In recent years, a sufficient number of publications for teaching children of preschool children have appeared in the scientific and methodological literature (V.M. Kubashkin, 1988; T.A. Protchenko, Yu.A. Semenov, 2003; A.D. Kotlyarov, 2006; in Davydov, 2007; Yu.S. Gerasimova, E.V. Ivchenko, 2007; B.V. Shcherbakov, 2007; S. Kravikov et al., 2008; V.N. Zolotov, 2009; A. Osorio, LG De Leon, 2011).
Many authors are expressed by the opinion of the need to start training from breast-age (A.D. Kotlyarov, 2003). Some of the first received proper scientific justification of the study T.I. Okokina 1985 and V.S. Vasilyeva 1989. In the study T.I. Okokina 1985 is justified, the need and feasibility of learning children to swim in the age of 5-7 years. At the same time, the author recommends starting initial training with more accessible ways to each child, implying such methods as a "crawler without carrying hands" and "breast crawl". Much attention the authors pay organizing classes with senior preschoolers.
As a result of research conducted in 1989, V.S. Vasilyev, allocated three periods of the formation of the swimming skill. The main tasks of the first period is:
Mastering the main preparatory exercises in the reference position;
Formation of horizontal position skills;
Studying movements of legs in a reference position.
At the first stage, it is necessary to pay attention to the formation of breathing in a specific environment, studying the movements of the legs in a reference position, as when swimming with a rumble on the back and on the chest. In the second learning period, elements of swimming in without reference position are being studied. The main task of the third period is to improve the movements of the arms and legs in coordination with breathing when swimming with a rumble on the chest or on the back.
In his research, the author notes that the strength of the swimming skill is ensured by learning a large number of preparatory exercises without the use of any supportive funds. The historically established direction of the navigation methodology is characteristic of the fact that initial training is carried out from sports swimming methods - the crown on the chest and on the back, based on the variables of the hands and legs. This provision is currently distributed to the methodology for teaching children of younger school and preschool age (T.A. Protchenko, Yu.A. Semenov, 2003; A.D. Kotlyarov, 2006; V.Yu Davydov, 2007; B.V. Shcherbakov, 2007; A.E. Stolyarov, 2007; O.F. Gorbatenko et al., 2008; S. Kravichik et al., 2008; V.N. Zolotov, 2009; Je Counsilmen, 1994). At the same time, initial training for children of lightweight swimming methods is allowed, such as: a crown without carrying hands, sailing on the grain with the help of cross-step movements of legs and shortened movements with hands (A.A. Druzhinin, 2008; Kotlyarov A.D. 1989). Some studies indicate the possibilities of teaching young children of lightweight breastwork options. According to B.V. Shcherbakova (2007) Senior preschoolers must initially train with the following ways: swimming on the chest with the help of simultaneous rowing movements with hands and alternate movements of the legs, swimming in the chest with the help of alternate movements with their hands and legs. A number of authors believe that when mastering swimming movements and selection of exercises, it is necessary to proceed from elementary automatic coordination, which should not be trained. The development of opposite coordination requires special training is often based on the suppression of elementary, genetically deterministic, autonomous coordination. On land, for the lower extremities more elementary and automatic is cross coordination, for the upper limbs, on the contrary, symmetrical. With the joint movements of the hands and legs, the most elementary automatic coordination is one-sided, unidirectional movement (E.A. Salikova, 2002; T.A. Protchenko, Yu.A. Semenov, 2003; O.F. Gorbatenko et al., 2008; seifert L., Chollet D., 2007).
Analysis of the domestic and foreign literature accessible to us testifies to the lack of scientifically based recommendations, about accounting for the predisposition of children aged 3-7 years to the development of bimonolotheral movements performed under the conditions of the aquatic environment. However, it should be noted that research in this direction was carried out on breast-age children. Thus, when teaching infants, swimming was revealed about a dozen species of their vehicle movement in water. At the same time, the simultaneous movements of their hands and legs were more often met, and it was planned experimentally that with the help of adults, the chest children prefer to swim in the back position and only learned on their own way in this position on the water, try to swim on the chest or on the side.
Regarding the duration of swimming and swimming with children with preschool age in the existing literature, the information is not unambiguous.
V.E. Arshavsky (1975) recommends swimming no more than 8 minutes, and because Osokina (1985) no more than 15 minutes. According to V.S. Vasilyeva (1989) Children of five years and older after 4-5 classes can be in water 30-40 minutes. At the same time, the "training program and kindergarten program" provides for the following duration of physical studies for children:
1. 4 years - 10 - 15 minutes;
2. 5 years - 13 - 20 minutes;
3. 6 years - 25 - 30 minutes;
4. 7 years - up to 35 minutes.
The influence of exercise on the physical development and physical fitness of preschool children is noted in many literary sources. According to T.I. Socokina (1985) Swimming classes have a great influence on the activities of cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems. In some works, it is indicated for a decrease in diseases by 30-35% in children engaged in swimming (E.H Carpenko, 2006; V.Y. Davydov, 2007; V.N. Zolotov, 2009). Most specialists noted that with an increase in age, the ability to teach swimming rises (Vasilyev B.C. 1973; V.Yu. Davydov, 2007; O.F. Gorbatenko et al., 2008; H.M. Tussaint, P.E. Roos, S.V. Kolmogorov, 2004).
At the same time, the opinion of specialists on the duration of the development of certain skills of swimming and the ability of preschoolers of different age groups to master the movements performed under the conditions of the aquatic environment differ.
T.I. Osokina (1985) offers to smash the learning process for three stages:
1. Stage - "ABC" of training - development with water (children from 1 to 3 years);
2. Stage - mastering the main elements of swimming (children from 3 to 4 years);
3. Stage - improvement of swimming skills (children from 4 to 7 years).
By the end of the 3th stage of learning, preschoolers should learn to swim by freestyle, sailing a distance of 25 meters.
The best formation of swimming skills in preschool children is possible by inclusion of swimming classes in the group's mode, creating game situations on land and in water (V.A. Ayakin, 1988; Yu.A. Korop, S.F. Flowek, 1985). At the same time, it is advisable to find an educator in water to provide support, insurance, help in the reliable and correct development of swimming movements. Meanwhile (Le Van Sem, 1978) in the process of studying the skills of swimming, the emergence of negative emotions in children interferes with their mastering, while positive rivalry contributes to more successful formation. Therefore, in the method of initial training, swimming is quite a significant place to study games and entertainment on water (V.S. Vasilyev, 1963) with the finding of the teacher in the basin for the best organization of occupations.
Children aged 5-7 years old in their motor capabilities (V.S. Vasilyev, 1963) are quite prepared for the development of complex swimming movements, which, as they develop, should gradually become more complicated and detailed.
Children are also recommended to train with the help of pictures on the following sections: 1) Special exercises on land; 2) exercises for the development of the aquatic environment; 3) immersion in water with head; 4) breathing with exhalation into water; 5) statistical (passive) swimming in water; 6) gliding in water; 7) the movement of the legs of the crawl on the chest, on the back; 8) Movement with hands with a crawl on the chest, on the back; 9) Swimming the crawl without carrying hands; 10) Swimming with a rumble on the back without carrying hands; 11) Swimming with a rumble on the chest and on the back without carrying hands; 12) Sports methods of swimming: Krol on the chest, Roll on the back, Dolphin, Brass (E.G. Chernyaev, V.I. Chepelev, 1987). An individual training of children's alphabet, recommended by parents, grandparents (A.A. Litvinov et al., 1995) is disclosed in detail.
