The war ends with a victory when there is a contribution of each resident who can resist the enemy. Studying the Napoleonic invasion of 1812, it is impossible to skip the partisan movement. Perhaps it did not receive such a development as underground 1941-1945, but its cohesive actions caused a tangible damage to the motley army of Bonaparte, assembled from all over Europe.
Napoleon stubbornly walked to Moscow after the retreating Russian army. Two buildings sent to St. Petersburg were coated in siege, and the French emperor was looking for a different reason to strengthen his position. He considered that the case was left for small, and even said approximate: "The company 1812 is completed." However, Bonaparte did not take into account some details. His army turned out to be in the depths of someone else's country, the supply worked worse, the discipline was declining, the soldiers began to mauderize. After that, the disobedience of the local population in the invaders who worns to this episodic character, acquired the scale of the universal uprising. In the fields rot, uncompressed bread, the attempts of trade transactions were ignored, even reached the fact that the peasants burned their own edible reserves and went into the forest, just to not give anything to the enemy. Partisan detachments organized by the Russian command in July began to actively accept replenishment. In addition to actually combat tips, the partisans were good geasers and repeatedly delivered the army very valuable information about the enemy.
Actions of army associations are documented and known to many. Commanders F. F. Vinzingerode, A. S. Figner, A. N. Salavin from the number of officers of the regular army held a lot of operations in the rear of the enemy. Denis Davydov Denis Davydov became the most famous leader of these volatile detachments. Appointed after Borodino, he brought their activity outside the planned minor sabotage in the rear of the enemy. Initially, the beginning of Davydov, hussars and the Cossacks were selected, but quite soon they were diluted by representatives of the peasantry. The biggest luck was the fight under Lyakhov, when the joint efforts with other partisan detachments were captured by 2000 French led by General Ozoreo. Napoleon gave a special order about the hunt behind the bold hussar commander, but it was not possible to implement it to anyone.
Those residents of villages who did not want to leave the chatted places, tried to protect their native settlements by their own. Estimated self-defense troops arose. There are many reliable names of the leaders of these associations in history. The landowners brothers Lesli, who sent their peasants under the command of General Major A. I. Olinin, distinguished themselves. Residents of the Bogorodsky County Gerasim Kurin and Egor Chairs were received by the sign of the Military Order. By the same award and rank of Unter-Officer were presented ordinary soldiers Stepan Eremenko and Ermolay Chetverikov - both independently managed to organize a real army from trained peasants in Smolenc region. The history of Vasilisa Kozhini was widely separated, which created a partisan detachment by adolescents and women remaining in the village. In addition to these leaders, thousands of their unnamed subordinates contributed their contribution to the victory. But when
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The Patriotic War of 1812 was one of the critical moments in Russian history, a serious shock for Russian society, which was faced with a number of new problems and phenomena, still requiring understanding with modern historians.
One of these phenomena was the People's War, which spawned an incredible amount of rumors, and then stable legends.
The history of the Patriotic War of 1812 was sufficiently studied, but at the same time there remains a lot of controversial episodes, as there are conflicting opinions in assessing this event. The discrepancies begin from the very beginning - with the causes of the war, pass through all the battles and personalities and end only with the departure of the French from Russia. The question of the people's partisan movement is not to the end understandable until today, that is why this topic will always be relevant.
In historiography, this topic is presented quite fully, however, the opinions of domestic historians about the partisan war itself and its participants, on their role in the Patriotic War of 1812, are extremely ambiguous.
Dzhivelegov A.K. He wrote the following: "The peasants participated in the war only after Smolensk, but especially after the passage of Moscow. If there were more discipline in the Great Army, normal relations with the peasants would start very soon. But the foragers turned into the marauders, from which the peasants "naturally defended themselves, and for protection, precipitates for protection and not for what the peasant squads were formed ... they all repeat, they meant solely self-defense. The People's War of 1812 is no more than an enticing view created by the noble ideology ... "(6, p. 219).
Opinion historian Tarla E.V. It was a little more condescendingly, but in general it was similar to the opinion above the author's presented: "All this led to the fact that the mythical" peasants-partisans "began to attribute what the Russian army retreating in reality was carried out. Classic partisans were, but mostly only in Smolensk province. On the other hand, the peasants are terribly annoyed by endless foreign forage fagis and marauders. And they naturally had active resistance. And "Many peasants ran into the forest when the French army approaches, often simply with fear. And not from some great patriotism "(9, p. 12).
Historian Popov A.I. Does not deny the existence of peasant partisan detachments, however, it believes that it is wrong to call them the word "partisans" that they were rapidly excitement (8, p. 9). Davydov clearly distinguished the "partisans and spread". In leaflets, partisan detachments are clearly different from "peasants from the villages adjacent to the theater", which "arrange between the militia"; They record the difference between armed posts and partisans, between "separated by our detachments and earth militia" (8, p. 10). So the accusations of the Soviet authors of the noble and bourgeois historians are that they did not consider the peasants with partisans, completely boring, for they did not consider them contemporaries.
Modern historian N.A. Troitsky in his article "Patriotic War of 1812 from Moscow to Nemman" wrote: "In the meantime, the partisan warp was fired around Moscow around Moscow. The peaceful townspeople and the villagers of both sexes and all ages, armed, armed than - from the axes to simple dubbing, multiplied the ranks of partisans and militias ... The total number of folk militia exceeded 400 thousand people. In the combat zone, not all the peasants who can wear weapons became partisans. It was the national lifting of the masses who spent on the defense of the Fatherland, became the main reason for the victory of Russia in the war of 1812 "(11)
In pre-revolutionary, historiography there were facts that are disrupted by the actions of the partisans. Some historians called partisans by Marauders, showed their disadvantaged actions not only in relation to the French, but also in relation to ordinary residents. In many works of domestic and foreign historians, the role of the movement of the resistance of the broad masses, which responded to a foreign invading of a nationwide war was clearly accustomed.
Our study presents the analysis of the works of such historians as: Alekseev V.P., Babkin V.I., Bescrovnaya L.G., Bichkov L.N., Knyazkov S.A., Popov A.I, Tarla E.V ., Jilioles A.K., Troitsky N.A.
The object of our study is the partisan war of 1812, and the subject of the study is the historical assessment of the partisan traffic in the Patriotic War of 1812.
At the same time, we used the following research methods: narrative, hermeneutic, content analysis, historical and comparative, historical genetic.
Based on everything above, the purpose of our work is to give a historical assessment to such a phenomenon as a partisan war of 1812.
1. Theoretical analysis of sources and works related to the theme of our study;
2. To identify whether such a phenomenon had such a phenomenon as "People's War" according to the narrative tradition;
3. Consider the concept of "Partisan Movement of 1812" and its reasons;
4. Consider the peasant and army partisan detachments of 1812;
5. To conduct a comparative analysis to determine the role of peasant and army partisan detachments in achieving the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812.
Thus, the structure of our work looks like this:
Introduction
Chapter 1: People's War according to narrative tradition
Chapter 2: General characteristics and comparative analysis of partisan detachments
Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 1. People's War according to narrative tradition
Modern historians often subjected the existence of a people's question, believing that such actions of the peasants were carried out solely for the purpose of self-defense and that the detachments of the peasants could not be distinguished as separate types of partisan.
In the course of our work, a large number of sources were analyzed, starting from essays, ending with the collections of documents, and allowing to understand whether such a phenomenon had a phenomenon as "People's War".
Reporting documentationalways provides the most reliable evidence, since it does not have a subjectivity and clearly trace information that proves certain hypotheses. It can find many different facts, such as: the number of army, the names of the detachments, the actions at various stages of the war, the number of losses and, in our case, the facts about location, quantities, methods and motifs of peasant partisan detachments. In our case, this documentation includes manifests, reports, government messages.
1) It all started with "Alexander's Manifesta about the collection of Zemsky militia from 1812 July 6." In it, the Tsar calls the peasants in direct text to fight the French troops, believing that only the regular army will not be enough to win in the war (4, p. 14).
2) Typical raids on small squads of the French are perfectly traced in the report of the Visitsky district leader of the nobility to the Kaluga civilian governor (10, p. 117)
3) from the report E.I. Vlasova Ya.x. Wittgenstein from the town of White "On the actions of the peasants against the enemy" from the government report "On the activities of peasant detachments against Napoleon's army in the Moscow province", from the "short journal of hostilities" on the struggle of the Velsky peasants. Smolensk lips. With the army of Napoleon, we see that the actions of the peasant partisan detachments really had a place to be during the Patriotic War of 1812, mainly in the Smolensk province (10, p. 118, 119, 123).
