceae family (Rosaceae), the genus Sorbus (mountain ash).

Photo .. maybe rust? I had such leaves on a young apple tree.

Rowan fruits contain a significant amount of fiber and pectins, which prevent the absorption of many toxic substances, including radionuclides, and accelerate their excretion from the body.

There are known varieties of national selection of the Nevezhinskaya Rybina:

Nevezhinskaya cubic

For spring planting, pits (100x100 cm and a depth of 70 cm) are prepared in the fall. Before planting, 500 g of superphosphate, 100 g of potassium salt (or 400 g of ash) should be added to the bottom of the pit, and the roots should be covered with humus (10-12 kg per tree).

Nevezhinskaya yellow

The most common variety. The fruits are orange-red, elongated, pentahedral, the pulp is juicy, with a pleasant sweet and sour taste, the seeds are small, light brown in color. The mass of 100 medium fruits is 50 g.

Rowan propagation

The best way to deal with rust is through proper prevention. Dampness is a good condition for the spread of the disease, therefore, when watering roses, you should try not to spray the buds and leaves. The place where your roses will grow should be selected in an area with good ventilation and protection from cold winds. There must be enough potassium in plant nutrition, its shortage can trigger an outbreak of an epidemic. All diseased plant parts must be removed from the garden and destroyed.

Rust is a harmful disease of roses, which is easy to recognize and not at all easy to cure, it is caused by spores of fungi of the Puccinia family, and various insects and wind are carriers of the disease. There are two similar diseases - black spot and rust.

Among the diseases on mountain ash, rust and moniliosis (fruit rot) were noted.

Rowan planting

If you planted a two-year-old with a formed crown, then they continue to form it, trying to get the most convenient flat crown of the pyramidal type. If a one-year-old, then remove the bottom of the stem to a height of 70 cm (future stem), cranes the plant, cutting off the top to the inner bud.

... Obtained from the pollination of mountain ash with a mixture of pollen from different pear varieties. Trees up to 6 m in height. The branches are light brown. Leaves are pinnate, light green. The fruits are dark red, faceted, sweet and sour. Has a fruiting frequency.

Rowan home

This is a winter-hardy plant in the form of a tree up to 10 m high, capable of withstanding frosts down to -50 and more. Leaves are pinnate with 5-9 pairs of leaflets. The edge of the leaf blade is serrate, the denticles are sharp. The leaves are dark green above, below - with grayish pubescence. The flowers are small, white, with a specific "mountain ash" smell, collected in multi-flowered inflorescences of the umbrella type ("shield") with a diameter of about 10 cm. Fruits are red or orange, up to 1.6 cm in diameter, large with seeds located inside them. Blossoms in May-June; fruits ripen in October. The taste of rowan fruits is tart-bitter before frost, and after freezing it is almost sweet.

The common mountain ash species (Sorbus aucuparia L.) is widespread in our republic, which is ubiquitous in forests, copses, forest belts, in casing of highways and railways.

Therefore, potatoes planted next to mountain ash are slightly affected by late blight. To prevent spoilage during storage, potatoes and vegetables can be sprinkled with chopped rowan leaves. Freshly broken branches of a plant, lowered for 2-3 hours in a vessel with marsh water, make it drinkable.

In terms of distribution, it is inferior to Kubova. Fruits are rather large, round-round, with noticeable ribs, orange-yellow color. The pulp has a sour-sweet taste, less juicy than that of Nevezhinskaya kubova. Weight of 100 fruits - 50-60 g. Nevezhinskaya red. Fruit is rather large, bright red in color, sweeter than that of the other two varieties. The mass of 100 fruits is 60 g.

Use fungicides, these drugs, penetrating into the plant, are already able to exert their therapeutic effect in the early stages. In addition, make it a rule to purchase only healthy rose seedlings in specialized stores or retail outlets with a good reputation, where you can always get competent advice from a rose specialist.

Rowan pests

Black spot affects plants closer to the second half of summer, it appears as black or black-brown spots on the upper side of the rose leaves. Spores of this disease are carried by the wind. The leaves affected by this disease turn yellow rather quickly and soon fall off. The loss of vegetative mass stimulates the growth of young new shoots that do not have time to mature and properly prepare for winter, all this leads to a general depletion and weakening of the plant.

Rowan diseases

Control measures: spray with 5% d.p. bayleton (20 g per 10 l of water) or, starting from May, with an interval of 3 weeks, 2-3 treatments are carried out with 1% lime-sulfuric broth or 1% Bordeaux liquid.

