The fuel and energy complex is a combination of various industries involved in the extraction of fuel resources, their further processing and transportation to consumers. The fuel and energy complex includes the fuel industry and the electric power industry.
The fuel and energy complex is the largest intersectoral system, an important component of heavy industry. The functional use of energy resources is one of the indicators of the level of development of a civilization. Development of the economy and finance of any state is impossible without electricity and fuel.
The structure of the fuel and energy complex includes:
Rice. 1. Coal industry.
Thermal power engineering is one of the factors in the location of the economy, since its complexes are located in close proximity to energy sources (oil and coal basins), powerful power plants. As a result, large industrial regions are growing around the fuel and energy complex, villages and cities are being created. It becomes possible to transfer fuel and electricity over long distances. Thanks to this, regions that do not have their own energy sources are developing, and a more rational distribution of the economy is taking place.
Rice. 2. Development of industrial areas.
One of the most important tasks of the thermal power industry is to increase the efficiency of the use of energy resources, and their careful saving. It is necessary to use coal, natural gas, oil wisely, since these natural resources are exhaustible.
The fuel industry specializes in the extraction, enrichment, processing and consumption of all types of fuels (solid, liquid and gaseous). Includes the following basic industries :
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The fuel and energy complex of Russia includes all types of fuel and electric power industries. However, the most important in the country's economy is the extraction and export of oil and oil products.
Rice. 3. Oil industry of Russia.
The world production of electrical energy is characterized by continuous, steady growth rates. This is due to the active development of integrated automation, electronization, and informatization of production facilities all over the world.
Electricity production is carried out at power plants of various types:
Recently, in the electric power industry, special attention has been paid to the development of alternative methods of generating electricity. In this case, inexhaustible natural raw materials are used: solar energy, the power of wind and sea tides, geothermal sources.
While studying the topic "Fuel and energy complex" according to the 9th grade geography program, we learned what the fuel and energy complex is, what main industries it consists of. We found out what influence the production of heat and electric energy has on the development of the economies of the countries of the world.
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This lesson will consider the topic "Fuel and energy complex ". First, we will define what is included in the concept of the fuel and energy complex and which industries are included in its composition. Then we will look at the terminology and some statistics that give an idea of the resource level and problems of this complex.
Topic: General characteristics of the Russian economy
Lesson: Fuel and energy complex
Fuel and energy complex (FEC)is a group of industries that is engaged in the extraction, processing and transportation of fuel, as well as the processing of electricity and its transmission to the consumer
Fuel industryis a branch of the extractive industry. It includes the extraction, processing and transportation of fuels
Power engineeringis a manufacturing industry. It is engaged in the production of electricity and its transmission to the consumer.
Fuel industry
and electricity
closely related to each other. Fuel is needed to generate electricity. And for the fuel industry to operate, electricity is needed. Since there is a close relationship between the industries, they form one intersectoral complex - Fuel and energy (FEC).
The fuel and energy complex provides fuel and energy to all other sectors of the economy. It is necessary for industry, agriculture, transport. Without it, mechanization and automation of production processes is impossible. It influences the living conditions of people.
The fuel and energy complex consumes products that are produced by other intersectoral complexes: metallurgical, a complex of structural materials, chemical and other intersectoral complexes.
The fuel and energy complex is the basis of our country's export, because the products of the oil, coal and gas industries are exported to the countries of Eastern Europe and Western Europe.
The fuel and energy complex determines the location of most industrial enterprises. Large industrial hubs and industrial areas are being formed next to large energy facilities.
Also, the fuel and energy complex also has a negative impact on the environment. The fuel and energy complex accounts for 40% of water consumption, 36% of wastewater and 40% of atmospheric emissions.
To account for the extraction of fuel and generated electricity, as well as its distribution among consumers, a fuel and energy balance is drawn up.
This is the ratio of production (income) and use (consumption) of all types of energy
This diagram shows that Russia is a major exporter of fuel and energy resources to the world market.
1. The resources extracted and used by the fuel and energy complex are exhaustible and non-renewable, so their use should be rational;
2. High cost of transportation of fuel and energy resources;
3. Disproportion in resource allocation. The main part of the resources is located in the east of the country, and the main consumer is in the west . Deposits of fuel and energy resources in the most favorable natural conditions and regions have already been exhausted, therefore, the regions of new development of deposits are in unfavorable conditions.
4. Extraction and consumption of fuel resources has a negative impact on the environment.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "National Research Nuclear University MEPhI"
Obninsk Institute of Atomic Energy - branch of NRNU MEPhI
Socio-economic faculty
Department of Economics, Economic and Mathematical Methods and Informatics
Abstract on environmental economics
on the topic: "Fuel and energy complex".
Completed:
ΙΙΙ course students
EKN-08 groups
Chernysh O.
Chiloyan A.
Tsedrik E.
Tsurenkov I.
Checked:
Timashkova T.E.
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. …… .3
1. The value of the fuel and energy complex (FEC)
in the world economy. ………………………………………………………...……4
2. The composition of the fuel and energy complex. ………………………… ..… .7
3. Problems and main factors of development
fuel and energy complex. …………………………….…………...13
4. The impact of the fuel and energy complex on the environment. ………………………………….15
Conclusion …………………………………………………………. …………… ... 19
List of sources used. …………………………………………..twenty
INTRODUCTION
Objective trends in the globalization of modern economic relations presuppose not only strengthening of Russia's international economic integration in the energy sector, but also obtaining real benefits from a qualitative change in the country's role in world energy trade.
It is important to note that Russia is a major energy power with 13% of the world's oil reserves, 14% of natural uranium, 45% of gas and almost 25% of coal reserves. The energy factor plays a decisive role in ensuring the reliable functioning of the country's economy and social sphere, strengthening its position in the international arena.
All processes of extraction and processing of fuel, production, transportation and distribution of electricity covers one of the most important intersectoral complexes - the fuel and energy complex (FEC). It consists of two main parts: the fuel industry and the electricity industry, as well as infrastructure. A peculiar feature of the Russian fuel and energy complex is that it is entirely based on domestic resources, the reserves of which the country occupies one of the first places in the world.
This complex is the backbone of the life support of any country, but for Russia the fuel and energy complex is of particular importance, since our country is northern (2/3 of its territory belongs to the North zone) and therefore a significant part of the energy produced is spent on heating, overcoming harsh climatic conditions. Considering the enormous length of Russia from east to west (almost 8 thousand km), it is possible to predict problems in organizing the work of the transport sector, where freight and passenger traffic requires huge energy consumption. In this regard, the amount of energy spent per capita in Russia is 2-3 times higher than in European countries.
A relevance Topics: the importance of the fuel and energy complex in the economic life of our country.
The purpose work is the study and analysis of the fuel and energy complex, to study the impact on the environment.
Based on the set goal, and in order to fully reflect the essence of this issue in the course of work, we will solve a number of tasks:
· Give a general concept of the fuel and energy complex, its importance in the world economy;
· Define the composition of the fuel and energy complex;
· Define the problems of the fuel and energy complex and its impact on the environment.
Research object is the fuel and energy complex.
The subject of research- the structure of the fuel and energy complex.
