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Interpretation of SMIL (MMPI) test.

The spread of indicators in the range from 30 to 70 T determines the corridor of the norm. However, experience has shown that the distribution of quantitative indicators in this test is uneven and the so-called "Gaussian curve", reflecting the patterns of this distribution, is "incorrect". This is manifested by the lack of symmetry of the rises and falls of the profile peaks in the normal corridor. In the presence of signs of sharpened personality traits and other deviations from the norm, we much more often observe an increase in test indicators. The lowering of the profile, as a rule, is quantitatively less pronounced and more often turns out to be associated with the attitude of the test person to hypernormal responses in the so-called "drowned" profiles (see below). The whole procedure for calculating data requires accuracy, precision and attention.

The scatter of the indicators of the SMIL profile starts from 50 T - the “ideal-normative” average profile corresponding to the theoretical averaged norm. In a narrow corridor of the norm - within 46 - 55 T - profile fluctuations are difficult to interpret, since they do not reveal sufficiently pronounced individual and personal properties and are characteristic of a fully balanced personality, (if the reliability scales do not show a pronounced attitude to lie - a high scale "L" - or not frankness - high scale "K"). In a wide corridor of the norm (from 30 to 70 T), the profile of the norm of each tendency is opposed by the opposite direction "anti-tendency", and feelings and behavior are subordinated to the control of consciousness (or emotions are so moderate that minimal control over them is quite sufficient). The increases, fluctuating within 56 - 66 T, reveal those leading tendencies that determine the characterological characteristics of the individual. Higher indicators of different basic scales (67-75 T) highlight those accentuated traits that at times make it difficult for a person's socio-psychological adaptation. Indicators above 75 T indicate impaired adaptation and a deviation of the individual's state from normal. These can be psychopathic character traits, a state of stress caused by an extreme situation, neurotic disorders and, finally, psychopathology, the presence of which can only be judged by a pathopsychologist or psychiatrist based on the totality of data from psychodiagnostic, experimental psychological and clinical research.

The analysis of the results obtained is based not on the study of the meaning of the subject's answers, but on the statistical procedure for calculating the data, in the process of which the quantitative variance of different answer options is revealed in relation, on the one hand, to the average normative average, and on the other hand, to the pathological sharpness of the psychological factor, which is this or that individual-personal tendency. Most of the statements sound like that the subject, answering, does not always know how it will characterize him, which will greatly complicate the desire to “improve” or “worsen” the results of the survey. At first glance, the technique allows you to outline the subjective internal picture of the "I" of the examined person. In reality, thanks in part to the projective sound of many statements, the experiment also reveals those psychological aspects that are not realized by a person or are only partially amenable to the control of consciousness. Therefore, only with statistically unreliable data, the personality profile is distorted to such an extent that it makes no sense to interpret it. Within the framework of reliable data, even if there are tendencies that partially affect the strengthening or smoothing of the profile pattern, the interpretation reflects a personality picture close to the true one. At the same time, a very differentiated gradation of the severity of different personal properties in their complex combination is possible, when not only high indicators are taken into account, but also their ratio with low indicators.
At the same time, a deviation from the average standard indicators, which is more than twice the root-mean-square error, reveals an excessive degree of severity of a particular personality trait, bringing it beyond a fairly wide (from 30 to 70 standard T points) corridor of the normative spread. Such data, as already mentioned, do not necessarily indicate pathology.

A difficult life situation, traumatic events for the psyche, physical ailment - all this can cause a state of temporary maladjustment. Therefore, the interpretation of the data obtained should be carried out in accordance with all the information available about the subject, not to mention the fact that for an adequate picture of the subject it does not interfere with looking at him. "Blind" interpretation can be used only for research purposes, when the reliability of the method is checked, as well as in large-scale surveys, when not the personality of an individual is interpreted, but some generalized tendencies of large groups.

The examined person can claim certain information about the test results. Sometimes such an interview carries psychotherapeutic or recommendatory content. If this happens, then the experimental psychologist or consultant must first of all respect the interests of the person being examined and never interpret the survey data to his detriment, since the role of the psychologist in society is mainly reduced to protecting the person in every sense of the word. If this rule is violated, people will lose confidence in the psychologist and further psychological research will become impossible. The rest follows from this: the interpretation of the data obtained should be carried out from the standpoint of a psychotherapeutic, sparing approach. Each individual personality trait usually carries both positive and negative information. Therefore, there is always an opportunity to start an interview with coverage of positive characteristics, and then, against this background, highlight those features and personality traits that create certain difficulties and negatively affect the fate of a person. But this should be done carefully and precisely in the style that is optimal for a given individual: you should pay attention to those recommendations for a correctional approach, which are given below, depending on the characteristics of the profile.

Results.

Types of SMIL profiles

A profile is called "linear" if all its indicators are in the range between 45 and 55 T. Such a profile is most often found in persons referred to the concordant norm, i.e. in harmonious personalities.

The "recessed" profile differs from the linear one in that the indices of most of the scales are below 45 T, and a number of others are not higher than 50 T. Such a profile is most often the result of an attitudinal attitude to the testing procedure and is accompanied by high indices of the L and K reliability scales at low F ...

The "borderline" profile with its highest points reaches 70 - 75 T, and the rest of the scales are mostly not lower than 54 T.

A "peaked" profile is called when, along with most of the scales that are at the same level, one, two or three are located significantly higher than the others (by 15 - 20 T and more). Depending on the number of such contrasting "peaks", the profile is called one-, two- or three-phase. If the rise is significantly expressed on one or two spaced apart scales, but on others it is little or absent at all, then the profile is characterized as "widely scattered" (for example, 1st and 8th). If the profile peaks exceed 80T, then it is a "high" profile. If the majority (at least 7) ​​of the profile scales are significantly increased and there are no scales whose indicators are below 55 T (except, in extreme cases, one), then such a profile is called "floating". The criteria for identifying signs of a floating profile are as follows: F is between 65 and 90 T, each of the scales - 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8 - is above 70, the rest are 56 T and above. This profile indicates severe stress and personality maladjustment.

The "convex" profile is raised in the center and slopes gently at the edges.

The "deepened" profile is raised on the first and last scales with a relative decrease in the central part.

A profile with many peaks, accompanied by concomitant unsharp depressions (7-10 T) of adjacent, contrasting scales is called a "jagged saw". The slope of the profile indicates which part of the profile is higher.

A "neurotic" or profile with a negative slope is a profile with a rise on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd scales (the scale of the neurotic triad); it may be accompanied by a second peak on the 7th and 8th scales. The positive inclination is manifested by the rise of the 4th, 6th, 8th and 9th scales, reflecting the high risk of behavioral reactions and not reasonably called earlier psychotic tetrad scales (it is more legitimate to call them behavioral tetrad scales). Raising the profile on two adjacent scales gives a double peak. So, double peak 21 (two-one) and 78 (seven-eight) are often found.

A number of profile features are noted, reflecting a certain attitude of the subject for testing. With a pronounced tendency to avoid frankness and to bring the answers as close as possible to the norm, a recessed profile is obtained. With aggravation, i.e. a clear exaggeration of the severity of the existing problems and their condition, a high-located jagged profile is formed. If the subject, trying to understand how the technique works and to influence the results, answers almost all the statements "incorrectly", then the profile is flat, (smoothed) according to the 4th, 6th and 8th scales, but overestimated according to 1 th and 3rd scales. Conversely, if most of the statements are answered "true", then a profile with high peaks on the F, 6th and 8th scales is obtained.

Confidence scales

One of the very important advantages of the technique is the presence in its structure of evaluation scales, or, as they are often called, reliability scales that determine the reliability of the data obtained and the attitude of the subjects regarding the examination procedure. These are the scale of "lies" - L, the scale of "reliability" - F and the scale of "correction" - K. In addition, there is a scale indicated by a question mark - "?". Scale "?" records the number of statements to which the subject could not give a definite answer; while the scale indicator "?" meaningful if it exceeds 26 raw points, since the number 26 corresponds to the number of statements removed from the count, accompanied in the booklet by the remark - "The number of this statement should be circled." If the scale indicator is "?" above 70 raw points, the test data is unreliable. The total figure is within 36 - 40 s.b. acceptable; results from 41 to 60 pp. testify to the expressed vigilance and lack of frankness of the subject.
The correct presentation of the technique and the preliminary conversation between the psychologist and the subject significantly reduces mistrust and secrecy, which are reflected in the growth of insignificant responses. The "L" scale includes those statements that reveal the tendency of the subject to present himself in the most favorable light possible, demonstrating very strict adherence to social norms. High indices on the "L" scale (70 T and higher), i.e. more than 10 pp, indicate a deliberate desire to embellish oneself, "show oneself in the best light", denying the presence in his behavior of weaknesses inherent in any person - the ability to at least sometimes or even a little angry, lazy, neglect diligence, severity of manners, truthfulness , neatness in the smallest sizes and in the most forgivable situation. In this case, the profile turns out to be smoothed, underestimated or recessed. Most of all, high indicators of the L scale affect the underestimation of the 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th scales. An increase in the L scale within the range of 60 - 69 T is often found in individuals of a primitive mental make-up with insufficient self-understanding and low adaptive capabilities. In persons with a high level of education and culture, profile distortions due to an increase in the L scale are rare. A moderate increase in L - up to 60 T is observed in old age in the norm as a reflection of age-related personality changes in the direction of increasing the normality of behavior.
Low scores on the L scale (0 - 2 pp) indicate that there is no tendency to embellish one's character. The profile is unreliable if L is 70 T and higher. Re-testing is required after additional conversation with the subject.
Another scale that makes it possible to judge the reliability of the results obtained is the reliability scale F. High indicators on this scale can call into question the reliability of the survey if the F indicators are higher than 80 T (for this scale, the upper limit of the norm is 10 T higher than for other scales). The reasons may be different: excessive excitement at the time of the examination, which affected the efficiency and correct understanding of the statements; negligence in registering responses; the desire to slander oneself, to stun the psychologist with the originality of his personality, to emphasize the defects of his character; a tendency to dramatize the prevailing circumstances and their attitude towards them; an attempt to portray another, fictional person; reduced performance due to overwork or a painful condition. Some increase in F may be the result of excessive diligence with pronounced self-criticism and frankness. In individuals who are in varying degrees of disharmony, being in a state of discomfort, F can be at the level of 65 - 75T, which reflects emotional instability. High F, accompanied by an increase in the profile on the 4th, 6th, 8th and 9th scales, occurs in persons prone to affective reactions, with low conformity. However, indicators above 80 T usually reflect a high level of emotional tension, which can be associated with both severe stress and neuropsychiatric disorders of a different nature. In practice, there are often profiles that, despite the high F (up to 90 T), according to the data of objective observation and the results of other techniques, nevertheless reflect the actual experiences of the subject. In the context of the totality of the available data, they may be considered significant information, but these profiles should not be included in the statistical processing and derivation of the average results of the study group.
The indicators of the K correction scale are moderately increased (55 - 60 T) with a natural defensive reaction of a person to an attempt to invade the world of his innermost experiences, i.e. with good control over emotions. Their significant increase (above 65 T) indicates a lack of frankness, a desire to hide defects in one's character and the presence of any problems and conflicts. High K indices positively correlate with the presence of displacement-type defense reactions. A profile with a high K (66 T and above) is often accompanied by an increased indicator on the 3rd scale and recessed 4th, 7th and 8th. Such a profile indicates that the subject did not want to tell about himself frankly and only demonstrates his sociability and desire to make a pleasant impression. Due to the fact that the K scale registers intentionally hidden or unconsciously repressed psychological problems (emotional tension, antisocial tendencies and inconsistency of attitudes), a certain part of the indicator of this scale (as already described in more detail above) is added to the raw scores of some of the scales most dependent on it. : 0.5 - to the 1st scale, 0.4 - to the 4th, 0.2 - to the 9th and 1.0 K each (the entire value of K as a whole) - to the 7th and 8th scales.
Low scores on the K scale are usually observed with high and high F and reflect frankness, self-criticism. Decreased K is characteristic of people with low intelligence, but may also be associated with a decrease in self-control with excessive emotional tension and personal disintegration. In addition to the above criteria, a good guideline for assessing the reliability of the profile and identifying the subject's attitude to the testing procedure is the “F-K” factor, i.e. the difference between the raw results of these scales. On average, its value in harmonious individuals ranges from +6 to -6. If the difference F-K = +7 ... +11, then during the examination the subject has a mildly expressed attitude to emphasize existing problems, to dramatize his difficulties, to aggravate the state. If F-K = from -7 to -11, then a negative attitude towards testing, closeness, openness is revealed.
The value (F-K) in raw points exceeding ± 11 in one direction or another casts doubt on the reliability of the data obtained, which should at least be viewed through the prism of the identified installation

Profile coding (according to Welch and Hathaway).

In addition to a graphical representation of a profile in everyday practical work and when presenting material in publications, it is convenient to describe profiles in coded form, which requires knowledge of the coding rules. The Welsh coding method is the most accurately reflecting the profile features. In this case, all basic scales are recorded according to their ordinal number in such a sequence that the highest scale is in the first place, then the rest as they decrease. To show their place on the graph in accordance with the scale of T-points, you must put the following signs:

Separate the numbers of scales located at 120T and above with the sign “!! ",
- the scales following them, but located below 120, but above 110T, are separated from the rest by the sign "!",
- scales located in the profile below 110, but above 100 T by the sign "**",
- scales located below 100, but above 90 T - "*",
- scales located below 90, but above 80 T - "" ",
- scales located below 80, but above 70 T - "’ ",
- scales located below 70, but above 60 T - "-",
- scales located below 60, but above 50 T - "/",
- scales located below 50, but above 40 T - ":",
- scales located below 40, but above 30 T - with a "#" sign.
The same notation principle for confidence scales. For example, the profile 2 * 3 4 "187'0 - 6/5: 9FК / L encoded in this way means that the leading peak on the 2nd scale is located above 90T, the 3rd and 4th scales are located above 80T and are at the same level (this is indicated by the line under the designations of these scales in the code), the 1st, 8th and 7th scales are located above 70T, of which the 1st is the highest, then 8- me and 7th; 0th scale - above 60T, 6th above 50T, 5th - above 40T, 9th - above 30T, F above K and L and located above 60T / but up to 70T /, K above 50T, and L - below 50T, but above 40T.

The Hathaway coding method is much more concise and simpler. Scales located in the 45-55T zone are not recorded at all, instead of them a dash “-“ is put; scales located above 70T are separated by an apostrophe "", followed by scales located in the zone 55-69T and above; then after the sign "/" the scales located below 45Т are written; the indices of the reliability scales are given in raw points sequentially, respectively, L: F: K separated by a colon, while the sign "X" is put in front of a number of confidence scales, if at least one of them the profile is unreliable.
Thus, the profile described above, encoded according to Welsh as 2 * 34 "187'-6/5: 9FK / L when encoded according to Hathaway, looks like this: 234187'0 - / 59X5: 17: 13
Coding is convenient for a short description of a profile, as well as for a clearer and faster division of material into typologically or clinically similar groups. Coding helps to identify the most common characteristics and patterns in the studied group.

Interpretation according to the main scales of the SMIL test (MMPI) and their combinations.