Memoirslike I. memoriesis not the most reliable source of information, because by definition to your memoirs, these are notes of contemporaries that tell the events in which their author directly took part. Memoirs are not identical to the chronicle of events, because in memoirs the author is trying to comprehend the historical context of his own life, respectively, from the chronicle of events of memoirs is distinguished by subjectivity - the fact that the events described are refracted through the prism of the author's consciousness with their sympathy and seeing what is happening. Therefore, memoirs, unfortunately, in our case practically do not provide evidence.
1) The attitude of the peasants in the Smolensk province and their readiness to fight is clearly tracked in the memories of A.P. Buteneva (10, p. 28)
2) from the memories of I.V. Snegheleve we can conclude the readiness of the peasants to defend Moscow (10, p. 75)
However, we see that memoirs and memories are not a reliable source of information, since they have too many subjective assessments, and we will not take into account them in the end.
Notes and letters Also subject to subjectivity, however, their difference from memoirs is such that they were written were directly during these historical events, and not for the purpose of familiarization with them of the masses, as in the case of journalism, and as personal correspondence or notes, respectively, their accuracy Although it is questioned, but you can consider them as evidence. In our case, the notes and letters provide us with evidence even not so much the existence of the People's War as such, but prove the courage and the strong spirit of the Russian people, showing that the peasant partisan detachments in more quantities were created on the basis of patriotism, and not from the need for self-defense.
1) The first attempts to resist the peasants can be traced in the letter of Rostopnach Balashov from August 1, 1812 (10, p. 28)
2) from the notes A.D. Bestumeva-Ryumin dated August 31, 1812, from the letter P.M. Longina S.R. Vorontsov, from the diary Ya.N. Pushcha about the battle of peasants with the enemy squad near Borodin and about the mood of officers after leaving Moscow, we see that the actions of the peasant partisan detachments during the Patriotic War of 1812 were caused not only by the need of self-defense, as well as deep patriotic feelings and the desire to protect their homeland he Enemier (10, p. 74, 76, 114).
Publicistics At the beginning of the XIX, the Russian Empire was censored. So in the "first censorship decree" Alexander I dated July 9, 1804, the following is: "... censorship is obliged to consider all books and writings intended for distribution in society", i.e. In fact, without permission of the controlling body, something was impossible to publish, and, accordingly, all the descriptions of the exploits of the Russian people could be a banal propaganda or a kind of "appeal to action" (12, p. 32). However, this does not mean that publicism does not provide us with any evidence of the existence of the People's War. With the apparent rigor of censorship, it is worth noting that with the tasks set, it coped not in the best way. Professor of Ilonian University Marianna Tacks Cheoldin writes: "... ... a significant number of" harmful "writings penetrated into the country. Contrary to all the efforts of the government to prevent this" (12, p. 37). Accordingly, publicism does not claim one hundred percent reliability, but also provides us with certain evidence of the existence of the People's War and the description of the exploits of the Russian people.
After analyzing the "domestic notes" on the activities of one of the organizers of the peasant partisan detachments of Emelyanov, correspondence in the North Mail newspaper about the actions of the peasants against the enemy and the article N.P. Polycarpova "Unknown and elusive Russian partisan detachment", we see that passages from these newspapers and journals support evidence about the fact of the existence of peasant partisan detachments as such and confirms their patriotic motives (10, p. 31, 118; 1, p. 125) .
Based on this reasoning, you can come to the conclusion that the most useful in the proof of the existence of the People's War was reporting documentationdue to the lack of subjectivity. Reporting documentation provides evidence of the existence of the People's War (description of the actions of peasant partisan detachments, their methods, quantity and motive), and notes and letters confirm that the formation of such detachments and the People's War itself was caused not only in order to self-defensebut also on the basis of deep patriotism and courage Russian people. Publicistics same reinforce both These judgments. Based on the above analysis of numerous documentation, we can conclude that the contemporaries of the Patriotic War of 1812 realized that the People's War had a place to be and clearly distinguished the peasant partisan detachments from the Army partisan detachments, and also issued a report that this phenomenon was not self-defense. Thus, from the foregoing, we can argue that the People's War was.
Chapter 2. General characteristics and comparative analysis of partisan detachments
The partisan movement in the Patriotic War of 1812 is an armed conflict between Napoleon's multinational army and Russian partisans in Russia in 1812 (1, p. 227).
The partisan war was one of the three main forms of the war of the Russian people against Napoleon's invasion, along with passive resistance (for example, the destruction of food and forage, arsons of their own homes, departure) and mass participation in the militia.
The reasons for the occurrence of the partisan war were associated, first of all, with an unsuccessful start of war and the retreat of the Russian army deep into their territory were shown, which showed that the enemy could hardly be attacked by some regular troops. For this, there were efforts of the whole people. In the overwhelming majority of those engaged in the enemy regions, he perceived the "Great Army" not as his liberator from serfdom, but as an enslator. Nor about the liberation of peasants from the serfdom or improving their opposing position Napoleon and did not think. If at the beginning and promined promising phrases about the release of fortress peasants from the serfdom and even rumored about the need to release some kind of proclamation, then it was only a tactical course, with the help of which Napoleon was calculated to boost landlords.
Napoleon understood that the liberation of Russian serfs would inevitably lead to revolutionary consequences, which he was afraid of the most. Yes, it did not meet his political goals when joining Russia. According to Napoleon's comrades, it was "it was important to strengthen monarchism in France, and it was difficult for him to preach the revolution to Russia" (3, p. 12).
The first orders of the administration established by Napoleon in occupied areas were sent against the fortress peasants, in defense of the serfshists. The temporary Lithuanian "government" subordinate to the Napoleonic governor, in one of the first decrees obliged all the peasants and in general rural residents unquestioning to obey the landowners, still perform all the work and duties, and those who will shy away should be strictly punished, attracting for it If this requires circumstances, military force (3, p. 15).
The peasants quickly realized that the invasion of the French conquerors puts them into an even more severe and humiliating position, in which they were before. The fight against foreign enslavers, the peasants also associated with the hope of liberation them from serfdom.
In fact, it was somewhat different. Even before the war, Lieutenant Colonel P.A. Chuykevich was drawn up a note on the conduct of the active partisan war, and in 1811, the work of the Prussian Colonel Valentini "Small War" was published in Russian. This has served as the beginning of the creation of partisan detachments in the war of 1812. However, in the Russian army they looked at the partisans with a significant proportion of skepticism, seeing in the partisan movement "the destructive system of the army of the army" (2, p. 27).
Parisan forces consisted of detachments of the Russian army acting in the rear of Napoleon's troops; fled from the captivity of Russian soldiers; Volunteers from among the local population.
§2.1 Peasant partisan detachments
The first partisan detachments were created before the Borodino battle. July 23, after connecting to Bagration under Smolensk, Barclay de Tolly formed a flying partisan detachment from the Kazan Dragunsky, three Don Cossack and Stavropol Kalmyk Regiment under the general authorities of F. Vinzingerode. Wincgerode was supposed to act against the left flank of the French and provide a connection with the Wittgenstein hull. The volatile squad of Wincgerode showed itself and an important source of information. On the night of July 26-27, Barclay received the news from Vincingerer from Veliaki about Napoleon's plans to step from Praven to Smolensk to cut the ways to waste the Russian army. After the Borodino battle, the Vinzingrode detachment was strengthened by three Cossack shelves and two battalions of huntsmen and continued to act against the enemy's flanks, crashing into smaller detachments (5, p. 31).
With the invasion of Napoleonic Halomba, local residents initially simply left the village and went into the forests and areas distant from hostilities. Later, retreating through Smolensk lands, commander of the Russian 1st Western army M.B. Barclay de Tolly called on compatriots to take the arms against the invaders. In his appeal, which, obviously, was drawn up on the basis of the work of the Prussian Colonel Valentini, indicated how to act against the enemy and how to lead the partisan war.
She arose spontaneously and was the performances of small scattered detachments of local residents and retired from their parts of warriors against the robber actions of the rear parts of the Napoleonic army. Trying to protect your property and food reserves, the population was forced to resort to self-defense. According to the memories of D.V. Davydova, "In each village, the gate was locked; They stood old and young with forks, stakes, axes, and some of them with firearms "(8, p. 74).
French forage fagots sent to the village of food faced not only with passive resistance. In the area of \u200b\u200bVitebsk, Orsha, Mogilev, the detachments of the peasants committed frequent day and night raids on the opponent's calls, destroyed his foragers, were taken captured by French soldiers.