Fashionable expressions, gestures used in teaching children swimming, also have an important meaning (V.V. Pyzhov, 1977) in the affordable mastering of studied exercises (I.A. Ganchar, 1998).
When sailing with children, 5-7 years should be borne in mind that children in the group may be of various preparedness. Children 5-7 years old are usually quickly mastered in water. They are consciously suitable for the performance of the preparatory exercises, they show perseverance to achieve the desired result. Therefore, the period of mastering children of this age group with water is much shorter than the youngest. Previously, you can move to exercises, helping to master the swimming technique with a rumble on the chest and on the back (N.Z. Bulgakov, 1997).
But, first of all, you need novice swimming to teach yourself to enter the water, move along the bottom of the pool in various ways (step, running, leaning on the hands), at different depths (from the knee to the belt), learn to dive into the water, open your eyes in it, To teach the right breath and exhale into the water, lying in the water on the chest and on the back, the slip on the chest and on the back (N.G. Dundukov, A.V. Fomin, 1975), as well as the fulfillment of the simplest alternate movements of the legs (by type Roll. To perform these tasks, many different exercises and games have been developed ("Carousel", "Fountain", "Crocodile", "Krab", "Rocking", "Horovod", "Motor", "Find Clay", "Divodes", "Who more", etc.).
Exercises for the development of ability to stay on the water in a horizontal position: "Medusa", "Star", "Float", "Arrow on the chest" and others.
An important task is to teach children to enter the water. This is facilitated by such exercises and games like: "Who has more bubbles?", "Immersion with head and exhale into water in pairs", "Exhale with a turn of the head", "Gate" and d. P.
The next stage of learning is to teach coordination opportunities in water. Start follows from learning leg moves when swimming with a rumble on the chest and on the back. For this, exercises are used, both on land and in water (Yu.V. Shaposhnikov, 1979). End movements of the legs, sitting on the floor, alternate movements of the legs, lying on a bench, moves in the water in the water, sitting on the side, on the bottom of the pool, moves legs in the water, leaning on hands, slip, on the chest and on the back with the variable movements of the legs and etc.
Next, you can move to learning the movements of hands in swimming on the chest and on the back. Training begins with learning hands on land. It can be exercises of a preparatory and simulation nature (performing various rotations forward, back, by one and two hands, imitation of rowing movements, etc.). Training of hands is carried out initially with an arbitrary child's breath, then on breathing delay, and after that, learning of hands with exhalation in water (I.Yu. Kistyakovsky, 1976).
After the development of all exercises for this problem (A.A. Voloshin, M.M. Kiselev, 1980) these exercises are fixed and improved in games and entertainment in water with a gradual complication of implementation conditions (various depth options, the use of auxiliary equipment - boards, inflatable Toys, etc.).
The next step is to train the combination of movements with hands and legs on the breath delay and with exhale into water. Training in coordination with hands and legs is carried out in parallel on the chest and on the back. The preparatory exercises recommended various rotations of one, two hands, forward, back, simultaneous, alternate, as well as foot movements. When performing simulation exercises, attention is paid primarily to the correctness of the commercial phase of the movement, and then the preparatory phase is the removal of hands to its original position for the rowing. When performing exercises on land, the coach provides direct assistance to the child, giving the correct position of the hands in individual swing phases (L.P. Makarenko, 1985).
The development of swimming movements in combination with breathing represents the main difficulty in teaching children to swimming (V.Y. Lopukhov, 1995). To the extinguishing of the movements of the hands in combination with breathing, begged in the standing position in the water, bent forward. Preschoolers, it is advisable to teach the head to turn their head to the right and left. Attempts to combine swimming movements with breathing can not be obtained for a long time in children. The desire to adapt the breath to movements violates coordination, often leads to gross mistakes. Therefore, you can allow children to swim with breathing delay on inhale for a long time. This is a simplified form of a swimming method, built on a technically correct basis.
Swimming on the back for many children it turns out to be easier than swimming in the chest. They pretty quickly master the movements of the legs that are learned first in the shallow water, holding the handrail, with support, and then with the help of a swimming board, then go to the arrangement of leg movements in a slide on the back after repulsion from the pool wall. Initially, children teach hold hands freely omitted along the body without making any movements. Then the position of the hands becomes complicated: one hand remains free along the body, the other is turned forward and is located in the direction of movement. When teaching the rowing movements of hands, we use swimming on the back with a board, sandwiched between the legs, as well as the exercises in pairs: one keeps the other. Gradually, children begin to perform concerted movements with their hands and legs to master the rhythm of movements, they are fulfilled at the expense. Exercises are performed repeatedly at short distances (V.Yu. Davydov, 1993).
Naturally, at the beginning of training, children can make mistakes. Most often it depends on the insufficient general physical and coordination preparedness of preschoolers. It is necessary to strive for the fact that the children have mastered the overall pattern of movements of the swimming method. By virtue of mobility, impassable for many children with difficulty are clear movements in the water. Do not require great accuracy from them in the swimming technique. This is possible only as a result of hard labor for several years. But rough mistakes in the technique need to consistently correct.
The high position of the head, for example, causes the wrong position of the body and makes it difficult to breathe (V.N. Mukhin, Yu.I. Rodgin, 1988). First of all, it is necessary to correct the position of the body, the head, then achieve proper breathing.
With a low position of the pelvis, the legs are deeply immersed, the balance is disturbed. Sometimes children produce sharp, nehydramny, inconsistent legs, are very flexing them. Initially, it is necessary to correct errors in the position of the body and movement movements and only then begin to improve the movements of the hands and general coordination.
Many newbies at the turn of the head aside for the inhalation there is a slowdown in their hands and especially legs. Children are easier to adapt their breath to the movements of the hands and legs in accordance with their capabilities. This cannot be considered an error, gradually over time this drawback will disappear (G. Levin, 1981).
When training in swimming children of preschool age, it is necessary to give them the opportunity to swim by all ways - a crawler on the back, a ramp on his chest, Dolphin and Brasss. There are cases when a child cannot master any way in any way, and the other grabs without difficulty and quickly.
The tendency of the child to a particular way of swimming should be taken into account along with its individual data and maintain. You can and need to allow the child to study the way he like more, in this case and the results of training will be better (A.A. Voloshin, NB Kulibab, 1982).
For many children aged 5-7 years, a more affordable way of swimming is brewing. It is customary to compare the movements of the Brasserist with the actions of the frog. Indeed, they have a lot in them, and children could watch this moment in their life practice, so this method is more understandable to some children.
The process of studying the elements of a swimming method, Brasss begins on land with the development of leg movements, whose work is an essential element in the technique of this method of swimming. To do this, use a variety of preparatory and summarizing exercises and games in water.
With the technique of movements when swimming in Brasss, also get acquainted first on land. To do this, imitate the movements of the hands in the standing position in the slope forward, flashed, the hands are stretched forward down-beds.
In the water, the movements of the hands are learned, standing at a depth of her chest and leaning forward so that the chin lay on the surface of the water. Then this exercise is repeated in coordination with breathing. It is important to learn breathing from the very beginning, already during the preparatory exercises, since the rhythm of breathing in Brass clearly coincides with the movements of the hands.
