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Photonics- the field of science and technology associated with the use of light radiation (or photon flux) in systems that generate, amplify, modulate, propagate and detect optical signals.

Optoinformatics- the field of photonics that has emerged and dominated in recent years, in which new technologies for transmitting, receiving, processing, storing and displaying information based on photons are being created.

Photonics and optoinformatics is a vigorously developing high-tech industry, the annual income from sales of devices and systems of which is tens of trillions of rubles in the world.

Egor Litvinov, student

Photonics for me is the art of controlling light, the art of using light for the benefit of man. Like any art, photonics has many images, ideas and interpretations, and each person sees it in his own way. By doing this kind of art, you get a whole range of tools from which you can choose the ones you need, learn how to use them to perfection, and apply them to get photonics as you see it. Possession of this art can bring inspiration and just pleasure. And in an effort to get something new, you risk being completely captured.

Tatyana Vovk, student

I am a student of the educational program "Physics and Technology of Nanostructures", and it would be logical to assume that the area of ​​my knowledge and interests is precisely nanophotonics, the science of the interaction of light with various nanostructures and particles. This is true: as a scientific work, I am conducting research on the optical cooling of nanocrystals. However, in my third year, the teacher of our group in quantum mechanics, Yuri Vladimirovich Rozhdestvensky (also my supervisor), analyzed the classical problem of the states of electrons in the Earth's gravity field. He suggested that the most active students consider this problem not near the Earth, but near a neutron star with a powerful gravitational field. It was great to discover that this problem could explain the radio emission from neutron stars, about which there is still no consensus among astrophysicists. As a result, my classmate and our leaders published a study in a highly-rated foreign journal - The Astrophysical Journal! This recognition of the scientific community is very valuable, because none of us have ever dealt with astrophysics before. It was very interesting for us to develop and get results in a completely different area of ​​physics - the "Physics of Nanostructures" has everything you need for this. Our leaders and teachers always welcome the initiative and are happy to "start the process" of scientific creativity. With due perseverance, this sometimes leads to surprising results!

Maxim Masyukov, student

Having a broad outlook, it was quite difficult for me to choose my future profession. Basically, I was interested in three disciplines: computer science, physics, mathematics, and it was important for me that these three disciplines were dominant in the learning process. While participating in an Olympiad for schoolchildren, I heard about the Faculty of Photonics and Optoinformatics at ITMO University. Having studied the site and the training disciplines, I realized that this is what I need. Photonics is one of the youngest and fastest growing branches of science. Inflamed with the desire to contribute to scientific progress, I entered this faculty, and was satisfied. Since the 2nd year I have been engaged in scientific work, which includes the study of fresh foreign articles in this scientific field, programming, mathematical calculations, computer modeling. Versatile knowledge guarantees success in a future career.

Vladimir Borisov, postgraduate student

Photonics, if you will, is the optics of the 21st century. Why not keep calling it optics? The fact is that over the past 50-60 years, the science that studies the physics of light has stepped so far forward that it can hardly be compared with generally accepted optics. There are nonlinear effects, and ultra-high power densities, and ultra-short pulses. Here, of course, a variety of quantum effects and their applications. In short, the cutting edge of optical science. And, since such a science no longer resembles an old optician, she found a new word - "Photonics".
Photonics is an applied science in many respects. Before photonics, no one could have imagined how useful light could be in our lives. Now we are moving towards the fact that more and more of the latest technologies use light. We already know how to transmit information over vast distances at the speed of light. And soon we will learn how to encrypt it so that no one can “eavesdrop” on us. We are moving towards treating various serious diseases with the help of light technologies. Now, during the most complex operations, surgeons use laser scalpels to make the most accurate incisions. And imagine that soon the advances in photonics will allow us not to make an incision at all to remove a tumor or patch an artery. Thanks to photonics, deep space exploration is not such an unattainable goal for us. And if scientists, including those at our faculty, do their best, then photonics will soon give us a real invisibility cap and, perhaps, a lightsaber. And, of course, one should not forget about the quantum computer - one of the pinnacles of modern science, the achievement of which is impossible without photonics.
In short, photonics is now at the forefront of modern science. It combines the opportunity to explore still unexplored issues, as well as to apply their knowledge for the benefit of society. Perhaps this is the area of ​​physics where an inquisitive student can maximize his potential, fulfilling himself as a scientist in the best possible way.

Yaroslav Grachev, Ph.D., assistant, graduate of the faculty

Photonics is currently called optics in its modern aspect. The faculty is engaged in the development of relevant areas of optics using modern information technologies, and these are:
- and work with laser pulsed radiation of high energy and ultrashort duration;
- and vice versa, the use of low-energy radiation of the terahertz range of electromagnetic waves for non-contact, non-destructive diagnostics and visualization of objects with substance recognition;
- and holography, including both imaging holography and the creation and processing of three-dimensional digital copies of an object in real time.
For me, working in this field of science has become an excellent opportunity to acquire practical skills in design and experimental activities. A person with practical skills and knowledge is always in demand.