Smolensk province was later plundering. Some researchers believe that it was from now on for the Russian people, the war became domestic. Here the most wide range has also acquired folk resistance. It began in Krasnouna, Porech district, and then in Belsky, Sychevsky, Roslavl, Gzhatsky and Vyazemsky counties. First time, before the appeal M.B. Barclay de Tolly, the peasants feared to arm, fearing, no matter how they were not attracted to responsibility. However, subsequently this process has intensified (3, p. 13).
In the city of White and the Belsk district, the peasant detachments attacked the French Party who traded them, destroyed them or captured. The leaders of Sychevsky detachments, Farmizlavsky and Major, retired Yemelyanov, armed their inhades selected from the French with guns, established proper order and discipline. Sychevsky partisans in two weeks (from August 18 to September 1) 15 times attacked the enemy. During this time, they destroyed 572 soldiers and captured 325 people (7, p. 209).
Residents of Roslavl County created several equestrian and hiking of peasant detachments, arming the village with peaks, sabers and guns. They not only defended their county from the enemy, but also attacked the marauders who made themselves to the neighboring Ylanne County. Many peasant detachments operated in the Yukhnovsky district. Organizing defense by p. Ugration, they blocked the path of the enemy in Kaluga, provided a substantial assistance to the Army partisan detachment D.V. Davydova.
In the Gzhatsky district, another squad created from the peasants was actively actively acted, headed by Yermolai fourth (quarters), ordinary Kiev Dragoon Regiment. The Quartet detachment began not only to protect the village from Marauders, but to attack the enemy, inflicting tangible losses. As a result, on the entire space at 35, the miles from the Gzhatskaya Pier of the Earth were not ruined, despite the fact that all surrounding villages lay in ruins. For this feat, the inhabitants of those places "with sensitating thanks" called the quartes of the "Savior Side" (5, p. 39).
Also entered the ordinary Eremenko. Using the landowner with. Michulano According to the name of the Birdiv, he also organized the peasant squad, with which 47 people destroyed on the side of the enemy.
The actions of the peasant detachments during the stay of the Russian army in Tarutino were especially activated. At this time, they widely unfolded the front of the struggle in Smolensk, Moscow, Ryazan and Kaluga provinces.
In the Zvenigorodsky county, the peasant detachments were destroyed and more than 2 thousand French soldiers were captured. The detachments were famous, whose leaders were the volost head of Ivan Andreev and the hundredthly Pavel Ivanov. In the Volokolamsky district, such detachments were led by a retired Unter-Officer of Novikov and Private Nemchinov, Mikhail Fedorov's volost head, Peasants Akim Fedorov, Philip Mikhailov, Kuzma Kuzmin and Gerasim Semenov. In Bronnitsk, the Moscow province, the peasant detachments were united up to 2 thousand people. History retained the names of the most distinguished peasants from Bronnitskiy district: Mikhail Andreeva, Vasily Kirillova, Sidora Timofeeva, Jacob Kondratieva, Vladimir Afanasyev (5, p. 46).
The largest peasant detachment in the suburbs was a squad of Bogorodsky partisans. In one of the first publications in 1813, it was written about the formation of this detachment that "economic volosts of the Malovskoy head Egor Chairs, a hundredth Ivan Chushchin and a peasant Gerasim Kurin, the Ameral Head of Emelyan Vasilyev gathered his peasants, invited neighboring" (1, with . 228).
The detachment was in its ranks about 6 thousand people, the leader of this detachment became a peasant Gerasim Kurin. His detachment and other less major detachments not only securely defended the entire Bogorodskaya district from the penetration of French marauders, but also entered into an armed struggle with the troops of the enemy.
It should be noted that even women participated in the rods against the enemy. Subsequently, these episodes covered legends and in some cases did not even remotely reminded real events. A characteristic example - with Vasilisa skin, whose folk milk and propaganda of that time did not attribute a lot nor little leadership of the peasant detachment, which was not in real validity.
During the war, many active participants in the peasant detachments were awarded. Emperor Alexander I ordered the award of people, subcast graph F.V. Rostopchina: 23 people "bilked" - signs of distinction of the military order (by St. George crosses), and other people are 27 people - a special silver medal "For love for the Fatherland" on Vladimir Ribe.
Thus, as a result of the actions of the military and peasant detachments, as well as warriors, the opponent was deprived of the opportunity to expand the zone controlled by him and create additional bases for the supply of the main forces. He failed to strengthen either in Bogorodsk, nor in Dmitrov, nor in Voskresensk. Its attempt to get additional communication, which would have tied the main forces with Schwarzenberg and Rainier Corses. It was also no enemy to capture Bryansk and go to Kiev.
§2.2 Army partisan detachments
Along with the formation of large peasant partisan detachments and their activities, the Army partisan detachments played a major role in the war.
The first army partisan detachment was created on the initiative of M. B. Barclay de Tolly. His commander was General F.F. The Vintssenode, which was headed by the United Kazan Dragunsky, 11 Stavropol, Kalmyk and three Cossack regiments, which began to operate in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Governorate.
A real thunderstorm for the French was a detachment of Denis Davydov. This squad arose at the initiative of Davydov himself, Lieutenant Colonel, the commander of the Akhtyr Gusar Regiment. Together with his hussar, he retreated in the composition of Bagration Army to Borodin. A passionate desire to bring even great benefit in the fight against the invaders, D. Davydova prompted himself a separate detachment. In this intention, he was strengthened by Lieutenant M.F. Orlov, who was sent to Smolensk to clarify the fate of the seriously injured general P.A. Tuchkov. After returning from Smolensk Orlov spoke about the riots, poor protection of the rear in the French army (8, p. 83).
During the passage of the territory engaged in the Napoleonic troops, he understood how vulnerable French food warehouses guarded by small detachments were vulnerable. At the same time, he saw it difficult to fight without a consistent action plan for the volatile peasant detachments. According to Orlov, small army detachments aimed at the opponent's rear might apply to him a big damage, help the action of partisans.
D. Davydov requested General P.I. Bagration allow him to organize a partisan detachment for action in the rear of the enemy. For the "sample" Kutuzov allowed Davydov to take 50 hussar and - 1280 Cossacks and go to Medinen and Yukhnov. Having at his disposal a detachment, Davydov began bold raids on the enemy's reasons. In the first skirmishes from Tsareva - Zahniki, the famous he achieved success: defeated several squads of the French, captured by munitions with ammunition.
In the fall of 1812, the partisan detachments were surrounded by a solid moving ring surrounded by the French army.
Between Smolensk and Gzhatsky acted a detachment of Lieutenant Colonel Davydov, reinforced by two Cossack shelves. From Gzhatska to Mozhaisk operated the detachment of General I.S. Dorokhova. Captain A.S. Figner with his volatile squad attacked French on the way from Mozhaisk to Moscow.
In the Mozhaisk district and south, the detachment of Colonel I. M. Vadbolsky was acted as part of the Mariupol Gusar Regiment and 500 Cossacks. Between Borovsky and Moscow, the road was controlled by a detachment of Captain A.N. Seslavin. On the Serpukhov road was expelled with two Cossack shelves Colonel ND. Cute. On the Ryazan road was a detachment of Colonel I.E. Efremova. From the north of Moscow blocked a large detachment F.F. Vitrengerene, which, highlighting small detachments to Volokolamsk, to Yaroslavl and Dmitrovskaya roads, blocked access of Napoleon's troops to the northern regions of the Moscow region (6, p. 210).
The main task of the guerrilla detachments was formulated by Kutuzov: "Since now the autumn time comes, through which the movement of the Big Army is made completely difficult, then I decided to avoid the initial battle, to lead a small war, for the separation of the enemy and the oversight of it give me more ways to exterminate him , and in order, being now in 50 versts from Moscow, with the main forces, I give from my own unmarried parts towards Mozhaisk, Vyazma and Smolensk "(2, p. 74). Army partisan detachments were created mainly from the Cossack troops and were unequal in their numbers: from 50 to 500 people. They were tasked with bold and sudden actions in the enemy's rear to destroy his lively strength, bring strikes on garrisons, suitable reserves, disable transport, deprive the enemy opportunity to extract themselves food and fodder, follow the movement of troops and convey about it to the main headquarters of the Russian army . The partisan detachment commanders indicated the main direction of actions and registered areas of the actions of neighboring detachments in case of joint operations.
Partisan detachments acted in difficult conditions. At first, there were many difficulties. Even the inhabitants of the villages and the villages first treated the partisans with great distrust, often taking them to the enemy's soldier. Often, Husarians had to be changed into the Men's caftans and grow beard.
