Original taken from sibved in Casting stone blocks
There are supporters and there are opponents of the version of casting stone blocks. Many facts cannot be explained by the mechanical processing of rocks, blanks, except for the molding of a liquid or pasty mass, including hard species stone, crystalline like granite, basalt. Add fuel to the fire or shift the weight towards the cast technology version.
Previous articles on this topic:
EXAMPLES OF "CONCRETE" PRODUCTS WITH TRACES OF FORMWORK
SUCCAYUAMAN. RECEIVING "PLASTILINE". SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS
Granite casting. Here are examples from Egypt:
The conjugation of the blocks along the vertical is curvilinear. This cannot be achieved by machining. And what are those strange recesses of material on the blocks? More like traces of poorly installed formwork. In principle, accuracy was not needed here.
Basalt. Influxes on the faces of the block. It looks like they've been torn down.
Row of basalt cubes with influxes
What is the point of processing basalt in such a way and leaving such a “visor”?
It seems that the plastic mass was held by flat shields with props. But their area was less area received block
Pairing Blocks Vertically
Horizontally and vertically curvilinear mate
Like dough escaping from a pan.
Here, something was pressed down on top
Granite cladding of the Pyramid of Menkaure
How can you mechanically fit granite blocks of this size?
The edges of the masonry are not completely flattened over the entire area
Here the granite flakes off
I believe that the outer lining (preserved) of the pyramid at Giza is block-filled
Facing of the Pyramid of Giza
Concrete granite and basalt floor in Giza
How did these stones get into the granite mass? What will the skeptics say?
Another option is that basalt blocks were laid on a plastic base mass
There are doubts that this is not a block-filled mass? Or skeptics will rest against the fact that such a lower curved surface can be ground to the unevenness of the base?
What kind of grasshoppers are building something?
Although, there are many questions about the basalt floor, and most likely it is made through the mechanical processing of blocks. More about this
But let's continue the topic:
Comparison of rocks under a microscope
***
But how to explain all this from the point of view of casting? In light of many factors that are visible in the photographs, some adhere to the opinion of granite casting. But granite is not concrete, there is no binder and filler. There is one filler (crystals of minerals), which are arranged like puzzles - fitted to each other without voids. Those. it is a polycrystalline. If we take into account that there was a technology that made it possible to knead a granite-like mortar with a filler and a binder, which also turned into a crystalline structure for a short time, then this opens up huge scope for using this technology. But how to crystallize the binder? In nature, this occurs under pressure and at high temperature.
For those who misunderstood. The binder in concrete is cement. After reaction with water, it polymerizes into a single monolith. But depending on the chemical formula in it, it has different strength and abrasion resistance. To save cement and to give concrete greater resistance to abrasion, a filler (sand, ASG, granite chips, etc.) is added to the cement.
And granite is a rock where each crystalline grain of sand is connected to another in a single puzzle. No voids. Quartz in granite has greater strength than cement and fills the rock as a binder in concrete. But quartz is a crystal, not a cement bond polymer.
Those. in order to say with confidence that there was liquid (or plastic) granite, it is necessary to solve the issue of crystallization, petrification. Or softening granite. And it's not at all clear.
But traces, applicants for casting technology can be viewed further:
Now columns can only be made from segments. Plant PetroMramor
Turkey. Peace. Columns. At the base of the granite columns there is a hole with rust from a metal part.
Baalbek. Inside - concrete (crushed stone on the mortar)
Cyprus. Inside the stones in the solution
Joint between sandstone blocks. How could they make grains of sand?
Kazan Cathedral. Venetian plaster under granite
A separate topic is poking in blocks, and even more so in granite and other rocks:
After what I saw in the photographs, I no longer have any doubts that many granite massifs in ancient buildings (in particular, throughout Egypt) are casting or molding of masses (mixed or softened). Yes, fantastic. But I see no other logic in this.
***
Thanks to readers who in the comments showed a well-forgotten technology that they tried to introduce on an industrial scale in the USSR:
Silicalcite is made from 90% sand of almost any natural quality and 10% lime. The main method of cardinally increasing the physical and mechanical properties of autoclave-hardened silicalite products is undoubtedly the fine grinding of lime and sand by the method of free high-loaded impact using a special grinder - disintegrator:
HORS series disintegrator
Disintegrator basket with chopping fingers.
