One of the types of a "good" man is deduced in the story "Biryuk". He lives in a poor hut with two children - his wife ran away with some kind of bourgeoisie. He serves as a forester and they say about him that he "will not let the bundles of firewood be taken away ... and nothing can take him: neither wine, nor money - he does not go to any bait." He is gloomy and silent; to questions from the author, he sternly replies: "I am honoring my job - I don’t have to eat the master’s bread for nothing." Despite this outward severity, he is a very compassionate and kind person at heart. As a rule, having caught a peasant in the forest, he only bothers him, and then, taking pity, lets him go in peace. The author of the story becomes a witness of such a scene: Biryuk releases the peasant he caught in the forest, realizing that only extreme need made this poor man decide to steal. At the same time, he is not at all pretending to be his noble deeds - he is rather even embarrassed that an outsider witnessed this scene. He is one of those people who, at first glance, do not stand out, but are able to suddenly do something out of the ordinary, after which they again become the same ordinary people.
The dignified posture of his - his tall stature, powerful shoulders, a stern and courageous face, wide eyebrows and boldly looking small brown eyes - everything in him revealed an extraordinary person. Biryuk dispatched his duty as a forester so conscientiously that everyone said about him: “He won’t let a bundle of brushwood be taken away ... And nothing can take him: neither wine, nor money; there is no bait. " Severe in appearance, Biryuk had a gentle, kind heart. If he catches a peasant who has cut down a tree in the forest, he becomes so intimidated that the horse will threaten not to give him up, and the matter will usually end in taking pity on the thief and letting him go. Biryuk loves to do a good deed, loves to fulfill his duties conscientiously, but he will not shout about it at all crossroads, and will not show off this.
Biryuk's strict honesty does not stem from any speculative principles: he is a simple peasant. But his deeply straightforward nature made him understand how he should fulfill his obligation. “I am doing my job,” he says gloomily, “you don’t have to eat the master’s bread for nothing…”. Biryuk is a good person, albeit rude in appearance. He lives alone in the forest, in a hut "smoky, low and empty, without shelves and partitions", with two children, abandoned by his wife, who ran away with a passing bourgeois; family grief must have made him sullen. He is a forester, and they say about him that “he won’t allow the bundles of brushwood to be taken away ... and nothing can take him: neither wine, nor money, nor any bait”. The author had a chance to witness how this incorruptible honest man released the thief he had caught in the forest, the peasant who cut down a tree, - he released it because he felt with his honest and generous heart the hopeless grief of the poor man who decided, out of despair, to a dangerous business. The author beautifully depicts in this scene all the horror of poverty, to which the peasant sometimes reaches.
Essay on the topic "Characteristics of Biryuk"The work was carried out by a student of 7 "B" class Alexander Balashov
The main character of the story by I.S. Turgenev "Biryuk" is the forester Foma. Thomas is a very interesting and unusual person. With what admiration and pride the author describes his hero: “He was tall, broad-shouldered and built wonderfully. His mighty muscles protruded from under his wet shirt. " Biryuk had a "courageous face" and "small brown eyes" that "boldly looked out from under the grown together wide eyebrows."
The author is struck by the wretchedness of the forester's hut, which consisted of "one room, smoky, low and empty, without beds ...", everything here speaks of a beggarly existence - both "a torn sheepskin coat on the wall" and "a pile of rags in the corner; two large pots that stood near the stove ... ". Turgenev himself sums up the description: "I looked around - my heart ached: it is not fun to enter a peasant hut at night."
The forester's wife ran away with a passing petty bourgeois and abandoned her two children; maybe that's why the forester was so stern and silent. Biryuk, that is, a gloomy and lonely person, was nicknamed Thomas by the surrounding peasants, who feared him like fire. They said that he was “strong and dexterous like a devil ...”, “he won’t allow the bundles of brushwood to be dragged out of the forest,“ at any time ... it will come like snow on his head ”and do not expect mercy. Biryuk is a "master of his craft" who cannot be taken with anything, "neither wine, nor money." However, for all his sorrows and troubles, Biryuk preserved kindness and mercy in his heart. He secretly sympathized with his "wards", but work is work, and the demand for stolen goods will be primarily from himself. But this does not prevent him from doing good deeds, releasing the most desperate without punishment, but only fairly frightening them.
The tragedy of Biryuk consisted of the understanding that the peasants did not go to steal the forest because of the good life. Often, feelings of pity and compassion prevail over his adherence to principles. So, in the story, Biryuk caught a man chopping wood. He was dressed in tattered rags, all wet, with a disheveled beard. The man asked to let him go or at least give the horse back, because the kids are at home, there is nothing to feed them. To all the persuasions, the forester kept repeating one thing: "Don't go stealing." In the end, Foma Kuzmich grabbed the thief by the collar and pushed him out the door, saying: "Go to hell with your horse." With these rude words, he seems to cover up his generous act. Thus, the forester constantly vacillates between principles and a sense of compassion. The author wants to show that this gloomy, unsociable person actually has a kind, generous heart.
Describing a forced people, disadvantaged and oppressed, Turgenev especially emphasizes that even in such conditions he was able to preserve his living soul, the ability to empathize and respond with his whole being to goodness and affection. Even this life does not kill humanity in people - that is what is most important.
Characteristics of the hero
Biryuk is a whole person, but tragic. His tragedy lies in the fact that he has his own views on life, but sometimes he has to compromise them. The work shows that most of the peasants of the middle of the 19th century treated theft as something commonplace: "He will not let the brushwood be taken from the forest," said the peasant, as if he had every right to steal brushwood from the forest. Certainly, the main role in the formation of such a worldview was played by some social problems: insecurity of peasants, lack of education and immorality. Biryuk is not like them. He himself lives in deep poverty: "Biryuk's hut consisted of one room, smoky, low and empty, without shelves and partitions," but he does not steal (if he stole a forest, he could afford a white hut) and tries to wean this of others: "but you still do not go to steal." He clearly realizes that if everyone steals, it will only get worse. Confident in his righteousness, he steadily strides towards his own goal.
However, his confidence is sometimes undermined. For example, in the case described in the essay, when human feelings of pity and compassion compete with life principles. After all, if a person really needs and he has no other way, he often goes to steal from hopelessness. Foma Kuzmich (forester) had the hardest part to oscillate between feelings and principles all his life.
The essay "Biryuk" has many artistic merit. These are picturesque pictures of nature, and an inimitable style of storytelling, and the originality of heroes and much, much more. Ivan Sergeevich's contribution to Russian literature is priceless. His collection "Notes of a Hunter" ranks among the masterpieces of Russian literature. And the problems raised in the work are relevant to this day.
The main character of the work, included in the collection of stories "Notes of a Hunter", is the serf forester Foma Kuzmich, popularly nicknamed Biryuk.
The writer portrays Biryuk in the image of a tall, broad-shouldered man with a thick beard, lush eyebrows and small brown eyes, reminiscent of a Russian fairytale hero living in a poor forest gatehouse with two children left to be raised with their father by an unlucky mother.
By nature, Foma Kuzmich is distinguished by strength, honesty, dexterity, severity, justice, but he has a tough and unsociable character, for which he received the nickname of priest among the locals.
Biryuk sacredly observes his own principles of good and evil, which are subordinated to a clear service to official duties, respect for other people's property, although in his own family he has complete poverty, lack of elementary household furniture and utensils, poor food and children left without mother's affection and care ...
Indicative in this is the example of a man caught by Biryuk in the forest, who decided to cut firewood on a stormy night without proper permission in order to feed his large family. A sense of duty prevails among the forester, he is very tough on theft, not allowing himself even out of despair to commit unseemly acts, but at the same time, compassion, pity and magnanimity towards a beggar, wretched peasant who decided on a bad deed because of hungry children wins in Biryuk's soul there is a need to carry out official duties correctly.
Telling about the episode that happened on a rainy night with Biryuk, the writer reveals the character of Foma Kuzmich as an integral and strong nature, adhering to solid principles in life, but forced to deviate from them in order to manifest true human qualities.
The entire cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter", including the work in question, is devoted by the writer to the description of the difficult life of Russian serfs, each of whom is a strong, powerful characteristic image, bearing the manifestation of true human qualities, such as love, patriotism, justice, mutual assistance, kindness and sincerity.
Turgenev is one of those poets for whom love for Russia is practically in the first place. This can be traced in the path of all his work. The work "Biryuk" is very prominent among the works of Turgenev. This work was not a manifestation of love for the native land and not of political issues, but exclusively of moral values.
The main character is Biryuk, he is also a forester. In his story, Turgenev tries to show that his life is not sweet and that there are enough problems for his soul. The main character broke up with his wife, or rather she left him, and two children remained to live with their father. If you imagine Biryuk, you get the impression of a person who is always sad, gloomy. But how can you rejoice when family life is over. In addition, the place of residence was an old hut. When the author describes the state of the dwelling, it becomes gloomy, poverty is all around. Even when a guest came to him at night, he really didn't want to be in such a terrible hut.
People who met Thomas were afraid of him, and this is understandable. He is a tall and strong man, his face is stern, even angry. A beard grew on his face. But, as you know, external signs are only the first impression of a person, because, in fact, he is a kind and sympathetic person. The villagers said about Biryuk that he was an honest man and did not like deception. He was an incorruptible forester, he did not need profit, he just went about his business and lived honestly.
Once Thomas, at night, caught a thief and the question arose before him, what to do with him? The first thing on the forester's mind was the punishment for the thief. Biryuk took the ropes and tied the criminal, then led him into the hut. The thief was a little dumbfounded by the living conditions of the forester. But, soul and heart cannot be deceived. Although Thomas looked stern, kindness won out in this situation. The forester decides that the criminal must be released, although doubts about this do not let him go. It was difficult for Biryuk to understand that theft is not such a terrible crime. In his mind, every crime must be punished.
Throughout the story, Turgenev tries to present Foma as a simple peasant from Russia. He is honest and just lives and does what he is supposed to. He is not looking for illegal ways to earn money. Turgenev describes Thomas in such a way that you really understand that life can throw trouble. He is burdened by his existence in poverty and not joy. Nevertheless, the hero accepts what is and continues to live with pride and struggle with problems.
Proverbs for this are invented that in everyday life people are faced with similar situations. Wise sayings are transmitted from mouth to mouth exactly as long as we live since the appearance of speech
At the beginning of the novel, Alexander is 28 years old. He is still young, but not young and immature for a long time. The appearance of the sovereign is described by a pleasant appearance, full of youth and imperial grandeur. By nature, he is a noble knight
There are so many people around us. We know some, we are slightly familiar with others, and most of us are strangers. At first glance, all these people are so calm and balanced. You might think that they do not have any hesitation and problems.
All seasons are good in their own way. But winter, in my opinion, is the most amazing, magical time of the year. In winter, nature falls asleep and at the same time is transformed.
For the first time we learn about Annushka in the first and fourth chapters of the novel. A mysterious foreign guest by the name of Woland mentions Annushka's name as a kind of fatal prototype of a woman who has the power to change the current time of events.
Ivan Turgenev's childhood was spent in the Oryol region. A nobleman by birth, who received an excellent secular upbringing and education, he early witnessed an unfair attitude towards the common people. Throughout his life, the writer was distinguished by his interest in the Russian way of life and sympathy for the peasants.
In 1846, Turgenev spent several summer and autumn months at his native estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. He often went hunting, and on long hikes in the vicinity, fate brought him together with people of different classes and wealth. The results of observations of the life of the local population were stories that appeared in the years 1847-1851 in the journal "Sovremennik". A year later, the author combined them into one book called "Notes of a Hunter". Among them was a story written in 1848 with the unusual name "Biryuk".
The story is told on behalf of Peter Petrovich, a hunter who unites all the stories of the cycle. At first glance, the plot is pretty simple. The narrator, once returning from a hunt, gets caught in the rain. He meets a forester, who offers to wait out the bad weather in his hut. So Pyotr Petrovich becomes a witness to the difficult life of a new acquaintance and his children. Foma Kuzmich leads a secluded life. The peasants living in the district do not like and are even afraid of the formidable forester, and for his unsociability they gave him the nickname Biryuk.
The summary of the story can be continued with an unexpected incident for the hunter. When the rain subsided a little, the sound of an ax was heard in the forest. Biryuk and the narrator go to the sound, where they find a peasant who has decided to steal, even in such bad weather, clearly not from a good life. He tries to pity the forester by persuasion, talks about a hard life and hopelessness, but he remains adamant. Their conversation continues in the hut, where a desperate peasant suddenly raises his voice and begins to blame the owner for all the peasant troubles. In the end, the latter breaks down and lets the offender go. Gradually, in the course of the unfolding scene, Biryuk reveals himself to the narrator and reader.
Biryuk was well built, tall and broad-shouldered. His black-bearded face looked both stern and masculine; brown eyes gazed boldly out from under wide eyebrows.