The partisan detachments did not stand in one place, they were constantly in motion, and no one, besides the commander, did not know in advance when and where the squad would go. The actions of the partisans were sudden and rapidly. To fall like snow on the head, and quickly hide became the main rule of the partisan.
The detachments attacked individual teams, on forage faces, transports, selected weapons and distributed it to the peasants, took tens and hundreds of prisoners.
Davydov's detachment in the evening of September 3, 1812 was released to Tsareva - Zachin. Not reaching 6 miles to the village, Davydov sent there to reconnaissance, which established that there is a large French traffic with projectiles protected by 250 horsemen. The detachment on the edge of the forest was discovered by French foragers, who rushed to Tsarevo - to warn their own. But Davydov did not give them to this. The squad rushed to the chase behind foragers and broke into the village almost along with them. The traffic and its security were captured by surprise, an attempt of a small group of the French to render resistance was quickly suppressed. 130 soldiers, 2 officers, 10 walled carts and fodder turned out to be in the hands of the partisans (1, p. 247).
Sometimes, in advance knowing the location of the enemy, the partisans committed a sudden flare. Thus, General Vintsreneode, having established that in the village of Sokolov - 15 is a stamping from two squadrons of cavalry and three inches of infantry, allocated 100 Cossacks from his squad, which rapidly broke into the village, destroyed more than 120 people and captured 3 officers, 15 Unters -Ofitzers, 83 soldiers (1, p. 249).
The detachment of Colonel Kudashiv, having established that in the village of Nikolsky there is about 2500 French soldiers and officers, suddenly fell on the enemy, destroyed more than 100 people and 200 captured.
Most often, the partisan detachments arranged ambushes and attacked the enemy's transport on the way, captured couriers, liberated Russian prisoners. The partisans of the detachment of General Dorokhov, acting in the Mozhaisk road, on September 12 grabbed two couriers with depakes, burned 20 boxes with projectiles and 200 people were captured (including 5 officers). On September 6, the detachment of Colonel Efremova, having met the opponent's column, heading toward the Podolsk, attacked her and captured more than 500 people (5, p. 56).
The detachment of the Farchhnik, who was always in the vicinity of the enemy's troops, in a short time destroyed almost all food in the vicinity of Moscow, blew up an artillery park on a Mozhaisk road, destroyed 6 guns, destroyed up to 400 people, captured Colonel, 4 officers and 58 soldiers (7 , p. 215).
Later, the partisan detachments were summarized in three major parties. One of them, under the command of General-Major Dorokhov, consisting of five infantry battalions, four cavalry squadrons, two Cossack regiments at eight guns, on September 28, 1812, took the city of the belief, destroying the part of the French garrison.
§2.3 Comparative analysis of peasant and army partisan detachments of 1812
The peasant partisan detachments arose spontaneously in connection with the oppression of peasants by the French troops. Army partisan detachments arose with the consent of the highest team leadership due to the insufficient effectiveness of the usual regular army, on the one hand, and with the selected tactics aimed at disagreement and exhausting the enemy, on the other hand.
Basically both types of partisan detachments operated in the field of Smolensk and the adjacent cities: Gizhaska, Mozhaisk, etc., as well as in the following counties: Krasniensky, Porechsky, Belsky, Sychevsky, Roslavl, Gzhatsky, Vyazemsky.
The composition and degree of organizedness of partisan detachments radically differed: the first group was the peasants who began their activities due to the fact that the invisions of French troops aggravated by the first actions of the peasants. In this regard, this group included men and women, young and old women, and at first acted spontaneously and not always flavored. The second group was the military (hussars, the Cossacks, officers, soldiers) created to help the regular army. This group, being professional soldiers, operated more solid and nicely, taking most often not by the number, but by a learning and smeared.
The peasant partisan detachments were armed in the main forks, spears, axes, less often with firearms. Army partisan detachments were equipped better and better.
In this regard, the peasant partisan detachments made raids on the call, arranged ambushes, bars in the rear. Army partisan detachments carried out road control, destroyed food warehouses and small French squads, made raids and raids to larger enemy detachments, organized sabotage.
In the quantitative ratio, the peasant partisan detachments exceeded the Army.
The results of the activity were also not too similar, but perhaps it is equally important. With the help of peasant partisan detachments, the enemy was deprived of the opportunity to expand the zone controlled by him and create additional bases for the supply of the main forces, while with the help of army partisan detachments, Napoleon's army was destroyed and later destroyed.
Thus, the peasant partisan detachments stopped strengthening the Army of Napoleon, and the Army partisan detachments helped the regular army to destroy it, which was no longer able to increase their power.
Conclusion
The war of 1812 did not accidentally receive the name of Patriotic. The people's character of this war brighter appeared in the partisan movement, which played a strategic role in the victory of Russia. Responding to reproaches in the "war not according to the rules", Kutuzov said that these are the feelings of the people. Answering Marshal Bertier's letter, he wrote on October 8, 1818: "It's hard to stop the people, fiercely everyone that he saw; The people who continued so many years did not know the war on its territory; People, ready to sacrifice themselves for the Motherland ... "(1, p. 310).
In our work, based on evidence from multiple analyzed sources and works, we have proven that the peasant partisan detachments existed on a par with army partisan detachments, and this phenomenon was caused by a wave of patriotism, and not from fear of people in front of French "oppressors."
Activities aimed at attracting the masses to active participation in the war, proceeded from the interests of Russia, correctly reflected the objective conditions of the war and took into account those ample opportunities that manifested themselves in the national liberation war.
The partisan war unfolded near Moscow made a significant contribution to the victory over the Army of Napoleon and the expulsion of the enemy from Russia.
Bibliography
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2. Babkin V. I. People's militia in the Patriotic War of 1812 G - M.: Science, 1962. - 211 p.
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5. Bichkov L.N. Peasant partisan traffic in the Patriotic War of 1812. - M.: Publishing House Polit. Lithing, 1954 - 103 p.
6. JIVILES A.K. Alexander I and Napoleon: East. Essays. M., 1915. P. 219.
7. Knyazkovs.A. Parisans and partisan war in 1812. // Patriotic War and Russian Society: in 7 volumes. - M.: Edition T-Va I. D. Sittina, 1911. T.4. - P. 208-226 [Electronic Document] ( www.museum.ru.) Verified 01/23/2016
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The unsuccessful start of the war and the retreat of the Russian army deep into their territory showed that the enemy could hardly be attacked by some regular troops. For this, there were efforts of the whole people. In the overwhelming majority of those engaged in the enemy regions, he perceived the "Great Army" not as his liberator from serfdom, but as an enslator. The next invasion of "integred" and was perceived by the overwhelming majority of the population as an invasion that had the goal to eradicate the Orthodox faith and to approve borrow.
Speaking about the partisan movement in the war of 1812, it should be explained that the partisans actually were temporary detachments from military personnel of regular parts and Cossacks, purposefully and organized by the Russian command for actions in the rear and on communications of the enemy. And to describe the actions of the spontaneous arrangements of the Self-Defense detachments, the term "People's War" was introduced. Therefore, the People's Movement in the Patriotic War of 1812 is an integral part of a more general topic "People in the War of the Twelfth Year."
Some authors began the beginning of the partisan traffic in 1812 with the manifesto from July 6, 1812, as if resolving the peasants to take up the weapons and actively turn on in the struggle. In fact, the case was somewhat different.
Even before the start of the war, Lieutenant Colonel was drawn up on the conduct of the active partisan war. In 1811, the work of Prussian Colonel Valentini "Small War" was published in Russian. However, in the Russian army they looked at partisans with a significant proportion of skepticism, seeing in the partisan movement of the "Industrial system of the reproductive action of the army".
People's War
With the invasion of Napoleonic Halomba, local residents initially simply left the village and went into the forests and areas distant from hostilities. Later, retreating through Smolensk lands, the commander of the Russian 1st Western army called on compatriots to take up arms against the invaders. In his appeal, which, obviously, was drawn up on the basis of the work of the Prussian Colonel Valentini, indicated how to act against the enemy and how to lead the partisan war.
She arose spontaneously and was the performances of small scattered detachments of local residents and retired from their parts of warriors against the robber actions of the rear parts of the Napoleonic army. Trying to protect your property and food reserves, the population was forced to resort to self-defense. According to memories, "In each village, the gate was locked; With them stood old and young with forks, stakes, axes, and some of them with firearms. "
French forage fagots sent to the village of food faced not only with passive resistance. In the area of \u200b\u200bVitebsk, Orsha, Mogilev, the detachments of the peasants committed frequent day and night raids on the opponent's calls, destroyed his foragers, were taken captured by French soldiers.