Using this technology, in the early 1950s, a pilot plant began operating in the city of Tallinn, producing over 35,000 cubic meters. the most diverse range of products, ranging from cellular wall blocks, load-bearing floor panels to tiles and sewer pipes. As a result, from lime and simple sand, this factory began to produce products with the M3000 brand in mass production, and up to M5000 in pilot production. (And this is half a century ago! Today, M600 grade concrete is considered almost the pinnacle of applied concrete science).
Silicalcite in all construction and technical indicators is of better quality than concrete. In silicalite, sand and lime particles are combined in much the same way as soda and sand particles in glass. It is impossible to separate them from one another by conventional research methods. In concrete, grains of sand and gravel practically do not take part in the formation internal structure artificial stone, they are simply glued together with cement.
Does this texture of granite remind you? There, too, particles of feldspar with quartz particles are firmly bonded like a polycrystal.
Details about silicalcite can be read
There were such thoughts as they made masses of artificial stone, and even granite:
They took a mixture of sand and lime crushed into powder (nanopowder) and rammed it with granite chips or the same sand. Next - heated in ovens. There is an opinion on silicalcite that it is not even necessary to heat it, it will gain the necessary strength over the years, extracting carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and becoming more and more stone. Maybe it was this technology that was used to build buildings in Egypt, St. Petersburg?
Granite casting.Here are examples from Egypt:
The conjugation of the blocks along the vertical is curvilinear. This cannot be achieved by machining. And what are those strange recesses of material on the blocks? More like traces of poorly installed formwork. In principle, accuracy was not needed here.
Basalt. Influxes on the faces of the block. It looks like they've been torn down.
Row of basalt cubes with influxes
What is the point of processing basalt in such a way and leaving such a “visor”?
It seems that the plastic mass was held by flat shields with props. But their area was less than the area of the resulting block
Pairing Blocks Vertically
Horizontally and vertically curvilinear mate
Like dough escaping from a pan.
Here, something was pressed down on top
Granite cladding of the Pyramid of Menkaure
How can you mechanically fit granite blocks of this size?
The edges of the masonry are not completely flattened over the entire area
Here the granite flakes off
I believe that the outer lining (preserved) of the pyramid at Giza is block-filled
Facing of the Pyramid of Giza
Concrete granite and basalt floor in Giza
How did these stones get into the granite mass? What will the skeptics say?
Another option is that basalt blocks were laid on a plastic base mass
There are doubts that this is not a block-filled mass? Or skeptics will rest against the fact that such a lower curved surface can be ground to the unevenness of the base?
What kind of grasshoppers are building something?
Although, there are many questions about the basalt floor, and most likely it is made through the mechanical processing of blocks. More about this
But let's continue the topic:
Comparison of rocks under a microscope
***
But how to explain all this from the point of view of casting? In light of many factors that are visible in the photographs, some adhere to the opinion of granite casting. But granite is not concrete, there is no binder and filler. There is one filler (crystals of minerals), which are arranged like puzzles - fitted to each other without voids. Those. it is a polycrystalline. If we take into account that there was a technology that made it possible to knead a granite-like mortar with a filler and a binder, which also turned into a crystalline structure for a short time, then this opens up huge scope for using this technology. But how to crystallize the binder? In nature, this occurs under pressure and at high temperature.
For those who misunderstood. The binder in concrete is cement. After reaction with water, it polymerizes into a single monolith. But depending on the chemical formula in it, it has different strength and abrasion resistance. To save cement and to give concrete greater resistance to abrasion, a filler (sand, ASG, granite chips, etc.) is added to the cement.
And granite is a rock where each crystalline grain of sand is connected to another in a single puzzle. No voids. Quartz in granite has greater strength than cement and fills the rock as a binder in concrete. But quartz is a crystal, not a cement bond polymer.
Those. in order to say with confidence that there was liquid (or plastic) granite, it is necessary to solve the issue of crystallization, petrification. Or softening granite. And it's not at all clear.
But traces, applicants for casting technology can be viewed further:
Now columns can only be made from segments. Plant PetroMramor
Turkey. Peace. Columns. At the base of the granite columns there is a hole with rust from a metal part.
Baalbek. Inside - concrete (crushed stone on the mortar)
Cyprus. Inside the stones in the solution
Joint between sandstone blocks. How could they make grains of sand?
Kazan Cathedral. Venetian stucco under granite
A separate topic is poking in blocks, and even more so in granite and other rocks:
Big on this topic
Poke at Angkor Wat, Cambodia. Yes, and the blocks themselves are like castings with a wavy upper surface
At first glance, they seem a little different, but looking closely, you begin to understand that, by and large, they are made using exactly the same technology.