When writing the test, the following literature was used: "Economic Geography of Russia" T.G. Morozova, M.P. Pobedinoi, S.S. Shishov, in which the authors deeply investigated the role of the fuel and energy complex for the country's economy; the composition of the fuel and energy complex and its development features are available in the "Economic Geography of Russia" edited by V.I. Vidyapin and Doctor of Economics, Professor M.V. Stepanova; the statistical collection "Fuel and Energy of Russia" provides data on the dynamics of the volume of extraction (production) of fuel and energy complex products; in the textbook of V.S. Samsonov and M.A. Vyatkina "Economy of enterprises of the energy complex" considered the foundations of the sectoral economy of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex.
1. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX IN THE WORLD ECONOMY
The fuel and energy complex (FEC) plays a crucial role in the world economy, because without its products, it is impossible for all industries, without exception, to function. World demand for primary energy resources (PER) (primary energy resources include oil, gas, coal, nuclear and renewable energy sources) in 2000-2015. will grow more slowly than in the 1980s (excluding the former USSR), and this trend will continue in the next decades of the 21st century. At the same time, the efficiency of their use will increase, especially in industrialized countries.
According to experts, in the period 2000-2015. the total consumption of all types of PER in the world can increase by about 1.6-1.7 times and amount to about 17 billion tons of fuel equivalent (fuel equivalent). At the same time, in the structure of consumption, the dominant position will remain with fuel and energy resources of organic origin (over 94%). The share of energy from nuclear power plants (NPP), hydroelectric power plants (HPP) and others will not exceed 6%. In general, oil will keep the leading role in the volume of production and consumption of PER, coal will remain in second place, and gas in third place. (See Table 1)
The structure of the fuel and energy complex in the world economy is determined by the types of primary energy used and the balance between them.
Table 1. Types of primary and secondary energy
Table 1 shows the sources of primary energy and the corresponding types of secondary energy resulting from the transformation.
In the 2000s, there was a slowdown in the rates of economic development in virtually all countries of the world. In the OECD countries and, in particular, in Japan (which experienced a deep recession), economic growth averaged 2.2%.
As the pace of economic development slowed down, the growth rate of PER consumption decreased. A sharp drop in oil prices, which began at the end of 2001, had a certain impact on the consumption of PER and their structure. Analysts believe that this trend, which continued until the end of the century, will change at the beginning of the 21st century, and prices will go up, amounting to $ 125-135 per ton. The share of coal in the consumption structure is decreasing, which indicates the substitution of oil and gas for a certain volume of coal.
According to experts, the production and consumption of energy from nuclear and hydroelectric power plants is insufficient, their role in the fuel and energy complex of the world economy is still low, and the share in the fuel and energy balance of the world does not exceed 5.5%.
Leaders in energy production are traditionally:
USA - 3.0 trillion. sq. / h;
RF - 1.1 trillion. sq. / h;
Japan - 1.0 trillion. sq. / h;
China - 0.66 trillion. sq. / h.
The structure of consumption of primary energy resources in the world economy is as follows:
* oil - 41.2%;
* solid fuel - 28.3%;
* gas - 22.3%;
* nuclear energy - 9%;
HPPs and other unconventional sources - the rest of the consumption.
Geographically, energy consumption in the world economy is as follows
* developed countries - 53%;
* developing - 29%;
* CIS and Eastern European countries - 18%.
The main largest sources of energy production in the world:
oil: Western Siberia (Russia); Saudi Arabia and Kuwait;
gas: Republic of Komi (Russia); Holland; USA.
Despite some increase in oil and natural gas reserves, they were unable to replenish their production volumes. The world's natural gas reserves have been growing at a faster pace in recent years. There is an opinion among specialists about a wider geographical distribution of gas reserves in comparison with oil. The main gas reserves are concentrated in two regions: in the CIS and in the Middle East - almost 72% of proved reserves (including in the CIS - about 38.4%). The USA and Canada account for about 4.5% and Western European countries - just over 3%.
Coal of all types of PER of organic origin is the most widespread - almost 1,600 billion tons (reserves over 400 years) make up its reserves, 96% of which are concentrated in 10 countries. These are China, Russia, USA, Australia, Canada, Germany, South Africa, Great Britain, Poland and India. Along with the growth of oil and gas consumption, non-traditional types and sources of energy are actively used, which reflects progressive shifts in the structure of the fuel and energy complex of the world economy. These types of energy resources are more efficient and help to reduce energy consumption and material consumption in the production and processing of energy from one type to another.
The volume of production and consumption of primary energy resources in the world economy tends to grow.
Russia possesses the world's largest reserves of fuel and energy resources: 13% of the world's oil reserves, 35% of gas, 12% of coal are concentrated on its territory. In the structure of the country's mineral resources, more than 70% falls on resources for the fuel and energy complex, which is about 20 trillion. dollars. The total cost of explored and estimated fossil raw materials of the country is equal to 28.5 trillion. dollars, of which the remaining share of non-metallic minerals accounts for 15%, metals - 13%, diamonds and precious metals - 1%.
Russia is also the world's largest producer and exporter of fuel and energy resources. It accounts for about 10% of world oil production, 30% of gas, about 6% of coal. However, while continuing to possess a huge raw material potential, our country is increasingly beginning to feel the tendency to reduce energy reserves.
In principle, this process is typical for the whole world. According to experts, with modern consumption, crude oil reserves may be depleted in a little more than 30-40 years, natural gas - after 50-60 years, and coal - after 200. These trends reflect the contradictions between the needs for energy carriers at the current level of production and the structure of their consumption, on the one hand, and the possibilities of the natural environment, on the other. At the same time, in Russia, specific reasons associated with historical, natural and climatic conditions, as well as with the economic mechanism that existed in our country for decades, also act in the direction of reducing reserves.
In July 2010, the RF Ministry of Energy, OJSC Gazprombank and the German Energy Agency signed a Memorandum of Understanding on Gazprombank's entry into the Russian-German Energy Agency (Rudea).
European regions of Russia and Eastern Siberia:
oil - 65-70%;
natural gas - 40-45%.
Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East: 6-8%.
Offshore: 1% (These regions contain 46% of proven reserves and 50% of probable oil reserves, 80% of natural gas).
2. COMPOSITION OF THE FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX
Fuel and energy complex is a set of industries related to the production and distribution of energy in its various forms and forms.
The fuel industry is a complex backbone industry, the main source of electricity and an important industrial raw material.
Russia's fuel and energy complex is based on its own energy resources. In 2005, Russia received 13% of all energy produced in the world, while its population is less than 3% of the Earth.
The thermal power industry in Russia is sufficiently well supplied with fossil fuel reserves. However, the costs of fossil fuel extraction are growing, and environmental problems are gradually increasing. The cost of electricity generation at nuclear power plants is about half that of fuel power plants.
Trends:
Rising costs of fossil fuel extraction;
A gradual increase in environmental problems.
The fuel and energy complex includes interacting subsystems: the fuel industry (coal, oil, gas), the mining subsystem and the electric power industry, which converts fuel and energy resources into energy carriers. These subsystems are closely related to power engineering, electrical, nuclear industries and all industries that consume fuel and energy.