The analysis of the profile can go in different ways. The most primitive approach usually boils down to a sequential interpretation of each scale, i.e. "from left to right". Such an interpretation is fraught with contradictions and does not create a holistic image of the personality and its problems, even if contrasting depressions are taken into account. At the same time, such a problem can be puzzling: for example, one of the high-lying scales reveals a high motivation for achievement and a spontaneous, stenic style of interpersonal interaction, and the other, opposite to it in value, is located significantly (not less than 6T) lower, but in in absolute terms, it is significantly increased in relation to the average normative data. In this case, some interpreters highlight the content of the first of the scales, leveling the value of the second, while others interpret first one, then the other. In the first version, the profile remains undeciphered, the interpretation is incomplete. The second option gives conflicting information, as if two different people are described. Therefore, the interpretation should follow a holistic approach that evaluates the overall configuration of the profile in the context of the ratio of the confidence scales with the height of not only the leading peaks, but also contrasting decreases, both absolute and relative. From this point of view, the “top-down” interpretation deserves attention, considering the scales according to their degree of significance, based on the “height” of the indicators. For this interpretation, it is sufficient to be guided by the profile code; however, such an interpretation sounds more like an assessment of the accentuated character traits and the degree of adaptation of the examined personality, leaving in the shadow the nuances of characterological interpretation, since the complex ratios of the scales that are in the “norm corridor” fall out of interpretation, although this information is of great importance for understanding compensatory mechanisms and hidden reserves of personality.
Next, we will touch upon those content and quantitative characteristics of individual scales and their complex relationships with other scales of the profile. As mentioned above, each of the main profile scales reveals certain personality traits if this scale is the only prevailing peak in the profile that is within the normative spread. Higher indicators reveal a reaction to an unfavorable situation or a state of maladjustment - depending on the height of the profile, but in both cases we are talking about the leading individual-personality tendencies.
The scales are broadly divided into four groups: 1. Scales of "strong" register, revealing sthenic personality traits; these are the 4th, 6th and 9th scales. 2. Scales of the "weak" register, reflecting the hyposthenic features of the 2nd, 7th and 0th scales. 3. Scales of "mixed" type of response - 1st and 3rd scales. 4. The 5th and 8th scales stand apart, of which an increased 5th in men and a lower 5th in women softens the sthenic characteristics, and an increased 8th in both those and others enhances individualism.
More on this later, when discussing holistic profile interpretation.
Next, we will consider the values ​​of the basic scales in their sequence, paying special attention to the fate-making tendencies implicitly contained in them /

1st scale
The 1st scale, in accordance with the leading, pivotal characteristic, laid down in it, is designated as the "overcontrol" scale. Being the leading peak (60-69T) in the profile, in which the rest of the scales are at the level of 45-55T, it reveals a motivational focus on meeting the normative criteria both in the social environment and in the sphere of the physiological functions of its body. The main problem of this type of personality is the suppression of spontaneity (i.e. ease, immediacy of reactions), restraint of active self-realization, control over aggressiveness, hypersocial orientation of interests, orientation to rules, instructions, instructions; inertia in decision-making, over-responsibility, combined with a tendency to avoid serious responsibility for fear of not coping. The style of thinking is inert, dogmatic, based on existing common points of view, rules and instructions. This cognitive style is deprived of freedom, independence and relaxedness. The basis of knowledge of the surrounding world for persons of this type are ready-made conventional stamps. In interpersonal relations - high exactingness both to oneself and to others in terms of compliance with the moral criteria of society. Stinginess of emotional manifestations, caution, discretion. The emotional sphere is characterized by a contradictory clash of restraint and irritability, which creates a mixed type of response characteristic of persons with a psychosomatic predisposition, i.e. with a tendency to transform emotional tension into painful reactions of the whole organism or individual organs (gastrointestinal tract, autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular activity). The hypersociality of attitudes looks like a “facade” that tries to hide the grumpiness, irritation, edifying intonations of an individual who does not give himself the will to fulfill desires, referring them to human weaknesses, while condemning others who allow themselves to realize their own desires contrary to permitted normative rules. The characterological prototype of this version of personality in literature is Chekhov's Belikov ("Man in a Case"), who, on the one hand, was distinguished by conformity and diligence, on the other, by hypocrisy and "tediousness." His favorite expression - "No matter what happens" - gives a figurative idea of ​​the essence of this person. He takes special pleasure in proclaiming well-known truths: "The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea", "An island is a part of the land surrounded by water on all sides." He dogmatically adheres to established principles and does not trust the vicissitudes of the weather: he wears dark glasses and galoshes, takes with him "just in case" an umbrella and a hat covering his ears, providing options for both sunny and rainy or windy weather. Belikov could not endure the tests of life and died of grief when he fell in love with a woman who could easily break the style of behavior that was considered generally accepted in a small town full of prejudices. For an individual with a SMIL profile, in which the 1st scale is higher than 65 T, significantly prevails over others and determines the accentuation of character according to the type of a sensitive-anxious (suspicious) personality, whose fate in its main aspects is based on the choice of a profession that allows realizing a dogmatic mindset , adherence to instructions and firm rules, loneliness as a tribute to increased demands on others, a highly moral (or pseudo-moral) lifestyle with a pronounced tendency to suppress urgent needs. Representing a mixed type of response, the 1st scale reveals a predisposition to a psychosomatic variant of maladjustment. Increased data on the 1st scale indicate the individual's tendency to professional activity, in which such qualities as diligence, the ability to obey the established order and follow certain instructions and directives, the ability to restrain the inherent weakness of a person, and resist temptations are appropriate and necessary. This is an office type of an employee, a conscientious official, it is also a security service, labor protection, personnel service in the army. Such features are also found among clergymen, among missionary assistants (as opposed to missionary leaders or fans), and also as one of the features in the structure of the teacher's personality, which was formed under the influence of social order during many previous decades in our country. With excessive emotional tension (a scale indicator above 75 T), difficult adaptation is manifested by increased concentration on deviations from the norm both in terms of interpersonal relations, where people of this circle are irritated by the irresponsibility and lack of morality in their opinion of the actions of others, and in the sphere of well-being, where excessive attention to the functions of its own body can develop into hypochondriacalism. An illustration of the fact that it is certain basic individual personality characteristics that underlie the formation of hypochondriacal manifestations is the following example: everyone who came into contact with the lifestyle of athletes knows that both coaches and doctors force them to be attentive to their well-being, weight, sleep, regimen nutrition. Nevertheless, the profiles of athletes are usually characterized by a low 1st scale, since their attention to their own health is associated with the attitudes of coaches and doctors, and is not a natural quality. In the structure of neurotic disorders or within the framework of neurosis-like pathology, high indicators on the 1st scale (above 70 T) reveal hypochondriac symptoms. The combination of the 1st and 2nd scales is characteristic of aging men and is alarming in terms of predisposition to gastroenterological diseases. In particular, such a profile indicates the possibility of developing stomach ulcers. At the same time, not only hypochondriacalism is manifested, but also personal traits such as dogmatism, hypocrisy become more inert, thinking becomes more inert, caution, didacticity, and edifying tone are more strongly manifested in interpersonal contacts.
The 1st scale in the structure of the neurotic triad 213 'reveals a defense mechanism of the type of "flight into illness", while illness (explicit or imaginary) is a screen that disguises the desire to shift responsibility for existing problems onto others as the only socially acceptable way of justifying one's passivity.
In the profiles of patients in therapeutic clinics and outpatient clinics, high indicators of the 1st scale reveal signs of hospitalism (the desire for long-term repeated hospitalizations) and hypochondriacal development of the personality. Psychotherapeutic compliance of individuals of this type, due to the inertia of their attitudes, is extremely small: they constantly seek help, but rarely remain satisfied, continuing their search for a wonderful healer. Moving from one doctor to another, they carefully preserve old prescriptions and treatment regimens, carry with them a detailed list of all their ailments, study the available medical literature. Normally, a profile with code 12 (read one or two) is more common in older men, and a profile of type 13 (one to three) is quite common among women over 50.
When interpreting the profile, it should be borne in mind that the psychological properties of the 3rd scale largely overshadow and absorb the characteristics of the 1st, if the scales are at the same level; the more this is manifested if the 3rd scale is higher than the 1st. Therefore, instead of emotional restraint and emphasized modesty in behavior when drawing the profile 12 '- /, the interpretation of the profile 13' - / will indicate the presence of such properties as emotional lability and demonstrativeness.
With the indicators of the 1st scale prevailing over the 3rd, a passive attitude towards conflict, avoiding problem solving, egocentricity, masked by the declaration of hypersocial attitudes, is revealed. As a rule, these are persons who suffered in childhood from a lack of emotional warmth on the part of loved ones and only during periods associated with any illness, they were surrounded by attention, which contributed to the consolidation of the mechanism of protection from problems by “going into illness”. The presence of such a defense mechanism indicates emotional immaturity, which is especially evident in the structure of the experiences of a neurotic personality, when the compensating role of the defense mechanism develops into a stable non-constructive style of experience that reduces the level of free-floating anxiety, but leaves quite pronounced emotional tension.
In the behavior of persons of this type, the struggle with the disease is essentially transformed into a struggle for the right to be considered sick, since the sick status for them (as a rule, unconsciously) is something like an alibi in relation to the feeling of guilt for insufficient social activity. Hence the often arising "rent" attitude to one's disease, i.e. the desire to be more socially protected and supported as a chronically ill by various social institutions (medical, trade union, social security) or family members. The contingent of patients in psychiatric clinics with the leading 8th scale in the profile is characterized by pronounced hypochondriacalism. At the same time, senestopathy, that is, perception deception associated with serious mental disorders, cannot be ruled out. However, according to the style of interpersonal communication, patients of this kind are distinguished by greater sociability, adherence to generally accepted norms of behavior and avarice of emotions. Thus, the 1st scale, both in normal conditions and in mental disorders, carries the core tendency of a sensitive-anxious hypersocial personality.
In general, in individuals of this type, in all their life vicissitudes, a fateful thread is visible, manifested by dissatisfaction with the imperfection of people and those laws of morality by which they are guided, as well as their own duality: as between Scylla and Charybdis, the soul cannot simultaneously realize two polar needs: 1st - to remain within the framework of the hypersocial and moral requirements imposed on oneself and others, 2nd - at the same time to achieve success and respect (which is a universal human need). The most successful social role is a zealous executor of laws, a keeper of traditions, a guardian of morality, protecting others from risky actions.

2nd scale
2nd scale - scale of "pessimism". It belongs to the group of scales of the hypothetical, hyposthenic circle, characteristic of the weak type of higher nervous activity. As a leading peak in a profile that does not go beyond the norm, it reveals the predominance of a passive personal position. The leading motivational focus is avoiding failure. For persons of this type, the following features are characteristic: a high level of awareness of existing problems through the prism of dissatisfaction and a pessimistic assessment of their prospects; a tendency to reflect, inertia in decision-making, a pronounced depth of feelings, an analytical mindset, skepticism, self-criticism, some lack of confidence in oneself, in one's capabilities. Individuals whose profiles are accentuated on the 2nd scale (“melancholic” according to Gannushkin, inhibited by Leonhard and Lichko, “saddens” according to Dikaya, “pessimistic” according to the typology of the author of the manual) are capable of refusing to realize immediate needs for the sake of distant plans. In order to avoid conflict with the social environment due to increased control of consciousness, egocentric tendencies are inhibited. The style of interpersonal behavior is manifested by traits of dependence, which are most noticeable in contacts with an authoritative person and with an object of attachment; at the same time, distance and a painfully sharpened sense of self-esteem can sound simultaneously (especially when the peaks are combined on the 2nd and 4th profile scales). Affiliate need, i.e. the need for understanding, love, and a benevolent attitude towards oneself is one of the leading, never fully saturated and at the same time, first of all, a frustrated need, which largely determines the zone of psycho-traumatic influence. The style of thinking is verbal: the perception, processing and reproduction of information is based on the word, the semantic basis, meaningful analysis. This cognitive style is formed later than the visual-figurative and intuitive types of perception and is the most complex cognitive style. As emotional idealists, individuals of this circle represent the surreal, irrational personality type according to Szondi. In stress - a tendency to stop-reactions, i.e. to blocking activity, or driven behavior, subservience of the leading personality. The defense mechanism is the rejection of self-realization and the strengthening of mind control. Correction of behavior under stress should aim to increase self-esteem and self-confidence and be manifested as encouragement and support. In professional terms, the need for such activities that are closer to the "armchair" style of work with a humanitarian or general theoretical (with a sufficiently high intelligence) direction, where a serious, thoughtful attitude to the work performed is especially important. The peak on the 2nd scale, reaching a level of 70 -75 T, reveals accentuation of the hypothymic (hyposthenic) type. High scores on the 2nd scale can be associated with a situation of sharp disappointment after an experienced failure or in connection with an illness that disrupts the normal course of life and long-term plans of a person. Such a profile outlines a certain state, at least a depressive reaction within the framework of the adaptation syndrome. However, this is only a quantitative aspect that reveals the features of not only a psychogenically provoked state, but also provides for the predisposition of a given individual to such reactions in a stress situation. Depressive state is the most common anthropotypic (i.e. inherent in humans and humanity) response to distress. Nevertheless, with a pronounced sthenic (or hypersthenic) type of response (the leading scales in the profile are 9th and 4th), even in a situation of severe stress, such as, for example, a forensic situation with a very pessimistic perspective, we noted lack of depression as such. On the contrary, anxious expectation of the outcome of the situation and social deprivation caused a reaction of protest with exaltation, bravado, and active self-affirmation in individuals of the hyperthymic type.
Experience shows that the depressive type of response is by no means a universal and strictly obligatory response to psychotrauma and develops only on the basis of a certain predisposition. Therefore, raising the profile on the 2nd scale above 70 T reveals in the subject not only a low mood in connection with negative experiences, but also certain personal characteristics: a tendency to acute experience of failures, to worries, to an increased sense of guilt with a self-critical attitude to his shortcomings, with self-doubt.
These traits are aggravated in the profile of the 270 "- / 9 type, characteristic of persons with an accentuation of the inhibited type, with anxious and suspicious features. In the eternal conflict between egocentric and altruistic tendencies, representatives of this group of persons prefer the latter. Refusal from self-realization excludes the confrontation of these contradictory tendencies. and the risk of a conflict with the environment decreases.If an increase on the 1st scale means an unconscious, repressed refusal of self-actualization, then an increase on the 2nd one reveals a conscious self-control, when unrealized intentions - due to external circumstances or internal reasons - are reflected in a low mood as the result of deficiency or loss. At the same time, persons of this circle can show sufficient activity, following the leader, as the most conformable and socially pliable group. A moderate increase in the 2nd scale with the onset of adulthood is considered a natural "acquired skepticism", a wiser attitude to life problems as opposed to the carelessness and optimism of youth, which is characterized by relatively lower indicators on the 2nd and high on the 9th (the scale of "optimism").
The simultaneous increase in the 2nd and 9th scales reflects a tendency to mood swings, a cyclothymic personality variant or cyclothymia. The profile of the 24 "- / 9 type should be alarming in terms of increased suicidal risk (S-risk), since in addition to the characteristics of the 2nd scale, a decrease in the level of love for life and optimism (determined by the 9th scale) and increased impulsivity (4th scale) are added ...
Individuals with a moderate rise on the 2nd scale as the dominant peak are fertile ground for both individual and group psychotherapy.
Of all the typological options, persons with the 2nd scale prevailing in the SMIL profile are distinguished by the greatest vulnerability in relation to life's adversities, the desire to comprehend and "slow down" their own immediate impulses, to get away from confrontation with the cruel laws of real life in connection with a pessimistic assessment of their capabilities in counteracting the stenic attitudes of others. The pattern (structure, drawing) of a given personality is such that the fate-fulfilling tendency bears the imprint of a certain passivity, and circumstances can prevail over the character. Apparently, therefore, this type is characterized by fatalism, i.e. a tendency to rely on how everything “goes by itself”, “where the curve will take it,” and “how lucky”, rather than trying to influence fate ourselves. These are passion-bearers: without realizing it, they revel in the role of the victim, meekly bearing their cross. (Type “2” should be distinguished from senile passivity acquired over the years). Refusing to realize momentary egoistic needs, persons of type “2” hope thereby to solve distant problems and form a base of spiritual values. Unfulfilled needs are sublimated and manifested by general humanistic tendencies. The personal aspects of life are determined by their desire to keep the family together; persons of this circle get married or are getting married, focusing on the similarity of characters or agreeing to a dependent position; show a pronounced responsibility for children, react painfully to separation from loved ones. Among personalities of this type, there are more monogamous people. In the presence of a social niche corresponding to personal inclinations, they successfully realize their abilities, while showing an emphasized responsibility. Even in a criminal environment, they are able to perform only the most honest and led roles (treasurer or “on the watch”). Such people are said to have “the fear of God in their souls”; rather than others, they are capable of altruistic manifestations. This does not mean that they do not have selfish aspirations, but the fear of inconsistency with their own idea of ​​the ideal “I” and low stress resistance form a pronounced “Super-Ego”. However, this is just the shell of a snail hiding in its shell. If, at the same time, a low level of intellectual capabilities is noted, then the personality is hardly noticeable. However, such people also have their "own genre in their souls," it is only hidden from prying eyes. If these are people with high intelligence, then, without vainly exchanging for everyday trifles, they tend to serious generalizations. The social role of such personalities is the formation of humane ideas and liberal tendencies in the quiet of offices (which is often used by pragmatists for their own purposes). Among them are those philosophers who are either brought closer or punished by those in power, depending on whether these ideas are beneficial to them or dangerous. They themselves, of their own free will, do not enter into power, but the halo of "holiness" flatters them.