You need to pay attention to the following: Do not lift your head, look forward during the rowing; At the end of the rowing slightly lift the chin forward and take a breath through the mouth; When the hands are rewarded forward, the chin and mouth are lowered into the water, the long exhalation begins, which continues during almost all the rowing (V.G. Rovchin, 1984).
Preschoolers are encouraged to learn the coordination of the movements of the hands and the feet of Brasssom in a slide on the chest. During the slip on the breath delay, first 2-3, and then more cycles of movements. Then the child stops, makes breathing and again repeats the coordination of the movements of the arms and legs in the slide. The movements of the hands and legs in the future are combined with breathing (A.A. Voloshin, M.M. Kiselev, 1980). Proper coordination of movements in complete coordination is established gradually in the process of training.
Many children of 5-7 years of age are mastering the technique of swimming in the dolphin method, although it is considered more complex compared to other ways. This is a special way of swimming. Its technique there are elements and bress and varnishes, so it is necessary to study this way of swimming after the child will win the technique of swimming with a crawl and breast.
Teaching children in the way of swimming in the Dolphin method also begins with preparatory exercises on land and in water. In wavy movements, all the torso is involved - shoulder belt, loin, pelvis and legs, so this method of swimming is an excellent, diversified educational exercise. Closed legs move at the same time, reminding the tail of the dolphin, so using the figurative thinking of children, it is not difficult to teach them to perform this movement.
It is more difficult to produce a child of rowing with both hands, as it is performed simultaneously with two hands, the movement of each reminds the beats when sailing with a roll.
Coordination of movements in dolphin complex. Exercise lying on the chest is more convenient with the board in the hands, and develop coordination in a slide. Not all children aged 5-6 years are able to master this way of swimming, and this is not necessary. It is enough to familiarize with him children (V.Yu. Davydov, 1993).
Preschool children are best to teach swimming in specially designated places. In kindergartens - in swimming pools, and when children allow you to swim in natural reservoirs, then you need to follow the following rules:
When choosing a bathing place, the educator must check the depth, carefully examine the bottom to make sure that it does not contain a hole.
The water level should not exceed 80 cm, the bottom should not be stony, the flow rate is rapidly.
The bottom should be even, the water flowing, the shore is dry and not contaminated.
The area allocated for swimming children should be marked clearly prominent colored floats, flags, hedge, etc.
The educator, educational children swimming, first of all, is obliged to know how to swim well, know the rules for helping, be able to instantly provide first aid. Well, if any of the medical personnel or other children's garden workers is present in swimming classes.
6. Swimming and preparation for swimming should be combined with sunbathing and organized daily during a walk or after day sleep.
First, children are allowed to be in water 5--10 minutes under the condition that its temperature is 20--24 ° C, and the air temperature is 24--28 ° C. Noticing that the children are at least a little cold (and this can be guessing on the abandoned person), you need to require immediate exit from the water, to make sure that children as a ray can be with towels, neck, head, back, belly and other parts of the body Clear ears.
When children learn to swim, you need to teach them not to be afraid of water. Children of preschool age are often afraid of water - you need to help them overcome this fear, to teach not afraid of splashes falling on the face, boldly enter the water, dipped, moving in water with your hands. If the child is afraid to enter the water on their own, the teacher takes his hand, helps to overcome the fear and plunge the best of all the feeling of fear overcomes when the teacher holds a child for his hands so that he is face to her, and imperceptibly introduces the child into the water.
Education of children swimming involves the use of the following exercises.
To teach move in water in various directions and in different positions: lying on the stomach, on the back, run with toys on water and without them. At the same time, the teacher must give a children's game of the game: Movement when everyone waves with one hand ("Boat with oars"), hiding hands behind her back ("Icerez"), hands compressed in fists, straightened forward ("Fish"), standing On all fours ("crocodile"), step back ("cancer") and escape, high raising his knees ("horse"), etc.
Teach children dive into water with head. Children splash, splashing water with their hands, make rain. After these exercises, you can try to dive, bent, so that the water reached the eye level, then lying on the back. Then you can offer to dip the head, holding it with your hands. It is necessary that, dipping with your head, the children detained their breath. Taking into account the guys to dive in this way, you can resolve them to look under the water through your fingers.
Training the movements of the legs up and down, first sitting on the shore, and then sitting in the water. Movements are performed with straightened legs. I introduces children with the movements of the legs in the sitting position, you can start learning them with the same movements in the position lying on the back or on the stomach (in a shallow place). In this exercise you need to use various rubber toys: circles, inflatable pillows, etc.
Teach the movements of the hands using first benches. Children learn alternately with each hand to perform beats. After that, the movement of hands and legs are performed in water, first touching the bottom legs (as "crocodile"). This exercise reminds swimming with a crawl style, only without throwing hands forward.
Teach exhale into water. This exercise first can be performed on the shore. With palms, children learn to blow a light item (a piece of paper. Leaf, feather, etc.). In the water, diving before the chin, children try to "blur" water ("cool hot tea"). After these exercises
you can resolve children, diving, do exhale in water. It is necessary to know that children of preschool age are usually exhaled in water, piper squatting, putting hands to the sides. So they are easier to maintain balance.
In the water you can play a variety of games.
"Fountain" - children sitting in a shallow spot form a circle. According to the tutor's signal, they are crushing their feet on the water, trying to cause as much spray as possible. This game allows children to get used to splashes.
"Sea Storms" - children enter the water on the belt, stand one after another turn or in a circle. By the sign of the teacher, they scatter on the sides, squatted, straightening their hands to the sides, trying to raise a bigger wave. According to the next sign of the teacher, the wind subsides, the children return to the initial system.
"Sparrows in the water" - in a shallow place, children join, pushing out both legs, trying to jump out of the water.
"Train and tunnel" - standing one by one, the children put hands ahead standing on the lower back, depicting the "train". Two children, standing face to face, connecting hands, depict the "tunnel", the hands of the guys touch the water. To "train" passed "Tunnel", the guys must dive into the water. When the whole "train" passes, the children portrayed the tunnel rose in the tail of the string. And the first pair of "trains" forms "tunnel".
In preschool age, as the results of the research show, the task of mastering the child durable technique of swimming movements is not put. It is important that he learns the elements of the technique, the correct overall pattern of movements, on the basis of which will develop, and improve the swimming skills. And the large number of swimming movements will be mastered the preschooler, the more durable there will be a swimming skill.
Given the age-related features of the child 5--6 years, the performance of each exercise should be short-term. But in each lesson, a large number of diverse swimming movements should be used. This significantly increases the interest of the child in targeted actions, contributes to discipline, learning efficiency.
In children, muscles are reduced slower than in adults, but the reductions themselves occur after smaller periods of time and with a reduction to a greater extent shortening, and when tension is extended. This explains the fact that the child is quickly tired, but physical fatigue is quickly passed. Hence the invisibility of a child to long-term muscle stresses, monotonous static loads. Therefore, the child is easier to run than stand in one place.
Swimming Movement The child performs with the help of large muscle hands, legs, torso, which are already well developed enough and gradually begin to engage in work and small underdeveloped muscle groups. Therefore, swimming classes for the comprehensive development of the muscular system of the child are especially favorable.