Medicinal properties of rowan fruits

The applied pre-planting fertilizer is enough for 2-3 years. Starting from the 3rd year, they begin to feed the mountain ash. It is most convenient to use ammonium nitrate (15-20 g / m2) in the spring, during fruit setting 20-25 g of nitrophosphate per 1 m2, after harvesting 25 g / m2 of double superphosphate and 22 g / m2 of potassium sulfate. Before winter, 15-20 kg of humus or semi-rotted manure is applied to the trunk circle. You can also use dry bird droppings - 150-200 g / m2.

Rowan is a valuable multivitamin plant.

The most common and convenient way of reproduction is budding with an "eye" or grafting with a graft. As a stock, seedlings of common mountain ash, hawthorn or chokeberry (chokeberry) are usually used.

... This plant is very common in Central Asia and the Crimea. The fruits are very large, green, the size of a plum. The trees are very tall, up to 15 m in height.

Rowan leaves and bark are rich in phytoncides

Fruit formations - fruits or fruits, ringlets. Rowan is a fairly durable plant that can live for 100-200 years.

The ancient Slavs dried mountain ash, and also collected frozen berries in winter. Rowan has always settled close to human habitation. There was even a belief that if a mountain ash grows near a house, this house will never catch fire. Birds spread this valuable crop very quickly, especially the fieldbirds. Rowan, like viburnum, is widely found in folk tales, legends, proverbs and songs. Since the XIV century, it begins to be mentioned in various sources, although it was known much earlier. Rowan, like viburnum, was used by the Slavs and Magi in various religious rituals and holidays, as a late ripening and long-lasting culture. Wreaths were made from bunches of berries, woven into garlands, braids, etc. There were no rowan varieties at that time. The peasants of the village of Nevezhino in the Vladimir province, by selection, bred the rowan variety Nevezhinskaya with large, juicy, almost bitter-free fruits.

Forest and sweet-fruited ripples are used for the prevention and treatment of vitamin deficiency, atherosclerosis, hypertension, exhaustion and anemia.

2 years after planting a wok-circle of a tree, an annular groove is dug 50 cm deep and 20-25 cm wide, with a house diameter. 3-4 buckets of rotted manure are placed at the bottom of the groove, mixed with the ground of the upper layer and covered. After another 2 years, a groove of a larger diameter is dug out (along the periphery of the crown), manure is introduced, etc.

Cultivated varieties are propagated mainly by grafting or doping on mountain ash. Budding is done by a sleeping eye-lump in July - early August.

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Knowing help, what about the mountain ash? Maybe I water it often?

Olesya Serebrova

Usually, rowan brushes are plucked, leaves are removed from them and hung in the attic or in a dark dry room. The fruits in this form can be stored for a long time and not deteriorate, because they contain parasorbic acid, which has antibiotic properties.

Hedgehog

The main care consists in weeding, loosening the soil and forming the plants, pruning them annually. If there is a dry period, it is obligatory to water the plants at the rate of 20-25 liters of water per tree.

Rowan

HOW LONG Have Rowans been grown?

Inoculation (inoculation with an "eye" in a T-shaped incision or in the butt) is carried out in July-August. If it was wet, warm weather, it was raining and the bark "lags behind" well, then they are grafted into a T-shaped incision, if it lags badly behind - in the butt. The budding technique is the same as for fruit crops (cutting off a bud with a piece of wood from an annual shoot with a sharp budding knife, inserting it behind the bark, tightly wrapping it with plastic wrap and covering it with garden pitch).

Recently, many varieties of mountain ash have been obtained and interest in this culture has grown significantly. At one time, I.V. Michurin created interesting varieties that are still grown today. These are Krasavitsa (mountain ash-pear hybrid), Ruby, Pomegranate (mountain ash-hawthorn hybrids), Likernaya (a hybrid of common mountain ash and chokeberry). There are also hybrids with other types of mountain ash, irgi, quince. The following varieties of mountain ash are very popular and feel good with us: Titan, Concentra, Granatnaya, Rosina, etc. The most popular and widespread variety in our country is the folk selection Nevezhinskaya, obtained as a result of a long selection by the peasants of the village of Nevezhino in the Vladimir province.

WHAT IS THE VALUE OF ROWAN FRUITS AND WHAT IS THEIR APPLICATION IN FOLK MEDICINE?