3rd scale
The third scale is called the “emotional lability” scale. An increase in the profile on this scale reveals the instability of emotions and a conflicting combination of multidirectional tendencies: a high level of aspirations is combined with the need for involvement in the interests of the group, selfishness - with altruistic declarations, aggressiveness - with the desire to please others. Persons with the leading 3rd scale are distinguished by a certain demonstrativeness, brightness of emotional manifestations with a certain superficiality of feelings, instability of self-esteem, which is significantly influenced by a significant environment; they are distinguished by their conviction in the identity of their "I" to the declared ideals, some "childishness", immaturity of attitudes and judgments. The type of perception, processing and reproduction of information is visual-figurative, sensual, artistic. Individuals of this type think in holistic images that have shape, color and emotional coloring. This is the most direct type of thinking characteristic of the early period of development, from which the comprehension of the world around the child begins. Remaining a basic characteristic, emotional lability manifests itself as a leading tendency, giving the type of thinking a visual-figurative, sensual style.
The predominance of emotions over rationality with a pronounced realism of the life platform allows us to classify this version of the personality as an irrational realistic type according to Szondi. There is a pronounced ability to easily get used to various social roles. The artistry of poses, facial expressions and gestures attracts the attention of others, which serves as a stimulating factor, exciting and flattering their vanity. The 3rd scale correlates with the hy factor according to Szondi, in which hy + and hy- represent multidirectional qualities - exhibitionism and bashfulness. Individuals with the leading 3rd scale have tropism (attraction) to the types of professional activity in which the need for communication, for experiencing vivid feelings is saturated. Individuals of this type need the ability to self-demonstrate; increased emotiveness, a pronounced tendency to reincarnation, features of demonstrativeness, the need for involvement in the general mood of others creates a fertile ground for self-determination in the field of artistic activity, where these properties are quite appropriate, in pedagogy or in the field of social activity, where these qualities can be a good addition to provided a sufficiently high intelligence and a mature civic platform. These personality traits can also find application in working conditions in the service sector, in amateur performances, as well as as a variant of a professional leader in production, in administrative work or in the officer's personnel service, since these people are capable of both obeying and commanding, easily passing from one social role to another. The impressionability in relation to external effects and the need for immediate social reward in persons of this type can be successfully used as leverage when trying to control their behavior on the part of the leader, taking into account the importance for them of the opinion of the reference group. A profile with a leading 3rd scale (70 T and above) reveals an accentuation of the hysterical type, in which the above features are sharpened. Signs of emotional immaturity are revealed that are more characteristic of the female type of behavior with a well-known infantilism, impertinence, and dependent tendencies. Despite the pronounced egocentrism and a tendency to feel sorry for themselves, these individuals strive to level the conflict and attach great importance to marital status.
Individuals with a high 3rd scale (above 75 T) are characterized by increased nervousness, tearfulness, excessive dramatization of current events, a tendency to narrow consciousness up to fainting. In a stressful situation, persons with a high 3rd scale in the profile are characterized by pronounced autonomic reactions. Defense mechanisms are manifested in two ways: 1) displacement from consciousness of that negative information that is conflictogenic or damages the reputation of the personality, the subjective image of one's own “I”; 2) psychological anxiety is transformed at the organismic (biological) level into functional disorders. These mechanisms, complementing each other, create the basis for psychosomatic disorders, that is, such physical diseases that develop in close connection with negative emotional experiences. Finally, the third option for relieving heightened anxiety is outward response, dramatization of experiences, demonstrative emotional reactions.
Separately, it is necessary to highlight the clinical manifestations in hysterical neurosis. They are reflected in the SMIL profile as a so-called conversion five (meaning the Roman numeral V). The profile is characterized by a combination of high 1st and 3rd with relatively low 2nd. The term "conversion" in this case means the translation of emotional tension into somatic (physical) disorders. In response to an unfavorable situation that violates the integrity, congruence of the "I" image, the individual experiences impairments to the motor sphere, speech activity, auditory or visual sensitivity. Moreover, these disorders bear the imprint of a conditional "desirability" in connection with the subjective impossibility of resolving the conflict in a constructive way. The properties inherent in the 3rd scale come to the fore, absorbing to a large extent the features of the 1st scale. An example of conversion symptoms is false mutism (dumbness that developed in a situation of interpersonal conflict), astasia-abasia (loss of balance, which led to the inability to stand and move on legs), not associated with organic damage to the cerebellar structures of the brain, writing spasm, leading to loss of disability due to cramps of fingers and is not accompanied by neurological pathology. Due to the absence of a visible pathology diagnosed at the physiological level, hysteria was once dubbed "the great pretender." However, hysteria sufferers actually suffer from these disorders. The repression from consciousness of an internal conflict associated with a contradictory structure of motivation occurs unconsciously as a neurotic defense against stress. This is an involuntary mechanism, uncontrollable by consciousness. The conditional desirability of developing disorders does not mean that they are of true utility.
Absorption of the 3rd scale of characteristics of the 1st does not cancel the orientation towards social norms, which only mask the egocentric tendencies of the personality, and the transformation of neurotic anxiety into functional somatic disorders to a certain extent serves as a way to gain a comfortable social position or avoid responsibility.
The combination of high indicators on the 3rd and 4th scales significantly enhances the characteristics of the 3rd, increasing the likelihood of hysterical behavioral reactions with a tendency to "self-screwing" in conflict situations and with a pronounced desire for emotional involvement. Correction of these reactions is extremely difficult, since with the apparent suggestibility these personalities are more likely to be "self-perceived", i.e. malleable only in relation to what they believe in, of which they are subjectively convinced. Psychological correction often leads to a situation in which either "the tail will be pulled out, but the head will get stuck", or vice versa. In this regard, the hysterical version of maladjustment lends itself best to various options for art therapy, that is, to direct influence on emotions through art therapy (psychodrama, music therapy, drawing, modeling). In clinically difficult cases, hypnosis is most effective, which can only be performed by a doctor. This is due to the fact that hypnosis, acting on the sphere of the subconscious, affects the functions of the rhomboid fossa of the medulla oblongata - the main "conductor" of the most important physiological processes: heart rate, blood pressure, etc.
Low indicators of the 3rd scale (below 50 T) indicate a greater emotional stability, a reduced sensitivity to environmental influences with a relatively low response to problems of the social microclimate. In the behavior of an individual, this is manifested by a less flexible style of interpersonal interaction, the lack of the necessary "diplomacy" and consonance with the mood of the reference group. It will be expedient to return to the combinations of this scale with other SMIL scales as you become familiar with the characteristics of the other scales.
The fateful characteristics of a personality with a leading 3rd scale in the profile are multidirectional, but each of them is strong. These people burn themselves out with their conflicting emotions, seeking to succeed mainly at the expense of helping others, but attributing the credit only to themselves. They fill their family life and personal relationships with drama, problems with children become more complicated as they grow and mature, in work, an excess of emotions can manifest itself negatively. Thanks to their pronounced flexibility and sensitivity to the mood of the environment, as well as due to a noticeable vanity, they move up the social ladder in leaps or in zigzags, painfully reacting to failures and boasting the slightest successes. Both the character itself and the fate of such people are diverse, controversial for an unambiguous assessment, variegated with events, contacts and hobbies. Their social role is to stir up trouble, embarrass the peace, energetically call somewhere, but not really lead to any particular goal. In the social arena, they are more often those “following the leader”, companions and heralds of the “hero”. Traits of the 3rd scale can accompany the portrait of a public leader as an addition to other characteristics. In politics, these are eloquent populists who easily change their line of behavior out of vanity and their own instability. Cardiovascular issues and general health concerns take up a lot of their time and attention. A personality of this type decides the problem of “to be or to seem” mainly in favor of the latter.

4th scale
4th scale - "impulsivity". As the leader in the profile, located within the framework of the normative spread, she reveals an active personal position, high search activity, in the structure of the motivational orientation - the predominance of achievement motivation, confidence and speed in decision-making. The motive for achieving success here is closely related to the will to realize strong desires, which are not always subject to the control of reason. The less mature a person is in front of us, the less the norms of behavior instilled by upbringing dominate a person, the stronger the risk of manifestation of spontaneous activity aimed at realizing momentary urges, contrary to common sense and the interests of the surrounding society. With objective indicators indicating the presence of a sufficiently high intelligence, this emotional pattern reveals an intuitive, heuristic style of thinking. However, with undeveloped or low intelligence, a high 4th scale is characteristic of people who are emotionally immature, hastily making decisions and acting spontaneously, without relying on accumulated experience, thinking can acquire a speculative (not reasoned, not confirmed by facts) character. Therefore, the final conclusions on this factor can be made only on the basis of a combination of different signs and taking into account the level of intelligence. People of this circle are characterized by impatience, a propensity to take risks, an unstable, often overestimated level of aspirations, the level of which has a pronounced dependence on momentary impulses and external influences, on success and failure. Behavior is relaxed, spontaneity in the manifestation of feelings, in speech production and in manners. Statements and actions often outpace the planned and consistent thoughtfulness of actions. The tendency to resist external pressure, the tendency to rely mainly on their own opinion, and even more on momentary impulses. A noticeably expressed desire to follow the lead of their own primitive desires, indulgence to their weaknesses. Lack of conformity, striving for independence. In a state of emotional seizure - the predominance of emotions of anger or admiration, pride or contempt, i.e. pronounced, polar emotions, while the control of the intellect does not always play a leading role. In personally significant situations, rapidly fading outbreaks of conflict may appear. Interest in activities with pronounced activity (from a young age - physical, over the years - social or antisocial), love of high speeds, and in this regard - to moving technology, the desire to choose a job that allows you to avoid submission, and also find the use of dominant traits character. Dominance in this context does not necessarily mean leadership ability. Here we are talking mainly about low subordination and emphasized independence, in contrast to leadership, which provides for a tendency to organizational functions, the ability to infect others with your ideas and lead them, integrating their actions in accordance with their plans (see the interpretation of the 6th scale in combination with the 4th). In stress, individuals with a prevailing 4th scale exhibit an effective, stenic type of behavior, decisiveness, and masculinity. Persons of this type do not tolerate monotony, monotony makes them sleepy, a stereotypical type of activity - boredom. The imperative methods of influence in relation to these people and the authoritarian tone can encounter noticeable opposition, especially if the leader trying to manipulate the individual does not enjoy proper authority and does not cause emotions of respect, admiration, or fear in the given person. The defense mechanism is the displacement of unpleasant information or information that lowers the self-esteem of the individual from the consciousness; Unlike the 3rd scale, repression is more often and more clearly accompanied by a response at the behavioral level with critical statements, protest reactions and aggressiveness, which significantly reduces the likelihood of a psychosomatic variant of maladjustment. The mechanism of restraining negative emotions under the strong influence of "rationality", that is, under the control of consciousness, the role of which is enhanced in socially significant situations, leads to psychosomatic disorders in people of this circle, mainly associated with the cardiovascular activity of the body. This type of response is usually reflected in the profile by a rise in the 2nd scale with a high 4th.
The profile in which the 4th and 6th scales are moderately elevated is characteristic of a person of a rational realistic type, who is hampered in the implementation of intentions by increased impulsivity and non-conformism. If the peak on the 4th scale is combined with an increased 3rd, then this is rather an irrational realistic personality, whose pragmatism is higher than with an isolated peak on the 3rd scale, but low learning from experience reduces the effectiveness of the efforts expended. High scores on the 4th scale (above 70T) reveal a hyperthymic (excitable) variant of accentuation, characterized by increased impulsivity. The properties listed above, revealed by the increased 4th scale in the normal profile, are grotesquely sharpened here and are manifested by difficult self-control. Against the background of good intelligence, such individuals are capable of an unconventional approach to solving problems, to moments of creative inspiration, especially when normative dogmas and various kinds of restrictions do not dominate a person. Insufficient reliance on experience is compensated by pronounced intuition and quick reactions. A pronounced tendency towards a creative approach as emotional and personal conditions, which are realized with a sufficiently high intelligence, is found especially often with a profile of the type "489 - / 0 or 48" 2 - / 17. However, inconsistency manifests itself not only in the peculiarities of thinking, but also in the style of experience, in the tendency to impulsive behavioral reactions, therefore, the interpretation of such a profile should be carried out with extreme caution. The degree of conformity of the subject's views and behavior to generally accepted norms, his hierarchy of values, moral and moral level depend to a large extent on the social environment and the success of the educational measures taken in relation to this person. Therefore, based only on the data of the SMIL methodology, we cannot categorically assert in what way the non-conformity of a given personality is realized. It can manifest itself as radicalism and innovation if we are faced with a meaningful, erudite person, but at the same time striving to overcome the generally accepted routine views on this or that phenomenon. The psychophysiologist KK Monakhov once expressed the following thought: “In science, at the first moment, any innovation is perceived as hooliganism. Therefore, any discoverer, going to first express any new idea, feels as if he is going to cheat ”. This is very true. The profile of such individuals most often differs in a rather high (up to 80 T) 4th scale in combination with an increased 8th. At the same time, a primitive needy immature personality with unjustifiably overestimated ambitions, an individual who has nothing interesting behind his soul, a lazy person, unable (or unwilling) to comprehend at least the basics of a general educational course, trying to attract the attention of others through negative manifestations, violates the generally accepted style of behavior and neglects the moral and ethical foundations of his environment. And then his behavior is no longer in quotes, but in fact looks like a hooligan. The profile of persons in this circle contains high indicators not only of the 4th, but also of the 9th scale, while the 2nd and 7th ones are low.
A high peak on the 4th scale (above 75 T) reveals psychopathic traits of the excitable type, pronounced impulsivity, conflict. High indices of the 4th scale enhance the characteristics of concomitant increases on other scales of the sthenic register - 6th, 9th and impart traits of a behavioral pattern (emphasized independence, conflict) to the indices of the 3rd and 8th scales. When a high 4th scale is combined with an increased (or high) 2nd scale, the 2nd scale indicators weaken the aggressiveness, non-conformity and impulsivity of the 4th scale, since there is a higher level of consciousness control over behavior.
Two equally high peaks 2 and 4 reveal an internal conflict rooted in an initially contradictory type of response, which combines multidirectional tendencies - high search activity and dynamism of excitation processes (4th) and pronounced inertia and instability (2nd). Psychologically, this is manifested by the presence of a contradictory combination of a high level of claims with self-doubt, high activity with rapid exhaustion, which is characteristic of the neurasthenic pattern of maladjustment. Under unfavorable social conditions, such a predisposition can serve as a basis for alcoholism or drug addiction, as well as for the development of certain psychosomatic disorders. This profile pattern reflects to some extent the “type A” traits described by Jenkinson, who believes that this emotional-personality pattern is the basis for the development of cardiovascular failure and a predisposition for early myocardial infarction.
The combination of the 4th scale with the 6th scale at high rates reveals an explosive (hot-tempered) type of response. The height of the peaks in the range of 70-75 T reflects the explosive character accentuation. Higher rates are characteristic of the psychopathic personality profile of the excitable circle with a tendency to impulsive aggressive reactions. If the personal characteristics inherent in this profile and manifested by a pronounced sense of rivalry, leadership traits, aggressiveness and stubbornness are channeled (directed) into the mainstream of socially acceptable activities (for example, sports), then the carrier of these properties can remain sufficiently adapted mainly due to the optimal social niche. In a situation of authoritarian-imperative pressure and other forms of opposition that offend the self-esteem and prestige of the individual, as well as with aggressive reactions from others, persons with this type of profile easily go beyond the adapted state and give an explosive (explosive) reaction, the degree of controllability of which is determined by indicators scales reflecting inhibited features (2nd, 7th and 0th scales).
Low scores on the 4th scale indicate a decrease in achievement motivation, a lack of spontaneity, immediacy of behavior, good self-control, unexpressed ambition, a lack of leadership traits and a desire for independence, adherence to generally accepted norms of behavior, and conformism. In everyday life, they often say about such: "Without a twist." If such a decline in the profile on the 4th scale reflects a temporary decrease in the personality's resistance to the environment, then this may be due to the fact that this individual found himself in a situation where his “self” is blocked. For example, a person who has just received a new appointment experiences some self-doubt (an incompetence complex) and temporarily changes the strategy of behavior aimed at achieving the goal, to a “trench”, wait-and-see policy.
In the clinic of mental illness, a high (above 90 T) 4th scale is present in an unreliable, high-positioned floating profile, along with a high 9th in manic, hebephrenic and heboid syndrome, as well as in a psychopathic picture of the disease. A significant increase in the 4th scale (above 75 T) may be a sign of increasing social maladjustment during the onset of schizophrenia. It is not uncommon for clinicians to mistake the confusion and anxiety associated with a loss of self-identification and criticality as neurotic anxiety. Timely psychodiagnostic research could well have saved psychiatrists from such a mistake, showing in time the inadequacy of the personality disease, altered by the debut, and the inappropriateness of assessing the state as a neurotic breakdown. A sharp discrepancy between the indicators of the SMIL profile, reflecting the internal picture of the patient's condition, and the impressions lying on the surface in such cases is pathognomonic, that is, characteristic of gross mental pathology. That is why it is not recommended to apply this technique in acute mental disorders, with uncriticality and reduced intelligence in patients who cannot adequately describe their experiences and features of the state. This once again confirms the fact that the SMIL test is more a personal method than a clinical one.
In addition, psychodiagnostic studies using the SMIL test confirm the correctness of the integral personality concept, in which the leading individual-typological tendencies act as a prognostically significant factor that pre-sets the path of maladjustment (locus minoris rezistencia) and the formation of the leading clinical syndrome. This was clearly manifested in the study of severe forms of psychogenic disorders. Traditionally, reactive states that develop in situations that are objectively difficult for a person have been considered by psychiatrists in the framework of reactive depressions. The author of this manual discovered reactive states that arose in response to the threat of capital punishment (execution) after their crime. However, the reactive state manifested itself as exaltation, bravado, self-righteousness with active resistance to environmental influences, without a shadow of repentance and regret. According to the data of psychodiagnostic research, this state manifested itself as a continuation of the basic leading tendencies of a hyperthymic, impulsive, aggressive, extroverted personality. This state has been designated as a hyperthymic, exalted type of reactive state. Later, psychiatrists (BV Shostakovich, YE Svirinovsky, ZS Gusakova, NK Kharitonova) independently came to this, giving this nosological group the name “pseudomanic reactive states. Further joint research allowed us to come to the following conclusion: within the framework of reactive states provoked by a powerful and objectively severe psychotrauma, in addition to the majority of patients showing typical depressive symptoms, from 7 to 11% of persons with other, “pseudomanic” symptoms are detected. The hyperthymic features, which are premorbid in these individuals, like grass through the asphalt, make their way out and form the basis of clinical manifestations, despite the extremely difficult situation and the absence of any prospects that would justify the optimistic attitude.
We will return to the role of the 4th scale in the profile in the process of getting acquainted with the interpretation of other scales. It should be borne in mind that its increase always significantly enhances the sthenic and non-conformal tendencies inherent in other scales.
In general, individuals in whom the 4th scale determines the leading tendency are able not only to actively realize their own destiny, but also to influence the destinies of other people. However, this property is strongly dependent on how mature and independent of the momentary mood is the individual's goal-setting. Passionate striving for self-realization in emotionally immature and intellectually undeveloped people of this type is so dissociated with real possibilities that sometimes it leaves these individuals no other way to self-assertion than antisocial, starting with “fighting” with their own parents and school, ending with serious illegal actions. With a sufficiently high intelligence, such people are able to achieve more than any other typological options. These are those independently thinking personalities who are able to dare, encroaching on established dogmas and old traditions - whether in the sphere of knowledge or in social foundations. A “rebellious spirit” can only be destructive (if in the foreground is the desire at any cost to deny the usefulness of the existing order and the protrusion of one's “I”), but it can also be creative if it is a mature person, a qualified specialist, a smart politician. Type “4” is a hostage to its hard-to-control immediacy of feelings - be it love, art, scientific or political activity. This tendency inevitably attracts a person, like an uncontrollable horse - a rider, either to the heights of triumph, or to the abyss of fall. (Vladimir Vysotsky involuntarily comes to mind: "A little slower, horses! A little slower!"). At times, the passion of nature, beyond the control of reason, draws a person to the edge of the abyss, and he is unable to oppose anything to this passion. It often happens that just such passionate personalities turn out to be the creators of history, carrying the crowd with them with the light of their own flaming heart. This heroic is far from always romantic; it can also be a manifestation of a person's egocentric intoxication with his special role. In their personal life, they can appear both as noble romantics-knights, and as addicting windy ones. They are characterized by an eternal search for novelty, they are unlikely to sin with altruism, but they also take credit for this as a manifestation of sincerity and the absence of hypocrisy. Most often they have repeated marriages, repeatedly change jobs, like to drink, scold the authorities, conflict with their superiors, remain childish until old age, are not always practical, often inconsistent, but at the same time sometimes charming. On this “soil”, the personality pattern of both a genius, hero, innovator, revolutionary, and a bully, anti-hero, extremist can be formed with equal success, but in any case - something far from the average, philistine type of personality.
The need to be proud of oneself and to gain the admiration of others is an essential need for individuals of this type, otherwise emotions are transformed into anger, contempt and protest. If the life credo of the individual-personal type "2" is based on the philosophical basis of Hegel (self-denial, fatalism, the dominance of the ideal over reality), then the philosophical basis of the type "4" is Nietzschean (resistance to fate, the dominant of human will).