All actions and behavior expressed decisiveness and impregnability. His nickname was not accidental either. This word in the southern regions of Russia is called a lone wolf, which Turgenev was well aware of. Biryuk in the story is an unsociable, stern person. This is how the peasants perceived him, on whom he always instilled fear. Biryuk himself explained his steadfastness by his conscientious attitude to work: “you cannot eat the master's bread for nothing”. He was in the same difficult situation as most of the people, but he was not used to complaining and hoping for someone.
Acquaintance with his home makes a painful impression. It was one room, low, empty and smoky. She did not feel a woman's hand: the hostess fled with the bourgeoisie, leaving her husband two children. A tattered sheepskin coat hung on the wall, and a pile of rags lay on the floor. The hut smelled of cold smoke, which made it difficult to breathe. Even the torch burned sadly and then extinguished, then flashed again. The only thing the host could offer the guest was bread, he had nothing else. This is how the fear-inspiring Biryuk lived in a sad and beggarly manner.
The story continues with a description of his children, which complements the bleak picture. In the middle of the hut hung a cradle with a baby; it was rocked by a girl of about twelve with timid movements and a sad face - the mother left them in the care of her father. The narrator's "heart ached" from what he saw: it is not easy to enter the peasant hut!
Thomas is revealed in a new way during a conversation with a desperate man. The appearance of the latter speaks eloquently of the hopelessness and complete poverty in which he lived: he is dressed in rags, his beard is disheveled, his face is drunk, and there is incredible thinness throughout his body. The intruder chopped down the tree carefully, apparently hoping that in bad weather the likelihood of being caught was not so great.
Caught stealing the master's forest, he first begs the forester to let him go, calls him Foma Kuzmich. However, the more hope that he will be released, the more angry and harsh the words begin to sound. The peasant sees before him a murderer and a beast, deliberately humiliating the peasant.
I. Turgenev introduces a completely unpredictable denouement into the story. Biryuk suddenly grabs the offender by the sash and pushes him out the door. It can be assumed what was happening in his soul during the whole scene: compassion and pity come into conflict with a sense of duty and responsibility for the task entrusted. The situation was aggravated by the fact that Thomas knew from his own experience how hard a peasant life was. To the surprise of Pyotr Petrovich, he only waves his hand.
Turgenev has always been famous as a master of landscape sketches. They are also present in the work "Biryuk".
The story begins with a description of an ever-growing and growing thunderstorm. And then, completely unexpectedly for Pyotr Petrovich, from the dark and wet forest, Foma Kuzmich appears, who feels at home here. He easily jerks the frightened horse from its place and, keeping calm, leads it to the hut. For Turgenev, the landscape is a reflection of the essence of the protagonist: Biryuk leads life as gloomy and gloomy as this forest in bad weather.
The summary of the work needs to be supplemented with one more point. As the sky begins to clear a little bit, there is hope that the rain will end soon. Like this scene, the reader suddenly discovers that the impregnable Biryuk is capable of good deeds and simple human sympathy. However, this "a little bit" remains - the unbearable life made the hero the way the local peasants see him. And this cannot be changed overnight and at the request of several people. Both the narrator and the readers come to such gloomy thoughts.
The cycle "Notes of a Hunter" includes works that in different ways reveal the image of ordinary peasants. In some stories, the author draws attention to their spiritual breadth and wealth, in others he shows how talented they can be, in others he describes their meager life ... Thus, different sides of the peasant's character are revealed.
The lack of rights and the beggarly existence of the Russian people in the era of serfdom - this is the main theme of the story "Biryuk". And this is the main merit of Turgenev the writer - to draw public attention to the tragic position of the main breadwinner of the entire Russian land.
One of the types of a "good" man is deduced in the story "Biryuk". He lives in a poor hut with two children - his wife ran away with some kind of bourgeoisie. He serves as a forester and they say about him that he "will not let the bundles of firewood be taken away ... and nothing can take him: neither wine, nor money - he does not go to any bait." He is gloomy and silent; to questions from the author, he sternly replies: "I am honoring my job - I don’t have to eat the master’s bread for nothing." Despite this outward severity, he is a very compassionate and kind person at heart. As a rule, having caught a peasant in the forest, he only bothers him, and then, taking pity, lets him go in peace. The author of the story becomes a witness of such a scene: Biryuk releases the peasant he caught in the forest, realizing that only extreme need made this poor man decide to steal. At the same time, he is not at all pretending to be his noble deeds - he is rather even embarrassed that an outsider witnessed this scene. He is one of those people who, at first glance, do not stand out, but are able to suddenly do something out of the ordinary, after which they again become the same ordinary people.
The dignified posture of his - his tall stature, powerful shoulders, a stern and courageous face, wide eyebrows and boldly looking small brown eyes - everything in him revealed an extraordinary person. Biryuk dispatched his duty as a forester so conscientiously that everyone said about him: “He won’t let a bundle of brushwood be taken away ... And nothing can take him: neither wine, nor money; there is no bait. " Severe in appearance, Biryuk had a gentle, kind heart. If he catches a peasant who has cut down a tree in the forest, he becomes so intimidated that the horse will threaten not to give him up, and the matter will usually end in taking pity on the thief and letting him go. Biryuk loves to do a good deed, loves to fulfill his duties conscientiously, but he will not shout about it at all crossroads, and will not show off this.
Biryuk's strict honesty does not stem from any speculative principles: he is a simple peasant. But his deeply straightforward nature made him understand how he should fulfill his obligation. “I am doing my job,” he says gloomily, “you don’t have to eat the master’s bread for nothing…”. Biryuk is a good person, albeit rude in appearance. He lives alone in the forest, in a hut "smoky, low and empty, without shelves and partitions", with two children, abandoned by his wife, who ran away with a passing bourgeois; family grief must have made him sullen. He is a forester, and they say about him that “he won’t allow the bundles of brushwood to be taken away ... and nothing can take him: neither wine, nor money, nor any bait”. The author had a chance to witness how this incorruptible honest man released the thief he had caught in the forest, the peasant who cut down a tree, - he released it because he felt with his honest and generous heart the hopeless grief of the poor man who decided, out of despair, to a dangerous business. The author beautifully depicts in this scene all the horror of poverty, to which the peasant sometimes reaches.
"Notes of a Hunter" appeared in print as separate stories and essays at the turn of the 40-50s of the XIX century. The impetus for starting work on the cycle was the request to Turgenev in the fall of 1846 to provide material for the first issue of the updated magazine "Contemporary".
This is how the first essay "Khor and Kalinich" appeared. Almost all subsequent stories and sketches of "Notes of a Hunter" IS Turgenev wrote abroad: he left in 1847 and stayed there for three and a half years.
Let's remember what a story is.
A story is a small epic work that tells about one or more events in a person's life.
Prove that Biryuk is a story.
This is a small volume. It talks about Biryuk, about his life, a meeting with a peasant. There are few characters in the work ...
The story "Biryuk" was created in 1847, and was published in 1848.
Creating this work, as well as the entire cycle "Notes of a Hunter", Turgenev relied on his own impressions of the life of peasants in the Oryol province. One of the former serfs I.S. Turgenev, and later a village teacher A.I. Zamyatin recalled: their names are real: there was Yermolai ... there was Biryuk, who was killed in the forest by his own peasants ... "
Guys, how many stories did the writer include in the Hunter's Notes cycle? (Children recall that there are 25 of them.)
- "Notes of a Hunter" is a kind of chronicle of the Russian serf village. The stories are similar in subject matter and ideological content. They expose the ugly phenomena of serfdom.
Creating a picture of Russian reality, Turgenev in "Notes of a Hunter" used a kind of technique: he brought into action a storyteller-hunter. Why do you think?
Thanks to this, the reader can, together with a hunter, an observant, intelligent and knowledgeable person, walk through the native fields of the writer, visit villages and villages with him. He values beauty and truth. His presence does not bother anyone and often goes unnoticed. The image of a hunter helps us to understand reality more deeply, to understand what is happening, to evaluate what he saw, to understand the soul of the people. Pictures of nature prepare the reader's acquaintance with the main character of the story - Biryuk.
Biryuk appears unexpectedly, the author immediately notes his tall figure and sonorous voice. Despite the fact that the first appearance of Biryuk is accompanied by a certain romantic halo (white lightning illuminated the forester from head to toe "," I raised my head and saw a small hut in the light of lightning ... "). There is nothing in the hero's life that we learn about
romantic, on the contrary, it is commonplace and even tragic.
Find the description of the forester's hut.
“The forester's hut consisted of one room, smoky, low and empty, without shelves and partitions. A tattered sheepskin coat hung on the wall. A single-barreled rifle lay on the bench, and a pile of rags lay in the corner; two large pots stood by the stove. Luchina burned on the table, flaring up sadly and extinguishing. In the very middle of the hut there was a cradle tied to the end of a long pole. The girl put out the lantern, sat down on a tiny bench and began to swing the cradle with her right hand, straighten the torch with her left. I looked around - my heart ached: it’s not fun to enter a peasant hut at night ”.
What does this description tell you? (The description of the hut, "smoky, low and empty" speaks of poverty. But amid this poverty the life of the hero's little children glimmers. The joyless picture evokes Biryuk's sincere sympathy in readers.)
And what does Biryuk look like? What does the writer emphasize in his portrait? (Tall, powerful muscles, black curly beard, stern manly face, wide eyebrows and small brown eyes.)
Let's turn to the portrait of Biryuk. “I looked at him. Rarely have I seen such a fellow. He was tall, broad-shouldered, and built wonderfully well. His mighty muscles protruded from beneath his wet dress shirt. A black curly beard half covered his stern and courageous face; from under the grown together wide eyebrows small brown eyes looked boldly ... "
How was the narrator's attitude towards Biryuk expressed in this portrait? (It can be seen that he likes Biryuk with his build, strength, handsome, courageous face, bold look, firm character, as evidenced by the fused eyebrows. He calls him a fine fellow.)
And how do the men talk about him? Children give examples from the text: “he won’t allow the bundles of brushwood to be dragged away”, “… it will come like snow on his head”, -tough .. and dexterous like a devil… And nothing can take him: neither wine, nor money; does not go to any bait. "
Why is the hero called Biryuk? Why does he behave like that with men? His name is Biryuk because he is lonely and gloomy.
- Turgenev emphasizes that the forester is formidable and adamant, not because he is a stranger to his brother - a peasant, he is a man of duty and considers himself obliged to take care of the economy entrusted to him: “I am doing my job… I don’t have to eat the master’s bread for nothing.”
He was entrusted with the protection of the forest, and he guards the owner's forest like a soldier on duty.
Find and read the description of Biryuk's collision with a man. What is the reason for the man's conflict with Biryuk? Against the background of what landscape are the events unfolding? How do the peasant and Biryuk change in the climactic scene? What feelings does the forester evoke in the author and in us, the readers?
The picture of the thunderstorm prepares the central episode of the story: the clash between Biryuk and the man-thief caught by him. We read the description of the collision between Biryuk and the men and find out the reasons for the conflict between the man and Biryuk.
Which heroes are in conflict? Between Biryuk and a man who stole a forest.
Children must understand that the scene of the struggle - first physical, then moral - not only reveals the views, feelings, aspirations of the heroes, but also deepens their images. author
emphasizes that physically the man clearly loses to Biryuk during their fight in the forest, but in the future, by strength of character, inner dignity, they become
equal to each other. Turgenev, creating the image of a peasant, captured the features of an impoverished peasant, emaciated by a half-starved existence.
Let's read the description of the peasant: “By the light of the lantern, I could make out his drunken, wrinkled face, hanging yellow eyebrows, restless eyes ...” But it is just such a peasant who goes from pleading to threats.
Reading the roles of the conversation between a man and Biryuk.
How does Turgenev show that the external appearance and internal state of the peasant is changing? Referring again to the text.
At first the peasant is silent, then “in a deaf and broken voice,” addressing the forester by name and patronymic - Foma Kuzmich, he asks to let go, but when his cup of patience is overflowing, “the peasant suddenly straightened up. His eyes lit up, and paint came out on his face. The man's voice became "fierce." The speech became different: instead of abrupt phrases: "Let go ... the clerk ... ruined, how ... let go!" - sounded clear and menacing words: “What is it to me? All is one - to disappear; Where will I go without a horse? Hit one end; that with hunger, that so - everything is one. Disappear everything. "
The story "Biryuk" is one of the few stories in the "Notes of a Hunter", which touches on the issue of peasant protest. But due to censorship restrictions, Turgenev could not directly depict the protest of the peasants against serfdom. Therefore, the anger of the desperate peasant is directed not at the landowner for whom he works, but at his serf-serf, guarding the good of the owner. However, this anger, which has become an expression of protest, does not lose strength and meaning from this.
For the peasant, the personification of the power of serfdom is not the landowner, but Biryuk, who is endowed by the landowner with the right to protect the forest from robbery. The image of Biryuk in the climactic scene deepens psychologically, he appears before us as a tragic image: in his soul there is a struggle between feelings and principles. An honest man, with all his righteousness, he also feels the righteousness of a peasant who was brought to the master's forest by poverty: “By God, from hunger ... the kids squeak, you know yourself. Cool, in the right way. "
Writers of the previous era rarely wrote about peasants, and if they did, they portrayed them as a common gray mass. Despite this, Turgenev undertook to note the peculiarities of peasant life, thanks to which the collection "Notes of a Hunter" presented a vivid and multifaceted composition of the life of peasants. The stories immediately attracted readers and allowed them to gain special fame.