Smolensk province was later plundering. Some researchers believe that it was from now on for the Russian people, the war became domestic. Here the most wide range has also acquired folk resistance. It began in Krasnouna, Porech district, and then in Belsky, Sychevsky, Roslavl, Gzhatsky and Vyazemsky counties. First time, before the appeal M.B. Barclay de Tolly, the peasants feared to arm, fearing, no matter how they were not attracted to responsibility. However, subsequently this process has intensified.
Partisans in the Patriotic War of 1812
Unknown artist. 1st quarter of the XIX century.
In the city of White and the Belsk district, the peasant detachments attacked the French Party who traded them, destroyed them or captured. The leaders of Sychevsky detachments, Farmizlavsky and Major, retired Yemelyanov, armed their inhades selected from the French with guns, established proper order and discipline. Sychevsky partisans in two weeks (from August 18 to September 1) 15 times attacked the enemy. During this time, they destroyed 572 soldiers and captured 325 people.
Residents of Roslavl County created several equestrian and hiking of peasant detachments, arming the village with peaks, sabers and guns. They not only defended their county from the enemy, but also attacked the marauders who made themselves to the neighboring Ylanne County. Many peasant detachments operated in the Yukhnovsky district. Organizing defense by p. Ugration, they blocked the path of the enemy in Kaluga, provided a substantial assistance to the Army partisan detachment D.V. Davydova.
In the Gzhatsky district, another detachment, created from the peasants, was actively accepted, at the head of which stood, the ordinary Kiev dragoce regiment. The Quartet detachment began not only to protect the village from Marauders, but to attack the enemy, inflicting tangible losses. As a result, on the entire space at 35, the verst from the Gzhatskaya Pier of the Earth was not broken, despite the fact that all surrounding villages were lying in the ruins. For this feat, the inhabitants of those places "with sensitive thanks" called the quartes of the "Savior Side".
Also entered the ordinary Eremenko. Using the landowner with. Michulano According to the name of the Birdiv, he also organized the peasant squad, with which 47 people destroyed on the side of the enemy.
The actions of the peasant detachments during the stay of the Russian army in Tarutino were especially activated. At this time, they widely unfolded the front of the struggle in Smolensk, Moscow, Ryazan and Kaluga provinces.
Fight of the Mozhaisk peasants with French soldiers during and after the Borodino battle. Collected engraving of an unknown author. 1830s.
In the Zvenigorodsky county, the peasant detachments were destroyed and more than 2 thousand French soldiers were captured. The detachments were famous, whose leaders were the volost head of Ivan Andreev and the hundredthly Pavel Ivanov. In the Volokolamsky district, such detachments were led by a retired Unter-Officer of Novikov and Private Nemchinov, Mikhail Fedorov's volost head, Peasants Akim Fedorov, Philip Mikhailov, Kuzma Kuzmin and Gerasim Semenov. In Bronnitsk, the Moscow province, the peasant detachments were united up to 2 thousand people. History retained the names of the most distinguished peasants from Bronnitskaya District: Mikhail Andreeva, Vasily Kirillova, Sidora Timofeeva, Jacob Kondratieva, Vladimir Afanasyev.
Do not wise! Give me! Artist V.V. Vereshchagin. 1887-1895
The largest peasant detachment in the suburbs was a squad of Bogorodsky partisans. In one of the first publications in 1813, it was written about the formation of this squad that "economic volosts of the Machine's head, a hundredth Ivan Chushchin and a peasant, the Ameral Head of Emelyan Vasilyev gathered their peasants, were also invited to neighboring".
The detachment was in its ranks about 6 thousand people, the leader of this detachment became a peasant Gerasim Kurin. His detachment and other less major detachments not only securely defended the entire Bogorodskaya district from the penetration of French marauders, but also entered into an armed struggle with the troops of the enemy.
It should be noted that even women participated in the rods against the enemy. Subsequently, these episodes covered legends and in some cases did not even remotely reminded real events. A characteristic example is with which the folk milk and the propaganda of that time attributed no little guide to the peasant detachment, which was not in real reality.
French guardsmen under the convoy of grandmother Spiridonna. A.G. Venetsian. 1813
Gift for children in memory of the events of 1812. Cartoon from the series I.I. Terebenev
The peasant and partisan detachments were shoved by the actions of the Napoleonic troops, caused damage to the lively power of the enemy, destroyed military property. Smolensk road, which remained the only protected postal route, leading from Moscow to the West, was constantly subjected to their plates. They intercepted French correspondence, especially valuable was delivered to the main apartment of the Russian army.
The actions of the peasants were highly appreciated by the Russian command. "The peasants," wrote, from the villages adjacent to the theater, they cause the greatest harm to the enemy ... they kill the enemy in many, and the captured delivered to the army. "
Partisans in 1812. Artist B. Zvorikin. 1911
According to different estimates, over 15 thousand people were taken captured by the peasant formations, the same exterminated, considerable reserves of forage and weapons were destroyed.
In 1812. Captured French. Hood THEM. Spinters. 1873
During the war, many active participants in the peasant detachments were awarded. Emperor Alexander I ordered to reward people, arrogant column: 23 people of the "bombing" - signs of the Military Order (by St. George crosses), and other people are 27 people - a special silver medal "For Love for Fatherland" on Vladimir Ribe.
Thus, as a result of the actions of the military and peasant detachments, as well as warriors, the opponent was deprived of the opportunity to expand the zone controlled by him and create additional bases for the supply of the main forces. He failed to strengthen either in Bogorodsk, nor in Dmitrov, nor in Voskresensk. Its attempt to get additional communication, which would have tied the main forces with Schwarzenberg and Rainier Corses. It was also no enemy to capture Bryansk and go to Kiev.
Army partisan detachments
A large role in the Patriotic War of 1812 was also played by army partisan detachments. The idea of \u200b\u200btheir creation arose before the Borodino battle arose, and was the result of the analysis of the actions of individual cavalry parts, by the will of the circumstances of the enemy fell on the rear communications.
The first partisan actions began a general from the cavalry, which formed a "flying case". Later, August 2, already M.B. Barclay de Tolly ordered to create a detachment under the command of General. He headed the United Kazan Dragunsky, Stavropol, Kalmyk and three Cossack regiments, which began to operate in the area of \u200b\u200bthe defendian on the flanks and in the rear of the enemy. His number was 1,300 people.
Later, the main task of the partisan detachments was formulated by M.I. Kutuzov: "Since now the autumn time comes, through that the movement of the Big Army is made completely difficult, then I decided, avoiding the CEO, to lead a small war, for the separation of the enemy and the oversight of it give me more ways to exterminate him, and in order Now in 50 versts from Moscow, with the main forces, I give on important parts in the direction of Mozhaysk, Vyazma and Smolensk. "
Army partisan detachments were created mainly from the most movable Cossack parts and were unequal in their number: from 50 to 500 people or more. They were tasked with sudden actions in the enemy's rear to break the communications, destroy his lively strength, to strike on garrisons, suitable reserves, deprive the enemy to extract food and fodder, follow the movement of troops and convey about it to the main apartment of the Russian Army. Between the commanders of partisan detachments, with the extent possible, interaction was organized.
The main advantage of the partisan detachments was their mobility. They never stood in one place, constantly being in motion, and no one, besides the commander, did not know in advance when and where the detachment would go. The actions of the partisans were sudden and rapidly.
The partisan detachments of D.V. received wide fame. Davydova, etc.
The personnel of the entire partisan movement was the detachment of the Akhtyr Gusar Shelter of Lieutenant Colonel Denis Davydov.
The tactic of the actions of his partisan detachment combined a rapid maneuver and strikes an opponent unprepared for battle. To ensure secrecy, the partisan detachment had to almost constantly be on the march.
The first successful actions were encouraged by the partisans, and Davydov decided to attack any enemy conversation going on the main Smolensk road. On September 3 (15), 1812, the Tsareva-Zahniki at the Big Smolensk Road occurred, during which 119 soldiers, two officers captured the partisans. At the disposal of the partisans were 10 provincial carriage and cartridges with cartridges.
M.I. Kutuzov carefully followed the brave actions of Davydov and gave very great importance to the expansion of the partisan struggle.