Fig. 1. Fuel and energy complex components
Gas industry. The total reserves of natural gas are approximately 271 trillion. m 3 (10.5 million J), for the entire period of gas production, about 30 trillion. m 3. The world's gas reserves continue to grow thanks to increased exploration on the shelf of the World Ocean and in the deep layers of the earth's crust. Gas is distributed in the subsoil even more unevenly than oil. In foreign countries, the most significant gas concentration is in the countries of the Near and Middle East, where more than 31 trillion cubic meters have been identified. m 3 of this raw material. The resources are especially great in Iran, Saudi Arabia, in the waters of the Persian Gulf. In the United States found 5.7 trillion. m 3, in the North African oil and gas province (Algeria, Libya, Nigeria) - 6.1 trillion. m 3, about 3.5 trillion. m 3 - in Venezuela. In Europe, in the North Sea oil and gas province, more than 5.3 trillion. m 3 of gas. The deposits of Western Siberia are unique. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of gaseous fuel resources.
Apart from the Persian Gulf and the seas of Russia, the exploited and promising areas of offshore gas production are the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the Beaufort Sea, the continental shelf off the western coast of North America, the Gulf of Mexico, the shelves of Brazil, Nigeria, Cameroon and South Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, South China and Sea of Japan, North Sea, shelf off the northwest coast of Australia.
In Western Europe, an increase in gas demand and, consequently, an increase in capital investments in its transportation are associated with:
* transition to gas in the utilities and commercial sectors;
* construction of new trunk and distribution pipelines in areas traditionally associated with the consumption of liquid fuel;
* growth in gas consumption at cogeneration plants;
* growing demand for gas at thermal power plants.
Three regions occupy the leading place in gas production: North America (USA, Canada), CIS and Western Europe. The main importers are the countries of Europe and the Asia-Pacific region (Japan, South Korea and Taiwan). Despite the growth in gas production in Europe, its imports from countries outside this region are growing from year to year. The bulk of gas imports to Europe come from Russia and North Africa (Algeria and Libya). In the Asia-Pacific region, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan are major importers of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The main supplies go there from the countries of the same region (Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, Brunei).
Fig. 2. Production of primary fuel and energy resources.
Energy. The annual energy demand of the world economy is estimated at 11.7 billion tons of oil equivalent.
Thus, despite the use of progressive energy-saving technologies, energy consumption in the world is increasing: the expansion of the scale of world production and consumption increases the demand for energy (especially in developing countries).
In the conditions of scientific and technological progress (STP), the role of atomic energy in the fuel and energy balance of the world economy has increased (the development of this source is constrained by its non-safety for the environment).
The resources of a modern fuel base for nuclear power are determined by the cost of uranium mining at costs not exceeding $ 130 per 1 kg of uranium. Energy production at nuclear power plants under construction depends little on the cost of raw materials. Over 28% of nuclear resources are in the United States and Canada, 23% in Australia, 14% in South Africa, 7% in Brazil. In other countries, uranium reserves are insignificant. Thorium resources (at a cost of up to $ 75 / kg) are estimated at about 630 thousand tons, of which almost half is in India, and the rest is in Australia, Brazil, Malaysia and the United States.
In 2000-2005 alone, the share of electricity consumed almost doubled, reaching a 30 percent mark. And this trend continues.
Moreover, it will continue to grow, as there are still two billion people in the world who do not have electricity in their homes.
Nuclear energy today, in principle, is a real, significant and promising source of meeting the needs of mankind in the long term. After all, the share of hydropower is about 20%, and alternative sources (geothermal and solar energy, wind and biomass energy) - no more than half of a percent of the world's electricity production.
Of course, nuclear power is not accident-free (the Chernobyl events in 1986), is not immune from technical failures, and is associated with waste that requires special handling. But these real problems lend themselves to modern and reliable technical solutions designed to guarantee maximum safety.
One of the most important strategic tasks of the country is to reduce the energy intensity of the domestic economy by 40% by 2020. For its implementation, it is necessary to create a perfect energy efficiency and energy saving management system.
Electricity and heat power engineering is developing at the expense of large thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, the Kola nuclear power plant and many small power plants and boiler houses.
Fig. 3. Electricity production, billion kWh
Of great importance is the connection of the Karelian energy system with the Leningrad and Kola energy systems by power transmission lines with a voltage of 330 kW. A characteristic feature of the development of the electric power industry in the future is to meet the needs of the economy in electric and thermal energy, mainly through the construction of new CHP and GRES, the expansion and modernization of a number of existing power plants.
The district's hydropower resources provide (mainly in the Murmansk region and partly in the Karelian Republic and the Komi Republic) favorable conditions for the development of energy. A sufficient amount of water, the availability of free land areas, a low degree of population - all this creates the preconditions for the location of power plants. The Tulomskaya HPP and the Kola NPP of the Murmansk Region (capacity 1.76 million kW) can be especially noted here. The power industry of the Northern region can also develop on the basis of the use of wind and sea tide energy on the Kola Peninsula (Kislogubskaya TPP and TPP of Polyarnye Zori settlement).
It should be said that in the complex of measures ensuring the development of the region, the energy sector has a leading place as the most important prerequisite for the introduction of the most advanced technical solutions to reduce the labor intensity of production and improve the living standards of the population.
This dynamic is easily explained: electricity is one of the main basic resources consumed by both the population and industry... Its consumption grows steadily with an increase in output, but decreases slightly when it decreases. Indeed, the volume of electricity consumption by the population almost does not depend on the general economic situation, and in industry its consumption cannot decrease in the same proportion as production, due to the relatively high share of electricity in production costs.
Oil industry. The specificity of the oil industry is primarily manifested in the importance of this industry in the global fuel and energy complex. And, secondly, in the specifics of raw materials for the needs of the industry.
Fossil oil is the most important and cost-effective fuel feedstock, not only high in calories and calories, but also low in pollutants. Oil is easily transported, and in the process of processing it gives a wide range of products that find various uses in the economy. 32% of the world's energy needs are met by oil. In a number of sectors of the economy (for example, in transport), oil and oil products are irreplaceable. The unique properties and high value of oil have contributed to the progressive growth of its production over the past decades.
The gradual depletion of long-known and intensively exploited deposits stimulated an equally intensive search for new productive deposits of this raw material on land and at sea.
In recent years, the availability of oil reserves has improved significantly. At the current level of annual oil production (about 3,270 million tons), the provision of reserves is about 42 years. In addition, in the bowels of the Earth, according to geologists, there are at least 70 billion tons of undiscovered reserves. However, these huge oil reserves are extremely unevenly distributed among individual countries. Of the 137 billion tons of reserves, a small group of oil-exporting countries, members of OPEC, have 77%, or about 105 billion tons.
The group of industrialized countries of the OECD has 16.6 billion tons (12% of world reserves).
Accordingly, at the current level of oil production, the OPEC countries have been provided with oil reserves for more than 90 years, and the OECD countries - only 15.
Despite the decline in production, Russia continues to be a major oil exporter. The largest volumes go to Italy, Ireland, Germany, Great Britain, Switzerland and Hungary. In addition, supplies go to Greece, Austria, Poland, Spain, Canada, Denmark, USA, Turkey, Finland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Netherlands, Belgium, as well as Cuba, Malta and Cyprus. In general, up to 95% of exported oil is supplied to Europe, of which about 46% to Central Europe, 26% to Southern, 21% to Eastern and 2% to Northern Europe.