Each story features one main character, whose name is Pyotr Petrovich. He is a nobleman from the village of Spasskoye and is actively engaged in hunting and hiking. Ivan Turgenev tells about various stories that happened during hunting trips. The main character acquired such valuable character traits as observation and attention, thanks to which the narrator better understands various life situations and successfully conveys them to the reader.
"Biryuk" is a story included in the collection "Notes of a Hunter". The work was written in 1848 and corresponds to the general literary composition. The main character again finds himself in an interesting story, about which he narrates in the form of a monologue.
One evening Pyotr Petrovich was returning from a hunt and was caught in a downpour. The further trip turned out to be impossible: it was necessary to wait out the bad weather. Fortunately, Peter saw the forester, who invited the master to his house. An important conversation took place in Biryuk's hut. As it turned out, the forester was nicknamed Biryuk because he has a gloomy and unsociable character. Despite such harsh character traits, Biryuk decided to tell many interesting facts about his life.
After the downpour ended, the hospitable owner of the forest hut heard the sound of an ax and decided to catch the intruder. Pyotr Petrovich supported the idea, so the two of them went in search of the intruder. The thief was a beggar man, dressed in rags and with a disheveled beard. Most likely, the violation was due to a difficult life situation. Pyotr Petrovich took pity on the beggar and asked Biryuk for an important favor, or rather, to let the poor peasant go. However, the forester did not agree and took the peasant to his hut. The violator was released only after repeated requests for mercy from the master.
Biryuk is an interesting and whole person, but, unfortunately, tragic. The main tragedy lies in the presence of special views on life, which sometimes have to be compromised. In the story, it was noted that many peasants in the middle of the 19th century considered theft to be common. This was precisely the main tragedy of Biryuk.
It is important to note that the peasants' worldview was due to serious social problems:
Insecurity of the peasant people;
Lack of good education;
Immoral behavior due to lack of education.
It is important to note that Biryuk's poverty was confirmed by the description of his house in the forest:
One room;
Smoky;
A low and empty hut;
Lack of beds and partitions.
Biryuk understands that if every peasant steals, the general situation will only worsen. The forester is confident that he is right, so it is difficult for him to deviate from the existing principles. Despite such character traits and the desire to walk firmly through life, sometimes you have to face trials. The situation described in the story clearly demonstrates the struggle between feelings of pity and compassion with clear principles, the desire to improve the world. The essay shows how difficult it is to oscillate between feelings and existing principles, not knowing what to choose.
"Biryuk" is a fascinating story that reveals the characters of each participant in the story. Ivan Turgenev understood the peculiarities of peasant life in the 19th century, therefore he successfully reflected them in his works. The logic of life is a worthy foundation, without which it is impossible to change realities.
"Biryuk" is a story that reflected the unfair position of many serfs. Each reader has the right to independently place accents, over those feelings that arise when comparing heroes from the same peasant environment, but differing in life principles and traits of their characters.
The plot of the story is based on a direct conflict between the forester Biryuk, who is considered lonely and gloomy, and a poor peasant. Biryuk honestly fulfills his duties and tries to protect the forest. The peasant found himself in a difficult life situation, so he steals firewood. The hunter-master, Pyotr Petrovich, stopped in a forest hut due to a sudden downpour, so he becomes an accidental witness to a conflict situation. He sees how during bad weather Biryuk decides to go into the forest and tries to catch the unfortunate thief.
Biryuk lives in poverty and brings up children himself. His wife went to a passing tradesman, leaving her family. Despite such life circumstances, theft is still the last thing, so Biryuk tries to identify violators and punish them ... But you need to understand how fair this behavior turns out to be. Growing up children starve and eat bad bread ... Biryuk shows distrust and gloom, says little and behaves insincerely. Biryuk, of course, invites the hunter to his place and is ready to take him home, but he still shows a merciless judicial attitude towards the beggar.
Biryuk is ready to justify his actions by the following point: he is a bondage, therefore, they can exact from him ... At the same time, during the plaintive explanations of a beggar peasant, the forester is silent. These moments reflect serious internal struggles. The forester wants to justify the unfortunate thief, realizing that in bad weather he steals the forest from the master to fire the stove and cook food for the hungry family, but still leaves the intruder locked up. The attitude changes only after the unfortunate man at the very end of the story calls Biryuk "the beast", "the accursed murderer." The offender is ready to accept any punishment, because he is not even afraid of death. However, accusing the forester of inhumanity immediately leads to a different effect, because Biryuk lets him go. Unexpectedly, a serious internal conflict was resolved:
Cruelty and duty;
Clear life principles;
Sincere sympathy and understanding of the misfortune of a stranger.
At the same time, the master, Pyotr Petrovich, contributed to the successful solution of the current situation, since he immediately became imbued with the explanations of the unfortunate thief. The situation is better revealed thanks to the detailed descriptions of the landscape. Throughout history, a thunderstorm has been raging, personifying Biryuk's state of mind. In addition, many serfs consider the forester to be a manifestation of a thunderstorm. But all the same, Biryuk frees himself from a sense of duty, since he commits a human act and goes to meet the unfortunate person. By the law that was in force at that ominous time, the forester. who did not catch the thief, had to reimburse the entire cost of the illegally felled trees. If this could not be done, there was a risk of a lawsuit with further exile to Siberia, but the fear of punishment loses ... Biryuk still lets the thief go and gives him his horse.
Biryuk is a special character in the story of Ivan Turgenev, because he has unique life principles and is sometimes ready to sacrifice them. The mental struggle makes it possible to understand how difficult it is sometimes to make the right decision. A detailed description of bad weather and thunderstorms contributes to a better understanding of life principles and feelings, emotions of the forester. It is important to understand that a person who is in need and cannot find the right path is forced to decide on hopelessness. The oscillation between feelings and principles is the best reflection of humanity.
The story has many artistic merit, which has been confirmed by critics:
Real and picturesque descriptions of nature;
Special style of storytelling;
Unusual heroes.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev
Summary
I rode from the hunt alone in the evening, in a racing droshky. On the way I was caught by a severe thunderstorm. Somehow I buried myself under a wide bush and patiently waited for the end of the bad weather. Suddenly, with a flash of lightning, I saw a tall figure on the road. It turned out to be a local forester. He took me to his house - a small hut in the middle of a vast courtyard surrounded by a fence. The hut consisted of one room. In the very middle there was a cradle with a baby, which was rocked by a barefoot girl of about 12 years old. I realized that the hostess was not in the hut. Poverty looked out from every corner.
Finally I was able to see the forester. He was tall, broad-shouldered and well built, his stern and courageous face was overgrown with a beard, from under wide eyebrows small brown eyes looked boldly. The forester introduced himself as Thomas, nicknamed Biryuk. From Yermolai, I often heard stories about Biryuk, whom all the surrounding peasants feared. Even bundles of brushwood could not be taken out of his forest - he was strong and dexterous like a demon. It was impossible to bribe him, and it was not easy to squeeze him out of the world.
I asked if he had a mistress. Biryuk replied with a cruel smile that his wife had abandoned the children and ran away with a passer-by. He could not treat me to: there was nothing in the house but bread. Meanwhile, the thunderstorm was over, and we went out into the yard. Biryuk said that he hears the knocking of an ax; I have not heard anything. The forester took his gun, and we went to the place where the wood was cut. At the end of the journey, Biryuk was ahead of me. I heard the sounds of a struggle and a plaintive cry. I quickened my pace and soon saw a felled tree, near which the forester tied the hands of a thief - a wet peasant in rags with a long disheveled beard. I said that I would pay for the tree and asked to let the unfortunate man go. Biryuk said nothing.
It started raining again. With difficulty we got to the forester's hut. I promised myself to free the poor man by all means. By the light of the lantern, I could make out his drunken, wrinkled face and thin body. Soon the peasant began to ask Foma to let him go, but the forester did not agree. Suddenly the peasant straightened up, a color appeared on his face, and he began to scold Biryuk, calling him a beast.
Biryuk grabbed the peasant, freed his hands with one movement and ordered him to go to hell. I was surprised and realized that in fact Biryuk is a nice fellow. Half an hour later, he said goodbye to me at the edge of the forest. Retold Julia Peskovaya
First-person story. The hunter was returning home from a hunt. There were still eight miles to the house. Clouds were rising from behind the forest, and a thunderstorm was approaching. The heat and stuffiness were gone, and a damp coolness replaced them. Having accelerated, the hunter drove into the forest. The wind howled loudly, and the drops beat on the leaves. Taking shelter under a bush, the hunter was going to wait out the inclement weather there. With another flash of lightning, a tall figure appeared in the distance. It was a local forester. He offered to hide from the storm in his hut. The hunter agreed and they went. He lived in a one-room hut in the middle of a wide courtyard. In the middle of the hut hung a cradle with a child, which was rocked by a barefoot girl, who looked no more than twelve.
The decor was poor and it was clear from everything that the hostess was not here. The forester was a tall, broad-shouldered, brown-eyed man. He called himself Thomas, nicknamed Biryuk. Yermolai said that everyone was afraid of Biryuk, he did not allow even a little brushwood to be taken out of the forest. He was strict and incorruptible. When asked where his wife was, he replied that she had fled with the bourgeoisie, leaving him with the children. The only edible in the house was bread, so there was nothing to offer the guest. After the thunderstorm, the hunter and the forester went out into the yard. Biryuk heard the sound of an ax, and went for the gun. They walked towards the place where the sounds were coming from. Biryuk overtook the hunter and accelerated, then there were the sounds of a struggle and a plaintive squeal. Having reached the place where the tree was cut down, the hunter saw a lying tree and a thief tied by a forester next to it. He was bearded and dressed in rags, it was clear from everything that this man was poor. The hunter asked to be released and promised to pay for the damage. The forester said nothing. The rain started with renewed vigor, and the travelers returned home.
The man asked the forester to release him, but he was adamant. Suddenly he got angry and started shouting at Biryuk, calling him a beast. Suddenly, the forester abruptly untied the thief's hands and drove him away. The hunter was surprised. Half an hour later, they said goodbye at the edge of the forest.
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The work was carried out by a student of 7 "B" class Alexander Balashov
The main character of the story by I.S. Turgenev "Biryuk" is the forester Foma. Thomas is a very interesting and unusual person. With what admiration and pride the author describes his hero: “He was tall, broad-shouldered and built wonderfully. His mighty muscles protruded from under his wet shirt. " Biryuk had a "courageous face" and "small brown eyes" that "boldly looked out from under the grown together wide eyebrows."
The author is struck by the wretchedness of the forester's hut, which consisted of "one room, smoky, low and empty, without beds ...", everything here speaks of a beggarly existence - both "a torn sheepskin coat on the wall" and "a pile of rags in the corner; two large pots that stood near the stove ... ". Turgenev himself sums up the description: "I looked around - my heart ached: it is not fun to enter a peasant hut at night."
The forester's wife ran away with a passing petty bourgeois and abandoned her two children; maybe that's why the forester was so stern and silent. Biryuk, that is, a gloomy and lonely person, was nicknamed Thomas by the surrounding peasants, who feared him like fire. They said that he was “strong and dexterous like a devil ...”, “he won’t allow the bundles of brushwood to be dragged out of the forest,“ at any time ... it will come like snow on his head ”and do not expect mercy. Biryuk is a "master of his craft" who cannot be taken with anything, "neither wine, nor money." However, for all his sorrows and troubles, Biryuk preserved kindness and mercy in his heart. He secretly sympathized with his "wards", but work is work, and the demand for stolen goods will be primarily from himself. But this does not prevent him from doing good deeds, releasing the most desperate without punishment, but only fairly frightening them.
The tragedy of Biryuk consisted of the understanding that the peasants did not go to steal the forest because of the good life. Often, feelings of pity and compassion prevail over his adherence to principles. So, in the story, Biryuk caught a man chopping wood. He was dressed in tattered rags, all wet, with a disheveled beard. The man asked to let him go or at least give the horse back, because the kids are at home, there is nothing to feed them. To all the persuasions, the forester kept repeating one thing: "Don't go stealing." In the end, Foma Kuzmich grabbed the thief by the collar and pushed him out the door, saying: "Go to hell with your horse." With these rude words, he seems to cover up his generous act. Thus, the forester constantly vacillates between principles and a sense of compassion. The author wants to show that this gloomy, unsociable person actually has a kind, generous heart.
Describing a forced people, disadvantaged and oppressed, Turgenev especially emphasizes that even in such conditions he was able to preserve his living soul, the ability to empathize and respond with his whole being to goodness and affection. Even this life does not kill humanity in people - that is what is most important.