In addition to Davydov's squad, there were many other well-known and successfully operating partisan detachments. In the fall of 1812, they surround the French army with a solid movable ring. As part of the volatile detachments, 36 Cossack and 7 cavalry regiments, 5 squadron and a team of light equestrian artillery, 5 infantry regiments, 3 battalions of huntshee and 22 regimental guns. Thus, Kutuzov gave the partisan war wider scope.
Most often, the partisan detachments arranged ambushes and attacked the vehicles and opponent's calls, captured couriers, freed Russian prisoners. Daily to the commander-in-chief received reports on the direction of movement and actions of the enemy detachments, detached mail, protocols of interrogation of prisoners and other information about the enemy, which were reflected in the journal of hostilities.
On the Mozhaisk road operated the partisan detachment of Captain A.S. Figrine. Young, educated, perfectly knew French, German and Italian, he found himself in the fight against the initial enemy, without fearing at the same time.
From the north of Moscow blocked a large detachment of General F.F. Wincgerode, which, highlighting small detachments to Volokolamsk, to Yaroslavl and Dmitrovskaya roads, blocking access to Napoleon's troops to the northern regions of the Moscow region.
When the main forces of the Russian army of Kutuzov, from the Red Pahra region, put forward to the Mozhaisk Road to the area with. Perhushkovo, located in 27 versts from Moscow, the detachment of General Major I.S. Dorokhov in the composition of the three Cossack, Gusar and Draghogan regiments and polishes of artillery in order to "make an attack, trying to exterminate the enemy parks." Dorokhov was prescribed not only to watch this expensive, but also to strike strikes.
Dorokhov detachment actions received approval in the main apartment of the Russian army. Only for the first day he managed to destroy 2 cavalry squadris, 86 charging trucks, sharing 11 officers and 450 ordinary, intercept 3 couriers, repel 6 pounds of church silver.
Taking the army to the Tarutin position, Kutuzov has formed a few more army partisan detachments, in particular detachments, and. The actions of these detachments were essential.
Colonel N.D. Kudeshev with two Cossack shelves was directed to Serpukhov and Kolomna roads. His detachment, having established that in the village of Nikolsky there is about 2,500 French soldiers and officers, suddenly attacked the enemy, destroyed more than 100 people and 200 captured.
Between Borovsky and Moscow, the road was controlled by a detachment of Captain A.N. Seslavin. He was with a detachment of 500 people (250 Don Cossacks and a squadron of the Sumy Gusar Regiment) was instructed to act in the area of \u200b\u200bthe road from Borovsk to Moscow, coordinating his actions with a detachment A.S. Figrine.
In the area of \u200b\u200bMozhaisk and south acted a detachment of Colonel I.M. Vadbolsky as part of the Mariupol Gusar Regiment and 500 Cossacks. He moved to the village of Cuban to attack the enemy chalises and move away his party away, mastering expensive on Ruse.
In addition, the Detail of Lieutenant Colonel with a number of 300 people was also aimed at the Mozhaisk district. North, in the Volokolamsk area, the detachment of the Colonel acted, with Ruza - Major, behind the wedge in the direction of the Yaroslavl tract - the Cossack troops of the military elder, Voskresensk - Major Figlev.
Thus, the army was surrounded by a solid ring of partisan detachments that prevented the conduct of coating in the vicinity of Moscow, as a result of which in the enemy's troops, there was a massive case of horses, and demoralization was intensified. This was one of the reasons for leaving Napoleon in Moscow.
On the beginning of the nomination of the French troops from the first-hearth, again, the partisans A.N. were first Seslavin. At the same time, he is in the forest with. Fomichevo, personally saw Napoleon himself, he immediately reported. On Napoleon's nipple on a new Kaluga road and the detachments of the cover (body with avant-garde residues), MI was immediately reported to the main apartment of M.I. Kutuzov.
Important opening of Seslavin partisan. Unknown artist. 1820s.
Kutuzov sent Dohturov to Borovsk. However, along the path of Dohturov, he learned about the class of Borovsk by the French. Then he went to Maloyaroslave to prevent the opponent to the opponent to Kaluga. The main forces of the Russian army began to pull up there.
After the 12-hour march D.S. Dobturov in the evening of 11 (23) October came to Spassky and united with the Cossacks. And in the morning he entered into battle on the streets of Maloyaroslavets, after which the French remained only one road to departure - the old Smolenskaya. And late then report A.N. Salavin, the French would pay the Russian army under Maloyaroslavets, and what would have been the further course of the war - unknown ...
By this time, the partisan detachments were summarized in three major parties. One of them under the command of General-Major I.S. Dorokhov, consisting of five infantry battalions, four cavalry squadrons, two Cossack regiments at eight guns, September 28 (October 10), 1812 went to the assault of the city of Wevea. The enemy took up the weapon only when the Russian partisans had already broken into the city. Verine was released, and about 400 people of the Westphalian regiment with a banner were captured.
Monument I.S. Dorokhov in believer. Sculptor S.S. Aleshin. 1957
Continuous effect on the enemy was of great importance. From 2 (14) September 1 (13) in different counts, the enemy lost only killed about 2.5 thousand people, 6.5 thousand French was captured. Their losses increased every day due to the active actions of the peasant and partisan detachments.
To ensure transportation of ammunition, food and forage, as well as safety on the roads, the French command had to allocate significant forces. In the aggregate, all this has significantly affected the moral and psychological state of the French army, which has worsened every day.
Large luck partisan is rightfully considered to fight with. Lyakhovo West Yelni, which occurred on October 28 (November 9). In it partisans D.V. Davydova, A.N. Seslavin and A.S. Figrine, reinforced by shelves, only 3280 people, attacked the Brigade of the Ozhero. After a stubborn battle, the entire brigade (2 thousand soldiers, 60 officers and the Ozoreo himself) surrendered. It was the first case of passing the whole military unit of the enemy.
The remaining forces of the partisans also continuously appeared on both sides of the road and disturbed the French avant-garde with their shots. Davydov's detachment, like the detachments of other commanders, followed all the time on the heels behind the enemy army. The Colonel, who followed the right flank from the Napoleonic army, was ordered to go ahead, warning the enemy and make raids on some detachments at their stops. The big partisan detachment was sent to Smolensk in order to exterminate enemy shops, sumports and individual detachments. From the rear of the French chased the Cossacks M.I. Platov.
No less energetic, partisan detachments were used at the end of the campaign on the expulsion of the Napoleonic army from Russia. Detachock A.P. Ozarovsky was supposed to seize the city of Mogilev, where there were big rear heads of the enemy. 12 (24) November his cavalry broke into the city. And two days later partisans D.V. Davydov interrupted a message between Ors and Mogilev. Detacher A.N. Salavin, together with the regular army, liberated the city of Borisov and, pursuing the enemy, went to Berezine.
At the end of December, the entire Davydov detachment on the orders of Kutuzov joined the avant-garde of the main forces of the army as its advanced squad.
The partisan war unfolded near Moscow made a significant contribution to the victory over the Army of Napoleon and the expulsion of the enemy from Russia.
Material prepared by the Research Institute (Military History)
Military Academy of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
While Napoleonic troops relax drunkenness and robbery in Moscow, and the regular Russian army retreats, making cunning maneuvers, which then allow her to relax, to get together, to significantly replenish their composition and defeat victories over the enemy, let's talk about dubin People's WarAs we love with the light hand of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy call the partisan movement of 1812.
Partisans detachment Denisov
Illustration to the novel Lion Tolstoy War and the world
Andrei Nikolaev
First, I want to say that this is a dubbing is a very distant attitude towards the partisan war in the form in which it existed. Namely, the Army partisan detachments from military personnel of regular parts and the Cossacks created in the Russian army for action in the rear and communications of the enemy. Secondly, reading even recently various materials, not to mention Soviet sources, often we meet with the idea that allegedly the ideological inspiration and the organizer was exclusively Denis Davydov, the famous poet and partisans of that time, the first published with a proposal to create detachments . like the Spanish Gerilla, through the prince of Bagration on Feldmarshal Kutuzov in front of the Borodino battle. I must say that for this legend and the Liya Gusar himself put a lot of effort. It happens...
Portrait of Denis Davydov
Yuri Ivanov
In fact, the first partisan detachment in this war was created under Smolensky by order of all the same Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly, even before the appointment of Kutuzov commander-in-chief. By the time Davydov appealed to Bagration with a request to allow the creation of an army partisan detachment, Major General Ferdinand Fedorovich Wincgerode (commander of the first partisan detachment) already might and successfully threw the rear of the French. The detachment took the city of Surazh, Vitebsk, constantly threatened the outskirts of Vitebsk, which was the reason that Napoleon was forced to send to the aid of the Vitebian garrison, the Italian division of General Pinot. As usual, we have these "Germans" forgotten ...