5th scale
5th scale - the scale of "masculinity-femininity" - is interpreted differently depending on the gender of the subject. Higher scores on the 5th scale in any profile mean a deviation from the role behavior typical for a given sex and a complication of interpersonal adaptation. Otherwise, the interpretation is polar in nature, depending on whether the female or male profile is to be deciphered. The attention of students working with the methodology should be focused on the fact that the raw indicators of the 5th scale in the male version of the profile sheet are distributed in the same way as on other scales - from bottom to top (from 0 to 50 T), while on the female profile on the sheet, they start from the top, going down to the maximum values. Here, beginners often fall into the mistake of marking above 30 raw points, if the indicator on the 5th scale, when calculating the significant answers of the female subject using the key, is, for example, 34 pp, while this value is located in the column of raw points of the 5th scale of the female profile sheet below the mark of 30 pp. In the profile of men, an increase on the 5th scale reveals the passivity of the personal position (if other scales do not contradict this), the humanistic orientation of interests, sentimentality, refinement of taste, artistic and aesthetic orientation, the need for friendly harmonious relationships, sensitivity, vulnerability. This is an irrational, unrealistic personality, characterized by emotional warmth and infantilism (the same for women with a sunken 5th scale). In interpersonal relationships, a tendency to smooth out conflicts, to contain aggressive or antisocial tendencies is revealed even in those profiles where an increased 5th scale is combined with equally increased scales of the sthenic register (4th, 6th or 9th). The developers of the MMPI test, creating the 5th scale, conceived it as an indicator of same-sex relationships. However, in reality, this scale does not always allow such conclusions to be drawn. On the contrary, at its core, it is an indicator of femininity in character, habits, interests. Same-sex tendencies represent an irresistible attraction to people of the same sex. But this attraction is not always realized, but, being conscious, it is often suppressed and manifests itself in a sublimated form as an attraction, transformed into another type of activity, that is, into socialized activity. One should not confuse true same-sex relationships, arising on the basis of physiological disharmony, and unnatural attraction, which is manifested and consolidated in conditions when the first erotic experiences arise in adolescents on the basis of close contacts in same-sex boarding schools, living in various kinds of camps, in the barracks, as well as in the prison. Even among normally oriented adults (especially among men), prolonged intersexual deprivation sometimes leads to a perverse satisfaction of the libido need with male prisoners, more often with weaker ones, since they cannot offer resistance. Home education is of great importance for the normal orientation of the undifferentiated orientation characteristic of childhood. Adults, parents who sleep in the same bed with their children. are at high risk of developing an unhealthy attraction in the child. In the future, this can serve as a basis for serious problems that not every psychoanalyst can cope with.
High indicators of the 5th scale, for example, in a combination of 8546 "13- / 270, may be a sign of a perverted intergender orientation, but such conclusions are made only with the available additional data of a clinical and biographical order. The well-known feminization of the male population of modern society and the pronounced masculinization of the female half of humanity is reflected in the profiles of the technique by raising the profile of SMIL on the 5th scale, but this tendency is sharply enhanced only where there is a certain biological soil or a specific social environment for this phenomenon. An increased 5th scale in the normative profile of adolescents and young men occurs quite often, reflecting only the undifferentiated sex-role behavior and gentleness, lack of character formation, which makes them malleable material in the hands of an authoritarian type leader and is misleading in professional selection, when the choice of purely male species professions for a young man is mainly of a hypercompensatory nature.
With maturity, the indicators of the 5th scale tend to decrease. During the aging period, the violation of intergender adaptation is again reflected in an increase in the profile on the 5th scale; the same is observed in some chronic diseases accompanied by a decrease in libido, which was, in particular, noted in the study of patients with chronic tuberculosis. In the profile reflecting the sthenic type of response, relatively low scores of the 5th scale (50 and below) reveal a typically masculine style of sex-role behavior, character rigidity, lack of sentimentality, and a tendency to polygamy (profile type 49 "- / 54 or 94" 6- / 75). The narcissistic type of personality with a tendency to demagoguery, narcissism, to aesthetic resonance, mannerism characteristic of cold individualists, is revealed by the profile 58 "4- /. These are persons who have a weakness only for those people who worship them, while they are extremely sensitive to the dissonance of their “I” with the environment, which makes them strive to distance themselves from such an environment. In women, high scores on the 5th scale reflect the traits of masculinity, independence, the desire for emancipation, for independence in decision-making. - / 270), an increase in the 5th scale enhances the traits of cruelty, and in the hypersthenic profile (4569 "- / 270) - antisocial tendencies. With a simultaneous increase in the 5th and low 3rd scales, the absence of flirtatiousness and gentleness in communication usually inherent in women is found , diplomacy in interpersonal contacts, characteristic features of behavior for men are noted.
A high 5th scale (above 70 T) is especially common among athletes engaged in sports activities that are physically exhausting and affect the normal development of the body according to the female type. There is a delay in the formation of the hormonal cycle and the development of secondary sexual characteristics, there is a dysplastic figure, etc. Features of the sex-role behavior of women with a high (70 T and above) 5th scale, together with an even higher 4th scale, acquire features of a masculine style - with pronounced libido concern , a pragmatic attitude to contacts, built on a purely physiological attraction, with a tendency to frequent change of sexual partners, with a lack of inclination to deep, emotional attachment, to constancy: profile type 945 "- / 027.
A lone peak on the 5th scale in both men and women with a linear, that is, normal profile, without noticeable increases on other scales, is often found in very peculiar people, incomprehensible to the environment. In such persons, before the examination, the psychologist sometimes expects that the 8th scale will be elevated in the profile. This profile identifies interpersonal difficulties that do not only apply to people of the opposite sex. There is reason to believe that such a personality pattern is most likely associated with vagueness of gender identity. It may be a same-sex relationship.
On the contrary, low scores on the 5th scale (below 50T) in the female profile reflect the orthodox feminine style of sex-role behavior: the desire to be looked after and find support in the husband, gentleness, sentimentality, love for children, commitment to family interests, inexperience and shyness in matters of inter-sex relations ...
In the profile reflecting a high level of neurotization (high 1, 2 and 3 scales), concern about poor health and asthenic-depressive mood background (high 1, 2 and 3 scales), low scores on the 5 a scale (40 T and below) in women may indicate frigidity. Relatively high indicators on the 5th scale with even higher peaks on the 8th and 1st scales in the clinic are found in persons with painful concentration on the intergenderal sphere with a pronounced peculiarity of hypochondriacal experiences, often accompanied by senestopathies, that is, impaired perception in the sphere tactile and other sensory somatic sensations.
The combination of a low 5th with an increased 3rd and 8th is characteristic of women with a pronounced aesthetic orientation, with a rich imagination, with excessive emotionality and impressionability, a tendency to quickly get used to different life roles and artistic images, with rich body plastic, with expressiveness facial expressions and intonations, which, apparently, is the leading factor in personalities of this type when choosing the profession of an actress (or an actor, which corresponds to the same profile, but with a high 5th scale in men).
Experience shows that film and theater actors, prone to a pronounced reincarnation, usually have a profile of the type 35 "842- / 0 (M) and 31" 894- / 5 (F). Those of them who have a pronounced individuality "exploited" without any special variations, more often have a profile of the type 4 "" 9385- / 0 (M) and 431 "" 968- / 25 (F).
The presence of a slightly increased 5th in any male profile (as well as a decreased 5th in the female) indicates a greater humanity, softness and less aggressiveness. The sensitivity of these individuals makes increased demands on the environment, narrows the zone of life comfort, for them a sparing social niche and a protective approach are especially important.
Strange as it may seem, but the personnel service in military organizations is often chosen by young men of this type, not only because of compensatory tendencies, but, perhaps, also because the clarity and well-functioning of the institutions of military service makes them feel more protected from the vicissitudes of fate (of course , in peacetime), greater stability of social status and material base. At the same time, a significant role is apparently played by their humanistic orientation, congruence, which appeals to those who are engaged in professional selection in such organizations.
The 5th scale, which is leading in the profile, influences the fate of a person mainly due to difficult inter-sex adaptation, which leads to the sublimation of a primitive-sensual need for socialized activity, if we are not talking about pathology. If the attraction gets out of control, is recognized by a person as inevitability and inevitability, then it is realized in an inadequate direction, and the person's fate is subjected to serious shocks, since this method of self-realization is condemned by society or meets with misunderstanding. In social and cultural life, the most active personalities of type “5” are organizers of the social movement for minorities, “hippies”, suffragettes, creators of model houses, special shows and theatrical performances in which female roles are played by men.