This story is included in the cycle of works by Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter". To better reveal the topic "Characteristics of the privet", you need to know the plot well, and it is tied to the fact that a hunter, lost in the forest, is suddenly overtaken by a thunderstorm. To wait out the bad weather, he hid under a large bush. But then the local forester Foma Kuzmich picked him up and took him to his home. There the hunter saw the wretched refuge of his savior, and at the same time he had two children: a 12-year-old girl and a baby in a cradle. His wife was not in the house, she ran away from him with another, leaving him with children.
People called this gloomy forester a privet. He had a broad figure and a face that betrayed no emotion. When the rain stopped, they went outside. And then the sound of an ax was heard, the forester immediately realized where it was coming from, and soon he dragged a wet man who begged for mercy. The hunter immediately took pity on the poor peasant and was ready to pay for him, but the stern biryuk let him go himself.
As you can see, the characterization of the priest is not easy, Turgenev shows a hero, although a beggar, but who knows his duty well, who cannot be taken “with wine or money”. He understands a peasant-thief who is trying to somehow wriggle out of hunger. And here is shown the conflict of the hero between a sense of duty and compassion for the poor man, and yet he decided in favor of compassion. Foma Kuzmich is an integral and strong personality, but tragic, because he has his own views on life, but sometimes he, a person of principle, has to give them up.
The author points out that in the middle of the 19th century, the majority of the peasant people treated theft as something natural and commonplace. Of course, serious social problems led to this phenomenon: lack of education, poverty and immorality.
But it is the biryuk that is unlike most of these people, although he is just as poor as everyone else. His hut consisted of one room, low and empty. But all the same, he does not steal, although if he did, he could afford a better hut.
The characteristic of the priest suggests that he himself does not steal, and does not give to others, since he perfectly understands that if everyone does this, it will only get worse.
He is sure of this and therefore is firm in his decision. But, as the essay describes, his principles sometimes compete with feelings of pity and compassion, and this hesitation will be with him all his life. After all, he understands the one who, out of his despair, goes to steal.
Characteristics of the hero
Biryuk is a whole person, but tragic. His tragedy lies in the fact that he has his own views on life, but sometimes he has to compromise them. The work shows that most of the peasants of the middle of the 19th century treated theft as something commonplace: "He will not let the brushwood be taken from the forest," said the peasant, as if he had every right to steal brushwood from the forest. Certainly, the main role in the formation of such a worldview was played by some social problems: insecurity of peasants, lack of education and immorality. Biryuk is not like them. He himself lives in deep poverty: "Biryuk's hut consisted of one room, smoky, low and empty, without shelves and partitions," but he does not steal (if he stole a forest, he could afford a white hut) and tries to wean this of others: "but you still do not go to steal." He clearly realizes that if everyone steals, it will only get worse. Confident in his righteousness, he steadily strides towards his own goal.
However, his confidence is sometimes undermined. For example, in the case described in the essay, when human feelings of pity and compassion compete with life principles. After all, if a person really needs and he has no other way, he often goes to steal from hopelessness. Foma Kuzmich (forester) had the hardest part to oscillate between feelings and principles all his life.
The essay "Biryuk" has many artistic merit. These are picturesque pictures of nature, and an inimitable style of storytelling, and the originality of heroes and much, much more. Ivan Sergeevich's contribution to Russian literature is priceless. His collection "Notes of a Hunter" ranks among the masterpieces of Russian literature. And the problems raised in the work are relevant to this day.
Essay on the topic "Characteristics of Biryuk"The work was carried out by a student of 7 "B" class Alexander Balashov
The main character of the story by I.S. Turgenev "Biryuk" is the forester Foma. Thomas is a very interesting and unusual person. With what admiration and pride the author describes his hero: “He was tall, broad-shouldered and built wonderfully. His mighty muscles protruded from under his wet shirt. " Biryuk had a "courageous face" and "small brown eyes" that "boldly looked out from under the grown together wide eyebrows."
The author is struck by the wretchedness of the forester's hut, which consisted of "one room, smoky, low and empty, without beds ...", everything here speaks of a beggarly existence - both "a torn sheepskin coat on the wall" and "a pile of rags in the corner; two large pots that stood near the stove ... ". Turgenev himself sums up the description: "I looked around - my heart ached: it is not fun to enter a peasant hut at night."
The forester's wife ran away with a passing petty bourgeois and abandoned her two children; maybe that's why the forester was so stern and silent. Biryuk, that is, a gloomy and lonely person, was nicknamed Thomas by the surrounding peasants, who feared him like fire. They said that he was “strong and dexterous like a devil ...”, “he won’t allow the bundles of brushwood to be dragged out of the forest,“ at any time ... it will come like snow on his head ”and do not expect mercy. Biryuk is a "master of his craft" who cannot be taken with anything, "neither wine, nor money." However, for all his sorrows and troubles, Biryuk preserved kindness and mercy in his heart. He secretly sympathized with his "wards", but work is work, and the demand for stolen goods will be primarily from himself. But this does not prevent him from doing good deeds, releasing the most desperate without punishment, but only fairly frightening them.
The tragedy of Biryuk consisted of the understanding that the peasants did not go to steal the forest because of the good life. Often, feelings of pity and compassion prevail over his adherence to principles. So, in the story, Biryuk caught a man chopping wood. He was dressed in tattered rags, all wet, with a disheveled beard. The man asked to let him go or at least give the horse back, because the kids are at home, there is nothing to feed them. To all the persuasions, the forester kept repeating one thing: "Don't go stealing." In the end, Foma Kuzmich grabbed the thief by the collar and pushed him out the door, saying: "Go to hell with your horse." With these rude words, he seems to cover up his generous act. Thus, the forester constantly vacillates between principles and a sense of compassion. The author wants to show that this gloomy, unsociable person actually has a kind, generous heart.
Describing a forced people, disadvantaged and oppressed, Turgenev especially emphasizes that even in such conditions he was able to preserve his living soul, the ability to empathize and respond with his whole being to goodness and affection. Even this life does not kill humanity in people - that is what is most important.
Writers of the previous era rarely wrote about peasants, and if they did, they portrayed them as a common gray mass. Despite this, Turgenev undertook to note the peculiarities of peasant life, thanks to which the collection "Notes of a Hunter" presented a vivid and multifaceted composition of the life of peasants. The stories immediately attracted readers and allowed them to gain special fame.
Each story features one main character, whose name is Pyotr Petrovich. He is a nobleman from the village of Spasskoye and is actively engaged in hunting and hiking. Ivan Turgenev tells about various stories that happened during hunting trips. The main character acquired such valuable character traits as observation and attention, thanks to which the narrator better understands various life situations and successfully conveys them to the reader.
"Biryuk" is a story included in the collection "Notes of a Hunter". The work was written in 1848 and corresponds to the general literary composition. The main character again finds himself in an interesting story, about which he narrates in the form of a monologue.
One evening Pyotr Petrovich was returning from a hunt and was caught in a downpour. The further trip turned out to be impossible: it was necessary to wait out the bad weather. Fortunately, Peter saw the forester, who invited the master to his house. An important conversation took place in Biryuk's hut. As it turned out, the forester was nicknamed Biryuk because he has a gloomy and unsociable character. Despite such harsh character traits, Biryuk decided to tell many interesting facts about his life.
After the downpour ended, the hospitable owner of the forest hut heard the sound of an ax and decided to catch the intruder. Pyotr Petrovich supported the idea, so the two of them went in search of the intruder. The thief was a beggar man, dressed in rags and with a disheveled beard. Most likely, the violation was due to a difficult life situation. Pyotr Petrovich took pity on the beggar and asked Biryuk for an important favor, or rather, to let the poor peasant go. However, the forester did not agree and took the peasant to his hut. The violator was released only after repeated requests for mercy from the master.
Biryuk is an interesting and whole person, but, unfortunately, tragic. The main tragedy lies in the presence of special views on life, which sometimes have to be compromised. In the story, it was noted that many peasants in the middle of the 19th century considered theft to be common. This was precisely the main tragedy of Biryuk.
It is important to note that the peasants' worldview was due to serious social problems:
Insecurity of the peasant people;
Lack of good education;
Immoral behavior due to lack of education.
It is important to note that Biryuk's poverty was confirmed by the description of his house in the forest:
One room;
Smoky;
A low and empty hut;
Lack of beds and partitions.
Biryuk understands that if every peasant steals, the general situation will only worsen. The forester is confident that he is right, so it is difficult for him to deviate from the existing principles. Despite such character traits and the desire to walk firmly through life, sometimes you have to face trials. The situation described in the story clearly demonstrates the struggle between feelings of pity and compassion with clear principles, the desire to improve the world. The essay shows how difficult it is to oscillate between feelings and existing principles, not knowing what to choose.
"Biryuk" is a fascinating story that reveals the characters of each participant in the story. Ivan Turgenev understood the peculiarities of peasant life in the 19th century, therefore he successfully reflected them in his works. The logic of life is a worthy foundation, without which it is impossible to change realities.
"Biryuk" is a story that reflected the unfair position of many serfs. Each reader has the right to independently place accents, over those feelings that arise when comparing heroes from the same peasant environment, but differing in life principles and traits of their characters.
The plot of the story is based on a direct conflict between the forester Biryuk, who is considered lonely and gloomy, and a poor peasant. Biryuk honestly fulfills his duties and tries to protect the forest. The peasant found himself in a difficult life situation, so he steals firewood. The hunter-master, Pyotr Petrovich, stopped in a forest hut due to a sudden downpour, so he becomes an accidental witness to a conflict situation. He sees how during bad weather Biryuk decides to go into the forest and tries to catch the unfortunate thief.
Biryuk lives in poverty and brings up children himself. His wife went to a passing tradesman, leaving her family. Despite such life circumstances, theft is still the last thing, so Biryuk tries to identify violators and punish them ... But you need to understand how fair this behavior turns out to be. Growing up children starve and eat bad bread ... Biryuk shows distrust and gloom, says little and behaves insincerely. Biryuk, of course, invites the hunter to his place and is ready to take him home, but he still shows a merciless judicial attitude towards the beggar.
Biryuk is ready to justify his actions by the following point: he is a bondage, therefore, they can exact from him ... At the same time, during the plaintive explanations of a beggar peasant, the forester is silent. These moments reflect serious internal struggles. The forester wants to justify the unfortunate thief, realizing that in bad weather he steals the forest from the master to fire the stove and cook food for the hungry family, but still leaves the intruder locked up. The attitude changes only after the unfortunate man at the very end of the story calls Biryuk "the beast", "the accursed murderer." The offender is ready to accept any punishment, because he is not even afraid of death. However, accusing the forester of inhumanity immediately leads to a different effect, because Biryuk lets him go. Unexpectedly, a serious internal conflict was resolved:
Cruelty and duty;
Clear life principles;
Sincere sympathy and understanding of the misfortune of a stranger.
At the same time, the master, Pyotr Petrovich, contributed to the successful solution of the current situation, since he immediately became imbued with the explanations of the unfortunate thief. The situation is better revealed thanks to the detailed descriptions of the landscape. Throughout history, a thunderstorm has been raging, personifying Biryuk's state of mind. In addition, many serfs consider the forester to be a manifestation of a thunderstorm. But all the same, Biryuk frees himself from a sense of duty, since he commits a human act and goes to meet the unfortunate person. By the law that was in force at that ominous time, the forester. who did not catch the thief, had to reimburse the entire cost of the illegally felled trees. If this could not be done, there was a risk of a lawsuit with further exile to Siberia, but the fear of punishment loses ... Biryuk still lets the thief go and gives him his horse.
Biryuk is a special character in the story of Ivan Turgenev, because he has unique life principles and is sometimes ready to sacrifice them. The mental struggle makes it possible to understand how difficult it is sometimes to make the right decision. A detailed description of bad weather and thunderstorms contributes to a better understanding of life principles and feelings, emotions of the forester. It is important to understand that a person who is in need and cannot find the right path is forced to decide on hopelessness. The oscillation between feelings and principles is the best reflection of humanity.
The story has many artistic merit, which has been confirmed by critics:
Real and picturesque descriptions of nature;
Special style of storytelling;
Unusual heroes.
Writing
I. S. Turgenev was one of the foremost people of his time. He realized that in order to win the right to be called a people's writer, talent alone is not enough, you need "sympathy for the people, a kindred disposition" and "the ability to penetrate the essence of your people, its language and way of life." The collection of stories "Notes of a Hunter" describes the peasant world very vividly and multifaceted.
In all the stories one and the same hero is present - the nobleman Peter Petrovich. He loves hunting very much, travels a lot and talks about the incidents that happened to him. Pyotr Petrovich and I also meet in "Biryuk", which describes his acquaintance with a mysterious and gloomy forester, nicknamed Biryuk, "whom all the surrounding peasants were afraid of like fire." The meeting takes place in the forest during a thunderstorm, and the forester invites the master to his house to hide from the weather. Pyotr Petrovich accepts the invitation and finds himself in an old hut "from one room, smoky, low and empty." He notices the little things of the forester's family's bleak existence. His wife "ran away with a passer-by." And Foma Kuzmich was left alone with two small children. The eldest daughter Julitta, still a child herself, nurses the baby, cradling him in the cradle. Poverty and family grief have already left their mark on the girl. She has a downcast "sad face", timid movements. The description of the hut makes a depressing impression. Everything here breathes with sadness and wretchedness: “a torn sheepskin coat hung on the wall,” “a torch burned on the table, flaring and extinguishing sadly,” “a pile of rags lay in the corner,” “the bitter smell of cooled smoke” hovered everywhere and made it difficult to breathe. The heart in Pyotr Petrovich's chest "ached: it is not fun to enter a peasant hut at night." When the rain had passed, the forester heard the sound of an ax and decided to catch the intruder. The master went with him.