Portrait of General Baron Ferdinand Fedorovich Vinzingerode
Unknown artist
After Borodino, in addition to the Davydovsky (by the way, the most small detachment), several more, which began active fighting after the remaining of Moscow. Some detachments consisted of several regiments and could independently solve large combat missions, for example, a detachment of Major General Ivan Semenovich Dorokhov, which included Dragunsky, Gusarsky and 3 cavalry regiments. Large detachments were commanded by Colonels Wadbolsky, Efremov, Kudeshev, Captains Seslavin, Figner and others. In the partisan detachments there were many glorious officers, including future satrapa (As we were previously represented) Alexander Christorovich Benkendorf, Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshev.
Portraits of Ivan Semenovich Dorokhov and Ivan Efremovich Efremova
George Doe An unknown artist
At the beginning of October 1812, it was decided to surround the Napoleonic army with a ring of army partisan detachments, with a clear action plan and a certain area of \u200b\u200bdislocation for each of them. Thus, Davydov's detachment was prescribed to function between Smolensk and Gzhatsky, Major Dorokhov General - between Gzhatsky and Mozhaisk, headquarters of Figner - between Mozhaisk and Moscow. In the Mozhaisk district there were also orders of Colonel Wadbolsky and Colonel Chernobov.
Portraits of Nikolai Danilovich Kudashev and Ivan Mikhailovich Vadbolsky
George Dou
Between Borovsky and Moscow, the enemy's communications strikes were applied squads of Captain Seslavin and Fonvizyn Lieutenant. The north of Moscow led an armed struggle of the team of detachments under the general command of General Wincgerode. On the Ryazan Road acted a detachment of Colonel Efremov, in Serpukhovsky - Colonel Kudasheva, on Kashirskaya - Major Leskovsky. The main advantage of the partisan detachments was their mobility, suddenness and swiftness. They never stood in one place, constantly prematrated, and no one, besides the commander, did not know in advance when and where the squad would go. If necessary, several detachments are temporarily united for major operations.
Portraits of Alexander Samoilovich Figter and Alexander Nikitich Seslavin
Yuri Ivanov
Do not detract from the fets of Denis Davydov's squad and his own, it must be said that many commanders were offended by the memoirist after the publication of his military notes, in which he often exaggerating his own merit, forgot to mention his comrades. What Davydov disgracedly replied: Fortunately, there is something to say about yourself, why not talk? And even truth, the organizers of Barclay de Tollya generals and Vinzingerode went away one after another in 1818, what to remember them ... And written by a fascinating juicy language, works of Denis Vasilyevich were very popular in Russia. True, Alexander Bestuzhev-Marlinsky in 1832 wrote xenophon fieldfield: Between us, if it was said, he was more discharged than heaven his glory of the brave.
MemoMist, and especially the poet, and even hussar, well, how to do without fantasies :) So what forgive him these little pranks? ..
Denis Davydov at the head of partisans in the vicinity of Lyakhovo
A. Telenik
Portrait of Denis Davydov
Alexander Orlovsky
In addition to the partisan detachments, there was also the so-called People's War, which the spontaneous self-defense detachments were protected and the importance of which, in my opinion, is very exaggerated. And by myths, she is also sisite ... Now the film, they say, made a skin about the old age to Vasilisa, the very existence of which is still challenged, and something does not turn the language about its exploits.
But oddly enough, all the same "German" Barclay de Tollya, who was still in July, did not wait for the instructions over, turned his hand to this movement, turned his hand, turned his hand to the residents of the Pskov, Smolensk and Kaluga regions from the Smolensk governor appeal:
Outows of Pskov, Smolensk and Kaluga! Let's get a challenge with your own rejection to your own security. Our irreconcilable enemy, having taken the intention alcohol against us, dodged himself accustomed to hope that and one arrogance is pretty will be pretty to enhance us to enthusiame over us. But our two brave armies, stopping the bold flight of the violence, the breasts contorted to him on the ancient turns of our ... Avoiding a decisive battle, ... His robbing gangs, attacking the PA of unarmed ingredients, trust over them with all the cruelty times of barbaric: robbing and harness houses them; Determinate the temples of God ... But many of the residents of the province of Smolensk woke up from the fear of their own. They, equip them in their homes, with courage worthy of the name of the Russian, punish the villains without mercy. Imitate them all loving yourself, fatherland and sovereign!
Of course, the inhabitants and peasants behaved differently on the Russian territories left. When the French army approaches, they left away from home or in the forest. But often some first cases ruined the estates of their landowners-tyrants (no need to forget that the peasants were serfs), robbed, ignited, ran away in the hope that the French would come now and they would be released (rumors about the intentions of Napoleon to save the peasants from serfdom ).
The defeat of the landlord estate. Patriotic War of 1812
The plundering of the peasants landlord estate after the retreat of Russian troops in front of the Napoleon army
V.N. Kurdyumov
During the retreat of our troops and the entry of the French at the limits of Russia, the landlord peasants were often raised against their Lords, deli the Lord's estate, even houses ruined and burned, killed landowners and managers - In a word, the estates throat. The troops have joined the peasants and, in turn, produced robbery. Our picture depicts an episode from such a joint robbery of the civilian population with the military. The action takes place in one of the rich landlords. The owner itself is no longer, and the remaining clarifier grabbed so that he would not interfere. The furniture is put in the garden and breaks. Statues decorated with garden, broken; Flowers are marked. Immediately lying with a broken bottom barrel from under the wines. Wine bloomed. Everyone takes himself that he fell. And unnecessary things have been thrown and destroyed. Cavalist on the horse stands and calmly looks at this picture of destruction. (Original signature to illustration)
Parisans 1812.
Boris Zvorykin
Where the landowners behaved humanly, the peasants and yard people, they were armed with something, sometimes under the leaders of the owners themselves, attacked French squads, the calls and gave them to reversal. Some detachments were headed by Russian soldiers, retaining from their parts due to illness, injury, captivity and subsequent flight from it. So the audience was different.
Defenders of native focal
Alexander Apsit
Shutters flaspes
Alexander Apsit
To say also that these detachments operated on a permanent basis. They were organized at the time until the enemy was on their territory, and then bloomed, everything for the same reason that the peasants were serfs. After all, even from the Emperor created by the watery of the Emperor, the runaway peasants were translated home and subjected to a court. So the detachment of Kurina, the features of which miraculously fought Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, existed for 10 days - from 5 to 14 October, until the French were in the Bogorodsky county, and then was dissolved. Yes, and participated in the People's War not the entire Russian people, but only the inhabitants of several provinces, where they passed the fighting, or related to them.
French Guardsmen under the convoy of grandmother Spiridonna
Alexey Venetsianov, 1813
I started all this conversation to ensure that, first, to understand that our dubube People's War No comparison withstand with the Spanish-Portuguese Gerilla (you can read a little about it) to which, allegedly, we were equal, and, secondly, once again to show that the domestic war was won, first of all, thanks to the actions of our commander, generals, officers , soldier. And emperor. And not the forces of Gerasimov chicken, mythical guillers Rzhevsky, Vasilis skin and other entertaining characters ... Although it was not without them ... And more specifically, we will still talk about the partisan war ...
And finally, the picture of today:
Archpriests of the Sauna Region of the Kavalegardian Regiment, who serves mulabrats in the parish church of the Holy Evapla, in Moscow, in the presence of French on September 27, 1812.
Engraving with a drawing of an unknown artist
... wanting to create in the population more favorable attitude, Napoleon ordered not to prevent the commission of worship services in churches; But it was possible only in a few temples not touched by the enemy. From September 15, the divine service was made correctly in the church of the Archidacon Evpla (on meatsnitskaya); Worship services in the Harritonian church in Gardeners were held daily. A particularly deep impression was made in Zamoskorovye the first evolve in the church of Peter and Paul on Yakimanka ... (fd Satellite excursion №3, published by the Central Anniversary of War of the 1812)
Essay on the history of the student of grade 11, 505 School of Atite Elena
Partisan traffic in the war of 1812
Partisania, armed struggle of the masses for the freedom and independence of Cextan, or social transformations, which are conducted in the territory, occupied by opposition (controlled by the reaction regime). In the partisan movement, part of regular troops acting in the rear of the enemy can participate in the partisan movement.