6th scale
The 6th scale (scale of "rigidity"), being the only peak in the profile that does not go beyond the normal range, reveals the stability of interests, persistence in defending one's own opinion, sthenism of attitudes, activity of the position, which increases with the opposition of external forces, practicality, sobriety on life, the desire to rely on their own experience, a synthetic mindset with a pronounced tropism to systemic constructions, to the spheres of specific knowledge, to the exact sciences. Persons with a leading 6th scale in the profile show a love of accuracy, loyalty to their principles, straightforwardness and perseverance in upholding them. The ingenuity and rationality of the mindset is combined with its lack of flexibility and the difficulty of switching in a suddenly changing situation. The people of this circle are impressed by the accuracy and concreteness, they are annoyed by the amorphousness, the uncertainty of the goals set, the carelessness and carelessness of the people around them. This is a realistic, rational personality type, characterized by sthenism and inflexibility of attitudes. To a certain extent, they give the impression of persons resistant to stress, which is largely due to their homogeneity (not subject to environmental influences) and stiffness of nervous processes with the difficulty of switching from a normal state to another, new (from rest to action). However, at the same time, there is a gradual accumulation of potential activity, which later manifests itself in an explosion of affect and aggressive coloration of activity. For persons of this circle, two types of protective mechanisms are characteristic, that is, mechanisms that relieve internal stress when it is impossible to realize an urgent need: 1) rationalization with devaluation of the object of frustrated need (the option "Fox and Grapes", that is, if the desired is unattainable, then its value in the eyes of the individual is sharply reduced) or 2) outward response in an externally accusatory type, when a person gives vent to his anger, manifesting it in one form or another. This type of response is associated with a defense mechanism of the type of "projection": the individual ascribes to those around him that mistrust and hostility, which is inherent in him, and punishes for this. Stress affecting the subjectively significant values ​​of an individual with an increased 6th scale within the normative spread or accentuated features of the explosive (explosive) type, identified in the SMIL profile with a high (above 70 T) 6th scale, are the factors that lie in strong backlash. In interpersonal contacts, individuals with an increased 6th scale show a pronounced sense of rivalry, competitiveness, a desire to defend a prestigious role in the reference group. High emotional engagement with the dominant idea, the ability to "infect" others with their enthusiasm and a pronounced tendency to plan actions are the foundation for the formation of leadership traits, especially with good intelligence and high professionalism. Personalities of this type are often found among mathematicians, economists, engineering and technical workers, accountants, business executives and in other types of professional activity, where accuracy, calculation, and a systematic approach are especially required. A pronounced sense of competition and endurance to stress contributes to the success of such people in the sports field. Subjective structuring of the phenomena of the surrounding world, reflected in the individual style of painting or sculptural creativity, is characteristic of artists, and this is confirmed by the fact that their profiles usually have a high peak on the 6th scale. And when in their midst you meet persons with a high profile, in which the 6th and 8th scales are higher than 90T, and the 2nd scale is "drowned" (ie below 50T), then, looking at their peculiar and uncontrollable any correction of the style of all life, you involuntarily come to the assumption that art for people of this type is that protective niche that saves them from madness. They are headstrong, unpredictable and persistent in their creative self-assertion; periodically entering into conflict with their inner circle and with official circles, they are doomed to a difficult fate. This is illustrated by the life stories of Rodin, Cezanne, Wangog, Michel-Angelo Buonarotti. A profile with a peak on the 6th scale (70 T and above) is typical for accentuated individuals (epileptoid accentuation, "stuck" according to Leonhard). A more pronounced increase (profile type 64 "" 8- / 1320) is characteristic of explosive psychopathic personalities, excitable (49 "" 6- / 270), paranoid psychopaths with litigious querulant tendencies (68 "" 94 "- /), i.e. That is, tireless complainants, anonymous respondents and plaintiffs who are in conflict in the field of truth-seeking.Personal disharmony and maladaptive states, manifested by the presence of high scores in the profile on the 6th scale, are characterized by a pronounced affective seizure of the dominant idea, concerning, as a rule, a conflicting interpersonal situation. be experiences associated with an overvalued relationship to the object that caused a conflict situation, with a feeling of jealousy or rivalry, with a tendency to build a rigid and subjective logical scheme that cannot be corrected from the outside. a response to the hostility and ill will of those who caused these reactions. The most striking embodiment of this kind of experience is the delusional concept of a mentally ill person. However, such profiles are also encountered within the context of situationally determined personality development in the presence of a leading tendency in the pattern of emotional-dynamic predisposition in the form of a factor of rigidity, which contributes to the consolidation (cumulation) of negative experience. It is difficult to differentiate the long-term development of the personality according to the paranoid type, which is formed in a really existing unfavorable situation, from the delusions of persecution within the framework of schizophrenia. The differential diagnostic criterion in such complex cases is the study of the individual's mental functions, in particular, the assessment of the level of generalization and its uniformity. In general, the intellect in both cases can remain intact for a long time, and the argumentation can be clear and convincing.
Paranoid forms of behavior are manifested as an outwardly accusatory type of reaction due to the specificity of the inherent in persons of this circle of the protective mechanism of projection and rationalization, which, even with such a disease as schizophrenia, at first protect the inner "I" from destruction, reducing the painful intensity of affect. In the clinic of schizophrenia, it is often necessary to observe what happens to patients in the first days of a painful debut. If the schizophrenic process invades the structure of the personality, which is premorbidly distinguished by rigidity of attitudes, externally accusatory tendencies and a tendency to rational systematization, accompanied by disturbances in perception, this naturally introduces a sense of chaos into a rather harmonious picture of his own “I” and the world around him. In this regard, a state of confusion and confusion develops, a tension of affective experiences arises, which forms restless behavior with increased unfocused activity. However, as soon as the compensatory mechanisms inherent in this type of personality come into play, the patient develops a dominant idea - painful, ridiculous, since it is based on false premises, but helping the patient to gain relative calm; behavior becomes more orderly and, in its own way, more purposeful (“I understood everything! This is just a medical experiment, special rays are exposed to me through the walls,” the patient says, demonstrating much greater calmness than it was before he “understood everything” ). Consequently, the tendency to projection and systematization, inherent in the psyche of this patient, is also triggered by the “spit” of rigid thinking, random facts and false information are “strung” (brought into a certain order), which is associated with impaired perception. Thus, a delusional concept is formed, in which the patient's condition is characterized by less pronounced emotional tension than it was before the structuring of delusion. Mania with delusions of grandeur with simultaneously manifested tendencies towards hostility and persecution of others in the profile is reflected in peaks on the 6th and 9th scales. The border between the arrogance of a youth who has no life experience or the euphoria of a drunk, on the one hand, and mental illness, manifested by inadequately high self-esteem and disordered speech and motor activity, on the other, can be drawn based on the height of the profile and with the help of additional experimental psychological research. In the clinical form of mania, the peaks on the 9th scale reach 100-110 T, the concomitant peak on the 6th is less pronounced (80-90 T) and is accompanied by rather high (65-75) indicators of the other scales, including 8- th scale), that is, the profile turns out to be floating and unreliable on the F scale.
In the profiles of patients with neurotic and psychosomatic disorders, an increase in the 6th scale reflects the presence of increased irritability, feelings of resentment and is indirectly associated with a tendency to allergic reactions and arterial hypertension, if the profile as a whole reveals suppressed hostility. This kind of empirical findings once again emphasize the presence of a close connection between the method of somatic and psychological factors. In this case, both at the biological and psychological level, there is a general tendency of sthenic resistance to the invasion of something foreign, alien both into the spiritual world of one's “I” and into the physiological world of one's organism. Pathological jealousy is most often revealed by a profile in which the indicators of the 6th scale are higher than 80 T. This type of experience is manifested by uncorrectable attitudes and emotionally saturated reactions that are difficult to differentiate from delirium: a serious, close to investigative study of the situation is required to understand how ridiculous the statements are. jealous, or, on the contrary, how earthly they are justified. In this regard, particular importance is attached to repeated (dynamic) research. At the same time, the mental functions remain intact. A temporary rise on the 6th scale often appears in the profile of persons in a pre-divorce situation.
In contingent profiles, norms of faces with a leading peak on the 6th scale often give a low profile, without revealing the depth of the problems. This is due to an increased sense of suspicion and distrust of these individuals. Profiles with a recessed 6th scale should be especially alarming. It should be emphasized that indicators on the 6th scale below 50 T are implausible. If a high 6th is evidence of hostility, a moderately increased one - resentment, and being at the average standard level is peacefulness, then low indicators reflect an excessive tendency to emphasize their peacemaking tendencies, which is most often found with a hypercompensatory attitude among aggressive individuals.
In the criminal environment, high scores of the 6th scale are characteristic of persons capable of selfish crimes, and in combination with a high 8th scale, they reflect hostile and aggressive tendencies. The 65'- / 7 profile is the most typical for epileptoid-accented individuals, in whom sentimentality and sweetness are combined with a tendency to outbursts of hostility.
Correcting the behavior of persons with a high 6th scale in the profile is a very difficult task. The strategy of interaction with a personality of this type should be aimed at ensuring that the opinion of the correcting person (psychologist, teacher, leader, doctor) is not explicitly, but indirectly, becomes the conviction of the individual himself; at the same time, he should remain with the illusion that this conviction has always existed or that it comes from the individual himself, and the psychologist only revealed and confirmed its correctness. In addition, the form of "advice" should be sufficiently specific and appealing to the experience of the individual. Key words: "As you already said ...". "You yourself think so ...", "As follows from your experience ...", "According to your principles ...", "In the same way as you always act ...", etc. The most effective technique for correcting the behavior or state of individuals who are typologically classified as "rigid" is the so-called rational psychotherapy, which uses the capabilities of the inherent in individuals of this circle of the protective mechanism of the type of rationalization. The most convincing are the arguments proving that angry reactions and actions dictated by a hostile attitude are harmful to the individual and worsen his health; effective techniques devalue the significance of the frustrated need.
The fate of individuals with the decisive role of the 6th scale in the profile is always difficult. These are people who, as it were, “bring fire upon themselves”. Partially and not indifferent to the phenomena of life around them, they stubbornly defend their opinion as the only true one. Obsessed with one idea or another, they are able to overcome many obstacles to its implementation. They oppose the confusion and confusion of the world around them with their subjective idea of ​​organization and order. This is exactly the type of personality when the planned implementation of the plan proves that, despite the opposition of the environment, a person can be the creator of his own destiny. If the circumstances turn out to be stronger, then individuals of this type do not compromise and in various ways show resistance or hostility. Among them, there are often militant fighters for the truth - the way they imagine it, and, no matter how far from the truth, they are able to go on destructive (both for others and for themselves) actions, when the losses may turn out to be disproportionate. more than the advocated idea is worth. Deprived of flexibility and maneuverability, personalities of type “6” easily make enemies for themselves, but if there are no enemies, then they are able to invent them and fight them, non-existent, since they do not trust anyone and easily light up with hostility. Jealous in love, they are also jealous of others' success, which serves as the basis for the formation of a stable spirit of competition. Without forgiving insults, persons of this type can realize their revenge for a long time later and in a very cruel way.
Their aggressive reaction is always excessive in relation to the cause of the conflict. Let's say you insulted a person by calling him a fool. An individual of type “2” will say: “Sad, but this is probably true.”; type “3” will take you to a corner and whisper: “Quiet, please: there is absolutely no need for others to know about it”; type “4” will reflect the blow with an instant reaction: “You are a fool!”; type "5", grievingly murmured: "Well, why so rudely, you could have said kindly - a fool", and type "6" will get angry and go at you with fists: "Oh, I am a fool ?! So I'll kill you! ”. Personalities of this type, with good professional experience, manifest themselves as the most effective organizers, for the time being they give the impression of being stress-resistant, and only in a situation that affects their power-hungry traits, can they most brutally maladjust, while showing externally accusatory reactions, hot temper and aggressiveness. In marriage, they are conflicted, but at the same time they show thrift and devotion to the family. At work, they show reformatory zeal, accuracy and practicality, strive to command others and conflict with their superiors. In the sphere of public activity - exposers of corruption, truth-seekers, organizers of opposition movements. Personalities of this type have left their mark in history as adherents of church dogmas (religious fans, representatives of the Jesuit Order), as reformer politicians or renowned military leaders (for example, Napoleon).