The main centers of oil production are located in the Near and Middle East and in Russia. At the same time, in Russia itself, as well as in the USA, Canada, Norway and Great Britain, oil and gas production is increasingly moving to sparsely populated and inaccessible areas.
As for the shelves of the Caspian Sea, their development is associated with many billions of dollars in costs, especially for the transportation of extracted hydrocarbon raw materials.
The existing level of productive forces and technical progress does not allow guaranteeing the safety of replacing traditional energy sources with alternative ones, primarily nuclear. Despite the obvious advantages of the latter (a relatively cheaper renewable energy source), its wider application is encountering sharp resistance from the world community. The problem is compounded by the accumulation of many thousands of tons of nuclear waste hazardous to the biosphere and human health, requiring reliable disposal. Obviously, it will take time before mankind can switch to the use of reliable, completely safe for human life and the surrounding nature sources of energy, to its reasonable consumption, sustainable, cost-effective energy supply.
In 2009, Russia produced 494 million tons of oil (2nd place in the world), which is 1.2% more than in 2008.
The reserves of liquid hydrocarbons for 2007 were estimated at at least 9.5 billion tons. The largest oil fields are Samotlorskoye, Priobskoye, Russkoye, Romashkinskoye.
In 2000-2008, 20.7 million tons of oil production and refining capacities were put into operation.
According to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation [in 2007, 491 million tons of oil were produced, which is 2.1% more than in 2006 (480 million tons), as a result, the growth rate of oil production in Russia exceeded the growth rate of world oil demand by more than one and a half times.
According to the US statistical agency, in 2007 the consumption of refined oil in Russia amounted to 28.9% of oil production - 2.8 million barrels per day. Net exports of oil and petroleum products amounted to 71.1% of oil production - 6.9 million barrels per day. 
There is only one Ukhta oil refinery in the region, the capacity of which is extremely insufficient to supply the North with oil products, which necessitates the import of 6.2–8.5 million tons of fuel oil and motor fuels annually.
The problem of the Northern region is the lack of refining capacities, therefore, most of the oil produced is oriented to export outside the territory, and in such a situation, it is planned to cover its needs for oil products by importing them, mainly from the Central and North-Western regions.
Coal industry... The leading place in the fuel and energy complex belongs to the coal industry, the share of which in the structure of fuel industry production is 46%. A characteristic feature of the development of the coal industry is the continuous complication of mining and geological conditions, the involvement of thin coal seams in the operation, and the lack of high-performance equipment. Most of the coal is mined in the Pechora coal basin.
The problem of further development of the coal industry is associated with the acceleration of the construction of new mines and the improvement of the technical level of production. The main direction of increasing production efficiency and increasing the volume of coal production should be the development of new technologies and equipping enterprises with high-performance equipment and, on this basis, labor mechanization.
The total resources of fossil coals in the bowels of the planet are enormous: they reach 13 868 billion tons. Proven recoverable, taking into account the development of mining technology and profitability for economic reasons for development, coal reserves are estimated at 1,598 billion tons, of which 1,075 billion tons are anthracite and hard coal, 523 billion tons - brown coals. If the volume of annual production remains unchanged (about 3 billion tons of hard coal and 1 billion tons of brown coal), the recoverable reserves may last for 218 years. Coal-bearing basins are distributed unevenly across the globe; most of them are located in four countries: Russia, USA, China and South Africa.
The main consumers of coal are metallurgy and electricity. In the metallurgical industry of the OECD countries, the consumption of coal is gradually decreasing, due to technological changes in the production of iron and steel. In the electric power industry, on the contrary, the consumption of coal is constantly growing. This growth is taking place against the background of a sharp decline in the commissioning of capacities in the nuclear power industry. In the coming decade, the share of coal in the production of electricity at TPPs will also increase because it costs this sector of the economy 1.5–2 times cheaper than liquid oil products or gas.
It is estimated that by 2015 the total consumption of these resources will increase to 17.1 billion tce. tons or another 1.5 times with the outstripping growth of their world production.
Fig. 4. Major oil basins in Russia
3. CHALLENGES AND MAIN FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT
FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX
The fuel and energy complex of Russia has always played an important role in the country's economy. During the years of reforms, due to a sharp drop in production in other sectors of the economy, its role has increased even more.
Over the past decade, the fuel and energy complex has mainly provided the country's needs for fuel and energy, thereby preserving Russia's energy independence. At present, the downward trend has been overcome and the growth of gas, oil and coal production, electricity production, volume and depth of oil refining has begun.
The production structures of the fuel and energy complex, as a result of the structural reforms, liberalization and privatization, have largely adapted to market methods of management. As a result of the work carried out on the restructuring of the coal industry, its economic efficiency has increased, unprofitable unpromising enterprises are being liquidated. Reforms of the electric power industry and housing and communal services began. The foundations for the regulation of economic relations in the energy sector of the economy have been formed, including the issues of subsoil use, taxation and pricing.
Currently, the fuel and energy complex is one of the stably operating industrial complexes of the Russian economy. It has a decisive influence on the state and development prospects of the national economy, providing about 1/4 of gross domestic product production, 1/3 of industrial production and revenues of the consolidated budget of Russia, about half of federal budget revenues, exports and foreign exchange earnings.
At the same time, in the sectors of the fuel and energy complex, the mechanisms and conditions of management that are not adequate to the principles of a market economy remain, a number of factors operate that negatively affect the functioning and development of the fuel and energy complex.
The main factors holding back the development of the complex are:
high (more than 50 percent) degree of depreciation of fixed assets;
the commissioning of new production capacities in all branches of the fuel and energy complex decreased from 2 to 6 times in the nineties;
the practice of extending the life of equipment lays a future lag in production efficiency. There is a high accident rate of equipment due to low production discipline of personnel, deficiencies in management, as well as aging of fixed assets. In this regard, the possibility of emergencies in the energy sector increases;
the continuing deficit of investment resources in the sectors of the complex (except for oil) and their irrational use. Given the high investment potential of the fuel and energy sector, the inflow of foreign investment in them is less than 13 percent of the total volume of financing of capital investments. At the same time, 95 percent of these investments are in the oil industry. In the gas industry and in the electric power industry, conditions have not been created for the necessary investment reserve, as a result of which these sectors may become a brake on the incipient economic growth;
the deformation of the ratio of prices for interchangeable energy resources has led to a lack of competition between them and a structure of demand characterized by an excessive focus on gas and a decrease in the share of coal. The policy of maintaining relatively low prices for gas and electricity in the future may result in an increase in the deficit of the corresponding energy resources as a result of the lack of economic prerequisites for investing in their production and outstripping growth in demand;
inconsistency of the production potential of the fuel and energy complex with the world scientific and technical level. The share of oil production due to modern methods of reservoir stimulation and the share of refined products obtained using technologies that improve product quality is low. Power equipment used in the gas and electricity industries is uneconomical. There are practically no modern combined-cycle plants, waste gas treatment plants in the country, renewable energy sources are used very little, the equipment of the coal industry is outdated, the potential of nuclear energy is underutilized;
lag in development and an objective increase in costs for the development of a promising raw material base for hydrocarbon production, and especially in the gas industry;
lack of market infrastructure and a civilized energy market. The necessary transparency of the economic activities of natural monopoly entities is not ensured, which negatively affects the quality of state regulation of their activities and the development of competition;
persisting high pressure on the environment. Despite the decline in the extraction and production of fuel and energy resources over the past decade, the negative impact of the fuel and energy complex on the environment remains high;
high dependence of the oil and gas sector and, as a consequence, state revenues, on the state and conditions of the world energy market. There is a tendency towards a further increase in the share of oil and gas in the structure of Russian exports, at the same time, the potential for the export of other energy resources, in particular, electricity, is underutilized. This testifies to the continuing narrowing of the country's export specialization and reflects the backward structure of the entire Russian economy;
lack of developed and stable legislation that fully takes into account the specifics of the functioning of the fuel and energy complex enterprises.