When laying mountain ash orchards, the most optimal productive period is 10-12 years.

Rowan is a valuable multivitamin crop. Its fruits contain 24-30% dry matter, up to 8% sugars (fructose, glucose, sorbose, sucrose), up to 3% organic acids (grape, citric, malic, succinic, fumaric, sorbic), 0.8% pectin , 0.5% tannins and dyes. For 100 g of fruit there is vitamin C - 200 mg, carotene - 21 mg, vitamin E (tocopherol) - 2 mg, vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - 2 mg, phylloquinone (vitamin K) - 1 mg, vitamin B9 (folic acid) - 0.25 mg, serotonin - 1 mg, P-active compounds: catechins - up to 830 mg, anthocyanins and leukoanthocyanins - up to 2100 mg, flavonols - up to 520 mg. The fruits of mountain ash also contain valuable sugar sorbitol (up to 30.5% on wet weight), parasorbic acid (lactone) - 0.8%, iron, magnesium, manganese, calcium, sodium, potassium and especially a lot of iodine - up to 4.1 mg per 100 g. Mountain ash seeds contain up to 22% fatty oils and amygdalin glycoside, in leaves - up to 2000 mg per 100 g of vitamin C, flavonols (hyperoside, astragalin, isoquercitrin, keppmferol-trisophoroside, quercetin-trisophoroside), in the bark - tannins. Quercitrin and spireoside are found in flowers.

For diseases of the lungs, colds, constipation and rheumatism, fresh wheat and jam from them help. Against hemorrhoids, alcohol tincture of fruits is used (1:10), scrofula is treated with vars from fresh fruits and leaves (15 g per 1 glass of water, drink 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day).

Rowan is a light-loving plant. With thickened plantings, the plants stretch out and form thin branches, with good lighting, a wide-spreading crown is formed in the trees. In young plants, pruning forms a compact crown, during fruiting, the crown is thinned out, the branches are shortened, and dried broken branches are removed.

It should be grafted in the second half of July, when the bark is well separated on the rootstock, and the scion has well-developed and ripe buds. Effective and simple grafting for the bark before sap flow and lateral grafting of the cutting with cutting into the wood.

What are the features of rowan biology?

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Rust roses

For its preparation, berries are passed through a juicer and juice is obtained. For 1 liter of juice add 400-500 g of sugar, dissolve, bringing to a boil, and roll up in sterilized jars. Store in a cool place.

Most often, mountain ash itself forms a beautiful pyramidal crown without human intervention, but, of course, too thickened. Therefore, the task of the amateur gardener is to create a planar pyramidal crown near the tree, ensuring the optimal number of skeletal branches and their proportional arrangement to each other so that there is no competition and shading.

In the spring, cuttings can be grafted by copulation (simple or improved), into a side cut, into a split or behind the bark. In our opinion, the most convenient way is to graft cuttings of weeping forms of mountain ash on mountain ash (using them as an intermediate or intercalary insert), followed by re-grafting them with cultivated varieties. The purpose of such a double operation is to obtain low, no more than 2 m trees with a weeping crown, so that the crop is concentrated at a low height and it would be convenient to harvest it.

Nevezhinskaya

What types and varieties of mountain ash are grown in our time?

Fruit formations of varieties are different. Therefore, it is very important to know in advance mainly on what the variety grown in your country bears fruit on the growths of the last year: on pods, fruit twigs or ringlets. Based on this, pruning is carried out.

In folk medicine, dried rowan fruits are used as a preventive general strengthening multivitamin remedy. They are part of various vitamin teas or teas. Used as a laxative, hemostatic, urine and choleretic agent, for scurvy, hypovitaminosis and vitamin deficiency, anemia. From the fruits of mountain ash, carotene is obtained, which is necessary for children and, sugar, sorbitol, which is useful for patients with diabetes mellitus. Mountain ash is useful for hypertension, low acidity of gastric juice, for cardiovascular diseases and liver diseases, for diseases of the kidneys and bladder, kidney stones. 1/2 cup fresh juice 1/2 teaspoon honey, drink before meals).

Vaccinations give a harvest for 3-5 years. Young trees bear fruit twigs 10-20 cm long every year, after 20-25 years - ringlets, living for 4-7 years or more. With good care, trees (with a life expectancy of 100 years) at the age of 30-40 years give 60-100 kg of fruits. to a permanent place. The vaccine is done the next year.