Partisanization in the Patriotic War of 1812, the armed struggle of the people, mainly the peasants of Russia, and the detachments of the Russian army against French assemblies in the rear of the Napoleonic troops and on their communications. Partisanity began in Lithuania and Belarus after the retreat of the Russian army. Fortially, the movement was expressed in refusing to deliver the French found food army, the mass destruction of stocks of these types of supply, reading serious difficulties for Napoleonic troops. With the entry of the pr-ka SMOLENSKA, and then to the Moscow and Kaluga province, the partisan movement is particularly wide. At the end of July-August in Gzhatsky, Belsky, Sychevsky and other villages, the peasants were united in hiking and horse-held partisan studies, armed with peaks, sabers and guns, attacked individual groups of Maudesky soldiers, forage faces and summons, violated the communications of the French army. Parentisans were a serious combat force. . The number of individual detachments reached 3-6 thousand people. Partisan detachments acquired wide fame. M. Kurina, S. Emelyanova, V. Polovzva, V. Leather and others. The royal law is disabled to the partisan movement. But in the situation of the patriotic foam, some landowners and progressive generals (PI Bagartion, MB Barclay de Tolly, A.P. Yermolov and others). The Commander-in-Chief of the Russian ArmyFeld Marshal, especially a great mean-of-centered partisan struggle, assigned Kutuzov. He saw in it a huge force capable of nancessipr-ku significant damage, fully promoted the organization of new detachments, gave instructions on their arms and instructions on the tactics of the partisan struggle. After leaving Moscow, the front of the partisan movement was significantly expanded, and Kutuzov, the ideas gave him an organized character. This in a significant meant contributed to the formation of special detachments from regular troops operating by partisan methods. The first such detachment of 130 people was created at the end of August at the initiative of Lieutenant Colonel D.V. Davydova. In September, the Soviet of Army partisan detachments operated 36 Cossacks, 7 cavalry, 5 infantry regiments, 5 squadrons and 3 battalions. The detachments were commanded by the general police officers I.S.Dorochov, M.A.Fonvizin and others. Many peasant detachments arising from the spontaneous, subsequently poured into army or closely with them. The partisan actions were also involved and separate diffusers of the formation of Nar. militia. The most wide range of partisan movement in Moscow, Smolensk and Kaluga provinces. Acting the prommunications of the French army, the partisan detachments exterminated enemy-puzzles, the sums captured, reported by the Russian command of ODR-Ke. Under these conditions, Kutuzov set the most fragile problems of interaction with the army and strikes on individualsons and reserves of the Prot. Thus, on September 28 (October 10), by order, the Kutovovovers of General Dorokhov, with the support of the peasant detachments, gonna residents took possession. As a result of the fight, the French lost about 700 people killed and injured. Moreover, in 5 weeks after the Borodino battle of 1812, he lost more than 30 thousand people as a result of partisans. On the entire path of retreat, the French ArmiPartisanian detachments contributed to Russian troops in the persecution and destroying, attacking his summies and destroying individual detachments. In general, the partisanism had great assistance to the Russian army in the defeat of the Napoleonic troops of the exign of them from the limits of Russia.
Causes of the occurrence of the partisan war
Partisanization was a bright expression of the popular nature of the Patriotic War of the 1812. After flashing after the invasion of Napoleonic troops in Lithuania and Belarus, it developed a joy in the afternoon, took more and more active forms and became a formidable.
Ponacapartisanian movement was a spontaneous, represented a performance of small, scattered partisan detachments, then it captured entire areas. Large detachments have become cited, thousands of folk heroes appeared, advanced organizers of the partisan struggle.
Why is the disadvantaged peasantry, ruthlessly oppressed by destroyers-landlords, rose to the struggle against his seemingly "liberator"? Neither the bustham of the liberation of peasants from the serfdom or improving the escape position Napoleon did not think. If you first and uttered the promising phrases about the liberation of serfs and even rumored onneventment to issue some kind of proclamation, then it was only a tactical, with the help of which Napoleon was calculated to boost landlords.
Napoleonphonal that the liberation of Russian serfs would inevitably lead the cerebral consequences, which he was afraid most. Yes, this is not responding to political goals when joining Russia. According to Napoleon's associates, it was important for him "It is important to strengthen monarchism in France and it is difficult for him to re-examine the revolution in Russia."
First, the orders of the administration established by Napoleon in occupied areas were heading against the fortress peasants, in defense of serfshitteers. The Lithuanian Lithuanian "government" subordinate to the NapoleonicBernator, in one of the first decrees, all the peasants and general residents obliged to obey the landowners, continue to execute Work and duty, and those who will shy, to properly strictly attracting for this if the circumstances will require the circumstances.
Sometimes the partisan movement in 1812 communicates with the manifesto Alexander IOT on July 6, 1812, as if resolving the peasants to take up the weapons and actively involve in the fight. In fact, the case was different. Do not wait for the authorities, residents when approaching the French went into the forests and fogot, often leaving their accommodation for looting and burning.
The peasants were understood that the invasion of the French conquerors puts them into another more ill and humiliating position, in which they were before. Babe with foreign workers, the peasants also associated with the hope of sailing them from serfdom
Peasant War
At the beginning of the war, the struggle of the peasants acquired the nature of the mass lefture of the village of Idervlen and the care of the population in the forests and districts distant from hostilities. After her was still a passive form of struggle, she created the serious difficulties of the Propoleton army. French troops, having limited stocks and forage, quickly began to experience a sharp lack of them. It immediately to affect the worsening of the general state of the army: they began to die horses, starving the soldiers, intensified looting. More than 10 thousand thousand thousands were killed.
Frenchfurazirazira, sent to the village of food, faced not only by spacing resistance. One French general after the war wrote in his mother: "The army could eat only the fact that the marauders organized into whole numbers were mined; the Cossacks and the peasants killed a lot of our Oslues daily, who were drunk to go in search." In the villages of occurring, including shooting, between French soldiers sent by the dozen, and peasants. Such clashes occur quite often. In such batches, the first peasant partisan detachments were created in such fights, a more active form of resistance of the people was born - partisan struggle.
The ACCRESSIAN partisan detachments were worn as defensive, so inactive. In the area of \u200b\u200bVitebsk, Orsha, Mogilev, the detachments of the peasants -partisan made frequent day and night raids on the opponent's calls, destroyed his foragers, were taken captured by French soldiers. Napoleon was still more common and more often remind the head of his headquarters of the Beat About the big loss of publication and strictly ordered to allocate an increasing number of troops for covering foragers.
The most fragile scope of the partisan struggle of the peasants acquired in August in SmolenskayaBurney. It began in Krasnoya, Porechki district, and then in Belsky, Sychevsky, Roslavl, Gzhatsky and Vyazemsky counties. The first time the peasants were armed, they were afraid, as if they did not attract complusions.
Wg. White and Belsky Current, the partisan detachments attacked the French who traded to the Nimiprants, destroyed them or captured them. The leaders of Sychevskapartizan Favorchik Boguslavskaya and Major in resignation of Emelyanov armed their own engines selected from the French with guns, established due order to idice. Sychevsky partisans in two weeks (from August 18 to September 1) 15 times attacked the enemy. During this time, they destroyed 572 soldiers and pledged 325 people.
Zhortyroslavl county created several equestrian and hiking partisan detachments, arming them with peaks, sabers and guns. They not only defended their forties consellite, but also attacked the marauders who made themselves in the neighboring shelter. Many partisan detachments operated in the Yukhnovsky district. Organized a mandrel on the river of the Ugra, they blocked the path of the enemy in Kaluga, provided for the United Assistance to the Army Partizan, Denis Davydov's detachment.
Successful to the largest Gzhatsky partisan detachment. His Organizer was the Elizavetrrad Regiment Fyodor Fedor Fedor (Sam). The wounded in one of the sorrowing battles after Smolensk, I myself turned out to be in the rear of the opponent and postphemistry immediately began to organize a partisan squad, whose number soon reached 2 thousand people (according to other data 3 thousand). His shock force was an equestrian group of 200 people, armed Iodets in the French Latvies of the French Kirassir. The detachment itself had its own organization, a strict discipline was installed in unbeam. I myself had introduced a system of alerting of the population by an enemy postponement through a bell tower and other conditional signs. In such cases, the villages of the village were allowed, on another conventional sign, the peasino-peasants from the forests. Lighthouses and ringing of bells of different magnitude reported when IV is what quantity, on horseback or hiking, you need to go into battle. In one of the battles of this detachment, it was possible to capture the gun. A detachment of self-sustainable damage to the French troops. In the Smolensk province, about 3 thousand enemy soldiers were served.