The main factors that will determine the development of the fuel and energy complex in the first quarter of the XXI century are:
the dynamics of demand for fuel and energy resources and hydrocarbon raw materials within the country, due to the growth rate of the national economy and its specific energy intensity, as well as energy prices;
the scale of implementation of resource and energy saving technologies both in the energy sector and in other sectors of the economy;
the state of the world economic and energy situation, the degree of integration into the world energy space;
sustainable development of the mineral resource base;
formation of a favorable investment climate, taking into account the improvement of tax, price and customs regulation;
creation of economic incentives to reduce the impact of energy on the environment;
the scale of the use of scientific and technological advances in the fuel and energy complex and preparation of the transition to the energy of the future. The task of achieving a qualitatively new state of the fuel and energy complex dictates stringent requirements for the choice of measures of state regulation and the mutual responsibility of all participants in the process.
4. IMPACT OF FEC ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
Russia's fuel and energy complex is one of the largest industrial pollutants
environment: in 2000. it accounted for 47.7% of total emissions
harmful substances into the atmosphere in industry (39.1% in Russia) and up to 70%
greenhouse gases, 27% of the discharge of polluted wastewater into surface
facilities and more than 30% of solid waste. Large amount of waste
formed at the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex in previous decades, is located in
dumps and sludge collectors. In the electric power industry, for example, in waste dumps
accumulated over 1.2 billion tons of ash and slag waste.
Out of 316 enterprises - the main air pollutants, almost
Various components of fuel combustion products emitted into
atmosphere and during their stay there behaving differently (changes
temperature, properties, phase and aggregate states, are formed and
chemical compounds, mixtures decompose) are called impurity emissions.
When released into the atmosphere, the emissions contain reaction products in solid,
liquid and gas phases. Changes in the composition of emissions after their release may
manifest as: precipitation of heavy fractions; decay into components by
weight and size; chemical reactions with air components; interactions
with air currents, clouds, precipitation, solar
radiation of various frequencies (photochemical reactions), etc.
As a result, the composition of emissions can change significantly, can
new components are formed, the behavior and properties of which (in particular,
toxicity, activity, ability to new reactions) can significantly
differ from the original ones. Not all of these processes are currently studied with
sufficient completeness, but for the most important there are general ideas,
concerning gaseous, liquid and solid substances.
Emissions to the earth's surface and to the hydrosphere. Can be distinguished
several groups of the most important interactions of power plants with
condensed components of the environment:
Water consumption and water use causing change
natural material balance of the aquatic environment (transfer of salts,
nutrients, etc.).
Deposition on the surface of solid emissions of combustion products
organic fuels from the atmosphere, causing a change in the properties of water, its
chromaticity, albedo, etc.
Falling out to the surface in the form of solid particles and liquid solutions
products of emissions into the atmosphere, including: acids and acid residues;
metals and their compounds; carcinogenic substances.
Emissions directly to the surface of land and water products
combustion of solid fuels (ash, slags), as well as products of purges, cleaning
heating surfaces (soot, ash, etc.).
Emissions to the surface of water and land of liquid and solid fuels at
transportation, processing, reloading.
Emissions of solid and liquid radioactive waste characterized by
conditions of their distribution in the hydro - and lithosphere.
Heat emissions, the consequences of which may be: local
constant increase in temperature in the reservoir; temporary increase
temperature; changes in freeze-up conditions of the winter hydrological regime;
changes in flood conditions; change in the distribution of precipitation, evaporation,
Creation of reservoirs in river valleys or using
natural relief of the surface, as well as the creation of artificial ponds -
coolers, which causes: a change in the qualitative and quantitative
the composition of river flows; changes in the hydrology of the water basin; increase
pressure on the bottom, moisture penetration into fractures of the earth's crust and change
seismicity; changes in the conditions of fishing, the development of plankton and aquatic
vegetation; microclimate change; changes in the conditions of rest,
sports activities, balneological and other factors of the aquatic environment.
Changing the landscape during the construction of heterogeneous energy
objects, the consumption of lithosphere resources, including: deforestation,
withdrawal from agricultural use of arable land, meadows;
interaction of shores with reservoirs.
Impact of outliers, carry-overs and changes in the nature of interactions
water basins with land on the structure and properties of continental shelves.
Power plants also adversely affect the environment, including nuclear power plants and thermal power plants.
TPP. The interaction of TPP with the aquatic environment is the consumption of water by technical water supply systems, including the irretrievable consumption of water. The main part of the water consumption in these systems is for cooling the condensers of steam turbines. The rest of the consumers of industrial water (systems of ash and slag removal, chemical water treatment, cooling and flushing of equipment) consume about 7% of the total water consumption. At the same time, these water consumers are the main sources of impurity pollution.
When washing the heating surfaces of boiler units of serial TPP units
with a capacity of 300 MW, up to 10 thousand cubic meters of diluted
solutions of hydrochloric acid, caustic soda, ammonia, ammonium salts, iron and
other substances.
NPP. Special attention is paid to radioactive isotopes of plutonium, which is explained by the promising nature of this fuel for nuclear power plants with fast reactors. The main types of impurity emissions from energy facilities,
entering the surface of the hydro - and lithosphere are solid particles,
carried out into the atmosphere by flue gases and deposited on the surface (dust,
ash, slags), as well as combustible components of products of enrichment, processing
and transportation of fuels. Extremely harmful surface contamination of hydro -
and the lithosphere is a liquid fuel, its components and its products
consumption and decomposition.
The extraction of oil, gas, coal, the very functioning and development of the fuel and energy complex have an extremely large and destabilizing effect on both the reproduction of natural resources and the environment. The fuel and energy complex accounts for about half of all emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources, more than 20% of discharges of contaminated wastewater. Most of the air pollution in large cities comes from transportation that burns oil refined products. The development of discovered, the cheapest deposits leads to the appearance of disturbed lands on huge areas. Therefore, from the point of view of nature management, it is important to search for alternative, nature-saving options for solving energy problems.
Oil is a relatively cheap fuel with a high net energy yield. It is also a multifunctional fuel that can be used in the production of electricity, for heating, heating, and can be burned as a transport energy carrier. It is easy to transport. Oil is also an extremely valuable chemical raw material, on the basis of which many goods are produced for the population and sectors of the economy, including science-intensive ones.