Olga Smolyanskaya, Ph.D., Head of the Laboratory "Femtomedicine" of the International Institute of Photonics and Optoinformatics

The term "Photonics" was first mentioned in 1970 at the 9th International Congress on High Speed ​​Photography in the USA, Denver. And at the first stage, “photonics” was understood as a field of science that studies optical systems in which photons were carriers of information. In connection with the development of laser technologies and the invention of laser diodes and fiber-optic communication systems, the concept of "photonics" included optical telecommunications. Today "photonics" is: optical and quantum communication systems; transmission, recording and storage of information; medical diagnostics and therapy (biophotonics); development and production of lasers; biological and chemical studies of various objects; environmental monitoring; lighting design, etc.
Biophotonics is related to photobiology and medical physics. Therefore, on the one hand, biophotonics deals with the diagnosis and study of biological molecules, cells and tissues. On the other hand, it uses light to affect biological tissues, such as in surgery and therapy. Biophotonics studies various aspects of the interaction of biological objects and photons. Therefore, the scope of biophotonics is, first of all, human health. Specialists in the field of biophotonics are also engaged in the creation of medical light sources, detectors, visualization systems and mathematical processing of optical signals.

Maria Zhukova, PhD student

Photonics is the science of light, it is the technology of its creation, transformation, application and detection. Light has always played an important role in human life - think about it, thanks to it we orient ourselves in space, see each other. First, people learned to create artificial light sources to ensure a comfortable existence, and now we have a huge number of high-tech devices that are used in numerous and diverse fields of technology.
Photonics includes the use of lasers, optics, crystals, fiber optics, electro-optical, acousto-optic devices, cameras, complex integrated systems. Photonics today is both scientific research and real developments in the fields of: medicine, alternative energy, fast computing, creation of high-performance computers, new materials, telecommunications, environmental monitoring, security, aerospace industry, time standards, art, printing, prototyping, and almost everything that surrounds us.
Today in Russia, as well as throughout the world, more and more companies and large manufacturing enterprises are beginning to create and use new technologies related to photonics. F otonics opens up wide opportunities and prospects for development in the scientific academic environment, as well as in the field of real developments. This field of knowledge will undoubtedly develop from year to year!

Photonics- a discipline that deals with fundamental and applied aspects of working with optical signals, as well as the creation of devices for various purposes on their basis.

General information

Photonics is essentially an analogue of electronics, using instead of electrons the quanta of the electromagnetic field - photons. That is, it is engaged in photonic signal processing technologies, which is associated with significantly lower energy losses, which means it has a greater possibility of miniaturization.

So photonics:

• studies the generation, control and detection of photons in the visible and near spectrum. Including ultraviolet (wavelength 10…380 nm), long-wave infrared (wavelength 15…150 µm) and ultra-infrared part of the spectrum (for example, 2…4 THz corresponds to a wavelength of 75…150 µm), where quantum technologies are actively developing today. cascade lasers.
• deals with the control and conversion of optical signals and has a wide application: from the transmission of information through optical fibers to the creation of new sensors that modulate light signals in accordance with the slightest changes in the environment.

Photonics covers a wide range of optical and optoelectronic devices and their varied applications. Primary areas of research in photonics include fiber and integrated optics, including nonlinear optics, physics and technology of semiconductor compounds, semiconductor , optoelectronic , high speed electronic devices.

Help topics

crystals
Main article:

crystals- These are solids that have a natural external form of regular symmetrical polyhedra, based on their internal structure, that is, on one of several certain regular arrangements of the particles (atoms, molecules, ions) that make up the substance.

Crystals are divided according to their properties:

Optics
Main article:

Optics(from other Greek ὀπτική - optics, the science of visual perception) - a branch of physics that considers phenomena associated with the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the visible, infrared and ultraviolet ranges of the spectrum. Optics describes the properties of light and explains the phenomena associated with it. Optical methods are used in many applied disciplines, including electrical engineering, physics, medicine (in particular, ophthalmology and radiology). In these, as well as in interdisciplinary areas, the achievements of applied optics are widely used.

In optics, the main topics are:

• Flat optics – new articles coming soon
• Plastic optics – new articles coming soon

lasers
Main article:

Laser(from English laser, an acronym for l night a mplification by s simulated e mission of r radiation"amplification of light by stimulated emission"), or optical quantum generator is a device that converts pump energy (light, electrical, thermal, chemical, etc.) into the energy of a coherent, monochromatic, polarized and narrowly directed radiation flux.

On the subject of lasers:

• VCSEL Advantage - More articles coming soon
• Lasers: Understanding the Basics – More Articles Coming Soon
• History of the laser – more articles coming soon

Devices
Main article:

A man-made object (device, mechanism, structure, installation) with a complex internal structure, created to perform certain functions, usually in the field of technology.

• Device (radio engineering) - a set of elements representing a single structure (block, board). It may not have a specific functional purpose in the product.

More about devices:

• Photometric ball – more articles coming soon
• Interferometry – new articles coming soon

History of photonics

The term "Photonics" began to be widely used in the 1980s in connection with the widespread use of fiber-optic transmission of electronic data by telecommunications network providers (although optical fiber was used in narrower usage before). The use of the term was confirmed when the IEEE community established an archived paper called "Photonics Technology Letters" in the late 1980s.

During this period, until about 2001, photonics was largely concentrated in telecommunications. Since 2001, it has also been referred to as:

• laser production (),
• biological and chemical research,
• climate change and environmental monitoring,
• medical diagnostics and therapy,
• display and projection technology,
• optical computing.