Movement when swimming is characterized by large amplitudes, simplicity, dynamism, cyclicity. In the cycle of swimming movements, the voltage and relaxation of the muscular group are sequentially alternate, which has a very beneficial effect on the child. The correct rhythm of muscles and respiratory activities is also favorable on the activities of the cardiovascular system.
Many rhythmic feet movements when swimming, especially in a senior preschool age with an insufficiently developed pelvic belt, provide a greater versatile load on the lower limbs than the pelvic belt is strengthened.
The child of 6 years is able to absorb complexity of coordination, and it is swimming that promotes their development.
Stay in the water causes the return of heat, and it will be the greater the lower the water temperature. With a long stay in the water, the body temperature is reduced. The supercooling is unacceptable. In systematic swimming classes, the vascular system of the preschooler quickly adapts to changes in the water temperature and there is resistance to cold, which is important when he hardening the body.
In 5--6, the child masters quite well and performs various movements, but it still has some unpreparedness to perform complex motor actions due to the slow concentration of braking. In this regard, the movements of preschoolers strengthen the activities of cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
The main goal of training for breeding preschoolers is to promote their improvement, hardening, in ensuring comprehensive physical training, to engage at an early age in physical education and sports, and, in addition, swimming is the same necessary skill as the ability to run, jump.
In addition to the applied value of the swimming required for life, it is important to identify the ability to identify one or other swimming movements in an individual sequence as soon as possible in the child, to form and maintain the desire for acute struggle and victories in the sport, which will contribute to development persistent interest in physical education and employment activities in extracurricular time.
As a result of swimming training, children are very well mastered by various ways: breast cancer, dolphin, turning and starting.
Studies conducted with younger students and senior preschoolers aimed at non-traditional systems of simultaneous development by the child of different swimming methods showed the effectiveness of this method. Each baby initially inherent in its swimming method.
The most effective for mastering the swimming skill at the initial stage of learning the child of the sixth year of life is to swim by a thorough way, which is better in the child. He is introduced to the elements of all sports styles (breasts, Roll on breasts and back, dolphin) and with different combinations of them (Hands of Brass - Leg Croll; Hands of Brass - Feet Dolphin; Dolphin on the back, etc.).
The child is better absorbed by unsportsmanlike (light). At the same time, his breathing is arbitrary (in sports swimming is the most difficult part of training), which facilitates the development of this style. In subsequent classes, the development of other methods of elements and complete coordination of movements is improved.
Education swimming is combined with various exercises in water - hydro-aerobics: walking and running on the water belt; walking, run back forward; bouncing, jumping; Outdoor exercises: keeping the handrail of boring type bike, stretching exercises, etc.
The child is taught to perform traditional exercises: Dolphin, Crocodile, etc.; Move out moving games, game exercises, dance, relay, etc. The skills received by the child are completed in sports holidays.
An important role in teaching swimming is played by familiarizing the child with the best athletes-swimmers, forming and raising interest and love for sports.
Class: 1
Keywords: Aspects of swimming learning, stage, motor skills
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Purpose: Show the structure of methodological methods for swimming.
In the process of teaching children, swimming should be paid to the following aspects:
The ability to swim is a vital skill for a person of any age. Once the purchased swimming skill is saved for life. And most importantly - swimming from an early age contributes to the emergence and maintenance of positive emotions in children. Swimming children are usually more balanced than their peers. They sleep well and have a good appetite, they have developed coordination and rhythm of movements necessary for any motor activity. Swimming especially effectively contributes to the development of the rhythm of movements from preschoolers and children of younger school age, and thereby improving the activities of all systems of the children's body.
Stages of training swimming
| Stage 1 | 2 stage | 3 stages | 4 stages |
| Familiarization of children with water and its properties (density, viscosity and transparency). | Acquisition of skills and skills that will help to feel in water quite reliably. | Education in swimming in a certain way. | Continuation of the assimilation and improvement of the method of swimming. |
| It continues until the child is emitted with water, it will be able to be frillless and confident with the help of an adult and easily move along the bottom, make the simplest action, play. | Children learn to stay on the surface of the water (to pop up, lie, slide) at least briefly receive an idea of \u200b\u200bthe eevtytalky and maintenance strength, as well as independently do the exercise inhale - exhale several times in a row. | Children should be able to swim in the water while maintaining the coherence of the movement of hands, legs and respiration, characteristic of the learned method of swimming. | Children acquire the ability to swim in sports ways: Croll, Brasss, Butterfly. |
Structure of methodological techniques for swimming
Stage 1 - Junior Preschool age.
Familiarization of the child with water and its properties (density, viscosity and transparency).
It continues until the child will be mastered with water, will be able to be frillless and confident with the help of an adult and independently move along the bottom, make the simplest action, play.
2 stage - medium pre-school age.
Acquisition of skills and skills that will help to feel in water quite reliably.
Children learn to stay on the surface of the water (pop up, lying, sliding) at least short time get an idea of \u200b\u200bejecting and maintaining strength, as well as self-exercise inhale - exhale several times in a row.
3 Stage - senior preschool age.
Education in swimming in a certain way.
Children should be able to swim on fine water (the depth of water on the chest), while maintaining the coherence of the movement of hands, legs and respiration, which is characteristic of the integued swimming method.
Stage 4 - senior preschool age.
Continuation of the assimilation and improvement of the method of swimming.
Children acquire skills to swim on deep water.
Motor skills.
Junior age (3-4 years)
Middle age (4-5 years)
Senior Preschool and Junior School Age (5-7 years)
In teaching children of senior preschool age, the main tasks are set:
If the child continues classes, going from the middle group to the older, then the order of their holding remains the same.
The technical preparation of the child will solve the task set at this stage.
With initial training for swimming children of senior preschool age, classes begin at a shortened scheme of the content of junior and middle-age.
In the process of mastering new exercises of children of senior preschool age are used the following methodological techniques.
Showing exercises: The most complex and new exercises The teacher shows in conjunction with a detailed description of the technique of their implementation. Light exercises show a pre-prepared child. This technique is aimed at causing the desire of children to maximize themselves and show their independence.
Tools of clarity: The use of visual schemes contributes to the development of mental abilities in children.
Thought exercises: Exercises are performed by children only on verbal explanation of the coach or in accordance with the name of the exercise.
Evaluation (self-assessment) of motor actions: After the exercises, the teacher welcomes the sequence of their implementation and evaluates their impact on the child's body, asks questions to children about their health and sensations.
Moving games on land and in water: Thanks to game receptions, children will digest on the program material.
Error correction: This is necessary for a more attentive and conscious relationship of children to the observations of the teacher.
Competitive effect: emotions adapt the body to better movement and exacerbate the work of the sense organs necessary for this movement.
Control tasks: The basic rule of shift of the exercise is not the transition from simple to more complex, but the contrast of tasks. This allows you to activate children and constantly maintain their interest in doing exercises. Thanks to such an organization of classes, the new movement is mastered much faster and easier than in traditional forms.
Exercise, carried out in the hall and in water when teaching swimming.
The exercise that is performed before occupation is, part of the training of swimming. All exercises can be divided into three groups:
I Group: Exercises that are used in teaching swimming.
Group II: Exercise that are used as warm-up before special exercises.
III Group: Exercises that are used for special physical training.