The disadvantages of oil as a fuel include its environmental hazard. When oil is burned, carbon dioxide is formed, which can change the global climate on the planet, and other atmospheric pollutants that damage people, animals, and plants. Oil spills and drill cuttings leakage from wells lead to water pollution, and brine pumped into wells to enhance oil recovery causes groundwater contamination. The major disadvantages of oil include the fact that its available reserves may end in a few decades. According to UN experts, in the processes of extraction, processing, transportation, emissions of oil products into the water basin reach tens of millions of tons per year, including from tankers at least a million tons per year.
About 10 thousand tons are discharged into the Baltic Sea annually, into the Mediterranean
sea - about 300 thousand tons of oil. Approximately 4.5 million tons of petroleum products are received
into the seas and oceans with land waste waters.
Natural gas generates more heat and less air pollution than any other fossil fuel. When burned, it almost does not form sulfur dioxide and emits 6 times less nitrogen oxides per unit of energy than oil, gasoline or coal. Natural gas is easily transported, has a high efficiency, is a multifunctional fuel, including for transport. Gas could become a key energy carrier in the transition to alternative sources as oil is phased out. According to available forecasts, by 2015 gas consumption may reach 3.3-3.4 trillion. m 3 per year, and the growth rate of its consumption will be the highest among primary energy carriers and will average about 3%. By 2010, gas consumption in Western Europe will increase by about a quarter and will amount to about 500 billion cubic meters. According to experts, by this year the demand on the natural gas market may exceed the supply.
Coal has a high net yield of useful energy, its combustion allows you to obtain high-temperature heat and electricity in the cheapest way. However, coal as a fuel is not universal and is the most polluting energy source. Air pollution by products of its combustion leads to acid rain, corrosion of metals, death of flora and fauna, and human diseases. Open pit coal mining causes destruction of the soil cover, erosion. Coal mining is dangerous. Since 1900, underground mining in the United States has killed more than 100 thousand people and at least 1 million people lost their ability to work. In Russia, one miner perishes for every 1 million tons of coal mined.
The main factors of the impact of energy objects on the surface and mass
lithospheres are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Factors of the impact of energy objects on the lithosphere.
|
Impact factor |
|
|
TPP on organic |
A. Extraction of fuel (formation of mines and waste heaps) D. Withdrawal of territories (construction of buildings, laying of supply and discharge channels, roads, etc.) E. Waste pollution (formation of ash dumps, unloading of fuel processing products |
|
A. Extraction of nuclear fuel B. Processing and transportation of fuel B. Violation of soil stability by the operation of mechanisms D. Seizure of territories E. Waste disposal |
|
|
A. Dam construction B. Creation of reservoirs B. Change in seismicity D. Impact on groundwater |
|
|
Power lines and substations |
A. Seizure of territories B. Deforestation C. Occurrence of wandering flows D. Generation of noise E. Formation of zones of increased intensity of electromagnetic fields |
|
Heating mains |
A. Seizure of territories B. Change of thermal regime |
The solution to the environmental problem is the widespread use of "Soft" (alternative) energy sources, which are - in contrast to fuel and energy - renewable resources and, as a rule, do not pollute the environment. Currently, the following types of such energy have become widespread: solar; geothermal; wind; energy of sea tides.
Now solar (helio) energy has become widespread in the southern regions of the planet (southern states of the USA, Israel, a number of Arab countries) to obtain electricity and heat in utilities. To date, there are more than 30 solar power plants in the world, the total capacity of which is approximately 400 MW.
The source of geothermal energy is high temperature water located at great depths in the earth's crust, from where it rises through cracks in the crust or is extracted to the surface through boreholes. The most efficient use of this energy in areas of volcanic activity. In Russia there is the Pauzhetskaya geothermal power plant, built in the south of Kamchatka in 1966. In general, the potential for using the explored reserves of geothermal waters in Russia is estimated at 21 million cubic meters per day.
CONCLUSION
The fuel and energy complex is an important part of this structure, especially in our country. As one of the main links of the Russian economy, it produces more than a quarter of industrial output, provides two-thirds of tax revenues to the federal budget, more than a third of the budget revenues and provides half of foreign exchange earnings.
The results of the fuel and energy complex are extremely important for the formation of the country's balance of payments, maintaining the ruble exchange rate and organizing international economic cooperation.
At the same time, the natural resource potential is of great importance for the economic development of the country and the foreign economic activity of the fuel and energy complex. Today Russia occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of proven oil reserves.
Internal energy efficiency has a significant impact on the export potential of the Russian fuel and energy complex. In terms of energy waste, Russia today ranks 10th in the world.
Despite the fact that inexhaustible sources have a huge energy potential, a person uses mostly non-renewable energy sources to satisfy his needs. As a consequence, there is a need for their rational use and emission control. In our country and throughout the world, the exploitation of minerals is in most cases irrational. The result is irreparable harm to the environment. An example is the emergence of the greenhouse effect. All this can lead to an even greater deterioration of the ecological situation, depletion of natural resources and, ultimately, to an energy crisis and a thermal catastrophe.
The most acceptable and possible way out of this situation in this situation may be the transition to non-traditional, inexhaustible and environmentally friendly energy sources: solar energy, wind energy, the World Ocean, etc.
LIST OF USED SOURCES
1. Baykov N.P. Fuel and energy complex. // MEiMO, 1998, No. 8.
2. Fuel and energy of Russia. Statistical collection. - M .: Finance
and statistics, 2004.
3. Economics of energy complex enterprises: Textbook. for universities /
V.S. Samsonov, M.A. Vyatkin. - 2nd ed. - M .: Higher. shk., 2003.
4. Economic geography of Russia: textbook for universities / under total. ed.
IN AND. Vidyapina, Doctor of Economics. Sciences, prof. M.V. Stepanov. - ed. revised
and add. - M .: INFRA-M., 2005.
5. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook. manual for universities / T.G. Morozov,
M.P. Pobedin, S.S. Shishov and others; under the editorship of T.G. Morozova. - 2nd ed.,
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Fuel and energy complex.
Fuel and energy complex is a set of sectors of the economy associated with the production and distribution of energy in its various types and forms. The fuel industry is the basis for the development of the Russian economy, an instrument for conducting domestic and foreign policy. The fuel industry is linked to the entire industry of the country. More than 20% of funds are spent on its development, 30% of fixed assets and 30% of the value of industrial products in Russia are spent.
Within the framework of the national economic approach, in the theory of large energy systems, ideas about the territorial hierarchy of vertically organized sectoral systems of the fuel and energy complex were formed, principles and methods for forecasting and planning regional fuel and energy complexes, including original methods for coordinating hierarchical solutions, were developed. The development of the fuel and energy complex is the basis for solving all national economic problems, therefore, the following organizational and economic measures should be provided for in the energy program:
· Strengthening the material and technical base of the fuel and energy complex and related industries by increasing the allocation of material and financial resources for their development.
· Improvement of the distribution of productive forces in the direction of bringing fuel consumers closer to the main fuel and energy bases.
· Development of market mechanisms for regulating production in the fuel and energy sector.
· Development of various methods of transportation of energy resources, where the main increase in the volume of production of oil, gas, coal, etc. will be ensured.