Relationship of photonics with other fields of science

Classic optics

Photonics is closely related to optics. However, optics predates the discovery of light quantization (when the photoelectric effect was explained by Albert Einstein in 1905). The tools of optics - the refractive lens, the reflecting mirror and various optical units, which were known long before 1900. At the same time, the key principles of classical optics, such as the Huygens rule, Maxwell's equations and the alignment of the light wave, do not depend on the quantum properties of light and are used as in optics , as well as in photonics.

Modern optics

The term "Photonics" in this field is roughly synonymous with the terms "Quantum Optics", "Quantum Electronics", "Electro-Optics" and "Optoelectronics". However, each term is used by different scientific societies with different additional meanings: for example, the term "quantum optics" often denotes basic research, while the term "Photonics" often denotes applied research.

Samara - 2009

Introduction

Photonics is a science that studies different forms of radiation that are created by particles of light, that is, photons.

Definitions of the term

Interestingly, there is no generally accepted definition of the term "Photonics".

Photonics is the science of generation, control and detection of photons, especially in the visible and near infrared spectrum, as well as their propagation in the ultraviolet (wavelength 10-380 nm), long-wave infrared (wavelength 15-150 microns) and ultra-infrared part of the spectrum (for example, 2-4 THz corresponds to a wavelength of 75-150 μm), where quantum cascade lasers are actively developing today.

Photonics can also be characterized as a field of physics and technology related to the emission, detection, behavior, consequences of the existence and destruction of photons. This means that photonics is concerned with the control and conversion of optical signals and has a wide field for its application: from the transmission of information through optical fibers to the creation of new sensors that modulate light signals in accordance with the slightest changes in the environment.

Some sources note that the term "optics" is gradually being replaced by a new generalized name - "photonics".

Photonics covers a wide range of optical, electro-optical and optoelectronic devices and their varied applications. Primary areas of research in photonics include fiber and integrated optics, including nonlinear optics, physics and technology of semiconductor compounds, semiconductor lasers, optoelectronic devices, high-speed electronic devices.

Interdisciplinary directions

Due to the high global scientific and technical activity and the huge demand for new results

Within photonics, new and new interdisciplinary areas are emerging:

Microwave photonics studies the interaction between an optical signal and a high frequency (greater than 1 GHz) electrical signal. This area includes the basics of optical microwave interaction, the operation of photonic devices in microwave, photonic control of microwave devices, high-frequency transmission lines, and the use of photonics to perform various functions in microwave circuits.

Computer photonics combines modern physical and quantum optics, mathematics and computer technologies and is at the stage of active development, when it becomes possible to implement new ideas, methods and technologies.

Optoinformatics is a field of science and technology related to the research, creation and operation of new materials, technologies and devices for transmitting, receiving, processing, storing and displaying information based on optical technologies.

Relationship of photonics with other fields of science

Classic optics. Photonics is closely related to optics. However, optics preceded the discovery of light quantization (when the photoelectric effect was explained by Albert Einstein in 1905). The instruments of optics - a refractive lens, a reflecting mirror, and various optical units that were known long before 1900. At the same time, the key principles of classical optics, such as the Huygens rule, Maxwell's equations, and the alignment of a light wave, do not depend on the quantum properties of light, and are used in both optics and photonics.

Modern Optics The term "Photonics" in this field is roughly synonymous with the terms "Quantum Optics", "Quantum Electronics", "Electro-Optics", and "Optoelectronics". However, each term is used by different scientific societies with different additional meanings: for example, the term "quantum optics" often denotes basic research, while the term "Photonics" often denotes applied research.

The term "Photonics" in the field of modern optics most often means:

Particular properties of light Possibility of creating photonic processing technologies

signals Analogy to the term "Electronics".

History of photonics

Photonics as a field of science began in 1960 with the invention of the laser, and also with the invention of the laser diode in the 1970s, followed by the development of fiber optic communication systems as a means of transmitting information using light methods. These inventions formed the basis for the telecommunications revolution at the end of the 20th century, and helped fuel the development of the Internet.

Historically, the beginning of the use of the term "photonics" in the scientific community is associated with the publication in 1967 of the book "Photonics of dye molecules" by Academician A. N. Terenin. Three years earlier, on his initiative, the Department of Biomolecular and Photon Physics was established at the Faculty of Physics of Leningrad State University, which since 1970 has been called the Department of Photonics.

A. N. Terenin defined photonics as "a set of interrelated photophysical and photochemical processes." In world science, a later and broader definition of photonics has become widespread, as a branch of science that studies systems in which photons are information carriers. In this sense, the term "photonics" was first mentioned at the 9th International Congress on High Speed ​​Photography.

The term "Photonics" began to be widely used in the 1980s in connection with the widespread use of fiber optic transmission of electronic data by telecommunications network providers (although fiber optics were used in narrow usage earlier). The use of the term was confirmed when the IEEE community established an archival report

With title "Photonics Technology Letters" at the end 1980s

V During this period until about 2001, photonics as a field of science was largely focused on telecommunications. Since 2001, the term

"Photonics" also covers a huge field of science and technology, including:

laser production, biological and chemical research, medical diagnostics and therapy, display and projection technology, optical computing.

Optoinformatics

Optoinformatics is a field of photonics in which new technologies for transmitting, receiving, processing, storing and displaying information based on photons are created. In essence, the modern Internet is unthinkable without optoinformatics.