Special exercises are a mandatory workout element. They increase the mobility of the joints.
Exercises of special training.
Swun in the pool:
It is performed using and without the support of the teacher in the ladder.
Movement in water step, running, jumping, holding a handrail (teacher's hands) and without support; Holding hands in the semi-trace, on socks, back forward, with the steps.
Actions with objects: swimming board, stick, hoop, float, ball (throw, catch up, bring, rolling on water).
Slip on the chest -
holding a teacher's hands; for handrail;
leaning hands about the bottom (go on hands, relying on the bottom);
move, holding the swimming board;
with a float on the back; Lying on the stomach freely without support: take the positions of "arrow", "comma", "asterisk", "float"; Working legs, as when swimming with a ramp (from the initial position, sitting, lying with a support and without support).
Games for familiarization with the properties of water and mastering movements in water.
Games help master everyone prepared for swimming actions. They contribute to upbringing in children of courage, decisiveness, confidence in their abilities.
Games are used to repetition, fixing and improving individual movements in swimming, to achieve stability and flexibility skills.
Movements must be very simple, affordable.
It is important that all children who are input at the same time participate in the game.
Games for mastering the skill on the chest.
Games for acquiring skills for immersion in water.
Exercises and games for the development of brushes.
Breathing exercises.
In the classroom in the hall and in water, special attention is paid to exercises for proper breathing. They are the most difficult in the process of swimming. When performing these exercises, children are taught to take a deep breath so that the time of the exhalation of halveing \u200b\u200bexceeds the time of the breath is due to the peculiarities of breathing in water. Also, children are taught to detain their breath for the highest possible time. Indicate that inhale must be done easily, silently, without raising you "shoulders and necessarily through your mouth. The most effective respiratory exercises are those that imitate when inhaling "inhalation of the smell of flower", with exhalation - "blowing a dandelion".
After mastering the children of the correct breath and exhalation, they are taught to coordinate their breath with movements, hands, then head. At each occupation, they are learning two or three respiratory exercises. Each subsequent occupation begins with repetition of exercises, developed earlier. The breathing exercises are carried out individually at a different pace, depending on the level of development and condition of the child's respiratory muscles. At the beginning of the arrangement of the new exercise, the teacher's coach shows children how correct breathing was combined with movements. All breathing exercises the coach accompanies instructions on where and how to do inhale and exhale.
Literature
"Education to swimming preschool children"
PLAN
1. Sailing value. Common character.
2. Tasks for teaching children swimming.
3. Swimming technique. Methods of swimming.
4. Exercises for younger preschoolers.
5. Exercises for senior preschoolers.
6. Exercises on water for junior and senior preschoolers.
7. Methods of teaching children
8. Safety. Rules of organization of classes
LITERATURE
"Teaching children's swimming
preschool age "
PLAN
7. Methods of teaching children
LITERATURE
1. Sailing value. Common character.
Swimming is a unique type of physical activity. Specific featureseffects of swimming on a children's body associated with active movements in the aquatic environment. In this case, the human body is subjected to double influence: on the one hand - exercise, on the other hand, the unique properties of the aqueous medium in which these exercises are performed. We must not forget that the water is of particular importance for the human body, which is 80% consists of water (and the brain cells are 90% consisting of water), all vital processes proceed in an aquatic environment of the body, and the first 9 months of the development of the human body occur in Water medium.
Pediatrician experience shows that early swimming training contributes to the harmonious development of babies and has a positive effect on the development of all organism systems: improves breathing, blood circulation, strengthens the musculoskeletal system, has a beneficial effect on the activities of the central nervous system.
Caring for the physical development of the child is almost as important for its harmonious development, as a rational regime, regular and full nutrition, sufficient sleep and frequent stay in the fresh air.
Early physical development is a whole range of exercises, methods and actions aimed at the physical development of the kid of the first few months. Undoubtedly, early infant swimming affects the improvement of the physical development of the child.
Swimming is a physical action, the basis of which is the retention and relocation of a person in water in the necessary direction. During swimming, which is a means of massage of the skin and muscles, the child overcomes significant water resistance, constantly training the musculoskeletal system, i.e. A peculiar gymnastics is carried out.
During swimming glands, sweat glands are cleared, which contributes to the activation of the skin breathing and the abundant influx of blood to the peripheral organs.
The horizontal position during the navigation is a peculiar state of weightlessness, which activates the blood flow, developing and strengthening the cardiovascular system.
It is best to start training in swimming from 2-3 weeks, but no later than 3 months, because each child is born with certain congenital reflexes, which after 3 months fade away. These are swimming congenital reflexes, thanks to which the child is able to study swimming.
Parents should understand that the teaching of the baby swimming is possible while the baby did not disappear with tonic reflexes, the stake-fictional reflexes come to shift, and the swimming training is almost no longer possible until 3-4 years of age, when the child will consciously execute instructor commands.
Swimming, swimming, games and entertainment on the water - one of the most useful types of exercise, they contribute to the improvement of children, strengthen their nervous system. Therefore, the earlier to teach a child to water, to teach him to swim, the fuller will affect the positive impact of swimming on the development of the entire children's body.
2. Tasks for teaching children swimming.
When teaching swimming, the following main tasks are solved:- Strengthening health, hardening the human body, grafting persistent hygienic skills; - Study of swimming equipment and mastering vital swimming skills; - comprehensive physical development and improvement of such physical qualities as power, flexibility, endurance, speed, dexterity; - Familiarization with water safety rules
From age and physical fitness dependentdosage and load, teaching technique, as well as the speed of development of educational material. Frequently all learning to swim children from 10 to 13 years. Education to swimming children of younger school age requires more time - due to the slow development of the techniques of movements and difficulties related to the organization of classes (they slowly undress and dress, they do not know the teams, they are easily distracted, they will quickly lose interest in the task, etc.) . In addition, the preparation of the training program depends on the number of classes per week, the duration of each lesson. Conditions for classes - natural or artificial water, depth and water temperature, climatic and weather conditions - also have a significant impact on the selection of exercises and the methodology for conducting classes. Thus, the content of the program - educational material and guidelines - must comply with the tasks of learning, age and the preparedness of engaged, the duration of the course and conditions for conducting classes.
Education of children swimming is carried out in the form of group classes. Such classes are more effective, they are inherent in the competition element. In group classes, it is more convenient to conduct educational work with children, using the effect of the collective and thereby providing good performance. However, engaged in the group, the instructor must take into account the individual features of each student as a person, as well as its ability to swim. In this regard, the method of teaching swimming is based on a combination of a group and individual approach to engaged. Children, as a rule, teach sports swimming techniques, because, vocationally, the contingent of young swimmers is a reserve for selection sports swimming; secondly, the preliminary development of a lightweight method of swimming and subsequent reappection takes longer; Thirdly, children quickly lose interest in learning "non-external" methods of swimming. In this regard, in swimming programs, it is planned to simultaneously swim in two (similar in the structure of movements) in ways: a ram on the chest and on the back. This allows you to increase the number of exercises and change the conditions for their execution. A variety of exercises not only develops motor learning, but also stimulates activity and interest in swimming classes, which is a necessary methodological requirement of working with children.
3. Swimming technique. Methods of swimming.
Receptions "Purpose Hat", "Grib has grown" aimed at learning to diving under various subjects. Children are invited to put on the head floating on the surface of the rescue circle, cutting under it, that is, to portray the mushroom grown out of the water or mounted on his head.