The thief turned out to be "a wet man, in rags, with a long disheveled beard," who, apparently, not out of a good life, went to steal. He has "a drunken, wrinkled face, overhanging yellow eyebrows, restless eyes, thin limbs." He begs Biryuk to let him go with the horse, justifying himself that "out of hunger ... the children squeak." The tragedy of a hungry peasant life, a hard life appears before us in the form of this miserable desperate man who exclaims: “Hit it down - one end; that with hunger, that it is so - everything is one ”.
The realism of the depiction of everyday pictures of the life of peasants in the story of I. S. Turgenev is impressive to the depths of the soul. And along with this, we face the social problems of that time: the poverty of the peasants, hunger, cold, forcing people to steal.
The main character of the work, included in the collection of stories "Notes of a Hunter", is the serf forester Foma Kuzmich, popularly nicknamed Biryuk.
The writer portrays Biryuk in the image of a tall, broad-shouldered man with a thick beard, lush eyebrows and small brown eyes, reminiscent of a Russian fairytale hero living in a poor forest gatehouse with two children left to be raised with their father by an unlucky mother.
By nature, Foma Kuzmich is distinguished by strength, honesty, dexterity, severity, justice, but he has a tough and unsociable character, for which he received the nickname of priest among the locals.
Biryuk sacredly observes his own principles of good and evil, which are subordinated to a clear service to official duties, respect for other people's property, although in his own family he has complete poverty, lack of elementary household furniture and utensils, poor food and children left without mother's affection and care ...
Indicative in this is the example of a man caught by Biryuk in the forest, who decided to cut firewood on a stormy night without proper permission in order to feed his large family. A sense of duty prevails among the forester, he is very tough on theft, not allowing himself even out of despair to commit unseemly acts, but at the same time, compassion, pity and magnanimity towards a beggar, wretched peasant who decided on a bad deed because of hungry children wins in Biryuk's soul there is a need to carry out official duties correctly.
Telling about the episode that happened on a rainy night with Biryuk, the writer reveals the character of Foma Kuzmich as an integral and strong nature, adhering to solid principles in life, but forced to deviate from them in order to manifest true human qualities.
The entire cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter", including the work in question, is devoted by the writer to the description of the difficult life of Russian serfs, each of whom is a strong, powerful characteristic image, bearing the manifestation of true human qualities, such as love, patriotism, justice, mutual assistance, kindness and sincerity.
Turgenev is one of those poets for whom love for Russia is practically in the first place. This can be traced in the path of all his work. The work "Biryuk" is very prominent among the works of Turgenev. This work was not a manifestation of love for the native land and not of political issues, but exclusively of moral values.
The main character is Biryuk, he is also a forester. In his story, Turgenev tries to show that his life is not sweet and that there are enough problems for his soul. The main character broke up with his wife, or rather she left him, and two children remained to live with their father. If you imagine Biryuk, you get the impression of a person who is always sad, gloomy. But how can you rejoice when family life is over. In addition, the place of residence was an old hut. When the author describes the state of the dwelling, it becomes gloomy, poverty is all around. Even when a guest came to him at night, he really didn't want to be in such a terrible hut.
People who met Thomas were afraid of him, and this is understandable. He is a tall and strong man, his face is stern, even angry. A beard grew on his face. But, as you know, external signs are only the first impression of a person, because, in fact, he is a kind and sympathetic person. The villagers said about Biryuk that he was an honest man and did not like deception. He was an incorruptible forester, he did not need profit, he just went about his business and lived honestly.
Once Thomas, at night, caught a thief and the question arose before him, what to do with him? The first thing on the forester's mind was the punishment for the thief. Biryuk took the ropes and tied the criminal, then led him into the hut. The thief was a little dumbfounded by the living conditions of the forester. But, soul and heart cannot be deceived. Although Thomas looked stern, kindness won out in this situation. The forester decides that the criminal must be released, although doubts about this do not let him go. It was difficult for Biryuk to understand that theft is not such a terrible crime. In his mind, every crime must be punished.
Throughout the story, Turgenev tries to present Foma as a simple peasant from Russia. He is honest and just lives and does what he is supposed to. He is not looking for illegal ways to earn money. Turgenev describes Thomas in such a way that you really understand that life can throw trouble. He is burdened by his existence in poverty and not joy. Nevertheless, the hero accepts what is and continues to live with pride and struggle with problems.
For six years FM Dostoevsky developed the concept of the novel "Crime and Punishment", just during his hard labor. That is why the first thought was to write about the ordeals of Raskolnikov.
I want to tell you a fascinating story about how I once played football. There is a wooden box in our yard, where we constantly gather with friends to play our favorite game.
One of the most memorable and vivid characters in this story is the image of Nikolai Ivanovich. A minor character lives his life in an ordinary outback, owns his own pub, sells wine to visitors.
In the story, in fact, the arrival of spring is felt. Cotton wool was taken out of the balcony doors, fresh air fills the rooms, light warm. And there is something unusual in the air. Even Lisa (almost a grown girl
There are many works on the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 in Soviet literature. But from all the works one cannot fail to single out the poem by AT Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin".
Russia is shown simply, poetically and lovingly in I. Turgenev's Notes of a Hunter. The author admires simple folk characters, fields, forests, meadows of Russia. No matter how one treats rasskazam, it is primarily poetry, not politics. The shortest story of the Biryuk cycle was written with great love and observation. The depth of the content is combined with the perfection of the form, which speaks of the writer's ability to subordinate all the components of the work, all his artistic techniques to a single creative task.
Biryuk in the Oryol province was called a gloomy and lonely person. Forester Foma lived alone in a smoky and low hut with two young children, his wife left him, family grief and hard life made him even more sullen and uncommunicative.
The main and only event of the story is the capture by the forester of a poor peasant who cut down a tree in the master's forest. The conflict of the work consists in a clash between a forester and a peasant.
The image of Biryuk is complex and contradictory, and in order to understand it, let's pay attention to the artistic means used by the author.
The description of the situation tells about how poor the hero is. This dwelling was a sad sight: "I looked around - my heart ached: it is not fun to enter a peasant hut at night."
The psychological portrait of the forester testifies to the exceptional strength of Biryuk, it becomes clear why all the surrounding peasants were afraid of him. “He was tall, broad-shouldered and built wonderfully well. ... A black curly beard half covered his stern and courageous face; small brown eyes boldly looked out from under the grown together wide eyebrows. In appearance, this person is rude and formidable, but in fact, he is good and kind. And the narrator is clearly admiring his hero.
The key to understanding the character of Thomas is the nickname that the peasants give him. From them we get an indirect characterization of the forester: “master of his business”; “He won’t allow the brushwood to be dragged away”; “Si-flax ... and clever, like a demon ... And nothing can take him: neither wine, nor money; does not go to any bait. "
The plot, consisting of two episodes (the forester met the hunter during a thunderstorm and helped him; he caught the peasant at the crime scene, and then released him), reveals the best features of the character of the hero. It is difficult for Foma to make a choice: to act at the behest of duty or to feel sorry for the peasant. The despair of the trapped peasant awakens the best feelings in the forester.
The nature in the story is not just a background, it is an integral part of the content that helps to reveal the character of Biryuk. Combinations of words depicting a rapid onset of bad weather, dull pictures of nature emphasize the drama of the situation of the peasants: "a storm was approaching," "a cloud was slowly rising," "clouds were rushing."
Turgenev helped not only to see the life of the peasants, to sympathize with their troubles and needs, he turned us to the spiritual world of the Russian peasant, noticed many unique, interesting individuals. “After all, my Russia is dearer to me than anything else in the world ...”, - wrote later I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter" is a tribute to the writer of Russia, a kind of monument to the Russian peasantry.
Writing
I. S. Turgenev was one of the foremost people of his time. He realized that in order to win the right to be called a people's writer, talent alone is not enough, you need "sympathy for the people, a kindred disposition" and "the ability to penetrate the essence of your people, its language and way of life." The collection of stories "Notes of a Hunter" describes the peasant world very vividly and multifaceted.
In all the stories one and the same hero is present - the nobleman Peter Petrovich. He loves hunting very much, travels a lot and talks about the incidents that happened to him. Pyotr Petrovich and I also meet in "Biryuk", which describes his acquaintance with a mysterious and gloomy forester, nicknamed Biryuk, "whom all the surrounding peasants were afraid of like fire." The meeting takes place in the forest during a thunderstorm, and the forester invites the master to his house to hide from the weather. Pyotr Petrovich accepts the invitation and finds himself in an old hut "from one room, smoky, low and empty." He notices the little things of the forester's family's bleak existence. His wife "ran away with a passer-by." And Foma Kuzmich was left alone with two small children. The eldest daughter Julitta, still a child herself, nurses the baby, cradling him in the cradle. Poverty and family grief have already left their mark on the girl. She has a downcast "sad face", timid movements. The description of the hut makes a depressing impression. Everything here breathes with sadness and wretchedness: “a torn sheepskin coat hung on the wall,” “a torch burned on the table, flaring and extinguishing sadly,” “a pile of rags lay in the corner,” “the bitter smell of cooled smoke” hovered everywhere and made it difficult to breathe. The heart in Pyotr Petrovich's chest "ached: it is not fun to enter a peasant hut at night." When the rain had passed, the forester heard the sound of an ax and decided to catch the intruder. The master went with him.
The thief turned out to be "a wet man, in rags, with a long disheveled beard," who, apparently, not out of a good life, went to steal. He has "a drunken, wrinkled face, overhanging yellow eyebrows, restless eyes, thin limbs." He begs Biryuk to let him go with the horse, justifying himself that "out of hunger ... the children squeak." The tragedy of a hungry peasant life, a hard life appears before us in the form of this miserable desperate man who exclaims: “Hit it down - one end; that with hunger, that it is so - everything is one ”.
The realism of the depiction of everyday pictures of the life of peasants in the story of I. S. Turgenev is impressive to the depths of the soul. And along with this, we face the social problems of that time: the poverty of the peasants, hunger, cold, forcing people to steal.
Ivan Turgenev's childhood was spent in the Oryol region. A nobleman by birth, who received an excellent secular upbringing and education, he early witnessed an unfair attitude towards the common people. Throughout his life, the writer was distinguished by his interest in the Russian way of life and sympathy for the peasants.
In 1846, Turgenev spent several summer and autumn months at his native estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. He often went hunting, and on long hikes in the vicinity, fate brought him together with people of different classes and wealth. The results of observations of the life of the local population were stories that appeared in the years 1847-1851 in the journal "Sovremennik". A year later, the author combined them into one book called "Notes of a Hunter". Among them was a story written in 1848 with the unusual name "Biryuk".
The story is told on behalf of Peter Petrovich, a hunter who unites all the stories of the cycle. At first glance, the plot is pretty simple. The narrator, once returning from a hunt, gets caught in the rain. He meets a forester, who offers to wait out the bad weather in his hut. So Pyotr Petrovich becomes a witness to the difficult life of a new acquaintance and his children. Foma Kuzmich leads a secluded life. The peasants living in the district do not like and are even afraid of the formidable forester, and for his unsociability they gave him the nickname Biryuk.
The summary of the story can be continued with an unexpected incident for the hunter. When the rain subsided a little, the sound of an ax was heard in the forest. Biryuk and the narrator go to the sound, where they find a peasant who has decided to steal, even in such bad weather, clearly not from a good life. He tries to pity the forester by persuasion, talks about a hard life and hopelessness, but he remains adamant. Their conversation continues in the hut, where a desperate peasant suddenly raises his voice and begins to blame the owner for all the peasant troubles. In the end, the latter breaks down and lets the offender go. Gradually, in the course of the unfolding scene, Biryuk reveals himself to the narrator and reader.
Biryuk was well built, tall and broad-shouldered. His black-bearded face looked both stern and masculine; brown eyes gazed boldly out from under wide eyebrows.
All actions and behavior expressed decisiveness and impregnability. His nickname was not accidental either. This word in the southern regions of Russia is called a lone wolf, which Turgenev was well aware of. Biryuk in the story is an unsociable, stern person. This is how the peasants perceived him, on whom he always instilled fear. Biryuk himself explained his steadfastness by his conscientious attitude to work: “you cannot eat the master's bread for nothing”. He was in the same difficult situation as most of the people, but he was not used to complaining and hoping for someone.