The fuel and energy complex is divided into:
Fuel industry. Extraction and processing of coal, oil, gas, shale and peat. Fuel processing takes place at the places of production, on the routes of cargo flows, in the areas of fuel consumption.
Electricity. Electricity production at TPPs (CHP, IES), hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants. Electricity transmission via power lines.
The fuel and energy complex includes oil and gas pipelines that form a single network.
Energy is the foundation of the economy, the basis of all material production, a key element of the country's life support and the basis of the country's export base. The power industry is one of the most important indicators of the level of development of the economy and the country. The use of energy resources is one of the indicators of the level of civilization development. Development of any branch of the economy is impossible without fuel and electricity.
Energy is one of the factors in the location of the economy, since the fuel and energy complex is located near large sources of energy (coal and oil basins), powerful power plants, from which entire industrial regions grow, cities and towns are created, that is, the fuel and energy complex plays a district-forming role. Technological progress increases the distances over which fuel and electricity are transmitted. This contributes to the development of regions that are poor in their own energy sources, and a more rational location of the economy.
The role of the electric power industry and the fuel industry supporting it in transferring the entire economy to a modern technical basis was defined in the GOELRO plan in 1920, since all equipment was based on the use of electricity. Therefore, the scale, technological level, and rates of development of all sectors of the economy depend on the fuel and energy complex. The introduction of advanced techniques and technologies related to scientific and technological progress into the economy requires the power supply of workers' labor, that is, the consumption of all types of energy per person employed in production.
Coal industry location:
The greatest availability of coal reserves is in the West Siberian region (Kuznetsk coal basin), East Siberian (Kansk-Achinsk brown coal basin) with the advantage of open pit mining. The main source of technological fuel (coking coal) for the European part is the coal of the Kuznetsk Basin, the sphere of influence of which in the territory in connection with the sovereignty of Ukraine will no longer be limited to the left bank of the Volga, but will spread to the right bank of the Volga. The northern and northwestern regions of Russia are supplied with coal from the Lena basin. Concretization of the theoretical aspects of economic activity requires consideration of the scope of practical application of methods for sectoral substantiation of the location of production, which are embodied in the consideration in this course of economic geography and regional studies of intersectoral complexes of sectors of the national economy of Russia and the CIS countries. It is the basis of small settlements mainly in the eastern regions of Russia. Coal bases with large-scale production attract numerous related and related industries and become the basis of large territorial-production formations and a network of settlements. Extraction and production of nuclear fuel from uranium ores is of great importance. Russia along with the USA, Canada, Australia produces and exports enriched uranium. The largest developed uranium deposit is Transbaikalia (Krasnokamensk mine).
Oil industry:
At present, oil production in Western Siberia accounts for about 90% of Russia's oil production (in 1993 - 220 million tons), and it continues to decline. The decrease in production in all state oil-producing associations was also influenced by the restriction of the intake of raw materials by oil refineries. In the current conditions, to ensure the stable development of the oil industry, the most pressing problems are increasing the resource base by increasing the drilling depth, expanding investment resources in high-quality equipment, new technologies, reliable and durable, as well as measures to stabilize oil production: financial stability and streamlining credit policy , the transition to world prices, the introduction of tax incentives for producers, the use of enhanced oil recovery methods. The main feature of the territorial organization of the oil industry is a sharp territorial discrepancy between the areas where the main reserves and oil production are located and the areas of processing and oil consumption. The main oil production region is the Tyumen region (especially the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, which is part of it), 70% of the reserves, the Volga regions (Tatarstan, Saratov, Samara), North. Caucasus, in the Far East - on Sakhalin, the shelf of the Okhotsk Sea is promising. A common problem in oil and gas production is the maintenance and development of pipeline transport, the deterioration of individual parts. The oil industry is built on a 3-link chain: "production-transportation-marketing", and not 5 "d-t-refining-t-s".
Power engineering :
A characteristic feature of the territorial organization of the electric power industry in Russia is not the isolated location of power plants, but the work of their predominant part in the power systems. Power systems are a complex of large power plants of various types, interconnected by high-voltage power lines. Power systems contribute to the territorial dispersal of production and population, and can significantly reduce the required total capacity of power plants. The Unified Energy System of Russia consists of 70 regional energy systems. Integrated energy systems (UES) of the Center, North-West, Urals have been created; UPS North. The Caucasus; UES of Siberia; UES DV operates in isolation from other power systems. The largest hydro and thermal power plants have been created in the regions of new development (UES of Siberia). The cheapest electricity in the country is produced by the hydroelectric power station of the Angara-Yenisei cascade. Power plants are the most important factor in the territorial concentration of industry and urban growth.
Traditional electric power industry:
A characteristic feature of the traditional electric power industry is its long-term and good development; it has been tested for a long time in a variety of operating conditions. The main share of electricity in the world is obtained precisely at traditional power plants, their unit electrical capacity very often exceeds 1000 MW. The traditional power industry is divided into several areas.
Heat power engineering:
In this industry, electricity is generated at thermal power plants ( TPP), using for this the chemical energy of fossil fuel. They are divided into:
Steam turbine power plants, in which energy is converted using a steam turbine plant;
Gas turbine power plants, where energy is converted using a gas turbine plant;
Combined cycle power plants, where energy is converted using a combined cycle plant.
Heat power engineering on a global scale prevails among traditional types, oil-based produces 39% of all electricity in the world, coal-27%, gas-24%, that is, only 90% of the total output of all power plants in the world. Energy in such countries of the world as Poland and South Africa is almost entirely based on the use of coal, and the Netherlands - on gas. The share of heat power engineering is very large in China, Australia, Mexico.
Hydropower:
In this industry, electricity is produced at Hydroelectric Power Plants ( Hydroelectric power station), using the energy of the water flow for this. Hydroelectric power plants dominate in a number of countries - in Norway and Brazil, all electricity generation occurs there. The list of countries in which the share of hydropower generation exceeds 70% includes several dozen.
Nuclear energy:
The industry in which electricity is produced at nuclear power plants ( NPP), using for this the energy of a nuclear chain reaction, most often uranium.
France is the leader in terms of the share of nuclear power plants in electricity generation, about 80%. It also prevails in Belgium, the Republic of Korea and some other countries. The world leaders in the production of electricity at nuclear power plants are the United States, France and Japan.
Unconventional electric power industry:
alternative energy
Most areas of non-traditional electric power industry are based on quite traditional principles, but the primary energy in them is either sources of local importance, for example, wind, geothermal, or sources that are under development, for example, fuel cells or sources that may find application in the future, for example, thermonuclear energy ... The characteristic features of unconventional energy are their environmental friendliness, extremely high capital construction costs (for example, for a solar power plant with a capacity of 1000 MW it is required to cover an area of about 4 km² with very expensive mirrors) and low unit capacity. Directions of unconventional energy:
Small hydroelectric power plants
Wind power
Geothermal energy
Solar energy
Bioenergy
Fuel cell plants
Hydrogen energy
Thermonuclear power engineering.
Gas industry :
Natural gas, in contrast to oil, must be sent directly to consumers. Therefore, the production, transportation and consumption of gas are closely related. It is the most environmentally friendly fuel, irreplaceable in densely populated regions oversaturated with industrial enterprises. The main gas resources are located in the north of the Tyumen region, in the Arctic. The most promising are the deposits of the Yamal Peninsula. In addition, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories. Processing: Volga region, Siberia, Astrakhan region.