Receptions "Take a ball""The ball burst" is aimed at learning diving and immersion in water. Children must learn that it is impossible to dive if the lungs are filled with air. To convince them of this, it is proposed to sit down in the water after a deep breath ("the ball will come") and after energetic exhalation ("Ball burst").
Reception "Crocodile" Used to obtain ideas about buoyancy of bodies and the action of the ejecting environment. According to the method T.I. Iceokina Exercise is performed as follows: "Lying, resting on the hands, keeping your head over the water and stretching back the legs ... try lying to push your hands from the bottom and take away both hands to the thighs, relax and lie down in such a position. . I offer another embodiment of this exercise. It is more convenient to stretch your child forward, and not to the hips, so he can immediately find a support if he wants to get up. During the exercise, it is necessary to achieve proper breathing - alternating a short breath and slow exhalation.
Reception "Strela" used to teach a child to lie at great depths. Holding his hands behind the staircase, the child should lie down to the "Arrow" position, break the hands of hands and in such a pose a little lie down (performed with a gradual increase in the account).
Reception "Nose and tummy up" Helps learn to lie on the back in fine water. Sitting at the bottom and slightly relying with elbows, the child is trying to lie on his back, then relax and calmly lie down, without throwing his head back and not pressing his chin to chest.
Reception "Hi" Used to teach sliding. In order for a child to experience Promotion in the water, I use traditional tug exercises, as well as the might in the vertically standing hoops (this may be a series of hoops of different diameter). Sorry in the hoop, the child stretches the teacher with a hand for a handshake ("Hi!"), He in turn gives the body to the child acceleration. Next, the slide is performed independently until the complete stop.
A series of game techniques for learning elementary jumping down. Reception "in the well" involves jumping in the hoops of different diameters lying on the surface of the water. Reception "In a deep well - from the well" provides for a jump with immersion in water and emerging from a hoop under water. Reception "Sideway Horse" is used to jump into water on inflatable pillows.
Reception "Tiger jump in a burning ring" Designed to teach superficial jumps head forward. The instructor holds a vertically standing hoop, the child jumps into it "as a tiger". The distance between the bedside table and the hoop gradually increases individually for each child.
Reception "Boat". To teach children the ability to analyze and control their own swimming movements, I use the image of a boat floating from the shore to the shore. Exercise is accompanied by a conversation: - Which boat will swim faster: evenly moving or swinging with side on his side? (Control the side fluctuations of the body).
- What do you need a boat in order to swim faster? - Verla! - And what: straight or broken? - Straight! (Control the beans with the straight hand and the length of the "Step").
- What do you need a boat, except cheerful? - Motor! - Since our boat is small, we need a little motor. (We work only with socks).
- What else can you need on the way? - Gasoline! (We recruit more air).
4. Exercises for younger preschoolers.
Before you begin training for swimming children younger age group, parents followed for 3-5 classes to master the preparatory exercises with them, which will help to overcome the fear of the children before aquatic space, will teach them to stand, walk, jump and run in the belt in water. Classes with preparatory exercises should be carried out in a game form.
Catch me - catch you. Running along the coastal edge. Teacher (it may be someone from the parents) now and the case commands "catch up with me!" Or "Running from me, I will catch you!" Gradually, the teacher involves a child in the water and runs with him, being knee-deep in the water.
We change the places. Holding hands, the teacher and the child run next to, one in a small place (the child is knee-old), the other on the deeper (child water until the middle of the hip). Then change places.
Riding to a water. The child sits on the teacher's abdomen area, hugs him with his hands behind the neck. The teacher supports the child for the pelvis, looks into his eyes and, saying: "We run on a visit to the clique. Good, interesting. The driver is affectionate, good, "runs into the water. When the water comes to the teacher to the lower back, it stops and 10-12 times dipped into the water so that it reaches the neck of the child. Then returns to the shore, and in a small place (water to the lower back) puts the baby to the bottom and holding it
by hand, on the team "Who is more!" Runs with him as shore. Exercise is repeated 3-4 times. At the end of the lesson, this exercise is performed again, but the child sits on the back of the teacher. In this position, the teacher can swim on the chest along the coast, and then put the child to the bottom and run out with him as shore. So the child will learn to independently come out of the water.
In the pursuit of the ball. The teacher throws into the water a brightly colored ball with such a calculation so that he fell there where the water is a child to the belt. By team "In chasing the ball!" The teacher takes the child by hand and with him runs to the ball. Repeating the exercise several times, the teacher offers the child to self-run to the ball. Then he himself goes into the water with the ball in his hands, turns his face to the shore, pulls the ball ahead and calls the child to him: "Come to me. Rather. Take the ball. Our seaside was bold, already made friends with water, not afraid of her. Forward!"
Who will rather find. The teacher throws into the water a spoon, a stone or another drunken object with such a calculation so that it fell at a depth of no more than 1 m. On the team "Who will rather find?!" The teacher together with the child runs into the water, and they begin to search for the subject. The teacher encourages the child with words, but when he in search of the subject plunges under water, with particular attention monitors his behavior under water. When the subject is found, both run ashore and turn it back into the water. Repeat the exercise 10 times. In order to interest the child, you can count the glasses: "One - zero in favor of Serezha", "two - zero", "two - one", etc. It is possible to write an account on the sand for visibility.
Who blows on the water more bubbles. The child stands on the boobs in the water. The teacher squints close to being face to face with the child, and he says to him: "A new game" Who blows more air bubbles on the water. " See how this is done: first inhale the air through the mouth, then I lower my face to the eye into the water and slowly exhale air. You see how bubbles ran through water. Do and you are so breathing, keep your breath. So, now
lower the face into the water and exhale. See how many bubbles. Well done. But still I have bubbles more. Do not hurry, exhale air into the water slowly and to the end! More more!"
This is a very important preparatory exercise for the development of the features of the Swimmer's breath, and it must be repeated during the lesson 20-30 times. In the future, the child must perform such a series of exhalations 2-3 times for the lesson until he learns to breathe correctly, that is, to quickly take a deep breath and slowly full exhalation into the water.
This exercise can be 30-40 times to repeat at home, exhausted air into water filled with water (bath). Switching to the flowering program of training in swimming is possible only after the development of this exercise.
5. Exercises for senior preschoolers.
If we talk about the benefits of overall and special exercise, then first of all it is necessary to say that they contribute to the general physical development, bring up the dexterity, coordination of movements, strength and mobility in the joints, that is, the quality necessary for the successful development of the navigation. Outwarming exercises, strengthening the muscles of the body, produce the right posture, develop the power of the hands and legs, which is very important for the swimmer. Special physical exercises in the form and nature of movements are close to the teaching technique. They develop in the main muscle group that perform the main work when swimming. In the practice of swimming, a special complex of general wealth and special exercises is drawn up. It includes a training material designed to perform in water. Usually the complex begins with warm and breathing exercises various types of walking, running with jumps and movements with hands. Then go exercises for the development of the muscles of the body, the shoulder belt, hands and legs - slopes, squats, circular motion of the body and pelvis, push ups, etc. Flip and jerky movements with hands and legs with a large amplitude and flexibility exercises must be performed after how muscles will warm up. The complex also includes exercises, imitating swimming techniques on land - for example, movements of legs and hands separately and in combination with breathing. By the nature of the movements, they are close to swimming techniques and supplied to its development in water, so each complex usually ends with simulation exercises. For example, a complex of general array and special exercises on land during the training of a crap on the back and breasts as these methods are provided for in the program for swimming in summer wellness camps.