Acquaintance with his home makes a painful impression. It was one room, low, empty and smoky. She did not feel a woman's hand: the hostess fled with the bourgeoisie, leaving her husband two children. A tattered sheepskin coat hung on the wall, and a pile of rags lay on the floor. The hut smelled of cold smoke, which made it difficult to breathe. Even the torch burned sadly and then extinguished, then flashed again. The only thing the host could offer the guest was bread, he had nothing else. This is how the fear-inspiring Biryuk lived in a sad and beggarly manner.
The story continues with a description of his children, which complements the bleak picture. In the middle of the hut hung a cradle with a baby; it was rocked by a girl of about twelve with timid movements and a sad face - the mother left them in the care of her father. The narrator's "heart ached" from what he saw: it is not easy to enter the peasant hut!
Thomas is revealed in a new way during a conversation with a desperate man. The appearance of the latter speaks eloquently of the hopelessness and complete poverty in which he lived: he is dressed in rags, his beard is disheveled, his face is drunk, and there is incredible thinness throughout his body. The intruder chopped down the tree carefully, apparently hoping that in bad weather the likelihood of being caught was not so great.
Caught stealing the master's forest, he first begs the forester to let him go, calls him Foma Kuzmich. However, the more hope that he will be released, the more angry and harsh the words begin to sound. The peasant sees before him a murderer and a beast, deliberately humiliating the peasant.
I. Turgenev introduces a completely unpredictable denouement into the story. Biryuk suddenly grabs the offender by the sash and pushes him out the door. It can be assumed what was happening in his soul during the whole scene: compassion and pity come into conflict with a sense of duty and responsibility for the task entrusted. The situation was aggravated by the fact that Thomas knew from his own experience how hard a peasant life was. To the surprise of Pyotr Petrovich, he only waves his hand.
Turgenev has always been famous as a master of landscape sketches. They are also present in the work "Biryuk".
The story begins with a description of an ever-growing and growing thunderstorm. And then, completely unexpectedly for Pyotr Petrovich, from the dark and wet forest, Foma Kuzmich appears, who feels at home here. He easily jerks the frightened horse from its place and, keeping calm, leads it to the hut. For Turgenev, the landscape is a reflection of the essence of the protagonist: Biryuk leads life as gloomy and gloomy as this forest in bad weather.
The summary of the work needs to be supplemented with one more point. As the sky begins to clear a little bit, there is hope that the rain will end soon. Like this scene, the reader suddenly discovers that the impregnable Biryuk is capable of good deeds and simple human sympathy. However, this "a little bit" remains - the unbearable life made the hero the way the local peasants see him. And this cannot be changed overnight and at the request of several people. Both the narrator and the readers come to such gloomy thoughts.
The cycle "Notes of a Hunter" includes works that in different ways reveal the image of ordinary peasants. In some stories, the author draws attention to their spiritual breadth and wealth, in others he shows how talented they can be, in others he describes their meager life ... Thus, different sides of the peasant's character are revealed.
The lack of rights and the beggarly existence of the Russian people in the era of serfdom - this is the main theme of the story "Biryuk". And this is the main merit of Turgenev the writer - to draw public attention to the tragic position of the main breadwinner of the entire Russian land.
"Notes of a Hunter" appeared in print as separate stories and essays at the turn of the 40-50s of the XIX century. The impetus for starting work on the cycle was the request to Turgenev in the fall of 1846 to provide material for the first issue of the updated magazine "Contemporary".
This is how the first essay "Khor and Kalinich" appeared. Almost all subsequent stories and sketches of "Notes of a Hunter" IS Turgenev wrote abroad: he left in 1847 and stayed there for three and a half years.
Let's remember what a story is.
A story is a small epic work that tells about one or more events in a person's life.
Prove that Biryuk is a story.
This is a small volume. It talks about Biryuk, about his life, a meeting with a peasant. There are few characters in the work ...
The story "Biryuk" was created in 1847, and was published in 1848.
Creating this work, as well as the entire cycle "Notes of a Hunter", Turgenev relied on his own impressions of the life of peasants in the Oryol province. One of the former serfs I.S. Turgenev, and later a village teacher A.I. Zamyatin recalled: their names are real: there was Yermolai ... there was Biryuk, who was killed in the forest by his own peasants ... "
Guys, how many stories did the writer include in the Hunter's Notes cycle? (Children recall that there are 25 of them.)
- "Notes of a Hunter" is a kind of chronicle of the Russian serf village. The stories are similar in subject matter and ideological content. They expose the ugly phenomena of serfdom.
Creating a picture of Russian reality, Turgenev in "Notes of a Hunter" used a kind of technique: he brought into action a storyteller-hunter. Why do you think?
Thanks to this, the reader can, together with a hunter, an observant, intelligent and knowledgeable person, walk through the native fields of the writer, visit villages and villages with him. He values beauty and truth. His presence does not bother anyone and often goes unnoticed. The image of a hunter helps us to understand reality more deeply, to understand what is happening, to evaluate what he saw, to understand the soul of the people. Pictures of nature prepare the reader's acquaintance with the main character of the story - Biryuk.
Biryuk appears unexpectedly, the author immediately notes his tall figure and sonorous voice. Despite the fact that the first appearance of Biryuk is accompanied by a certain romantic halo (white lightning illuminated the forester from head to toe "," I raised my head and saw a small hut in the light of lightning ... "). There is nothing in the hero's life that we learn about
romantic, on the contrary, it is commonplace and even tragic.
Find the description of the forester's hut.
“The forester's hut consisted of one room, smoky, low and empty, without shelves and partitions. A tattered sheepskin coat hung on the wall. A single-barreled rifle lay on the bench, and a pile of rags lay in the corner; two large pots stood by the stove. Luchina burned on the table, flaring up sadly and extinguishing. In the very middle of the hut there was a cradle tied to the end of a long pole. The girl put out the lantern, sat down on a tiny bench and began to swing the cradle with her right hand, straighten the torch with her left. I looked around - my heart ached: it’s not fun to enter a peasant hut at night ”.
What does this description tell you? (The description of the hut, "smoky, low and empty" speaks of poverty. But amid this poverty the life of the hero's little children glimmers. The joyless picture evokes Biryuk's sincere sympathy in readers.)
And what does Biryuk look like? What does the writer emphasize in his portrait? (Tall, powerful muscles, black curly beard, stern manly face, wide eyebrows and small brown eyes.)
Let's turn to the portrait of Biryuk. “I looked at him. Rarely have I seen such a fellow. He was tall, broad-shouldered, and built wonderfully well. His mighty muscles protruded from beneath his wet dress shirt. A black curly beard half covered his stern and courageous face; from under the grown together wide eyebrows small brown eyes looked boldly ... "
How was the narrator's attitude towards Biryuk expressed in this portrait? (It can be seen that he likes Biryuk with his build, strength, handsome, courageous face, bold look, firm character, as evidenced by the fused eyebrows. He calls him a fine fellow.)
And how do the men talk about him? Children give examples from the text: “he won’t allow the bundles of brushwood to be dragged away”, “… it will come like snow on his head”, -tough .. and dexterous like a devil… And nothing can take him: neither wine, nor money; does not go to any bait. "
Why is the hero called Biryuk? Why does he behave like that with men? His name is Biryuk because he is lonely and gloomy.
- Turgenev emphasizes that the forester is formidable and adamant, not because he is a stranger to his brother - a peasant, he is a man of duty and considers himself obliged to take care of the economy entrusted to him: “I am doing my job… I don’t have to eat the master’s bread for nothing.”
He was entrusted with the protection of the forest, and he guards the owner's forest like a soldier on duty.
Find and read the description of Biryuk's collision with a man. What is the reason for the man's conflict with Biryuk? Against the background of what landscape are the events unfolding? How do the peasant and Biryuk change in the climactic scene? What feelings does the forester evoke in the author and in us, the readers?
The picture of the thunderstorm prepares the central episode of the story: the clash between Biryuk and the man-thief caught by him. We read the description of the collision between Biryuk and the men and find out the reasons for the conflict between the man and Biryuk.
Which heroes are in conflict? Between Biryuk and a man who stole a forest.
Children must understand that the scene of the struggle - first physical, then moral - not only reveals the views, feelings, aspirations of the heroes, but also deepens their images. author
emphasizes that physically the man clearly loses to Biryuk during their fight in the forest, but in the future, by strength of character, inner dignity, they become
equal to each other. Turgenev, creating the image of a peasant, captured the features of an impoverished peasant, emaciated by a half-starved existence.
Let's read the description of the peasant: “By the light of the lantern, I could make out his drunken, wrinkled face, hanging yellow eyebrows, restless eyes ...” But it is just such a peasant who goes from pleading to threats.
Reading the roles of the conversation between a man and Biryuk.
How does Turgenev show that the external appearance and internal state of the peasant is changing? Referring again to the text.
At first the peasant is silent, then “in a deaf and broken voice,” addressing the forester by name and patronymic - Foma Kuzmich, he asks to let go, but when his cup of patience is overflowing, “the peasant suddenly straightened up. His eyes lit up, and paint came out on his face. The man's voice became "fierce." The speech became different: instead of abrupt phrases: "Let go ... the clerk ... ruined, how ... let go!" - sounded clear and menacing words: “What is it to me? All is one - to disappear; Where will I go without a horse? Hit one end; that with hunger, that so - everything is one. Disappear everything. "
The story "Biryuk" is one of the few stories in the "Notes of a Hunter", which touches on the issue of peasant protest. But due to censorship restrictions, Turgenev could not directly depict the protest of the peasants against serfdom. Therefore, the anger of the desperate peasant is directed not at the landowner for whom he works, but at his serf-serf, guarding the good of the owner. However, this anger, which has become an expression of protest, does not lose strength and meaning from this.
For the peasant, the personification of the power of serfdom is not the landowner, but Biryuk, who is endowed by the landowner with the right to protect the forest from robbery. The image of Biryuk in the climactic scene deepens psychologically, he appears before us as a tragic image: in his soul there is a struggle between feelings and principles. An honest man, with all his righteousness, he also feels the righteousness of a peasant who was brought to the master's forest by poverty: “By God, from hunger ... the kids squeak, you know yourself. Cool, in the right way. "
The main character trait is turquoise. The image and characteristics of the main character of the story Biryuk turgenev essayThe main character of the work, included in the collection of stories "Notes of a Hunter", is the serf forester Foma Kuzmich, popularly nicknamed Biryuk.
The writer portrays Biryuk in the image of a tall, broad-shouldered man with a thick beard, lush eyebrows and small brown eyes, reminiscent of a Russian fairytale hero living in a poor forest gatehouse with two children left to be raised with their father by an unlucky mother.
By nature, Foma Kuzmich is distinguished by strength, honesty, dexterity, severity, justice, but he has a tough and unsociable character, for which he received the nickname of priest among the locals.
Biryuk sacredly observes his own principles of good and evil, which are subordinated to a clear service to official duties, respect for other people's property, although in his own family he has complete poverty, lack of elementary household furniture and utensils, poor food and children left without mother's affection and care ...
Indicative in this is the example of a man caught by Biryuk in the forest, who decided to cut firewood on a stormy night without proper permission in order to feed his large family. A sense of duty prevails among the forester, he is very tough on theft, not allowing himself even out of despair to commit unseemly acts, but at the same time, compassion, pity and magnanimity towards a beggar, wretched peasant who decided on a bad deed because of hungry children wins in Biryuk's soul there is a need to carry out official duties correctly.
Telling about the episode that happened on a rainy night with Biryuk, the writer reveals the character of Foma Kuzmich as an integral and strong nature, adhering to solid principles in life, but forced to deviate from them in order to manifest true human qualities.
The entire cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter", including the work in question, is devoted by the writer to the description of the difficult life of Russian serfs, each of whom is a strong, powerful characteristic image, bearing the manifestation of true human qualities, such as love, patriotism, justice, mutual assistance, kindness and sincerity.
Turgenev is one of those poets for whom love for Russia is practically in the first place. This can be traced in the path of all his work. The work "Biryuk" is very prominent among the works of Turgenev. This work was not a manifestation of love for the native land and not of political issues, but exclusively of moral values.
The main character is Biryuk, he is also a forester. In his story, Turgenev tries to show that his life is not sweet and that there are enough problems for his soul. The main character broke up with his wife, or rather she left him, and two children remained to live with their father. If you imagine Biryuk, you get the impression of a person who is always sad, gloomy. But how can you rejoice when family life is over. In addition, the place of residence was an old hut. When the author describes the state of the dwelling, it becomes gloomy, poverty is all around. Even when a guest came to him at night, he really didn't want to be in such a terrible hut.
People who met Thomas were afraid of him, and this is understandable. He is a tall and strong man, his face is stern, even angry. A beard grew on his face. But, as you know, external signs are only the first impression of a person, because, in fact, he is a kind and sympathetic person. The villagers said about Biryuk that he was an honest man and did not like deception. He was an incorruptible forester, he did not need profit, he just went about his business and lived honestly.