Promising examples of optoinformatics systems include:

Optical telecommunication systems with data transfer rates up to 40 terabits per second over one channel;

ultra-large capacity optical holographic storage devices up to 1.5 terabytes per disk in standard sizes;

multiprocessor computers with optical interprocessor communication;

an optical computer in which light controls light. The maximum clock frequency of such a computer can be 1012-1014 Hz, which is 3-5 orders of magnitude higher than existing electronic counterparts;

photonic crystals are new artificial crystals with giant dispersion and record low optical loss (0.001 dB/km).

Lecture 1 Topic 1. The history of photonics. Problem-

we are electronic computers.

Section 1.1. History of photonics.

The use of light to transmit information has a long history. Sailors have used signal lamps to transmit information using Morse code, and beacons have warned sailors of dangers for centuries.

Claude Chapp built an optical telegraph in France in the 1890s. Signalmen were located on towers located from Paris to Lille along a chain 230 km long. Messages were transferred from one end to the other in 15 minutes. In the United States, an optical telegraph connected Boston to Martha Vineyard Island, located near that city. All these systems were eventually replaced by electric telegraphs.

English physicist John Tyndall in 1870 demonstrated the possibility of controlling light based on internal reflections. At a meeting of the Royal Society, it was shown that light propagating in a stream of purified water can go around any corner. In the experiment, water flowed over the horizontal bottom of one chute and fell along a parabolic trajectory into another chute. The light entered the stream of water through a transparent window at the bottom of the first trough. When Tyndall directed the light tangentially to the jet, the audience could observe the zigzag propagation of light within the curved part of the jet. A similar zigzag distribution

The light conversion also occurs in an optical fiber.

A decade later, Alexander Graham Bell patented a photophone (fig.), in which a directional

Using a system of lenses and mirrors, the light was directed to a flat mirror mounted on a horn. Under the influence of sound, the mirror oscillated, which led to the modulation of the reflected light. The receiving device used a selenium-based detector, the electrical resistance of which varies depending on the intensity of the incident light. Voice-modulated sunlight falling on a sample of selenium changed the strength of the current flowing through the circuit of the receiving device and reproduced the voice. This device made it possible to transmit a voice signal over a distance of more than 200 m.

V At the beginning of the 20th century, theoretical and experimental studies of dielectric waveguides, including flexible glass rods, were carried out.

In the 1950s, fibers designed for image transmission were developed by Brian O'Brien, who worked at the American Optical Company, and Narinder Kapani and colleagues at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London. These fibers found application in light guides used in medicine for visual observation of human internal organs Dr. Kapani was the first to develop glass fibers in a glass sheath and coined the term "fiber optics" in 1956. In 1973, Dr. Kapani founded Kaptron, a company specializing in fiber optic splitters and switches.

V In 1957, Gordon Gold, a graduate of Columbia University, formulated the principles of the laser as an intense light source. The theoretical work of Charles Townes with Arthur Shavlov at Bell Laboratories helped to popularize the idea of ​​the laser in the scientific community and caused a rapid surge of experimental research aimed at creating a working laser. In 1960, Theodor Mayman created the world's first ruby ​​laser at Hughes Laboratories. In the same year, Towns demonstrated the work helium-neon laser. In 1962, laser generation was obtained on a semiconductor crystal. This type of laser is used in fiber optics. Very belatedly, only in 1988, Gold managed to get four

However, in these areas, experimental work was also carried out to research and introduce new technology. The advent of the information age and the resulting need for more efficient telecommunications systems only spurred the further development of fiber optic technology. Today, this technology is widely used outside the field of telecommunications.

For example, IBM, a leader in computer manufacturing, announced in 1990 the release of a new high-speed computer that uses a link controller for communication with disk and tape external drives based on fiber optics. This was the first use of fiber optics in commercial equipment. The introduction of a fiber controller, called ESCON, made it possible to transfer information at higher speeds and over long distances. The previous copper controller had a data rate of 4.5 Mbps with a maximum line length of 400 feet. The new controller operates at 10 Mbps over a distance of several miles.

In 1990, Lynn Mollinar demonstrated the ability to transmit a signal without regeneration at a rate of 2.5 Gb / s over a distance of about 7500 km. Typically, a fiber optic signal needs to be amplified and reshaped periodically, approximately every 25 km. During transmission, the fiber optic signal loses power and is distorted. In the Mollinar system, the laser operated in the soliton mode and a self-amplifying fiber with erbium additives was used. Soliton (very narrow range) pulses do not scatter and retain their original shape as they propagate through the fiber. At the same time, the Japanese company Nippon Telephone & Telegraph achieved a speed of 20 Gb / s, however, over a significantly shorter distance. The value of soliton technology lies in the fundamental possibility of laying a fiber-optic telephone system along the bottom of the Pacific or Atlantic Ocean, which does not require the installation of intermediate amplifiers. However, since

Since 1992, soliton technology remains at the level of laboratory demonstrations and has not yet found commercial application.

Information Age The four processes involved in manipulating information

formation, based on the use of electronics: 1.Sbrr

2. Storage

3. Processing and analysis

4. Transfer

To implement these processes, fairly modern equipment is used: computers, electronic offices, branched telephone networks, satellites, television, etc. Looking around, you can find a lot of evidence of the onset of a new era. The annual growth of services in the information industry is now about 15%.

The following are facts about the importance

and prospects of electronics in modern life.

V USA in 1988, there were 165 million telephone sets, while in In 1950 there were only 39 million. In addition, the services provided by telephone companies have become much more diverse.