Complex 1. (Performed before the start of training and on the first 5--6 lessons for learning a crash on the chest and on the back) .1 Walking, running, slopes, squats.2. I.p. - Sitting, one leg bent. Take yourself with hands behind the heel and sock of feet and turn it right and left. Make 20 times each foot.3. I.p. - Sitting, focus on the back of the rear; Foot straight, socks are drawn. At first, the crosst movements of the legs first, and then - as when swimming the crawl. The exercise is performed in a rapid pace, from the hip, with a small scope of stop.4. I. p. - Standing, hands up, brushes are connected (head between hands). Climb socks, stretch up; strain all the muscles of the hands, legs and bodies; Then relax. Repeat voltage 5--6 times. This exercise brings to the correct execution of sliding and the ability to keep the torso when swimming intense (Fig. 23, a) .5. I. p. - Standing, hands bent in the elbows, brushes to shoulders. Circular movements with hands back and forth. First, at the same time, then alternately each hand. Take 20 times.
6. "Mill". I. p. - Standing, "One hand raised up, the other is lowered down. Circular movements with hands forward and backward first in slow, and then in a fast pace. During the exercise, the hands should be straight. 7. Y. p. - - - Standing, legs on the width of the shoulders. Bend forward (watch right in front of yourself), one hand ahead, the other behind the hip. In this position, there are circular movements for ahead ("Mill"). Exercise 7 is performed With fixed rubber shock absorbers (teaching to overcome water resistance on land) .9. Exercise with rubber shock absorbers for a crown on the back. Complex 2 (performed during the crop training: on the chest and on the back) .1. Make exercise 4 complex -1 in position Lying on the chest (or on the back); hands stretched forward.
2. I. p. - Standing, legs on the width of the shoulders. Lean forward (watch right in front of yourself); One hand rests on the knee, the other stretched forward. Movement with free hand, as when swimming with a rabby.
3. For the same exercise with a stop of a hand in three positions: the hand is ahead, in the middle of the rowing, at the end of the row. During each stop at least 3 times strain the muscles of the hand and shoulder.
4. Exercise 5 complex 1 to perform in conjunction with walking and running. Exercise 6 complex 1 Perform in combination with walking in place. Coordination of breathing with movement with one hand, as when swimming with a roll. I. p. - Standing, legs on the width of the shoulders. To lean forward, one hand rests on the knee, the other is in the end of the rowing of the hip. Turn the head toward the elongated hand and look at it. Make a breath and start moving with a simultaneous exhalation. The next breath is performed when the hand finishes the swings at the hip. Do 15--20 times each hand
7.. EDUCATION Hands. Roll in combination with, breathing. I. p. - Standing, legs on the width of the shoulders. To lean forward, one hand is stretched forward, the other is back. Turn the head to the side stretched back and look at it. Make a breath and start a rowing movement with hands with simultaneous exhalation
8. "Starting Jump" I.P. - Standing, legs on the width of the foot. On the team "On the Start", bend legs in the knees, lean forward, go down the hands down. On the team "March!" Make your hands forward-up, push off legs and make a jump up. In the flight to connect his arms above the head and remove the head between the hands. Light on the socks and get up in a minute. Repeat 5--6 times
6. Exercises on water for junior and senior preschoolers.
These exercises are performed simultaneously with the study of the simplest elements of the swimming techniques. The basis of good technique is the correct position of the body in water and proper breathing (with exhalation in water). Exercises for watering with water are performed during the first 5--6 classes. Mastering them engaged in learn to dive with their heads into the water and open their eyes, to pop up and lie down on the surface, exhaled into the water and slide on the surface, keeping the horizontal position of the body characteristic of sports swimming technology.
Preparatory exercises are performed in a small place, standing on the belt or boobs in water: most of them are done with breathing delayed on the breath. As soon as engaged in winding with water, almost all preparatory exercises are excluded from the classes. Permanently executed and improved, only exercises for slipping and exhalation into water.
Exercises that are acquainted with the density and water resistance. The exercises of this group are brought up with a feeling of support about the water with palm, forearm, stop and shin (which is necessary for the formulation of rowing movements), are involved not to be afraid of water. Movement in water there and back, first step, and then running.2. Walking with turns and change of direction
Pop-up and lying on the surface of the water These exercises allow you to feel the state of weightlessness and learn in a horizontal position lying on the surface of the water on the chest and on the back.
1. "Float". I. p. - Standing on the breast in the water. Make a deep breath and, squeezing, plunge into the water with your head. To squeeze your feet and, clasping your knees, float to the surface. In this position, delay breathing for 10--15s, then return to and. P.
2. "Medusa". Having inhaled, delay the breath and lie on the water. Run into the lower back and relax your arms and legs. Stand on the bottom (Fig. 26, a).
3. Fall the "float". Then take the position lying on the chest (hands and legs straight). To mentally count to ten and get up on the bottom (Fig. 26,6).
4. Standing the belt in the water, sit down so that the chin is at the surface of the water; Hands dilute to the sides. Reject the head back, immersing the head in the water and getting smaller and less leaning on the bottom of the bottom. Slowly raise one foot first, then another and take the position lying on the back, helping yourself only with the movements of the brushes. If the legs begin to dive, then you need to bring your hands to the thighs and maintain the body in equilibrium with small rigs.
5. Leave hands about the side or bottom of the pool and lie on the chest. Raise to the surface of the water of the pelvis and heels, do inhale and lower your face into the water. Repeat the exercise several times (Fig. 26, c). Eat in the water
The ability to delay the breath on the breath and perform exhalation into water is the basis for the formulation of rhythmic breathing when swimming.
1. "Washing". Sprinkle in the face of water, making at that moment exhale.
2. I.p. - standing at the bottom. Tilt the torso ahead so that the mouth is at the surface of the water, palms are nearing their knees. Make a deep breath through the mouth, lower the face into the water and slowly breathe into the water. Smoothly raise your head in and. p. And again do inhale. Lifting the head and lowering the face into the water in such a way that the mouth is shown from the water during the end of the exhalation in the water. This exercise is repeated in the rhythm of normal respiration; At the first lesson - 10-75 times, on subsequent classes - 20--30 sorts in a row (with a turn of the head for the breath left or right).
3. I. p. - Standing, legs on the width of the shoulders. Left forward, hand over your knees. The head in the position of the breath, cheek lies on the water. Open your mouth, take a breath, turn your face into the water - exhale.4 . Relying hands about the side or bottom, lie on the chest and take a horizontal position. Inhale and lower your face into the water. In the same position, 10-- 15 exhalations in the water with a turn of the head aside for inhale.