Once Thomas, at night, caught a thief and the question arose before him, what to do with him? The first thing on the forester's mind was the punishment for the thief. Biryuk took the ropes and tied the criminal, then led him into the hut. The thief was a little dumbfounded by the living conditions of the forester. But, soul and heart cannot be deceived. Although Thomas looked stern, kindness won out in this situation. The forester decides that the criminal must be released, although doubts about this do not let him go. It was difficult for Biryuk to understand that theft is not such a terrible crime. In his mind, every crime must be punished.
Throughout the story, Turgenev tries to present Foma as a simple peasant from Russia. He is honest and just lives and does what he is supposed to. He is not looking for illegal ways to earn money. Turgenev describes Thomas in such a way that you really understand that life can throw trouble. He is burdened by his existence in poverty and not joy. Nevertheless, the hero accepts what is and continues to live with pride and struggle with problems.
Proverbs for this are invented that in everyday life people are faced with similar situations. Wise sayings are transmitted from mouth to mouth exactly as long as we live since the appearance of speech
At the beginning of the novel, Alexander is 28 years old. He is still young, but not young and immature for a long time. The appearance of the sovereign is described by a pleasant appearance, full of youth and imperial grandeur. By nature, he is a noble knight
There are so many people around us. We know some, we are slightly familiar with others, and most of us are strangers. At first glance, all these people are so calm and balanced. You might think that they do not have any hesitation and problems.
All seasons are good in their own way. But winter, in my opinion, is the most amazing, magical time of the year. In winter, nature falls asleep and at the same time is transformed.
For the first time we learn about Annushka in the first and fourth chapters of the novel. A mysterious foreign guest by the name of Woland mentions Annushka's name as a kind of fatal prototype of a woman who has the power to change the current time of events.
The work was carried out by a student of 7 "B" class Alexander Balashov
The main character of the story by I.S. Turgenev "Biryuk" is the forester Foma. Thomas is a very interesting and unusual person. With what admiration and pride the author describes his hero: “He was tall, broad-shouldered and built wonderfully. His mighty muscles protruded from under his wet shirt. " Biryuk had a "courageous face" and "small brown eyes" that "boldly looked out from under the grown together wide eyebrows."
The author is struck by the wretchedness of the forester's hut, which consisted of "one room, smoky, low and empty, without beds ...", everything here speaks of a beggarly existence - both "a torn sheepskin coat on the wall" and "a pile of rags in the corner; two large pots that stood near the stove ... ". Turgenev himself sums up the description: "I looked around - my heart ached: it is not fun to enter a peasant hut at night."
The forester's wife ran away with a passing petty bourgeois and abandoned her two children; maybe that's why the forester was so stern and silent. Biryuk, that is, a gloomy and lonely person, was nicknamed Thomas by the surrounding peasants, who feared him like fire. They said that he was “strong and dexterous like a devil ...”, “he won’t allow the bundles of brushwood to be dragged out of the forest,“ at any time ... it will come like snow on his head ”and do not expect mercy. Biryuk is a "master of his craft" who cannot be taken with anything, "neither wine, nor money." However, for all his sorrows and troubles, Biryuk preserved kindness and mercy in his heart. He secretly sympathized with his "wards", but work is work, and the demand for stolen goods will be primarily from himself. But this does not prevent him from doing good deeds, releasing the most desperate without punishment, but only fairly frightening them.
The tragedy of Biryuk consisted of the understanding that the peasants did not go to steal the forest because of the good life. Often, feelings of pity and compassion prevail over his adherence to principles. So, in the story, Biryuk caught a man chopping wood. He was dressed in tattered rags, all wet, with a disheveled beard. The man asked to let him go or at least give the horse back, because the kids are at home, there is nothing to feed them. To all the persuasions, the forester kept repeating one thing: "Don't go stealing." In the end, Foma Kuzmich grabbed the thief by the collar and pushed him out the door, saying: "Go to hell with your horse." With these rude words, he seems to cover up his generous act. Thus, the forester constantly vacillates between principles and a sense of compassion. The author wants to show that this gloomy, unsociable person actually has a kind, generous heart.
Describing a forced people, disadvantaged and oppressed, Turgenev especially emphasizes that even in such conditions he was able to preserve his living soul, the ability to empathize and respond with his whole being to goodness and affection. Even this life does not kill humanity in people - that is what is most important.
"Notes of a Hunter" appeared in print as separate stories and essays at the turn of the 40-50s of the XIX century. The impetus for starting work on the cycle was the request to Turgenev in the fall of 1846 to provide material for the first issue of the updated magazine "Contemporary".
This is how the first essay "Khor and Kalinich" appeared. Almost all subsequent stories and sketches of "Notes of a Hunter" IS Turgenev wrote abroad: he left in 1847 and stayed there for three and a half years.
Let's remember what a story is.
A story is a small epic work that tells about one or more events in a person's life.
Prove that Biryuk is a story.
This is a small volume. It talks about Biryuk, about his life, a meeting with a peasant. There are few characters in the work ...
The story "Biryuk" was created in 1847, and was published in 1848.
Creating this work, as well as the entire cycle "Notes of a Hunter", Turgenev relied on his own impressions of the life of peasants in the Oryol province. One of the former serfs I.S. Turgenev, and later a village teacher A.I. Zamyatin recalled: their names are real: there was Yermolai ... there was Biryuk, who was killed in the forest by his own peasants ... "
Guys, how many stories did the writer include in the Hunter's Notes cycle? (Children recall that there are 25 of them.)
- "Notes of a Hunter" is a kind of chronicle of the Russian serf village. The stories are similar in subject matter and ideological content. They expose the ugly phenomena of serfdom.
Creating a picture of Russian reality, Turgenev in "Notes of a Hunter" used a kind of technique: he brought into action a storyteller-hunter. Why do you think?
Thanks to this, the reader can, together with a hunter, an observant, intelligent and knowledgeable person, walk through the native fields of the writer, visit villages and villages with him. He values beauty and truth. His presence does not bother anyone and often goes unnoticed. The image of a hunter helps us to understand reality more deeply, to understand what is happening, to evaluate what he saw, to understand the soul of the people. Pictures of nature prepare the reader's acquaintance with the main character of the story - Biryuk.
Biryuk appears unexpectedly, the author immediately notes his tall figure and sonorous voice. Despite the fact that the first appearance of Biryuk is accompanied by a certain romantic halo (white lightning illuminated the forester from head to toe "," I raised my head and saw a small hut in the light of lightning ... "). There is nothing in the hero's life that we learn about
romantic, on the contrary, it is commonplace and even tragic.
Find the description of the forester's hut.
“The forester's hut consisted of one room, smoky, low and empty, without shelves and partitions. A tattered sheepskin coat hung on the wall. A single-barreled rifle lay on the bench, and a pile of rags lay in the corner; two large pots stood by the stove. Luchina burned on the table, flaring up sadly and extinguishing. In the very middle of the hut there was a cradle tied to the end of a long pole. The girl put out the lantern, sat down on a tiny bench and began to swing the cradle with her right hand, straighten the torch with her left. I looked around - my heart ached: it’s not fun to enter a peasant hut at night ”.
What does this description tell you? (The description of the hut, "smoky, low and empty" speaks of poverty. But amid this poverty the life of the hero's little children glimmers. The joyless picture evokes Biryuk's sincere sympathy in readers.)
And what does Biryuk look like? What does the writer emphasize in his portrait? (Tall, powerful muscles, black curly beard, stern manly face, wide eyebrows and small brown eyes.)
Let's turn to the portrait of Biryuk. “I looked at him. Rarely have I seen such a fellow. He was tall, broad-shouldered, and built wonderfully well. His mighty muscles protruded from beneath his wet dress shirt. A black curly beard half covered his stern and courageous face; from under the grown together wide eyebrows small brown eyes looked boldly ... "
How was the narrator's attitude towards Biryuk expressed in this portrait? (It can be seen that he likes Biryuk with his build, strength, handsome, courageous face, bold look, firm character, as evidenced by the fused eyebrows. He calls him a fine fellow.)
And how do the men talk about him? Children give examples from the text: “he won’t allow the bundles of brushwood to be dragged away”, “… it will come like snow on his head”, -tough .. and dexterous like a devil… And nothing can take him: neither wine, nor money; does not go to any bait. "
Why is the hero called Biryuk? Why does he behave like that with men? His name is Biryuk because he is lonely and gloomy.
- Turgenev emphasizes that the forester is formidable and adamant, not because he is a stranger to his brother - a peasant, he is a man of duty and considers himself obliged to take care of the economy entrusted to him: “I am doing my job… I don’t have to eat the master’s bread for nothing.”
He was entrusted with the protection of the forest, and he guards the owner's forest like a soldier on duty.
Find and read the description of Biryuk's collision with a man. What is the reason for the man's conflict with Biryuk? Against the background of what landscape are the events unfolding? How do the peasant and Biryuk change in the climactic scene? What feelings does the forester evoke in the author and in us, the readers?
The picture of the thunderstorm prepares the central episode of the story: the clash between Biryuk and the man-thief caught by him. We read the description of the collision between Biryuk and the men and find out the reasons for the conflict between the man and Biryuk.
Which heroes are in conflict? Between Biryuk and a man who stole a forest.
Children must understand that the scene of the struggle - first physical, then moral - not only reveals the views, feelings, aspirations of the heroes, but also deepens their images. author
emphasizes that physically the man clearly loses to Biryuk during their fight in the forest, but in the future, by strength of character, inner dignity, they become
equal to each other. Turgenev, creating the image of a peasant, captured the features of an impoverished peasant, emaciated by a half-starved existence.
Let's read the description of the peasant: “By the light of the lantern, I could make out his drunken, wrinkled face, hanging yellow eyebrows, restless eyes ...” But it is just such a peasant who goes from pleading to threats.
Reading the roles of the conversation between a man and Biryuk.
How does Turgenev show that the external appearance and internal state of the peasant is changing? Referring again to the text.
At first the peasant is silent, then “in a deaf and broken voice,” addressing the forester by name and patronymic - Foma Kuzmich, he asks to let go, but when his cup of patience is overflowing, “the peasant suddenly straightened up. His eyes lit up, and paint came out on his face. The man's voice became "fierce." The speech became different: instead of abrupt phrases: "Let go ... the clerk ... ruined, how ... let go!" - sounded clear and menacing words: “What is it to me? All is one - to disappear; Where will I go without a horse? Hit one end; that with hunger, that so - everything is one. Disappear everything. "
The story "Biryuk" is one of the few stories in the "Notes of a Hunter", which touches on the issue of peasant protest. But due to censorship restrictions, Turgenev could not directly depict the protest of the peasants against serfdom. Therefore, the anger of the desperate peasant is directed not at the landowner for whom he works, but at his serf-serf, guarding the good of the owner. However, this anger, which has become an expression of protest, does not lose strength and meaning from this.
For the peasant, the personification of the power of serfdom is not the landowner, but Biryuk, who is endowed by the landowner with the right to protect the forest from robbery. The image of Biryuk in the climactic scene deepens psychologically, he appears before us as a tragic image: in his soul there is a struggle between feelings and principles. An honest man, with all his righteousness, he also feels the righteousness of a peasant who was brought to the master's forest by poverty: “By God, from hunger ... the kids squeak, you know yourself. Cool, in the right way. "
Literature lesson in grade 6 The protagonist of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev's story "Biryuk"
The purpose of the lesson:
help to understand the theme and idea of the cycle of stories by I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter", to analyze the story "Biryuk", to help students through the landscape, interior and portrait to understand the character of the protagonist, to reveal the level of students' knowledge of the text of the work
According to his father, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev belonged to an old noble family, his mother, nee Lutovinova, was a wealthy landowner. In her estate, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo (Mtsensk district, Oryol province), the childhood years of the future writer passed, who early learned to subtly feel nature and hate serfdom.
Origin of the writer
It is difficult to imagine more dissimilar people than the parents of the future writer.
Sergey Nikolaevich
Varvara Petrovna
"Notes of a Hunter"
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev spent almost his entire life in Europe, only briefly arriving in Russia. However, he dedicated his best works to the Russian people and Russian nature. In the 40-50s of the XIX century, the writer created several works, combined into one collection "Notes of a Hunter". The themes of the stories in the collection are diverse: here is a description of landowners who oppress serfs, and bright images of ordinary peasants who managed to save
kindness and sincerity in inhuman conditions, and beliefs, fairy tales of the Russian people, and, of course, beautiful pictures of the nature of central Russia. In all the stories there is one and the same hero - Pyotr Petrovich, a nobleman from the village of Spasskoye. He talks about the incidents that happened to him during the hunt. Turgenev endowed his narrator with subtle observation, a special sense of beauty, which helps to convey various situations to the reader more accurately and more vividly. The collection brought wide popularity to the author.