Rowan berries, sorted and washed, are passed through a meat grinder. The squeezed juice is poured into an enamel bowl. The remaining mass is wrung out through a sieve. The resulting juice with pulp is mixed with sugar (400-500 g) and dissolved with stirring, bringing to a boil. Then they are rolled up in jars and stored in a cold place. This is the most valuable vitamin product.

On young plants, cut off with a pruner at the base all wild growth, tops ("fat shoots"), providing a clean stem. Rowan has a bad feature to start up skeletal branches at an acute angle, so sometimes fruit growers recommend that when pruning, first of all, branches that branch off at a right (obtuse) angle are left. Such branches are more stable, but those branching off at an acute angle are more likely to be prone to fractures. Every year you need to prune, understanding it correctly, that is, not as cutting out everything that is superfluous, but only shortening it. When shortening, the shoots are cut off, leaving the end bud so that it looks not inside the crown, but away from it.In what place of the site, and on what soil is it best to plant rowan?

... The tree is up to 8-10 m high. The crown is broad-pyramidal, strong. The trunk and branches are dark gray, becoming darker with age. The kidneys are large, oblong-pointed. Leaves are pinnate with 7-9 pairs of lanceolate leaves, dark green above. The inflorescence is a scutellum. Fruits are elongated, 5-sided, red. The taste is good, without any perceptible bitterness. Ripening in August-September In addition to common mountain ash, there are Finnish mountain ash, elderberry and other species.

In the medical practice of ancient Tajik medicine (12th century) (Mahzan-ul-Adviya) it is written about mountain ash: “... strengthens the body, creates a good mood. vapors from the stomach and other organs of the body to the head.It is useful for coughing from heat or hot materials; strengthens the stomach and the holding force, makes the stomach tissue denser.Also soothes vomiting, prevents the rise of vapors in the head, as well as the outpouring of substances into the stomach; prevents the passage of moist and liquid matters, stops diarrhea, fresh unripe mountain ash acts especially strongly in this regard. Blocks excessive urine flow. A single dose of up to fifty pieces of fruits. "Dried fruits are part of vitamin teas (N 2 with rose hips 1 : 1 and N 3 with nettle leaves 7: 3), which are drunk with Avitami Nose. In case of liver diseases, coughs, female diseases, they drink ot-var of flowers.

Mountain ash moth, red-winged hawthorn elephant and mountain ash mite. They damage leaves and fruits, hibernate in the surface layer of soil under trees.Rowan is better to plant from the north or east side of the site so that it covers more thermophilic plantings from cold winds and does not shade them from the sun, on easily - and medium-loamy fertile soils. The distance between trees when planting should be 4-5 m.

How is mountain ash propagated?

Rowan is the oldest representative of the plant world, it is perhaps the most winter-hardy fruit plant, capable of tolerating frosts down to -50 degrees.

To prepare a soap solution, dissolve 250-300 g of soap in 10 liters of hot water. Spray the plant with a cooled solution. A good sprayer with a pump will make this job easier.

The rowan is harvested when the frost hits, sorted out, washed and then blanched in boiling salty water. Then they are washed again, poured with 2 glasses of water per 1 kg of berries and boiled. The boiled berries that have become soft are squeezed through a sieve. Then, based on 1 liter of broth, 1 kg of sugar is boiled over low heat in an enamel saucepan to 70% of the original volume. Then they are rolled up in pasteurized jars, cooled and transferred to a cold place for storage.

It is very important to be aware of the pruning characteristics of the varieties that grow in your garden. The main thing is to determine on which fruit formations the main crop is located, that is, what type of fruit wood prevails (fruits, ringlets, fruit twigs, growths of the last year). Depending on this, pruning is built.

For cross-pollination, two to three plants of different varieties of mountain ash are best planted in a windbreak line on the north side. For example, varieties Titan, Concentra and Granatnaya, which will block access to cold northerly winds. The distance between plants is 2.5-3 m. Loamy soils are most suitable for mountain ash. On sandy ones, it suffers from a lack of moisture, on heavy clayey ones - from an excess of moisture and a lack of oxygen.

Pomegranate

Finnish rowan

How to plant mountain ash correctly?

However, taking into account these tips, in all cases it is necessary to consult a doctor and not self-medicate. This is especially true for people with varying degrees of blood and heart coagulation.

Rowan leaf rust

What care for mountain ash?

Rust (reddish-yellow spots on the upper side of the leaf, whitish growths with spores on the lower side). When digging near-trunk circles and autumn cleaning of fallen leaves, pests die, spraying with Bordeaux liquid helps against rust.