7th scale
7th scale - the scale of "anxiety", refers to the indicators of the hyposthenic, inhibited circle. An increase in the profile on the 7th scale with a normative spread reveals the predominance of a passive-passive position, lack of confidence in oneself and in the stability of the situation, high sensitivity and subservience to environmental influences, increased sensitivity to danger. The prevailing motivation for avoiding failure, sensitivity, attitude towards congruent relationships with others, dependence on the opinion of the majority. Leading needs are getting rid of fears and insecurity, avoiding confrontation. They need mental consonance (consonance) with others. Characterologically, people of this type are distinguished by a developed sense of responsibility, conscientiousness, obligation, modesty, increased anxiety in relation to minor everyday problems, anxiety for the fate of loved ones. They are empathic, i.e. feelings of compassion and empathy, increased nuance of feelings, pronounced dependence on the object of affection and any strong personality. Perseverative thinking (with a tendency to repetition, to get stuck). Unstable, autochthonously fluctuating attention is compensated by a tendency to double-check what has been done, an increased sense of duty. Insufficient clarity of the style of perception is corrected by the habit of repeated (clarifying) actions. There is a pronounced sensitivity, a tendency to doubt, reflexivity, excessive self-criticism, low self-esteem, contrasting with an overestimated ideal “I”. Reduced the threshold of stress tolerance. In a stressful situation, blocking or driven activity following the majority or leading personality. The defense mechanism is restrictive behavior and ritual (obsessive) actions, transforming in everyday life into superstition, devout religiosity, adherence to the interests of the clan (family, reference group). When choosing a profession - focus on the sphere of humanistic interests: literature, medicine, biology, history, as well as on the performing style of work outside extensive contacts and with a fairly stable stereotype of activity, where the need to avoid stress is satisfied. Monotony is easily tolerated. Encouragement and measures aimed at increasing the self-esteem of an individual are the best way to intensify their activities on the part of the leadership and educators, as well as when developing a psychotherapeutic approach in case of maladjustment.
The 7th scale reveals increased anxiety, and with indicators above 70 T, it is no longer a character trait that is determined, but a state, i.e. the degree of severity of anxiety, which has not yet been transformed under the influence of protective mechanisms into a more specific state, and has remained primary, free-floating. With high scores on the 7th scale, anxiety is usually associated with prolonged previous neurotization. The exception is cases of congenital, constitutional psychasthenia or organically conditioned psychasthenic symptoms in the form of various phobias (fear of heights, confined space, fire, water, sharp objects, driving in public transport, etc.). The relative increase in the 7th scale under stress (not exceeding 70 T, leveling out in repeated examinations) is closely associated with increased anxiety as a stable feature in the structure of the personality traits of the individual.
The most frequent variant of personality, in which there is a significant increase in the profile of the 7th scale, is psychasthenic, in the terminology of other authors - alarming and suspicious. Persons of this circle are distinguished by self-doubt, indecision, a tendency to thoroughly recheck their actions and the work done; very obligatory and responsible, they are distinguished by a dependent position, orientation to the opinion of the group, a highly developed sense of duty and adherence to generally accepted norms, a tendency to altruistic manifestations, conformity, a tendency to react with an increased sense of guilt and self-flagellation to the slightest failures and mistakes. At any cost, trying to avoid the conflict, which they experience extremely painfully, psychasthenics act at the maximum level of their capabilities in order to win the approval of others, and most importantly - what is even more difficult - their own approval. With an excessively self-critical attitude towards oneself, such persons are characterized by a large gap between the real and the ideal "I", i.e. striving for an unattainable ideal is noted. In this regard, they are constantly in a state of tension and dissatisfaction, manifested in obsessions, excessive actions of a restrictive nature, rituals necessary for self-complacency (profile 72 "80 /). This group of personalities is often found among healthy people. and conformity of behavior, they present few difficulties for others, except perhaps for their indecision. They are much more difficult for themselves than for others. sensitive personality traits.
A double peak 78 above 75 T is characteristic of a state of chronic social maladjustment and is a sign of a pronounced inferiority complex or a feeling of one's “otherness” in the environment.
The profile of the psychasthenic type is characterized by a combination of overestimated 2nd and 7th scales with a concomitant increase in 8th and 0th with a relatively low 9th: profile type 27 "80- / or 278" - / 9. The state of maladjustment, reflected in the profile by an increase in the 7th scale, is characterized by sleep disturbances, obsessive fears, a feeling of confusion, anxiety, and a feeling of impending disaster. The combination of high indicators on the 7th and 3rd scales is characteristic of fixed fears (fear of driving in transport, fear of moving away from home, fear of contracting an incurable disease, fear of public speaking, etc.) Profile 2178 "- / is characteristic of the clinical picture. -depressive state with hypochondriacal inclusions. The combination of a high 7th with a 6th may indicate dysmorphobic experiences, that is, a painful fixation on one's ugliness, any external defects - real or imaginary. Profiles of type 86 * 7 "are often found in patients (rather, patients) of cosmetic clinics, which cause a lot of trouble for cosmetic surgeons, since they are not able to be satisfied with any results of the operations performed and react extremely painfully to changes in their face, although this is what persists before the operation. achieved.
In the structure of neurotic symptoms, a high peak on the 7th scale (80 T and above) reveals free-floating anxiety. Due to the fact that the 7th scale reveals anxiety both as a constant personality trait and as a situationally conditioned state of anxiety, concomitant increases in other profile scales indicate defense mechanisms, i.e. those tendencies that protect a person from this state, the most indefinite and therefore painful, and contribute to the transformation of anxiety into another, qualitatively more definite emotion.
Each basic scale of SMIL reveals one or another mechanism of transformation of anxiety, one or another variant of the protective mechanism.
An increase in the profile on the 1st scale reveals an increase in neurotic self-control and somatization of anxiety, i.e. biological protection method;
The 2nd scale reflects the degree of awareness of psychological problems and refusal to realize their intentions, which is accompanied by a decrease in mood.
Low 2nd with increased 1st and 3rd scales reflects the problem of repressed anxiety and the biological method of defense with the conversion (translation) of psychological conflict into physiological disorders, conditionally associated with a traumatic situation.
The 4th scale reveals a tendency to increase behavioral activity in a stressful situation, and the mechanism for repressing anxiety here does not bear the imprint of an obvious connection between psychosomatic disorders and a psychogenic factor. Instead of conversion symptoms in individuals of this circle, a response to frustration reveals an external response or a collision of motives, manifested by spasmodic phenomena (coronary spasm, ischemic myocardial disease), i.e. cardiovascular disorders.
The 5th scale reflects the tendency to sublimate the inter-sex need into the kind of activity that is substitute, replacing in relation to the direct realization of this need. This unconscious defense mechanism is realized when libido activity is frustrated, that is, it cannot be realized due to the existing social prohibition, internalized in the form of an intrapersonal "Taboo".
An increase in the 6th scale indicates a tendency to rationalize the psychological conflict that caused anxiety, and the presence of an externally accusatory reaction that removes responsibility from the individual for the current conflict situation (projection mechanism). The fact that these mechanisms of personal protection against excessive anxiety are quite effective is evidenced by the tendency of profiles with a leading 6th scale towards relatively low indicators of anxiety.
Combination 78 ”reveals the mechanism of intellectual processing and restrictive behavior aimed at avoiding failure and manifested by the phenomena of obsession (obsessive actions, thoughts, rituals, fears). At the same time, the problem of low self-esteem, a sense of one's own imperfection, an increased sense of guilt, self-deprecation, and an inferiority complex are revealed.
An increased 8th scale reveals an irrational type of reaction with a withdrawal into an unreal world of fantasies and dreams.
The 9th scale corresponds to the defense mechanism of denial of problems. This manifests itself as “blindness” to the really existing negative aspects of one's behavior and the current situation, stubborn defense of one's own overestimated self-esteem and optimistic attitude.
An increase in the 0th scale is characteristic of passive avoidance of conflict, the so-called escapism, i.e. escape from problems, departure from social activity.
When discussing the scale of anxiety, it is appropriate to try to answer the age-old question: is the state of anxiety or constitutional anxiety measured in this method by the 7th scale? The first essential principle of differentiation is quantitative indicators that separate the range of the norm corridor (45 - 70 T) from indicators reflecting the state of maladjustment (> 70 T). Another aspect is the nature of anxiety. If we are talking about a constitutionally anxious person, then even ordinary everyday difficulties can cause one or another degree of neurotic maladjustment, and then we have the right to talk about a neurotic predisposition, about a constantly present internal conflict that serves as a basis for neurotization under the influence of minimal environmental influences. Thus, psychogenia only enhances, sharpens a stable individual-personal tendency, a personal property of anxiety, which, under the influence of environmental conditions, is easily transformed into a state of anxiety. Under the influence of objectively severe psychotrauma, anxiety with concomitant defensive reactions can result in neurotic symptoms of the clinical register. Reversible neurotic disorders, manifested by the rise of only the 2nd scale, are characteristic of rather harmonious individuals who are inclined to compensate by controlling self-awareness.
Long-term neurosis and neurotic development, according to our observations, is the lot of a person with a high degree of readiness for the development of neurotic disorders, i.e. personality with neurotic predisposition, one of the main components of which is increased anxiety. The combination of high 7th with 4th reflects the problem of an internally contradictory, mixed type of response, in which opposite tendencies collide: achievement motivation with failure avoidance motivation; a tendency to be active and decisive with a tendency to block activity in a stressful situation; increased sense of dignity and desire to dominate - with self-doubt and excessive self-criticism; sthenic register of emotions of anger, admiration, pride and contempt - with emotions of the asthenic register: fear, guilt, anxiety. All this, on the one hand, contributes to the mutual compensation of some traits with others, on the other hand, it builds up tension, since both the neurotic and behavioral ways of responding are blocked. Outwardly, the behavior of a person of this type may look like a balanced one, but the internal conflict is channeled according to the psychosomatic version or manifests itself in neurasthenic symptoms, rich in somatic complaints.
A profile with high (> 90) peaks on the 2nd and 7th scales (most often with a concomitant increase in the 8th scale) with low 1st, 3rd, 9th and increased 0th is characteristic of endogenous ( psychotic) anxious depression. Reactive (situationally provoked) depression in the SMIL profile is manifested by more moderate (70-85 T) peaks on the 2nd and 7th scales with concomitant increases in the 1st, 3rd and 4th scales, when the 9th scale is not below 40 T, and 0-th - not higher than 65 T (if there is no setting for aggravation, i.e. emphasizing existing problems or simulation).
Low indicators of the 7th scale (below 45 T in a linear profile, and in a profile of the type 48 "9- / - with indicators of the 7th scale as one of the lowest points of the profile) indicate a lack of caution in actions and scrupulousness in matters of morality, on a rather naked egocentrism, a reduced ability to empathize, inconsistency of attitudes, a rude and tough demeanor, a cynical view of life.
The fate-determining tendency in the personality structure of type “7” is fear of the power of Evil, helplessness in the face of gross cruelty. If type “2” can be attributed to people of “distressed thought”, then type “7” is a “man of shaken conscience” (as G. Uspensky about the writer Garshin). Not relying on their own strengths and human kindness, they more than others - not so much with their minds as with their hearts - gravitate towards religion, finding support and consolation in it. At the same time, they are not at all so weak: due to their softness of character and high sensitivity not only to their own, but also to other people's pain, persons of this type have great mental strength, the ability to endure (passion-bearers) .. This is expressed in their responsibility, in caring for others, in the ability to understand and pity those who are in trouble. Szondi says about such a personal version that these are people with a “bad conscience”. By virtue of their own disarmament in front of the pragmatic assertiveness of hyperthymic personalities (types “4”, “6”, “9”), they show compliance and do not pretend to be a leading position. Bearing in mind that a person can be harmonious only in the presence of positive self-esteem, it is easy to explain the constantly increased anxiety of persons of this type with unstable and low self-esteem. However, any person has a reason to evaluate himself as a person in positive characteristics. Self-affirmation of persons of type “7” is realized through adherence to moral and ethical traditions and conformity of attitudes. The individuality of such individuals is manifested more vividly in a situation of acceptance and support from the environment. Despite the seeming self-sacrifice and submissiveness, persons who are excessively fixed in their torments manifest in this way their egocentrism, which can irritate the more sthenic and balanced others. This affects relationships both at work and in the family (a restless and insecure employee, an anxious wife, an overprotective mother). The social role of type “7” is mainly reduced to conformism, the positive aspects of which are the protection of cultural and moral values ​​and generally accepted forms of behavior accumulated by society, law-abidingness and passive resistance to aggressive tendencies of the environment.

8th scale
8th scale - scale of "individualism". Raised in profile with normative indicators on other scales, it reveals a separately contemplative personal position, an analytical mindset; the tendency to reflect prevails over feelings and effective activity. An abstract-analytical style of perception prevails, manifested in the ability to recreate a holistic image based on minimal information with a focus on subjectively significant aspects that are more connected with the world of one's own fantasies than with reality. With good intelligence, individuals of this type are distinguished by their creative orientation, originality of statements and judgment, originality of interests and hobbies. There is a certain selectivity in contacts, a well-known subjectivism in assessing people and the phenomena of life around them, independence of views, a tendency to abstraction, i.e. to generalizations and to information abstracted from the specifics and everyday life. The expressed need to actualize one's individualism is revealed. It is more difficult for individuals of this circle to adapt to everyday forms of life, prosaic aspects of life. Their individuality is so pronounced that it is practically useless to predict their statements and actions, comparing them with the usual stereotypes. They have an insufficiently formed realistic platform based on everyday experience, they are more guided by their subjectivity and intuition. Due to the fact that they are more rational than emotional, since they rely more on their judgments than on feelings, and, at the same time, are divorced from the reality of the world around them, they should be attributed to rational unrealistic personalities. What is a critical situation for the majority, people with a high 8th scale are often regarded differently due to the originality of their hierarchy of values. The situation, subjectively perceived by them as stress, causes a state of confusion. The protective mechanism that manifests itself during the transformation of anxiety is intellectual processing and withdrawal into the world of dreams and fantasies. They are characterized by professional tropism towards activities of a free, creative style, they strive to avoid any formal framework, regime types of labor. Persons gravitating towards the search for novelty, showing interest in the field of psychology, psychiatry, theosophy, scientific research are distinguished by the presence in the SMIL profile of an increased 8th scale with concomitant increases to 7th, 2nd or 5th, if they are theorists and humanities. People in all sorts of romantic professions - sailors, geologists, archaeologists, travelers, and other adventurers - are characterized by profiles that combine an elevated 8th scale with a high 4th or 9th. Persons of this type are characterized by an imperative need for freedom of subjective choice in decision-making, in the absence of time constraints, which can complicate their labor adaptation with a lack of tolerance among others and the absence of a differentiated individual-personal approach among managers. Unlike personalities of another type, in these, their individualism is only aggravated by the opposition of the environment, which is manifested by an increase in signs of maladjustment and, consequently, an increase in the peak on the 8th scale. Profile 84 "9- / is characteristic of accentuation of the expansive-schizoid type, characterized by emphasized non-conformism and the opposition of their subjective attitudes, views and judgments to the environment, rigidity and egocentrism of attitudes. High peaks of a similar profile (48" 9 "- / 27) reflect emotionally -personal pattern of psychopathic personality of the expansive-schizoid circle, where the above characteristics reach an even higher level, which is evidence of pronounced social maladjustment with antisocial orientation of interests and behavior, uncriticality in assessing their actions. With the simultaneous rise of the 6th scale (profile type 468 "" 9- / 21), the risk of aggressive behavior increases, and the success of any corrective measures decreases, since individuals of this type usually have a prevailing belief about injustice and hostility towards them. , which is the basis for justifying their aggressive actions in their own eyes, while the opinion of others is insignificant for them. For psychopathic personalities of this type, especially brutal (uncontrollable) explosiveness is characteristic, i.e. explosive nature of reactions. With accentuation (profile type 468 "- / or 864" - / or "846- /), the features described above sound softer, and the violation of social adaptation is more dependent on environmental influences.
The accentuation of the "sensitive schizoid" type manifests itself in two ways: a rigid, oversensitive, painfully proud, "stuck" on negative experiences type of response is characteristic of sthenic schizoid personalities (profile 86 "47- /), and for individuals who are soft, impressionable, vulnerable, but with At the same time, with a pronounced individualism in the choice of friends and areas of interest, profiles of the type 85 "70- / or 83" 52- / are characteristic, reflecting, among other things, aesthetic orientation. (For women, the indicators of the 5th scale in the corresponding profiles are low: 8 "70- / 5 or 83 "2- / 5). Indicators of the 8th scale, located above 80 T, reveal psychopathic variants of the schizoid type of response. The hyposthenic variant of schizoid accentuation, usually attributed to the circle of inhibited personalities, is revealed by a profile of the type 872" 0- / or 2870 "- / 9. Such psychopathic traits as isolation, passivity, introversion, lack of communication, significant uniqueness of judgments and actions, stiffness of gestures, postures, awkwardness in interpersonal contact, detachment and emotional coldness, incomprehensibility of the motives of behavior for others, impracticality and isolation from real life problems, a tendency to mysticism - are reflected in higher rates of similar or similar profiles: 8 "" 027 "- / 39 or 287" " 0 "- / 8.
It is difficult to judge the diagnosis based on the MMPI profile (SMIL) alone, since the profile mainly reflects the features of the emotional state and personal properties (or personality deformation) of a person. However, high scores on the 8th scale as one of the 3 leading profile peaks in 60% of cases reveal schizophrenic or schizophrenic-like disorders: a tendency to emasculated reasoning (resonance), masking intellectual inconsistency, a decrease in the level of social adaptation and general productivity, confusion , detachment from reality, sleep disturbances, the phenomenon of derealization-depersonalization, impaired perception. These data, however, should be confirmed in the results of experimental psychological research in the form of unevenness of the level of generalization, fuzziness, vague thinking based on insignificant, latent signs in the generalization and comparison of concepts; at the same time, it is characteristic to "fly away" from the concrete content of the stimulus material with a tendency to the abstractness of associations, to the symbolism of mediating images, a violation of the sequence of logical constructions up to their obvious absurdity.
The basis for determining the nosology (i.e. the outlined framework of psychiatric diagnosis) is a clinical analysis of the patient's condition, taking into account both the etiopathogenetic factor and the patterns of development of the condition; at the same time, clinical and psychological research is the optimal and most objective approach to assessing the depth and structure of pathological manifestations, since these methods - clinical and psychological - in comparison with other methods of studying the human psyche - are phenomenologically the closest and complementary.
The profile with the leading 8th and 7th scales (above 70 T) reveals internal tension, anxiety, nervousness, a tendency to endless, often fruitless, pondering any problems ("mental chewing gum"), fenced off, a chronically existing feeling of mental discomfort , uncertainty, decreased overall productivity, guilt and inferiority complex; occurs in persons asthenized by prolonged emotional overstrain or chronically severe illness, as well as in persons with a premorbid (initially) asthenic and psychasthenic disposition, more often in combination with increased 2nd and 0th, as well as decreased 9th. A high double peak 78 (90 T and above) is characteristic of psychotic anxiety, and peak 87 reflects paranoid manifestations. Profile 81 "" - / is alarming in that it reveals concentration on a kind of somatic complaints without emotional seizure, which is characteristic of the hypochondriacal form of schizophrenia. The combination of 8 "" 51 "- / is characteristic of persons with a painful attitude to the problems of difficult inter-sex adaptation, however, with a tendency to reflect and reason about this without expressed anxiety.
Many profiles of patients with schizophrenia do not have a distinct peak on the 8th scale in their structure. Schizoaffective disorders can manifest themselves with peaks on the 2nd or 9th scales, depending on whether the depressive phase of the disease or manic characterizes the patient's condition at the moment. The psychopathic pattern of experiences, especially at the onset of the disease, looks like a floating profile with a high peak on the 4th scale. Hysteroform disorders are reflected in the SMIL profile as a "convection five" with the highest scales 4, 3, 6 and 8 in the profile (as well as in nuclear hysterical psychopathy). Simple little progressive schizophrenia manifests itself with a profile very similar to a neurotic profile or to a psychasthenic personality profile (leading peaks of 2780 with a low 9th). Thus, the accumulated experience confirms the fact that the structure of the clinical syndrome is to a greater extent determined by the basic properties of the personality, the leading individual personality tendencies, than by other factors that caused the disease. By the way, the cause of schizophrenia has not yet been established, and most scientists are inclined to consider it an endogenous mental disorder with genetic roots. And in this case, the role of the structure of the leading trends in the formation of the clinical picture seems to be even more significant.
Low indicators of the 8th scale (below 50 T) are found in persons with poor imagination, stereotyped thinking, sober and practical. The absence of an increase on the 8th scale indicates the prevalence of common sense in this person, a sober assessment of everyday situations, a rational approach to solving problems.
For persons with an elevated 8th scale in the presence of good intelligence, the method of correcting insufficiently adaptive forms of behavior is not easy. Gifted, creatively oriented, but difficult in character, non-conforming individuals need to create a social niche in which the implementation of a differentiated approach would be possible and there would be no “formalization”. For others, with delinquent tendencies, i.e. prone to illegal actions, a timely reorientation of interests is necessary while maintaining a positive personal status, which is a very difficult social task: individuals of this type "settle" only in an environment where their individuality is taken into account. This is important for every person, but for a given type of personality, this factor is of particular importance.
The fate of a personality of type “8” is most likely simply unpredictable and least of all depends on how the person himself proposes to plan it. The individuality of this type of person is especially original. If other individual-personality patterns have common features within their own type of response, suggesting somewhat similar destinies, then this personality type is each time in its own way, and therefore all of them not only differ from others, but also have little in common with each other. ... Unless they are the most difficult to adapt to life, they are distinguished by the originality of motivation and sphere of interest, which is largely aloof from everyday problems. They are sometimes mistakenly rated as stress-resistant, and this is a serious misconception. It's just that what worries most other people occupies a negligible place in their hierarchy of values. If their true values ​​are affected, then extremely low stress resistance is revealed and maladjustment proceeds according to the most irrational version. Therefore, individuals of type “8”, deprived of the opportunity to fit into the social niche offered by the circumstances, may turn out to be incomprehensible, outcasts, eccentrics, whom, not being taken seriously, are feared and avoided. Those of them who have extraordinary abilities cause respect and admiration, bordering on mystical worship, since for an ordinary person they still remain a mystery. But their loyalty to their individuality and special life purpose serves as the basis for the formation of messianic attitudes. In their personal life, they can be patiently adored, despite the fact that they are completely not adapted to family life: women of the type of “wives of the Decembrists”, believing in the higher destiny of their life partner, sacrifice both themselves and the well-being of the whole family for the sake of the one whom they worship ... If the pedestal of greatness of such a “special person” collapses for any reason, he remains in splendid isolation. Most often, people of this type are lonely all their lives, sacrificing personal well-being for their special purpose. Due to their extremely high intuition and the ability to think transcendentally (i.e., in global categories), among them there are often fortune-tellers, psychics, healers using non-traditional methods of treatment, specialists who deal with the mental state of a person: psychiatrists and psychologists, as well as theologians, philosophers, astrologers, populist psychotherapists, leaders of religious sects and informal social trends.