From 1950 to 1981, telephone system wires increased from 147 million miles to 1.1 billion.

V In 1990, the total length of optical fibers in US telephone systems was about 5 million miles. By the year 2000 it will increase to 15 million miles. At the same time, the capabilities of each fiber correspond to the capabilities of several copper cables.

V In 1989, about 10 million personal computers were sold in the US. Back in 1976 there were no personal computers at all. Now it is a common element of the equipment of any office and industrial production.

V Currently, in the United States, thousands of computer databases are available through a personal computer and a conventional telephone network.

Fax messages (faxes) began to predominate in business correspondence.

Fiber Optic Alternative

The WAN discussed in this chapter requires an efficient medium for the transmission of information. Traditional technologies based on the use of copper cable or microwave transmission have disadvantages and are significantly inferior in performance to fiber optics. For example, copper cables are characterized by a limited information transfer rate and are subject to the influence of external fields. Microwave transmission, although it can provide a fairly high data transfer rate, requires the use of expensive equipment and is limited to the line-of-sight zone. Fiber optics allows information to be transmitted at significantly higher speeds than copper cables and has a much more affordable cost and fewer restrictions than microwave technology. The possibilities of fiber optics are just beginning to be realized. Even now, fiber optic lines are superior in their characteristics to analogs based on copper cable, and it should be taken into account that the technological capabilities of copper cables have less development potential than fiber optic technology that is beginning to develop. Fiber optics promises to be an integral part of the information revolution, as well as part of the worldwide cable network.

Fiber optics will affect everyone's life, sometimes almost imperceptibly. Here are some examples of the inconspicuous entry of fiber optics into our lives:

cable to your house; connecting electronic equipment in your office with

equipment in other offices; connection of electronic units in your car;

industrial process control.

Fiber optics is a new technology that is just beginning its development, but the need for its use as a transmission medium for various applications has already been proven.

dachas, and the characteristics of fiber optics will allow in the future to significantly expand the scope of its application.

1.2. Problems of electronic computers.

The first mass-produced universal computers on transistors were released in 1958 simultaneously in the USA, Germany and Japan. In the Soviet Union, the first tubeless machines "Setun", "Razdan" and "Razdan 2" were created in 1959-1961. In the 60s, Soviet designers developed about 30 models of transistor computers, most of which began to be mass-produced. The most powerful of them - "Minsk 32" performed 65 thousand operations per second. Entire families of machines appeared: Ural, Minsk, BESM. The BESM 6 became the record holder among computers of the second generation, having a speed of about a million operations per second - one of the most productive in the world.

The priority in the invention of integrated circuits, which became the element base of third-generation computers, belongs to the American scientists D. Kilby and R. Noyce, who made this discovery independently of each other. Mass production of integrated circuits began in 1962

year, and in 1964 the transition from discrete to integral elements began to be carried out rapidly. ENIAC, mentioned above, with dimensions of 9x15 meters in 1971 could be assembled on a plate of 1.5 square centimeters. In 1964, IBM announced the creation of six models of the IBM family (System 360), which became the first computers of the third generation. The models had a single command system and differed from each other in the amount of RAM and performance.

The beginning of the 70s marks the transition to fourth generation computers - on very large integrated circuits

(VLSI). Another sign of a new generation of computers are abrupt changes in architecture.

The technology of the fourth generation gave rise to a qualitatively new element of the computer - a microprocessor or a chip (from the English word chip). In 1971, they came up with the idea to limit the capabilities of the processor by laying in it a small set of operations, the microprograms of which must be entered into read-only memory in advance. Estimates have shown that using 16 kilobit read only memory will eliminate 100-200 conventional integrated circuits. This is how the idea of ​​a microprocessor appeared, which can be implemented even on a single chip, and the program can be written into its memory forever.

By the mid-70s, the situation in the computer market began to change dramatically and unexpectedly. Two concepts of the development of computers have clearly stood out. Supercomputers became the embodiment of the first concept, and personal computers became the embodiment of the second. Of the fourth-generation large computers based on ultra-large integrated circuits, the American machines "Krey-1" and "Krey-2", as well as the Soviet models "Elbrus-1" and "Elbrus-2", especially stood out. Their first samples appeared about

at the same time - in 1976. All of them belong to the category of supercomputers, as they have the maximum achievable characteristics for their time and a very high cost. By the early 1980s, the performance of personal

computers amounted to hundreds of thousands of operations per second, the performance of supercomputers reached hundreds of millions of operations per second, and the world's fleet of computers exceeded 100 million.

published the now famous article by Gordon Moore (Gordon Moore)

"Overflow of the number of elements on integrated circuits"

(“Cramming more components onto integrated circuits”), in which the then director of research and development at Fairchild Semiconductors and future co-founder of Intel Corporation predicted the development of microelectronics for the next ten years, predicting that the number of elements on the chips of electronic circuits would further double every year. Later, speaking to an audience at the International Electron Devices Meeting in 1975, Gaudron Moore noted that over the past decade, the number of elements on chips had indeed doubled every year, but in the future, when the complexity of chips increases, the number of transistors in microcircuits will double in number every two years. . This new prediction also came true, and Moore's law continues in this form (doubling in two years) to this day, which can be clearly seen from the following table (Fig. 1.4.) and the graph

Judging by the latest technological leap that Intel managed to make over the past year, preparing dual-core processors with twice the number of transistors on a chip, and in the case of the transition from Madison to Montecito - quadrupling this number, then Moore's law is returning, albeit briefly, to its original form - doubling the number of elements on the chip in a year. One can consider the consequence of the law for the clock speed of microprocessors, although Gordon Moore has repeatedly argued that his law applies only to the number of transistors on a chip and reflects

I. Definition of radio photonics

Over the past decades, in the field of ultra-wideband transmission systems, we have been observing the process of replacing "electronic" systems with "photonic" ones. This is due primarily to the different physical nature of the photon. The absence of charge and mass endows it with properties impossible for an electron. As a result, photonic systems (compared to "electronic") are not subject to external electromagnetic fields, have a much greater transmission range and signal bandwidth.