Every inhabitant of Russia knows about its enormous fuel potential. Energy and industry news every day repeats about the country's development prospects, about the tasks and planning of the fuel and energy complex. What does this mean?
What does the abbreviation TEK stand for? The decoding of the abbreviation is as follows: fuel and energy complex. It represents a huge sphere of the national industrial economy, because Russia is a country that has a large natural resource potential, has excellent opportunities for the extraction of minerals used as fuel or for energy.
Effective planning and correct prioritization in this area affect the role of Russia in the international market and the economic well-being of the population.
Any competent person knows that the fuel and energy complex is a complex system of relationships that arises in the process of extraction, redistribution, transportation of fuel and energy resources. In view of the importance of its importance, the government of the Russian Federation spends a third of its funds on the development of this sector of the economy.
The main tasks of the country for the development of the fuel and energy complex are:
In addition to the tasks considered, an important aspect is also the maintenance of the ecological situation in the country and ensuring the safety of production. Special departmental structures of Russia are dealing with these issues.
The fuel and energy complex is a huge economic sphere. It includes a number of state bodies, the main areas of activity of which are planning the rational use of resources, setting priorities in this area and developing mechanisms for state policy.
The main body is the Ministry of Energy. In addition to these tasks, it coordinates the work of structural divisions. The subordinate body in relation to the Ministry is the Department of the Fuel and Energy Complex. Subordinate body, subdivided into departments.
Each of the departments is engaged in its own type of activity: organizes the work of the oil industry in Russia, the gas complex, energy, transportation of resources, technical support of the industry, and so on.
The main task of the ministries and departments of the regions of the Russian Federation is the implementation of the policy in the field of housing and communal services and the fuel and energy complex. Local governments, using state and municipal funds, create institutions that help to carry out functions in the fuel and energy sector.
Within the framework of the task under consideration, the following functions are carried out:
Part of the budgetary resources is transferred to the territorial bodies, aimed at the development and maintenance of the energy sector of the region and, as a result, the country as a whole. The highest state bodies control this flow of funds, therefore departments are obliged to fulfill their functions in good faith.
Subordinate structures of the industry are also SUE TEK. The interpretation of this concept means: "state unitary enterprise of the fuel and energy complex."
Unitary enterprises are business entities, but do not own their own property. They are directly subordinate to state bodies and are completely dependent on them.
Unitary enterprises of the fuel and energy complex are mainly institutions that are engaged in a specific field of activity or manage the fuel and energy sector in a specific region. So, for example, in St. Petersburg there is a regional enterprise that supplies thermal energy to the population. And in Moscow there are several institutions that provide the Ministry of Energy with security and maintenance services.
In addition to government agencies, the fuel and energy complex is serviced by JSC "TEK". Unlike the institutions described above, these entities are not on the balance sheet of the state. These enterprises are not subordinate to state structures and cooperate with the authorities mainly on the basis of a tender.
What does JSC "TEK" mean? Explanation of the abbreviation - "open joint-stock company of the fuel and energy complex". This form of ownership means that the company is owned by shareholders and is managed by a council of equity owners.
The most famous joint stock companies serving the fuel and energy complex are Mosenergo and Tyumenskaya Kompaniya. These are huge enterprises that deal with a wide range of jobs. Let's say a Moscow fuel and energy company has such structural divisions as branches of overhaul, installation, construction of communication lines, and so on. Thus, Mosenergo is engaged in absolutely all types of work related to hydropower, heat power, transport, nuclear power, and construction.
There is also ZAO TEK, the decoding means that we are talking about a closed joint-stock company.
The differences between CJSC and OJSC are the size of the authorized capital and the possibility of joining new owners. So, in a closed society, there is less capital, shares are not freely available, so the opportunity to enter the circle of owners is difficult.
Since 2014, OJSC and CJSC have been actively engaged in the transition to new forms of ownership - public and non-public companies, respectively.
Due to the fact that the sphere of the fuel and energy complex is very extensive, it is customary to divide it according to the types of resources that are mined in the country. Russia is one of the leading countries in the world, where large reserves of minerals are concentrated. For rational planning and efficient use of resources, interaction of all bodies and enterprises of the fuel and energy complex is necessary. The experts' comments indicate that at this stage only the transition to a more economical and competent use of minerals is being carried out, and this requires the cooperation of all links of the huge fuel and energy system.
It represents one of the branches of the economy. The main goals are the extraction, refining of oil, as well as further transportation and sale to the population or other countries.
The main subjects of activity are oil companies. Today the market leaders are Lukoil and Rosneft. These are huge enterprises that are engaged in the full cycle of extraction, processing and transportation of the resource.
The oil is produced by structural divisions of large companies or individual business entities. The infrastructure includes various pumping stations and pipelines.
Separate enterprises are engaged in the transportation of oil. For this, there are oil pipelines, as well as tankers transporting raw materials by waterways.
The gas industry is one of the most developed spheres of the state's economy. Large investments are annually attracted to this area, targeted programs and plans are constantly being developed. However, this type of industry is also only at the stage of improvement.
The largest enterprise in this area is Gazprom.
She sees her tasks as developing a system of real-time communications between industrial gas production facilities and centers. A constant exchange of data is required to analyze the state of the resource. Technical devices for video surveillance, depth sensors and other modern products help to cope with this task.
Remote control helps to establish well operation directly from the engineering center. This significantly automates gas production processes, while reducing labor costs. Since oil and gas are often produced jointly, one can single out such tasks of the oil and gas industry as:
This business area is engaged in the extraction and processing of coal. Mining is carried out both in closed and open way.
The most famous are the mines and quarries of Krasnoyarsk, Kuzbass, Kuznetsk, Chita. The most important tasks in the coal industry are:
For these tasks, it is necessary to update the regulatory framework and attract additional investments. This applies to both the Ministry of Energy and enterprises that are directly involved in coal.
Russia occupies a leading place in peat reserves. But, unfortunately, its production has decreased significantly compared to the beginning of the last century.
Some development programs for this industry are aimed at expanding the modern peat market, focused on restructuring the production base. At the same time, environmental requirements must be observed, technical re-equipment is required. Peat is one of the sources of energy, so establishing the supply of this resource to agriculture can be an excellent alternative source of electricity.
The challenges facing the peat industry:
The solution of these tasks will help the development of small peat energy, as well as contribute to the improvement of the difficult economic situation in some northern regions of the country.
Seven associations are actively working in the electric power industry. The emphasis today is on hydropower. The increase in energy consumption and production in recent years is due precisely to water resources.
The tasks of the electric power industry are the active use of alternative sources, interaction with other countries in this area, as well as the renewal of the material base.
The fuel and energy complex is the leading sector of the state's economy. Russia is a country with unlimited resources and belongs to the world's largest exporters. In view of this, it is necessary not only to attract investments, purchase new equipment, update the technical base, but also competent and rational planning within the industry. To do this, it is necessary to achieve effective interaction between the structural units of the fuel and energy complex, as well as between government bodies, institutions and private enterprises.