Rowan is self-fertile and does not set fruit when self-pollinated. It requires cross-pollination. Flowers are pollinated by insects, mainly bees.

The mountain ash Nevezhinskaya is widespread. Its fruits are quite large and sweet.

HOW TO SHAPE AND CUT A ROWAN?

If the disease

The washed berries are blanched, kneaded with a wooden pestle, poured over with water and boiled for 10 minutes. Then the juice is filtered off, 400 g of sugar is added, dfogzhi is poured in, stirred, placed in a warm (20-22 ° C) place for 10-12 hours. Then it is filtered, bottled and placed in a cool place or refrigerator.

For example, if the varieties give the main harvest on the increments of the previous year, then the point of pruning should be to produce as much annual wood as possible.

Rowan, in principle, can be grown in a wide pH range, but the soil must be sufficiently fertile, aerated and adequately moisturized.

... Obtained by crossing rowan (S. aucuparia) with hawthorn (Crataegus sangvinea). The tree is 3-4 m high. The crown is very sparse. The branches are dark gray. The leaves are pinnate, the leaves are dark green on the upper side, light on the bottom. Pomegranate-colored fruits, faceted. The taste is sweet, slightly tart. Ripen in August-September.

WHAT DISEASES AND PESTS DAMAGE ROWAN?

... Has become popular for its decorative properties, large berries and high yield. This tree is about 5 m tall, with a beautiful pyramidal crown with wide semi-feathery leaves.

Rowan is a good honey plant (up to 500 kg of honey per hectare). This honey is valuable in the treatment of rheumatism, hypertension, gout and atherosclerosis. Fresh rowan juice heals burns, and is also very useful for people with low acidity of gastric juice. Dried rowan fruits are used to make flour, which is added to baked goods.

Rust is caused by the various rust fungus Gymnosporangiumcornutum (= G. juniperinum; G. aurantiacum). It is able to develop only in the presence of two different host plants, which serve as species of mountain ash and juniper. In the first half of summer, the spring-summer stage of the fungus is formed on mountain ash, represented by two forms of sporulation: spermogonia (pycnidia) with pycnospores and etios with eciospores. At the same time, spots of a different nature appear on the leaves. On the upper side, they are round, 2–5 mm in diameter, orange-yellow with dark brown punctate tubercles of spermogonia. On the underside of the leaves on whitish spots, ecial sporulation of the fungus is formed in the form of brown cone-shaped outgrowths 1–2 mm long, cracking in a star-like manner. Mature, light eciospores scatter up to 250 m and infect different types of juniper. In the spring of next year, basidia with basidiospores develop on the trunks and branches of juniper, which infect rowan leaves. With a strong development of the disease, spots can cover most of the leaf blade, which is why the leaves are deformed.

Fruits ripen in September quickly and amicably, without crumbling, they can hang until frost. They are very fond of mountain ash, especially sweet-fruited, blackbirds, so the crop must be harvested before they appear.

How is rowanwood harvested?

Therefore, for planting, you need to take different varieties. It is desirable to have 3-4 trees in the garden, but in a small area it is much better to plant several varieties in the crown of one tree, which contributes to good cross-pollination and, ultimately, a high yield. The yield of multi-sorted trees is much higher than that of single-sorted ones.

ROWAN JUICE WITH SUGAR

It got its name from the village of Nevezhino, Vladimir region (Russia), where it has been grown for over 100 years. This tree is up to 10 m and more in height with large odd-pinnate leaves. The flowers are collected in multi-flowered inflorescences - shields up to 10 cm in diameter with a strong specific odor.

Rowan juice with pulp

Rust of roses

ROWAN JELLY

For 1 kg of berries, take 300-400 g of sugar, 4 liters of water, 10 g of yeast.

KVASS FROM ROWAN FRUIT

Heavy pruning on young plants will result in a large number of competing shoots and reduce yields. Therefore, at a young and middle age in rowan plants, one should not get carried away with excessive cutting. Limited only to sanitary pruning, removing damaged and competing branches. In plants over 8 years of age, where growth becomes weak, rejuvenating pruning can be carried out. It is advisable to stretch it for 2-3 years and combine it with the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers.

They try to take a well-lit place under the mountain ash. If there is a? Clone, then it is better to plant it in the upper part of the slope. Rowan is a light-loving culture and demanding of water.

Chokeberry breeding