These and many other advantages already realized on the basis of photonics in the field of telecommunications give the right to speak about the emergence of a new direction - radio photonics, which arose from the merger of radio electronics, integrated and wave optics, microwave optoelectronics and a number of other branches of science and industrial production.

In other words, under radio photonics (microwave photonics) we will understand, uniting a wide range of areas of science and technology, mainly related to the problems of transmitting, receiving and converting a signal using electromagnetic waves in the microwave range and photonic devices and systems.

II. Radiophotonics is easy!

2. .
3. Download the archive with the presentation and transcript of the report.

III. Fundamentals of radio photonics

1. A new trend in photonics is microwave optoelectronics. M.E. Belkin, A.S. Sigov. // Radio engineering and electronics, volume 54, No. 8, pp. 901-914. 2009 // .
2. Fundamentals of microwave photonics. Vincent Ju Urick Jr., Jason D. McKinney, Keith J. Williams. // Moscow. Technosphere. 2016 // .

IV. Photonic and radio photonic components, devices and systems

lasers

1. Principles of lasers. 4th ed. O. Zvelto. // SPb. Doe. 2008 // .

Optoelectronic generators

1. Optoelectronic generator - the first device of microwave optoelectronics. M.E. Belkin, A.V. Loparev. // Electronics: Science, Technology, Business No. 6. 2010 // .
2. Tunable spin-wave optoelectronic microwave generator. A.B. Ustinov, A.A. Nikitin, B.A. Kalinikos. // All-Russian Conference "Electronics and Microelectronics Microwave". 2015 // .

Electro-optical modulators

1. Electro-optical materials based on thin films of molecular crystals - advantages and prospects for use. I.Yu. Denisyuk, Yu.E. Burunkova, T.V. Smirnova. // Optical journal, v. 74, p. 63-69. 2007 // .
2. Low-voltage electro-optical modulator based on DAST molecular thin-film crystals. I.Yu. Denisyuk, Yu.E. Burunkov. // CriMiCo. 2007 // .
3. Integral electro-optical Mach-Zehnder modulators and other passive component base of radio photonics. A.A. Belousov, Yu.N. Volkhin, A.V. Gamilovskaya, A.A. Dubrovskaya, T.V. Smirnova. // Russian scientific and practical conference "Development and production of domestic electronic component base" ("Component-2014"). 2014 // Download the archive with the presentation and transcript of the report.
4. Electro-optical modulator according to the scheme of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. V.M. Afanasiev. // Applied photonics. T3. No. 4. 2016 // .

Radiophotonic ADCs and analog processors

1. Analog-to-Digital Converter Survey and Analysis. Robert H. Walden. // IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 17, no. 4, April. 1999 // .
2. Prospects for the implementation of ADC using methods of microwave photonics. Yu.N. Volkhin.// Scientific seminar "Modern problems of radiophysics and radio engineering" 29.01.2011. 2015 // Download the archive with the presentation and the transcript of the report.
3. Overview of possible ways to implement radiophotonic ADCs. E.V. Tikhonov, Yu.N. Volkhin.// V All-Russian scientific and technical conference "Exchange of experience in the field of creating ultra-wideband radio-electronic systems" (SHF-2014). 2014 // .
4. Review and study of possible options for the implementation of ultra-wideband analog processors in the microwave range using methods and means of radio photonics. A.V. Gamilovskaya, A.A. Belousov, E.V. Tikhonov, A.A. Dubrovskaya, Yu.N. Volkhin.// Electronic equipment. Series 2: Semiconductors. No. 5 (239). pp. 4-11. 2015 // .

Radar. AFAR

1. Towards the implementation of radio photonics technologies in AFAR radar systems. M.B. Mityashev. // Bulletin of SibGUTI. No. 2. 2015 // .
2. The concept of building a radar station based on elements of radio photonics. A.V. Shumov, S.I. Nefedov, A.R. Bikmetov. // Science and education. MSTU im. N.E. Bauman. Electron. magazine No. 05, pp. 41–65. 2016 // .
3. On the prospects for the use of methods and means of microwave photonics in ultra-wideband radar and ultra-wideband radio communications. Yu.N. Volkhin, A.M. Mandrik, Yu.I. Nosov. // Scientific seminar "Modern problems of radiophysics and radio engineering". November 27, 2010 // Download the archive with the presentation and the transcript of the report.