Almost all of them have jagged edges and a flat bottom.
Filling that holds the blocks together, just like the blocks themselves. The monolith was not made due to the seismic resistance of the masonry. The monolith is cracking, and block-by-block is held due to micro-movements during earthquakes
According to the official version, replicated both in the press and according to the stories of the guides, such pokes served to transport the blocks to the construction site.
After what I saw in the photographs, I no longer have any doubts that many granite massifs in ancient buildings (in particular, throughout Egypt) are casting or molding of masses (mixed or softened). Yes, fantastic. But I see no other logic in this.
And now they know how to cast Granite and marble, and easily. Look around!
And then only in this way it was possible to technologically solve this problem and a granite column - the highest in the world was cast on Palace Square - the largest monolithic column in the World - Alexandria Pillar.
And now they are casting balls on the Neva and vases at the Moscow railway station
It is very pleasant to realize that what I have been explaining for five years is gradually reaching everyone!
Here is a repost: the person also realized that it was all cast ... and if the mnenics match, it will soon be like the truth. but how to prove it all - that is the question.
I just know it.
Monolithic steps of the Monument to Nicholas I. This monument could not be dismantled and left.
Writes koparev (koparev) http://koparev.livejournal.com/232491.html
2016-05-24 23:59:00
People in the Middle Ages successfully produced artificial granite and marble, or Megaliths.
The sculpture of this girl is in the Vorontsov Palace (Southern coast of Crimea). What technology was used to create this sculpture? Is it really made from a single piece of marble? How did you manage to get curls on her head? 
Here is a column in Palmyra. It is larger than the columns of St. Isaac's Cathedral. How did the ancients create this miracle? 
Here is the base of this column. How did the sandstone core end up inside the granite column? Is it possible that there were rocks on the site of the quarry? Sandstone, it would seem, is covered with granite, like plaster, which has been carefully polished after it has hardened ... Is it possible to make a material like granite soft? 
Is this sculpture created with a chisel and a hammer? This sculpture was CAST. 
Do you believe that the Sphinx was carved from a single rock? Then why is his head darker than his body? Was it cast from concrete mortar?
Of course, it is cast from geopolymer concrete. Several centuries ago, our ancestors already knew what concrete mortar was. Moreover, in the days of "Antiquity" they could create artificial granite and marble.
The fact that in the Middle Ages (and in "Antiquity") they could successfully obtain artificial granite and marble was written by G. Brodersen's book "Handbook" and A. Iovsky's work "On the Importance chemical research". It is very important to recall that artificial granite IS NOT DIFFERENT IN ANYTHING FROM NATURAL GRANITE. The same can be said about marble. No geochemist, after conducting chemical research, will distinguish artificial marble from natural, since they have the SAME COMPONENTS.
Artificial granite was obtained in Antiquity as follows:
From 42. book. G. Brodersen. Directory.
Artificial marble according to Ostermeyer was obtained in this way:
S. 42. book. G. Brodersen.
S. 41. book. G. Brodersen.
Download book. Brodersen G. G. Handicraft Handbook. Recipes. M., Verb, 1992. - Reprint ed. Brodersen G. Handbook. - M., GI, 1932. : https://yadi.sk/i/XEg0GnAjrwm7d
Download the book by Iovskiy A. On the importance of chemical research. M., AN, 1832. - S. 9.
https://yadi.sk/i/NINR5kZarxojo 
Moreover, silt from the bottom of the sea was used as a building material, which, as a result of a natural disaster, was splashed onto the coast. It has a high content of silica and calcium oxides. Over time, solidifying, this silt, like a concrete solution, TURNED INTO GRANITE. From such a "solution", the caves of Barabar were created.
The seam between the layers of the "solution" is visible.
You can see the crumbling and flaking of the "concrete" at the top of the structure. The builders left traces of some kind of mechanism.
http://s.fishki.net/upload/post/201505/16/1534238/15.jpg
From myself, I note that the walls of Petropavlovka and kilometers of round curbs on the Neva and, in general, granite embankments on the Neva are naturally cast from Granite. as a designer then going. I even saw blast furnaces near Petropavlovka in the Picture. And in Ruskol there is a factory for the smelting of marble sculptures. You will not say that they were made by hand in every museum of the World
And why now all the streets are dressed in natural granite, I'll never know ... 
Probably just sawing the budget, Or do they really not know??