9th scale
The leading peak on the 9th scale - the optimism scale - in the profile, in which the other scales are in the range of the norm corridor (from 45 to 55 T), reflects the activity of the position, a high level of love of life, the subject's self-confidence, positive self-esteem, and a tendency to joke and leprosy, high achievement motivation, however, focused more on motor mobility and speech overactivity than on specific goals. The mood is upbeat, but in response to opposition, it easily flares up and just as easily an angry reaction fades away. Success evokes a certain exaltation, an emotion of pride. Everyday difficulties are perceived as easily surmountable, otherwise the significance of the unattainable is easily devalued. There is no inclination to seriously delve into complex problems, carelessness prevails, a joyful perception of the whole world around us and one's life, bright hopes, confidence in the future, conviction in one's own happiness. An increased 9th scale determines accentuation according to the hypertimal or exalted type and reveals high self-esteem, ease of decision-making, lack of particular intelligibility in contacts, impudent behavior, condescending attitude towards one's mistakes and shortcomings, easily arising emotional outbursts with quick adaptability, inconstancy in attachments , excessive amusement, amorousness - in a word, the characteristics are completely natural for adolescence, but sound like a well-known infantilism for an adult. Therefore, the profile of the 9 "4- / 2 type is a variant of adolescent and youth norms, and in the profile of an adult it reflects the problem of emotional immaturity. Sometimes such a profile reveals a hypercompensatory reaction of the pseudo-manic type with a tendency to reject problems in a situation of objectively complex, threatening severe consequences. We observed this type of reaction in hypertensive individuals in a situation of forensic examination after a serious crime they had committed, when, despite a very pessimistic prospect of further fate, their state was characterized by bravado, exaltation, and conviction in their righteousness. the clinical group was identified as a pseudomanic syndrome within the reactive state in 1984, and psychologists and psychiatrists themselves came to this conclusion.
Various authors have repeatedly noted a change in the usual pattern of the SMIL profile with an increase in the 5th and 9th scales under the influence of alcoholic euphoria, on the 10-14th day of fasting therapy (when mood elevation is observed), as well as in persons in a state of love. In a stressful situation, persons with a leading 9th scale in the profile show excessive, but not always purposeful activity, while they can imitate an authoritative leading personality. They have a tropism for activities where physical and social activity, craving for communication, and the desire to be in sight can be realized.
At the same time, a satiety with monotony occurs rather quickly, a tendency to change place or type of activity appears, which is usually triggered by a feeling of failure, a desire to search for a better option, or simply novelty. With maladjustment, hypersthenic characteristics increase, behavior acquires antisocial features (profile type 946'8). Behavior correction is possible through an authoritative leader or the opinion of a reference group, taking into account such personality traits as increased vanity and instability of interests. Since low self-esteem is a technique that contradicts the basic attitude psychotherapy, the work should be aimed at increasing the level of self-control and self-awareness, as well as on the way of channeling spontaneous activity into a socially useful channel.Imperative methods of influence are ineffective, joint cooperation based on skillful imitation of trust and respect for the individual within the framework of pedagogical techniques An increase in the 9th scale in profiles reflecting psychopathological variants of maladjustment gives a tinge of agitation (for example, agitated anxiety 27 "" 9 "- /), or reflects a decrease in criticality 861" "49" - /).
Profile type 94 "" 3 "- / 70 reveals a hyperthymic psychopathic pattern with features of adventurism and a tendency towards pseudology.
In alcoholism, indicators of an increased 9th scale reduce the prospects for successful treatment due to uncriticality and a facilitated attitude to problems, a tendency to deny the presence of alcoholism itself. In the structure of the general condition of patients with myocardial infarction or tuberculosis, the type 49 "- / profile reveals anosognosia and indicates the presence of a protective mechanism of the type of denial of problems, as well as hypercompensatory activation.
The most pronounced, grotesquely sharpened model of the hypersthenic type of response is the profile of the hypomanic state - 9 * 4 "" 6 "- / 278, characteristic of patients with manic-depressive psychosis in the manic phase. Simultaneous increase in 9th and 2nd scales in a moderately elevated profile may mean a cyclothymic version of personality accentuation, i.e. a tendency to autochthonous (situationally not conditioned) mood swings that occur at regular intervals.
In the floating (high-rise) profile 27 "" 13869 "- / or 13" "24768" 90- / 5, reflecting a state of pronounced stress, a contradictory combination of high 9th with 2nd or 0th reveals hypercompensatory involvement of various defense mechanisms and an increased activity of the individual in search of a way out of a difficult situation, despite confusion, a decreased background of mood and a narrowing of the contact zone.
The combination 98 "- / 0 or 894" - / 7 is characteristic of persons with very peculiar views, interests and behavior, whose actions are unpredictable and uncontrollable, and whose egocentrism and independence are extremely acute.
Low scores on the 9th scale reveal a decrease in the level of optimism, love of life and activity. If, at the same time, a peak on the 2nd scale is noted, then such a profile reflects a particularly deep depressive mood coloration (as a rule, the 0th scale is quite high), but if the peak on the 4th scale is also high, then due to increased impulsivity suicidal risk (S-risk) is especially pronounced here.
In neurotic and neurosis-like profiles, low indices on the 9th scale indicate increased fatigue, asthenia; apathy is usually detected by a combination of 82 "" 0- / 9 or 28 "" 70 "- / 9. The depressive phase of the MDP, involutional melancholy and endogenous depression in the framework of schizoaffective disorders are also manifested by a significant (below 40 T) decrease in the profile on the 9th scale. At the same time, compensatory or protective mechanisms are not expressed, i.e. the profile is an illustration of the most striking embodiment of the asthenic type of response with depressive experiences, which occupy a central place in the structure of the clinical syndrome: 2 * 8 "" 0- / 9 or 82 "" 70 "- /:nine. Hypochondriacal or paranoid inclusions are reflected by an increase in the corresponding scales (1st or 6th).
The properties revealed by the 9th scale can be fateful only if maturity and a serious attitude towards life do not come to a person over the years: the game component in any spheres of his activity remains dominant for the rest of his life, and the feeling does not arise responsibility for yourself and loved ones. Usually, the features characteristic of adolescence and early youth are smoothed out or disappear altogether in later years. An adult of type “9” is an incorrigible optimist, intoxicated with the joy of being: he is both “knee-deep” and “jumping over his head” is a common thing. If something does not work out, then lying and boasting compensate for the damage done to self-esteem, leaving it invariably high due to the powerful defense mechanism of “denying” problems .. Literary images reflecting the general appearance of type “9” is Nozdryov from “Dead Souls” N V. Gogol and the well-known Baron Munchausen, who in difficult times can pull himself out of the water by his hair. Walking easily through life, individuals of this type are extremely sweet at a distance, but incorrigibly irresponsible and unnecessary in family life and work. They can show sufficient (and even enviable) perseverance and diligence only in such activities that bring joy and fully coincide with their need for self-realization. Moreover, the desire to indulge momentary needs absolutely prevails over any set aside, shifted into the future goals and values, which leads people of this type in their declining years to moral bankruptcy.

0th scale

An increased O-th scale (scale of "introversion") aggravates hyposthenic manifestations and weakens (makes less obvious, noticeable) sthenic features. It reveals the passivity of the personal position and the greater focus of interests in the world of internal experiences (than outside) as a constant personality trait (i.e. introversion) with increased and high indices of the 0th scale in the profile of the norm. An increase in the 0th scale reflects a decrease in the level of involvement in the social environment, reveals a certain isolation, shyness. The 0th scale reacts with a slight increase (by 5-7 T) when a person experiences difficulties in establishing relationships in connection with the process of getting used to a new microgroup or in connection with a serious interpersonal conflict. With a pronounced accentuation of the type of an introverted personality, a high (65-70 T) 0th scale reflects inertia in decision-making, secrecy, selectivity in contacts, a desire to avoid conflicts at the cost of a significant narrowing of the sphere of interpersonal contacts. In a stressful situation - lethargy, withdrawal from contacts, escape from problems into loneliness (escape). High rates reflect not only isolation, taciturnity, but are often a sign of internal disharmony and a way of hiding from others the originality of their character, awkwardness in communication. Sometimes, at first glance, these people can give the impression of being quite sociable, but this is given to them at the cost of considerable effort, which only they themselves know about.
If the 0th scale is the only peak in the profile, then in women it indicates modesty, commitment to family interests, social compliance, and in men it reveals a typical Jungian version of introversion, the attributes of which are inertia of mental functions, rigidity of attitudes, subjectivity, irritability, isolation ...
In combination with the 2nd, 7th and 8th, an increase in 0 (65 T and above) reveals a weakening of social contacts, isolation and alienation. A high 0 (70 T and above), especially in a profile of the 80 "- / 9 type, reflects the problem of autism. People with a high 0 usually know little about people with a high 0, and their sthenic features and originality are smoothed out, made less noticeable. Thus , the qualities of this scale are directly opposite to the properties of the 9th, which enhances the characteristics of the stenic register.
Low scores on the 0th scale, on the other hand, demonstrate not only sociability and lack of shyness, but also ease in flaunting their characterological characteristics.
Data on the 0th scale below 40 T reveal promiscuity in contacts, excessive sociability, bordering on intrusiveness with a high 9th scale in the profile. Correction of the behavior of persons with a high 0th scale is difficult due to their isolation, lack of frankness, and is possible only in a situation of the patient's won confidence. Agreeing and not arguing with many things, in fact they are not very susceptible to external influences. They rarely act as a leader. The choice of professional activity is revealed by other profile indicators, but this should take into account their tendency to limit contacts.

Of all the tendencies revealed by the SMIL profile, the 0th scale hides from prying eyes rather than reveals a person's individuality. The fate of a person of type "0" is strongly dependent on any other leading tendency, since the signs inherent in the 0th scale in their pure form are characteristic only of a person who has completely moved away from the "worldly vanity", a hermit who has refused any contacts with the surrounding world. If this happens after everyday tragedies and a dramatic break with society, then the escape is somehow associated with painful experiences that are an echo of emotional storms and are manifested by different indicators of the SMIL profile, in addition to the 0 scale. If the departure from active social life is primary, due to the initial rejection of the world as it is, if the world of its own soul is actually not at all connected by community with the environment, then this is type “0”, a lonely traveler who does not need someone wanted to share his loneliness with him. It makes no sense to describe the social role here, since this is a position outside of society. These are people who have refused to realize their own destiny within the framework of such a world as it really exists.
This is the interpretation of the basic (main) scales of the SMIL technique.

Profile analysis.

Knowing the personality traits and characteristics of the states that are determined by separate scales, and also taking into account their influence on each other, one can proceed to a holistic assessment of the profile. First of all, the profile should be viewed through the prism of the subject's attitude to the testing procedure, which is revealed by the ratio of the reliability scales and the height of their indicators.
The smoothed profiles should be alarming, in which the scales contrasting in their content side turn out to be almost at the same level, and the indicators of the K or L scale are quite high. At high F, the profile height can be associated with various reasons given earlier, however, in any case, the profile will be sharpened and overestimated, which must be taken into account when interpreting.

With an increase within the normative spread of the 1st and 3rd scales with a relatively low 2nd and without a significant increase in the profile on other scales, attention should be paid to the L and K indices. If they are increased (above 60 T, or more than 7 T is higher than the F scale), then most likely we are talking about the subject's tendency to "show himself in the best light", about the desire to deny any difficulties and problems, about the attitude to improve results, about trying to give "supernormal" answers and emphasize his friendliness , conformity, altruism, while in reality it can only be a facade behind which various problems and a different character are hidden. Such subjects sometimes have a scale of "?" may turn out to be quite high. The interpretation of such a profile is reduced to a statement of the presence of an attitude of conformity to normativity, the profile itself (especially if it is drowned in four to five scales) is regarded as “hypernormal”. The survey is worth repeating. In a reliable profile, the interpretation is carried out according to the general rules, while the characteristics of the 3rd scale absorb the properties of the 1st, since the emotional brightness of its features levels out the restraint reflected by the 1st scale. Only the predominance of the 1st over the 3rd by 5 T and more gives reason to focus on the interpretation of the 1st scale.