Radio photonic paths and analog FOCL microwave

1. Analog FOCL microwave with positive transmission coefficients. Yu.N. Volkhin, T.A. Gomzikova. // IV All-Russian scientific and technical conference "Exchange of experience in the field of creation of ultra-wideband radio-electronic systems" (SHF-2012). 2012 // Download the archive with the presentation and the transcript of the report.
2. On the possibility of implementing ultra-wideband analog radio-photonic paths of the microwave range with positive transmission coefficients. Yu.N. Volkhin, A.V. Gamilovskaya. // XVIII coordinating scientific and technical seminar on microwave technology: materials. Nizhny Novgorod region, p. Khakhaly. 2013 // .
3. Analog FOCL microwave with positive transmission coefficients. Yu.N. Volkhin, A.V. Gamilovskaya. // XXXX Scientific seminar "Modern problems of radiophysics and radio engineering" 27.04.2013 // Download the archive with the presentation and the transcript of the report.
4. Ultra-wideband multifunctional radio-photonic receiving path for analog signal processing of decimeter, centimeter and millimeter wavelength ranges. A.A. Belousov, Yu.N. Volkhin, A.V. Gamilovskaya, A.A. Dubrovskaya, E.V. Tikhono. // All-Russian Conference "Electronics and Microelectronics Microwave" 2015 // .
5. Radio photon receiving channel of the microwave range with optical heterodyning. S.F. Boev, V.V. Valuev, V.V. Kulagin, V.A. Cherepenin. // Journal of Radioelectronics No. 2, 2015 // .

Fiber gratings

1. Fiber gratings of the refractive index and their application. S.A. Vasiliev, O.I. Medvedkov, A.S. Bozhkov. // Quantum Electronics, 35, no. 12. 2005 // .

delay lines

1. Fiber optic delay lines. V.A. Kuznetsov, V.N. Tsukanov, M.Ya. Yakovlev. // ??????????. ???? G. // .

Optical waveguides

1. Planar and fiber optical waveguides. HG Unger. // Moscow. PEACE. 1980 // .
2. Special fiber light guides. Tutorial. D.B. Shumkov. // Permian. PNRPU. 2011 // .
3. Theory of optical waveguides. A. Snyder, J. Love. // Moscow. Radio and communication. 1987 // .
4. Introduction to the theory of optical waveguides. M. Adams. // Moscow. PEACE. 1984 // .
5. Waveguide photonics. Tutorial. N.V. Nikonorov, S.M. Shandarov. // Saint Petersburg. ITMO. 2008 // .
6. Waveguide transmission lines. I.E. Efimov, G.A. Shermina. // Moscow. Connection. 1979 // .
7. Optical solitons. From light guides to photonic crystals. Yu.S. Kivshar, G.P. Agrawal. // Moscow. FizMatLit. 2005 // .

V. Modeling and calculation of parameters of photon and radio-photon systems.

Modeling. Numerical methods. CAD.

1. Computational photonics. E.D. Ka. // ??????????, ???? G. // .
2. Numerical simulation of an electro-optical modulator based on a Fabry-Perot microresonator for a microwave optical receiver. A.K. Aharonyan, O.V. Bagdasaryan, T.M. Knyazyan. // Izv. NAS RA and SEUA. Ser. TN., vol. LXIV, No. 3. 2011 // .

VI. Measurement of parameters of photonic and radio photonic systems

Measurements. Metrology

1. Measurement methods in fiber optics. Tutorial. A.I. Tsaplin, M.E. Likhachev. // Permian. PNRPU. 2011 // .
2. Reflectometry of optical fibers. A.V. Listvin, V.N. Listvin. // Moscow. LESARart. 2005 // .

VII. Fundamentals of photonics, optoelectronics, fiber and integrated optics, fiber technology, digital fiber-optic communication and transmission lines (FOCL, FOCL)

Photonics and nanophotonics

1. Nanophotonics and its applications. D.F. Zaitsev. // Moscow. Actaeon. 2011 // .
2. Elements of photonics. Volume I. In Free Space and Special Media. Keigo Iizuka. // John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2002 // .
3. Fundamentals of photonics. Bahaa E.A. Saleh, Malvin carl Teichh. // John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1991 // .

Optoelectronics

1. Optoelectronics. E.D. Karikh. // Minsk. BGU. 2002 // .
2. Optoelectronics in questions and answers. S. Gonda, D. Seco. // Leningrad. Energoatomizdat. 1989 // .

Fiber and integrated optics

1. Fiber optics: forty years later. EAT. Dianov. // Quantum Electronics, 40, No. 1. 2010 // .
2. Introduction to fiber optic system. second editon. John Powers. // McGraw - Hill. 1996 // .
3. Nonlinear fiber optics. G. Agrawal. // Moscow. PEACE. 1996 // .
4. Fiber Optics Technical Guide. 2nd edition. Donald J. Sterling. 1998 // Moscow. Lori. 1998 // .
5. Materials and technologies of integrated and fiber optics. Tutorial. A.I. Ignatiev, S.S. Kiselev, N.V. Nikanorov, A.I. Sidorov, A.S. Rohman. //
6. Materials and technologies of integrated optics. Tutorial. N.V. Nikanorov, A.I. Sidorov. // Saint Petersburg. ITMO. 2009 // .
7. Optics and Lasers, including fiber optics and optical waveguides. Matt Young. // Moscow. PEACE. 2005 // .

Fiber technology and digital fiber-optic communication and transmission lines (FOCL, FOCL)

1. Fiber-optic technology: current state and prospects. 2nd edition. Ed. S.A. Dmitrieva, N.N. Slepova. // Moscow. Fiber-optic technology. 2005 // .
2. Fiber-optic technology. Practical guide. V.N. Tsukanov, M.Ya. Yakovlev. // Moscow. Infra engineering. 2014 // .