Then this post is for them!
Many questions arise when examining the majestic temples and cathedrals of St. Petersburg. Lots of information and thoughts. The bust of Montferrand, the decoration of St. Isaac's Cathedral, its columns, the Kazan Cathedral and its columns, the Alexandria pillar, the Babolovskaya bath, the Kolyvan vase, Atlantes and many other incredible evidence of stone work. All this unites the period 1800-1850. And all this skill in stone processing also suddenly disappeared as it appeared.
But was it the vaunted Russian skill in working with stone? My friend threw me a couple of links with keywords, thanks to which a whole layer of history was opened, which for some reason is hidden from the Russian Internet. Those. the information is not secret and is quite understandable, but it is avoided in every possible way with us. After some study of the facts and comparison with the existing thoughts, I finally formed an opinion - and how they made all that granite, including the steps from the Petrovsky Dock, which I thought about almost all the time after the trip.
First, I will repeat those, mostly other people's thoughts (with which I agree). They have been dazzling on the Internet for many years, and I have selected only a small part that will allow you to visually develop the idea.
Bust of Montferrand
According to historians, it was created by Foletti Anton Yegorovich in 1850. from the debris of the remains of the construction of St. Isaac's Cathedral, namely: "hewed out of white Carrara marble, hair - from gray bardillio marble, uniform - from gray granite, uniform collar - from slate, cloak - from Shoksha raspberry quartzite, sash - from green marble, and orders - from yellow Siena marble and crimson quartzite. The pedestal of the bust was pink Tivdia marble."
Foletti Yegorovich, yes ... I personally have a dissonance with just one last name. Moreover, such a talented artist and top-class master (based on how the bust was made), and such a "no" biography, read for yourself:
"A student of the Imperial Academy of Arts, he studied in it under the guidance of Professor Vitali and received awards for his work: 2nd silver medal - September 27, 1849 for the bust of the architect Montferrand (former at the academic exhibition of 1849 in plaster casting, and in 1850, already made of multi-colored marbles); 1st silver medal - December 23, 1852 for sculpting from life (a bust of Professor Vitali, located at the Academy of Arts), and 2nd gold - September 24, 1853 for executed according to program, a statue in the growth of "resting Adonis", after which he was erected on September 28. 1859 to the rank of artist of the 14th class. mater. for history. Imp. Acad. Hood." Petrov, vol. III, and Yundolov's "Index" to him.
Did you know that Yandex knows only a little more than 60 mentions for the entire Runet? Or maybe there was no Foletti, well, which Yegorych? But all this is unimportant, the important thing is - how does it all hold together, since such a heterogeneous material was used? Glue hasn't been invented yet. So then how is it done? I'm interested in listening to the tour guide.
And now we are accelerating and remembering what has been noted repeatedly:
Atlanta The Hermitage have incredible detail and workmanship, also polished granite (1840). And somewhere in the same place in the comments there were photos of how Atlanta is now cracking
Alexandrian column (1834). There are questions about how such a heavy column was generally able to be delivered to the installation site (not to mention the very moment of installation)
St. Isaac's Cathedral with its columns (Built in 1818-1858) from http://sibved.livejournal.com/185868.ht ml - photo from here
All inconsistencies with the official history are described in great detail on such resources as kramola.info, sibved.livejournal.com, kadykchanskiy.livejournal.com. Yes, a lot of places. Information wagon and small cart. I have no purpose to copy here all the calculations that have already been made by many before me.
And the casket just opened.
What does the production of bathroom countertops to order give?
We can make the table top round, oval, triangular shape or any other. And precisely fit it between the walls of the room, which saves space and looks very beautiful.
We can make a molded sink without joints or fix the countertop on brackets and use the space to accommodate, for example, a washing machine.
We can make a whole range of flat bathroom elements in the same style, such as bathroom countertops, sink countertops, and various shelves.
Polymer concrete is a new high-tech composite, a substitute for natural stone, which has gained popularity in the market for the production of products for interior design of apartments, houses, offices, shops, restaurants, cafes, public buildings. Scope of application - where it was previously used a natural stone, exclusive design of expensive interiors, outdoor and interior decoration. Also, polymer concrete is an excellent alternative to traditional materials, such as cast iron, stainless steel and ceramics, from which bathtubs and sinks are usually made, but at the same time it has many undeniable advantages. Description of artificial stone technology and comparison with conventional materials that are used in modern premises when repairing, building or finishing, see this section.
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