The combination of the 1st with increased (or high) 2nd, 6th, 7th, 8th and 0th with a low 9th reflects the problem of suppressed hostility and is characteristic of the so-called "ulcerative personality type", which differs pedantry, dogmatic style of thinking, increased irritability, distance, exactingness both to oneself and to others in matters of morality, duty, responsibility. With high diligence, integrity and honesty in work, they show petty despotism in contacts of a narrow circle, secretive, awkward and constrained in communication, the tone of their statements is edifying, external rigidity is combined with internally felt tension and vulnerability in relation to environmental influences. The success of social adaptation is a well-balanced ratio between the egocentric needs of a person and the requirements of the social environment. An absolutely balanced, harmonious personality is distinguished by a complete balance of a moderately pronounced tendency towards self-realization with good self-control, ensuring full compliance with the regulatory requirements of the environment. The more pronounced the character and individuality of a person, the greater the load falls on the function of the controlling systems that maintain balance. This is the main difference between the concordant and the discordant personality: in the latter, the external attributes of normative behavior hide internal tension. The price that a person "pays" for meeting the requirements of society can be quite high.

If the “I” of an individual is destroyed by the pressure of society and self-realization of the individual does not occur (needs are not satisfied, abilities are not realized), then neurotization occurs, reflected in the profile by the predominance of hypothetical, inhibited traits. If the balance is disturbed due to weakened self-control in the direction of spontaneous self-realization, then the collision of the interests of the self-asserting personality with the requirements of society is reflected in behavioral reactions, manifested in the profile by the predominance of hyperthymic signs. The price of this imbalance is largely paid by the difficulties of society. If both mechanisms for maintaining balance are involved simultaneously, then we observe the implementation of the psychosomatic mechanism, manifested by physical disorders of various kinds.

For the convenience of a holistic interpretation of the profile of the scale, the methods should be grouped in such a way that, based on the leading peaks, it is possible to determine, first, the generalized main type of response, and then, on the basis of the values ​​of the scales, identify individual personality characteristics and the level of adaptability of the subject. The 2nd, 7th and 0th scales reflect the properties of the hyposthenic type of response and indicate the predominance of inhibited character traits. If in the profile these scales significantly prevail over others, then conformity, social compliance, personality normativity, and refusal of self-realization are revealed. In any profile that reflects a personality's reaction to a traumatic situation, the configuration with the leading scales of the hyposthenic register reveals a neurotic variant of maladjustment or personality decompensation in the direction of increasing inhibited reactions. The 4th, 6th and 9th scales form the sthenic type of response and allow one to describe the personality in terms of the characteristics of activity, strength, and the predominance of excitable traits.

A moderate increase in these scales in the profile indicates a pronounced tendency towards self-realization and resistance to environmental influences. If the height of the profile indicates a violation of adaptation, then the variant of maladjustment corresponding to this type of response is manifested by behavioral reactions of an asocial or antisocial orientation. This can be conflicting behavior, non-conformity, authoritarianism and the desire for domination, an increased sense of independence and repulsion from imposed authorities (including the problems of puberty). High rates of a hypersthenic profile may also reflect the problem of alcoholism, drug addiction, and delinquent behavior.

A combination of multidirectional trends, i.e. indicators of both hypo- and hypersthenic properties, reveals a mixed type of response, in which a high need for self-realization is combined with an equally high self-control and a tendency to inhibit, restrain behavioral reactions. In this case, the channels of both neurotic and behavioral responses are blocked, which affects the general overstrain and manifests itself in the somatization of the internal conflict, i.e. psychosomatic variant of maladjustment, the target of which will be the weakest link of a particular functional system of the human body.

The indicators of the 1st and 3rd scales already bear the characteristics of a mixed type of response, regardless of the rest of the profile structure, since they reflect the problem of suppressed hostility. Their presence in the profile, as a rule, reveals a mixed type of response, and other profile indicators are only additional information. Having determined the reliability of the data obtained and the angle that allows us to consider the profile itself through the prism of the attitudes identified in the subject, after the general type of response has been identified, attention should be paid to the degree of personality adaptation. The recessed profile may be the result of insincerity in the answers (the reliability scales will tell about this), but it may also indicate a certain hypoemotiveness of the subject, the lethargy of his reactions, a reduced level of achievement motivation, and a narrowed range of interests.

A normal, harmonious personality can be manifested by indicators of a linear profile, in which all properties are balanced and none of them is more pronounced than the others. But poise can also be manifested by the balance of multidirectional tendencies at increased rates, which creates the basis for a certain tension of an internally contradictory personality pattern; however, outwardly efforts, at the cost of which a person achieves self-compensation, may be invisible or extremely rare. Therefore, in a profile that is at the upper limit of the norm or slightly exceeds it, a state bordering between norm and pathology is revealed, be it the everyday difficulties of an accentuated personality or an exacerbation of personality traits in an objectively difficult situation.

Understanding the problems behind these indicators should be based on the ratio of scales that reveal a hyposthenic, sthenic or mixed type of response to the characteristics of different scales and their mutual influence on each other, strengthening or weakening the tendencies behind them. In a high profile, when interpreting, we are primarily interested in the peaks that carry the profile contour outside the normal range. They determine the state of the subject and show the level of personal disintegration, revealing the structure of the leading syndrome, the severity of emotional stress, and the emotional saturation of the subject's experiences.

When interpreting the profile of a psychologist, one should not be confused by conflicting data associated with equally high indicators of scales of opposite significance. If, normally, balance is achieved by the fact that each individual-personal tendency is balanced by an equally moderately pronounced anti-tendency, then with difficult adaptation, compensation is achieved by the fact that a strongly pronounced, accented leading tendency is opposed by anti-tendency as a protective, compensatory reaction. Real maladjustment occurs when the leading, sharply intensified tendency is not balanced, is not compensated by anti-tendency. The more pronounced the peaks and the smaller the concomitant rises of the scales reflecting the tendencies opposite to the given peak, the more reason to talk about the established structure of the subject's attitude to the current situation, about the chronically proceeding mental maladjustment, as well as about the lack of compensatory resources of the personality. On the contrary, the floating profile, in which most of the scales are located above the upper limit of the norm, indicates a state of general stress, in which various protective mechanisms are involved and multiple compensatory functions of mental activity are strained, aimed at leveling maladjustment. And although at the same time mental tension increases, prognostically, such a profile is more promising in terms of normalizing the state, especially when it comes to psychogenic borderline disorders. In any case, the diagnostic aspects of the condition assessment should be based on longitudinal data, that is, on a comparative analysis of repeated studies using the SMIL test. An even greater objectivity for solving diagnostic issues is given to us by a comparative analysis of the data of a comprehensive study using other methods, including traditional experimental psychological ones, which give us an idea of ​​the state of the individual's mental functions.

At the same time, moderately elevated profiles (65-75T), combining a variety of scales reflecting the severity of multidirectional tendencies, may be the result of neurotic (if the scales of the hyposthenic register prevail) or pathocharacterological (if stenic signs prevail) development. In this case, the increases accompanying the leading peaks are a reflection of the compensatory tension of the secondary defense mechanisms. All these nuances become interesting for those specialists who already have experience with this technique.

A graphical representation of a profile.

The interpretation of the data obtained is to a certain extent subject to discussion with the subject or those persons on whom the fate of the surveyed depends. It should be remembered that any at first glance flattering characteristic, as well as other unnecessarily harsh epithets, represent a rather one-sided interpretation of this or that phenomenon. Each personality trait is dialectical and reflects both the "front" and "reverse sides of the medal" of the personality portrait. The characteristics identified by a particular scale carry different meanings and can be considered in different ways both in the context of interpersonal relations and in the field of professional activity. Stubbornness and pedantry simultaneously carry such positive qualities as stability of interests and competitiveness; increased anxiety along with shyness in decision-making is manifested by conscientiousness and empathy in relations with others, etc.
In this regard, when interpreting, special attention should be paid to the fact that the description of the profile is not clearly evaluative, that is, it does not look like a review of the bad and good qualities of the individual and does not harm the person in the eyes of others.

A person is never good or bad, depending only on what type of nervous activity he has - strong or weak, or on what style of cognitive or behavioral activity he has - holistic, communicative, or formally logical, introverted. People are simply different, but a person is bad or good - this is a category of situational assessment of his actions by others and depends entirely on the moral and ethical attitudes of society, the prevailing cultural and historical values ​​of a particular group of the population. Outside of these conditions, a person is what he is, and he (with the exception of gross pathology) has no intentions to do evil to other people. If he does this, then, more often than not, defending his interests, which justifies his “bad” actions and statements, painfully and negatively perceiving criticism in his address. The more selfish a person acts, the more often and more he risks infringing on the interests of other people.
One cannot help recalling lines from the diary of young Anne Frank. As a victim of the fascist genocide, she died in one of the concentration camps during the Second World War. The tragedy of her life is difficult to exaggerate. And yet she wrote: "Despite everything, I still believe that people are really good at heart." Often, stenicism, which develops into aggression and manifests itself in tough actions or statements, is a manifestation of hypercompensatory reactions in a person who is unhappy in its own way. At the same time, people rarely think about the fact that their harshness can often manifest itself in relation to innocent people as an unreacted defensive reaction to an insult coming from a completely different source. It should always be borne in mind that every “bad” person has a positive inner picture of his own “I”, and he always finds an excuse for his bad deeds. If the picture of “I” is reduced to the image of a “bad” or worthless person, then such experiences can lead to auto-aggression, that is, to suicidal tendencies. For fruitful cooperation with the subjects (namely, this is necessary for the psychologist, in order for his work to bring positive results and professional satisfaction) in the process of discussing the results obtained, the following immutable rule must be observed: it is necessary to maintain a sufficiently high self-esteem of a person, since this is an indispensable condition for his normal existence. So the psychotherapist Karl Rogers, known to the whole world for the humanity of his approach, argued. This is confirmed by the experience accumulated in Russian psychology. It should be remembered that the overestimated, but unstable self-esteem of impulsive, excitable accentuates or psychopathic personalities also obeys the general rule, since this often hides self-doubt and an inept attempt to hide their own complexes, and aggressiveness is of a hypercompensatory nature. Even in a person whose personality portrait, according to SMIL, is characterized by leading anxious-depressive and introverted features and looks like a melancholy complaint and a call for help, crushed by circumstances, not believing in himself, an unfortunate loser, prone to self-deprecation, declaring his readiness for suicide, there is always a secret hope. He hopes for the restoration of his “I”, for an increase in social status and the return of positive self-esteem, which actually exists and, like a float, pushes the sinking personality construct upward. Otherwise, why would he complain, to whom would he appeal for help, if he was completely sure of his worthlessness and did not hope for anything?

The ethics of psychological research provides that the data obtained should serve the interests of the person being examined and not harm him. Otherwise, the trust shown by the examined person in relation to the psychologist will not be justified or will be completely undermined, and the psychology itself in the eyes of people is discredited.

Psychodiagnostics is a delicate and double-edged weapon, it can do a lot - therefore it is necessary, but also dangerous. Only those who responsibly relate to the continuous improvement of their professional skills, are strict and demanding of themselves and others when choosing not only the testing tool, but also the means of realizing its effect, is able to truly help people and deserve the honor of bearing the name of the "engineer of human souls" from science.

With the most skillful interpretation, it should be remembered that, in addition to the 10% of unreliable profiles accompanying any study, in which motivational distortions are determined by reliability scales, as a rule, there are at least 5% of formally reliable, but, thanks to the cunning of the surveyed, insufficiently sincere or far-fetched profiles that sound in a sense, a dissonance in relation to the data of other psychological methods and the observed objective reality. Such profiles can be encountered when examining persons with a sufficiently high intelligence in a situation where the test results may be of particular importance for their future fate.

Special attention should be paid to the combination of objectively existing problems with simulative tendencies. Such profiles are encountered during sursimulation. This is a tendency to simulate in a person with a pre-existing mental pathology, which he does not recognize or to which he refers without sufficient criticism. However, due to protective tendencies, he has a certain degree of preservation to pretend to be sick within the framework of his idea of ​​a particular disease .. At the same time, violations of the patterns of the declared pathology can be seen in the contours of the profile. So, the actually experienced state of psychogenic stress, reflected in the profile in the form of signs corresponding in severity to the characteristics of an emotionally intact personality, when trying to simulate schizophrenia, can be intertwined with artificially interspersed indicators of emotional coldness, autism, and impaired perception. And vice versa: signs of personality changes characteristic of schizophrenia can be combined with declared excessive anxiety, depressive symptoms, hypochondriacal focus on imaginary physical disorders.
Given the nature of the requirements of verbal techniques, one should always remember that they can provoke in the subject a rather sophisticated defensive reaction to the examination procedure. Therefore, relying only on the data of the SMIL methodology (or another version of the MMPI), one should not count on a reliability higher than 75%. The reliability of psychological testing is enhanced if a battery of test methods is used. The use of verbal techniques in combination with non-verbal ones is especially effective. Not all of them are sufficiently formalized and standardized methods, but psychological research has always been and will remain to a certain extent an art, and the methodology is just a tool that only in capable hands contributes to the disclosure of the personality image. At the same time, strict standardization, increasing the reliability of the method, at the same time reduces the area of ​​research search, leaving outside the framework of the experiment a significant number of variations in personality patterns that were not included in the structure of the mathematical model of the method. An excellent addition to the SMIL test, which basically reveals the internal picture of the individual "I", are: the method of portrait selection of the MPV, based on the modification of the Szondi test of eight drives, the method of color choices MCV (adapted eight-color Luscher test), as well as the drawn apperceptive thematic test PAT ( modification of Murray's Thematic Apperception Test).

The least stable individual and personal characteristics of children and adolescents. Some features reflecting ambition and arrogance in 16-20-year-olds are insufficiently controllable due to excessive emotiveness. Therefore, these SMIL techniques, which outline a fairly objective picture of a person's conscious "I", must be compared with what non-verbal tests will reveal, aimed at identifying unconscious tendencies. However, having received such a multifaceted portrait of individual and personal properties, do we have the right to consider fully studied the complex structure of what in general we call the word personality? At this moment, the aspect of mental individuality that is directly related to the assimilated socio-historical experience of one's ethnic group, one's social environment and those moral and ethical criteria that are the basis of any particular community becomes more relevant than ever. With an individually conditioned tropism to certain types of activity, to certain values ​​and to a circle of communication, a person can really turn to only those of them that are available to him, about which he knows something, and which surround him. Taking into account the internalized social attitudes and cultural and historical experience, gleaned by the individual in his environment, the psychologist forms a holistic picture of the personality.

Many modern scientists deny the possibility of including her adaptive reactions in the structure of personality. However, it is precisely adaptation to real environmental conditions that forms the personality, revealing its individual style. At first, these are only primitive reactions of a defensive nature, manifested as properties of an innate temperament. Then a set of habitual forms of reaction in interaction with the immediate environment forms character. Already at this level of personality development, individual properties are involved - the individual style of cognitive activity, motivation, emotions and interpersonal behavior, that is, those basic personality traits that determine a person's individuality, which we call leading trends. Higher levels of personality and social orientation of a person are also formed and hardened in the struggle for their own self-realization with a resisting environment, regardless of which social formation structures the society in which a particular person lives. At the same time, adaptive mechanisms, manifested as a dynamic individually outlined personality pattern, constitute a form of personality manifestation in different situations. The meaningful essence of personality - the hierarchy of values, educational level, professional and social activities also largely depend on those stylistic individual and personal characteristics that representatives of fundamental approaches in psychology somewhat dismissively refer to the category of emotional and dynamic properties.

The formalized data of psychodiagnostic research by the SMIL method quite clearly outline that basic pattern, that outline of the psychological essence of a person, according to which fate embroiders its complex pattern. But no matter how much upbringing, social restrictions, the influence of the environment and culture of the ethnos are layered on the typological basis, the individual style of reaction permeates all types of human activity. The individual style is especially vividly manifested in a situation that is perceived by a given person as a threat to life or self-esteem.

SMIL 566 - MMPI test. Methodology Minnesota Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. A standardized multifactorial method of personality research, Sobchik L.N.

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