"Khor and Kalinych" "Ermolai and the miller's wife" "Raspberry water" "Uyezd doctor" "My neighbor Radilov" "Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov" "Lgov" "Bezhin meadow" "Kasyan with the Beautiful Swords" "Burmistr" "Office" "Biryuk" " Two landowners "" Lebedyan "" Death "" Singers "" Pyotr Petrovich Karataev "" Date "
"Tatiana Borisovna and her nephew" "Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district" "Tchertopkhanov and Nedopyuskin" "The end of Chekrtopkhanov" "Living relics" "Knocks" "Forest and steppe"
"Notes of a Hunter"
The main theme and idea of the "Hunter's Notes"
Topic: depicting the common Russian people, serfs, assessing their high spiritual and moral qualities, showing the moral impoverishment of the Russian nobility Idea: protest against serfdom
The story "Biryuk"
The story "Biryuk" was written in 1847. Creating this work, Turgenev relied on his own impressions of the life of peasants in the Oryol province. The forester Biryuk lived on his mother's estate, who was killed by his own peasants once in the forest. The writer put this story into the mouth of his narrator Petr Petrovich.
How do you understand the meaning of the word TATER?
Biryuk is a gloomy, gloomy, unsociable, lonely person with a gloomy, gloomy appearance. (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by D.N. Ushakov)
Story conflict
Why was the forester Foma Kuzmich nicknamed Biryuk? What fame went about him in the surrounding villages and villages? What are the reasons for Biryuk's isolation and sullenness? Was Biryuk really a man-hater? Is Biryuk glad to be alone? What character traits are attracted to the main character?
Biryuk - the main character of the story, the forester, who was so nicknamed by the locals for his gloom and unsociability - turned out, despite his nickname, to be a merciful and kind person.
What is CONFLICT in a literary work?
At the heart of any literary work is the conflict, which is subject to the development of the plot.
What is the CONFLICT of the story "Biryuk"?
The conflict of the story "Biryuk" is within the main character himself. His sense of duty conflicts with the compassion and plight of a thief. Ultimately, feelings of pity and compassion prevail.
CONFLICT in a literary work is a confrontation, a contradiction between the acting forces: the characters of several heroes or different sides of the character of one hero.
Story conflict
The landscape in the story "Biryuk" begins with a description of a forest and an impending thunderstorm.
Landscape in a story
What is LANDSCAPE? What role does he play in the work? How does the landscape in the story "Biryuk" begin?
How many moments of the transition of a stuffy evening into a stormy night did the author capture?
1. The storm was approaching. Ahead, a huge purple cloud rose slowly from behind the forest; long gray clouds were rushing over me and towards me; the rakits stirred and babbled uneasily.
2. The stifling heat was suddenly replaced by a damp cold; the shadows thickened quickly.
3. A strong wind suddenly roared in the heights, the trees raged, large drops of rain pounded sharply, slapped on the leaves, lightning flashed, and a thunderstorm broke out. The rain poured down in streams.
Landscape in a story
PRESENTATION OF THUNDERSTORM
The storm was approaching. Ahead, a huge purple cloud rose slowly from behind the forest; long gray clouds were rushing over me and towards me; the rakits stirred and babbled uneasily.
The stifling heat was suddenly replaced by a damp chill; the shadows thickened quickly.
A strong wind suddenly roared in the heights, the trees raged, large drops of rain pounded sharply, slapped on the leaves, lightning flashed, and a thunderstorm broke out. The rain poured down in streams.
THE THUNDER HAS BEEN SUBJECT TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL NATURE
THE REALM OF THUNDERSTORM. THE THUNDER IN THE STORY IS AN IMAGE, A SYMBOL, IT'S NOT JUST A PHENOMENON OF NATURE: A TATTLE IS A THREATS. THUNDERSTORM IS A MAN'S PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE, HIS FEAR, DESPAIRED INTO ANGER
Interior in a story
What is INTERIOR? What role does he play in the work? Find a description of the interior in the story "Biryuk"?
The forester's hut consisted of one room, smoky, low and empty, without shelves and partitions. A tattered sheepskin coat hung on the wall. A single-barreled rifle lay on the bench, and a pile of rags lay in the corner; two large pots stood by the stove. Luchina burned on the table, flaring up sadly and extinguishing. In the very middle of the hut there was a cradle tied to the end of a long pole.
Interior in a story
The description of the dwelling adds a lot to the portrait of the hero. The atmosphere of Biryuk's hut, “smoky, low, empty,” speaks of his poverty, wretchedness and, at the same time, honesty. In the midst of this poverty, the life of two small children of the forester glimmers. The image of children sets the reader up for compassion and pity for the forester, whose life is tragic and ruthless.
He was tall, broad-shouldered, and handsomely built. His mighty muscles protruded from beneath his wet dress shirt. A black curly beard half covered his stern and courageous face; small brown eyes peered out boldly from under the broad eyebrows that were fused together.
Portrait in a story
What is a PORTRAIT? What role does he play in the work? Find a portrait of a forester in the story "Biryuk"?
Before us is a portrait of an unsociable and withdrawn person, whom the position of a forester, the hatred of the peasants, the departure of his wife, who left him two small children, and loneliness have made. However, Turgenev believes that a person who loves nature, close to her, cannot be embittered with life. It is the fusion with nature and the inner beauty of his hero that the author emphasizes.
Portrait in a story
Writer skill
I.S. Turgenev believed that beauty is the only immortal thing, it is spilled everywhere, extends its influence even over death, but nowhere shines so brightly as in the human soul. The writer also endowed nature with soul. The beauty and harmony of nature in the story is opposed by an ominous and dead force, hostile to man - serfdom. But this power is not capable of destroying the soul and humanity.
Theme of the work: a) the life of Biryuk; b) the relationship between father and daughter; c) the hard life of Russian serfs. 2. Genre of the work: a) legend; b) story; c) a story. 3. The culminating scene of the work is: a) a description of the forester's hut; b) the story of the caught man about his life; c) the unexpected anger of the peasant. 4. The harsh and unsociable character of Biryuk is explained by: a) the attitude of those around him; b) by deceiving his wife; c) understanding the true motives that make men steal. 5. The author's attitude to Biryuk is manifested: a) sympathy; b) condemnation; c) indifference. 6. When describing a thunderstorm ("... the boquets stirred anxiously and babbled", "the clouds were rushing"), the author uses: a) comparison; b) antithesis; c) impersonation. 7. Landscape in Turgenev's stories: a) only the background against which the action takes place; b) correlates with the state of mind of the author and heroes; c) is opposed to this state.
test yourself
test yourself
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c b c c a c a
CD-disk "Virtual school Literature lessons of Cyril and Methodius" Chertov V. F. Literature lessons in the 6th grade. Lesson plans. - M .: Examination, 2007. Korshunova IN. , Lipina E.Yu. Tests in Russian literature. - M .: Bustard, 2000. Portrait of a writer: http://www.pushkinmuseum.ru/pict/foto_vystavok/turgenev/turgenev.jpg Spasskoye-Lutovinovo: http://blog.zvab.com/wp-content/spasskoje2 .jpg Parents of the writer: http://im2-tub.yandex.net/i?id=245410689-42-72 http://im2-tub.yandex.net/i?id=193862540-05-72 Book cover: http://www.libex.ru/dimg/1ef26.jpg Illustration. Types from "Notes of a Hunter" by I.S. Turgeneva (Boehm (Endaurova) Elizaveta Merkurievna): http://gallerix.ru/album/Endaurova/pic/glrx-949188232 Lebedev K.V. Illustrations for "Notes of a Hunter": http://www.turgenev.org.ru/art-gallery/zhizn-iskusstvo-vremya/153-2.jpg Zhlabovich A.G. Illustrations for "Notes of a Hunter": http://artnow.ru/img/612000/612770.jpg Still from the farm "Biryuk": http://www.kino-teatr.ru/movie/kadr/543/83886 .jpg Thunderstorm (animation): http://logif.ru/publ/priroda/groza_molnii_i_dozhd/14-1-0-79
Ivan Turgenev's childhood was spent in the Oryol region. A nobleman by birth, who received an excellent secular upbringing and education, he early witnessed an unfair attitude towards the common people. Throughout his life, the writer was distinguished by his interest in the Russian way of life and sympathy for the peasants.
In 1846, Turgenev spent several summer and autumn months at his native estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. He often went hunting, and on long hikes in the vicinity, fate brought him together with people of different classes and wealth. The results of observations of the life of the local population were stories that appeared in the years 1847-1851 in the journal "Sovremennik". A year later, the author combined them into one book called "Notes of a Hunter". Among them was a story written in 1848 with the unusual name "Biryuk".
The story is told on behalf of Peter Petrovich, a hunter who unites all the stories of the cycle. At first glance, the plot is pretty simple. The narrator, once returning from a hunt, gets caught in the rain. He meets a forester, who offers to wait out the bad weather in his hut. So Pyotr Petrovich becomes a witness to the difficult life of a new acquaintance and his children. Foma Kuzmich leads a secluded life. The peasants living in the district do not like and are even afraid of the formidable forester, and for his unsociability they gave him the nickname Biryuk.
The summary of the story can be continued with an unexpected incident for the hunter. When the rain subsided a little, the sound of an ax was heard in the forest. Biryuk and the narrator go to the sound, where they find a peasant who has decided to steal, even in such bad weather, clearly not from a good life. He tries to pity the forester by persuasion, talks about a hard life and hopelessness, but he remains adamant. Their conversation continues in the hut, where a desperate peasant suddenly raises his voice and begins to blame the owner for all the peasant troubles. In the end, the latter breaks down and lets the offender go. Gradually, in the course of the unfolding scene, Biryuk reveals himself to the narrator and reader.
Biryuk was well built, tall and broad-shouldered. His black-bearded face looked both stern and masculine; brown eyes gazed boldly out from under wide eyebrows.
All actions and behavior expressed decisiveness and impregnability. His nickname was not accidental either. This word in the southern regions of Russia is called a lone wolf, which Turgenev was well aware of. Biryuk in the story is an unsociable, stern person. This is how the peasants perceived him, on whom he always instilled fear. Biryuk himself explained his steadfastness by his conscientious attitude to work: “you cannot eat the master's bread for nothing”. He was in the same difficult situation as most of the people, but he was not used to complaining and hoping for someone.
Acquaintance with his home makes a painful impression. It was one room, low, empty and smoky. She did not feel a woman's hand: the hostess fled with the bourgeoisie, leaving her husband two children. A tattered sheepskin coat hung on the wall, and a pile of rags lay on the floor. The hut smelled of cold smoke, which made it difficult to breathe. Even the torch burned sadly and then extinguished, then flashed again. The only thing the host could offer the guest was bread, he had nothing else. This is how the fear-inspiring Biryuk lived in a sad and beggarly manner.
The story continues with a description of his children, which complements the bleak picture. In the middle of the hut hung a cradle with a baby; it was rocked by a girl of about twelve with timid movements and a sad face - the mother left them in the care of her father. The narrator's "heart ached" from what he saw: it is not easy to enter the peasant hut!
Thomas is revealed in a new way during a conversation with a desperate man. The appearance of the latter speaks eloquently of the hopelessness and complete poverty in which he lived: he is dressed in rags, his beard is disheveled, his face is drunk, and there is incredible thinness throughout his body. The intruder chopped down the tree carefully, apparently hoping that in bad weather the likelihood of being caught was not so great.
Caught stealing the master's forest, he first begs the forester to let him go, calls him Foma Kuzmich. However, the more hope that he will be released, the more angry and harsh the words begin to sound. The peasant sees before him a murderer and a beast, deliberately humiliating the peasant.
I. Turgenev introduces a completely unpredictable denouement into the story. Biryuk suddenly grabs the offender by the sash and pushes him out the door. It can be assumed what was happening in his soul during the whole scene: compassion and pity come into conflict with a sense of duty and responsibility for the task entrusted. The situation was aggravated by the fact that Thomas knew from his own experience how hard a peasant life was. To the surprise of Pyotr Petrovich, he only waves his hand.
Turgenev has always been famous as a master of landscape sketches. They are also present in the work "Biryuk".
The story begins with a description of an ever-growing and growing thunderstorm. And then, completely unexpectedly for Pyotr Petrovich, from the dark and wet forest, Foma Kuzmich appears, who feels at home here. He easily jerks the frightened horse from its place and, keeping calm, leads it to the hut. For Turgenev, the landscape is a reflection of the essence of the protagonist: Biryuk leads life as gloomy and gloomy as this forest in bad weather.
The summary of the work needs to be supplemented with one more point. As the sky begins to clear a little bit, there is hope that the rain will end soon. Like this scene, the reader suddenly discovers that the impregnable Biryuk is capable of good deeds and simple human sympathy. However, this "a little bit" remains - the unbearable life made the hero the way the local peasants see him. And this cannot be changed overnight and at the request of several people. Both the narrator and the readers come to such gloomy thoughts.
The cycle "Notes of a Hunter" includes works that in different ways reveal the image of ordinary peasants. In some stories, the author draws attention to their spiritual breadth and wealth, in others he shows how talented they can be, in others he describes their meager life ... Thus, different sides of the peasant's character are revealed.
The lack of rights and the beggarly existence of the Russian people in the era of serfdom - this is the main theme of the story "Biryuk". And this is the main merit of Turgenev the writer - to draw public attention to the tragic position of the main breadwinner of the entire Russian land.