VIII. Fundamentals of electronics and semiconductor circuitry

1. Pocket guide to electronics. M. Tooley. // Moscow. Energoatomizdat. 1993 // .
2. The art of circuitry. 4th ed. P. Horowitz, W. Hill. // Moscow. PEACE. 1993 // .
3. Semiconductor circuitry. 12th ed. W. Tietze, K. Schenk. // Moscow. DMK. 2008 // .

Sales of civilian photonics products manufactured in Russia, billion rubles in year

Sales volume of civil photonics products produced in the Russian Federation (for the domestic market/for export) (billion rubles per year)

Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 24, 2013 No. 1305-r the Action Plan ("road map") "Development of optoelectronic technologies (photonics)" was approved

Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia dated October 27, 2016 No. 3385 changes were made to the composition of the working group on photonics to coordinate activities for the development of the industry within the framework of state programs, innovative development programs of state corporations. companies with state participation and programs of the technological platform "Photonics", approved by order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia dated November 29, 2013 No. 1911

The Republic of Mordovia On February 18, 2008, the joint-stock company "Optic fiber Systems" (hereinafter referred to as JSC OVS) was registered. The company's investors are OJSC RUSNANO, LLC GPB - High Technologies, Republic of Mordovia.

The main goal of JSC OVS is the implementation of a project to create the first plant in Russia for the production of optical fiber. The construction and launch of the plant is being carried out by JSC OVS in partnership with Rosendahl Nextrom (Finland). Rosendahl Nextrom supplies equipment for the project and transfers production technology, including patents and know-how, as well as training and training of personnel.
The project provides for the industrial production of telecommunications and technical optical fibers, the introduction of the latest achievements in the creation of nanostructures in optical fibers and the use of nanotechnologies to improve the properties of the fiber. Optical fiber is a key raw material for the production of fiber optic communication cables used in the construction of fixed optical communication networks.
JSC OBC plant has in its current configuration the production capacity of 2.4 million km of optical fiber per year, which will provide 40-50% of the demand of Russian cable factories in optical fiber and 100% satisfy the need of domestic cable factories in optical fiber for production purposes cable products sold through the public procurement system. It is possible to scale production up to 4.5 million km per year (70-100% of the current market volume) at the same production site through the modernization of process equipment.
The organization of serial production of optical fibers will not only provide 14 Russian factories for the production of optical cables with domestic raw materials, but also organize the export of fibers to the CIS countries and far abroad.
On September 25, 2015, the opening of the plant took place. The launch ceremony was attended by Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Arkady Dvorkovich, Head of the Republic of Mordovia Vladimir Volkov and Chairman of the Board of RUSNANO Anatoly Chubais.
Until October 2016, the plant carried out fiber optic testing and certification, including with PJSC Rostelecom, which confirmed the quality of domestic fiber. On October 15, 2016, the industrial production of JSC OVS products began.

Kaluga region. In Obninsk, within the framework of the international (Russia-Germany) project, a regional laser innovation and technology center was created - a center for collective use (Kaluga LITC-CCU). The mission of the Center is to promote the promotion of laser technologies and equipment in the industry of the region. To do this, the Center carries out consulting activities, demonstrations of modern laser equipment, and conducts training and training of personnel. The Kaluga LITC-CCU is part of the innovation structure of the region and enjoys the support of the regional government in the form of subsidies, as well as invitations to participate in marketing campaigns in the form of business missions.

Perm region. The project "Creation of science-intensive production of photonic integrated circuits for navigation instrumentation" (JSC "Perm Research and Production Instrument-Making Company") with the support of the Government of the Perm Territory received a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia in the amount of 160 million rubles

Perm region. The project "Creation of the production of optical cable built into the ground wire" (LLC "Inkab") with the support of the Government of the Perm Territory is included by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia in the list of priority complex investment projects that receive subsidies to compensate for interest paid on loans taken from Russian credit institutions, the estimated amount of the subsidy near 100 million rubles

Perm region. According to the results of the regional competition under the program of the Umnik Innovation Promotion Fund, young scientists of the Photonics cluster, organized by the regional representative office of the Fund with the support of the PC Government, received two grants in 2014 with a total amount 800 thousand rubles:

• “Development of an onboard fiber-optic measurement and communication system.
• “Development of an integrated optical gyroscope based on the effect of the “whispering gallery mode”;

Samara Region. The development of the most important fundamental and applied research and development in the region is carried out in priority areas for the development of laser technologies:

• fundamental research in the field of laser technologies: SF IRE RAS, Scientific and Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics SSU. N.G. Chernyshevsky, NPP Inzhekt LLC;
• applied research in the field of laser technologies: Scientific and Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, SSU N.G. Chernyshevsky, Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPP Almaz, Research and Production Company Pribor-T SGTU, CJSC Kantegir, JSC TsNIIIA, Scientific and Production Company Piezon, Research Institute of Sign Synthesizing Electronics Volga, LLC NPP Inzhekt, LLC Nanostructural technology of glass”, LLC “Erbiy” and others;
• development of the material and technical base and infrastructure of laser technologies: NPP Inzhekt LLC, NPF Pribor-T SSTU, CJSC Kantegir;
• training in the field of laser technologies: Scientific and Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, SSU N.G. Chernyshevsky, NPF "Pribor-T" SSTU and others.