3. Slides. Slipping on the chest and back with different positions of hands help to master the working porch position - the balance, the streamlined position of the body, the ability to slip forward as much as possible after each rowing, which is an indicator of good swimming techniques.1. Slide on the chest. Standing on the boobs in the water, bend down so that the chin touched the water. Pull hands forward by connecting thumbs up. To do inhale, smoothly go to the water face down and, pushing my legs from the bottom or the sides of the pool, take a horizontal position. Slide with elongated legs and hands on the surface of the water.2. Slide on the back. Stand back to the shore, hands along the body. Make a breath, delay your breath, sit down and, slightly pushing my legs, lie on the back. Raise above the stomach and press the chin to chest. He sit down (it should be remembered that light rowing movements of tassels near the torso; palms are drawn down).3. Slide on the chest with different positions: Hands stretched forward, at the hips, one ahead, the other has a hip.4. Slide on the back with different positions of hand: Hands stretched forward, along the body, one hand ahead, the other at the hip.5. Sliding on the chest with subsequent turns on the back and chest
7. Methods of teaching children
Teaching methods - These are such ways and techniques for the work of the teacher, the use of which provides a quick and qualitative solution to the task - mastering the swimming skill. When teaching swimming, we used three main groups of methods: verbal, visual and practical. The verbal methods using the description, explanation, story, conversation, analysis, giving instructions, evaluate actions, teams and orders, counting, etc., the teacher helps the disciples to create an idea of \u200b\u200bthe study, understand its form, content, direction of impact, comprehend and eliminate errors . A brief, accurate, shaped and understandable speech of the teacher increases the efficiency of using these methods. Emotional coloring of speech enhances the meaning of words, helping the solution of educational and educational tasks, shows the attitude of the teacher to the case, students, stimulates their activity, confidence, interest. Due to the specifics of swimming, all the necessary explanations, analysis, evaluations are carried out in the preparatory and final parts of the lesson on land. When the group is in water, only laconic teams are applied, counting, orders, because the conditions of hearing worsen deteriorate and the danger increases. The description is used to create a preliminary representation of the studied movement. The most characteristic of its elements are described without an explanation, why it is necessary to do so. The story applies mainly when organizing games. The conversation in the form of questions and answers increases the independence and activity of students, helps the teacher better know them. The analysis of the game or summing up the lesson is carried out after performing any task.
Analysis and discussion of permissible errors when performing exercises, violations of the rules of the game, etc. aims to adjust their actions. The indication is most often methodical in nature, focusing on the details or key points of the movement performed, the development of which makes it possible, then perform an exercise as a whole. Methodical instructions on the diving lessons are given to prevent and eliminate errors before performing each exercise, during and after it. NOTES Specify certain points in the exercise, clarify the conditions for its correct reproduction, suggest the sensations that should arise. Commands and orders are used to manage a group and learning process. Sailing lesson, both on land, and in the water was conducted under the team of the teacher. Teams and orders were fed loudly, clearly and in the imperative tone.
Visual methods. The use of visual methods helps to create a particular idea of \u200b\u200bthe concerned movement, which is especially important when teaching sports technology. Viewing a studied movement with simultaneous playback of the tempo or rhythm create an idea of \u200b\u200bthe form and character of its playback. Along with the figurative explanation, the visual perception helps to understand the essence of movement, which contributes to the rapid and durable development. The role of visual perception in teaching children is especially great. A strongly pronounced tendency to imitation, especially the younger students, makes the most effective form of learning movement. Visual methods include showing exercises and swimming equipment, the use of educational visual aids, kinograms and cinema - rings, the use of gestures.
Exercise method. This method is characterized by multiple performing the movement in general and in parts, taking into account the magnitude of the physical activity, which is regulated by changing the number of exercises performed in the lesson, their complexity, the number of repetitions, the rate of execution, the duration of rest between the exercises, etc.
The study of the swimming technology was carried out by repeatedly performing its individual elements aimed at mastering the method of swimming in general, i.e. Two learning methods are used - in parts and in general. All exercises used in the process of teaching swimming make up a single methodological system, which provides for the sequence of studying individual exercises applied to the development of swimming technology as a whole.
Method for learning in parts. Participation in parts facilitates the development of swimming techniques, reduces the number of allowed errors, which generally reduces the training time and increases its quality. The development of individual elements of the technique is expanding the motor experience enriching the motility of the engaged. The basis of the learning method in parts is the system of supply exercises, the consistent study of which leads ultimately to master the method of swimming in general. In the process of initial training, a large amount of supplying exercises is used, which are similar in structure with the movements of the studied method of swimming. As already mentioned, the development of these exercise is "positive transfer" of motor skills, which is manifested most effectively at the initial stages of training.
The widespread use of these exercises not only implements the principle of accessibility in the practice of primary learning, but also gradually summarizes the trained to a complete implementation of the motor action, reducing the number of permissible errors. Investigation in parts at the initial stages of training in swimming is psychologically motivated, since the development of the simplest movements brings moral satisfaction, brings up confidence in their forces, which is especially important in the first steps of training.
Method of learning in general. This includes swimming with full coordination of movements, as well as swimming with movements of legs and hands with various variants of combining these movements. This method is applied at the final stages of the development of the method of swimming method after studying its elements in parts. We emphasize that the improvement of swimming technology is carried out only by the integral performance of swimming movements. Initially, the holistic learning of the swimming technology is carried out in lightweight conditions: swimming across the pool; Blowing short segments with breathing delay; Sleeping short cuts with a koll with breathing after 2-3 rowing; Swimming with the help of hand with a crawl and exhalations into the water with a float between the legs and other exercises. Then, as the techniques are used, alternate swimming in lightweight and swimming in normal conditions, gradually passing a sailing with complete coordination of movements. Competitive and gaming methods. These methods have a lot in common. They are widely used with the initial training of swimming for increasing the emotionality and dynamism of classes. The general methodological rule is a mandatory preliminary learning of movements or exercises before they become the object of competition or games. However, between these methods, there is a fundamental difference: in the 15 game method there is always a plot content, whereas there is no in competition.
Competitive method. It is distinguished by the following signs: 1) Achieving victory as a result of the limit mobilization of its capabilities: 2) the ability to show the maximum level of physical and mental preparedness in the struggle for the championship. All this places high demands on moral and volitional qualities, facilitating the upbringing of waves, perseverance, composure already at the first occupation in the pool. The use of the competitive method gives a greater physical and mental load than the usual method of multiple repetitions.
Game method. For him are characteristic: 1) emotionality and rivalry manifested in the framework of the Rules of the game; 2) the variable application of the obtained skills and skills in connection with the changing conditions of the game; 3) the ability to manifest initiative and make independent decisions in game situations; 4) Comprehensive improvement of physical and moral and volitional qualities: dexterity, speed, strength, endurance, speed of orientation, as well as resourcefulness, courage, will to victory and others Team. The game, like the competition, increases the emotionality of swimming, being a good means of switching with monotonous, monotonous movements characteristic of swimming. Therefore, competitive and gaming methods must be applied from the first swimming lessons.
Also, the coach assisted in performing exercises when he and the student act together. Such a situation occurred when performing an exercise when you need to clarify the detail of the technique or correct the mistake of the student. To do this, engaged with the help of a teacher several times played the movement, fixes the desired position of the body or limbs, imitates the exercise.
Thus, we believe that the training process took place at a high level as, the success of training is determined by the integrated use of the system of three groups of methods: verbal, visual, practical. In each specific case, the criterion for the effectiveness of the methods of learning is compliance: 1) the tasks of learning and the specifics of the educational material; 2) age and preparedness of students: 3) Conditions of classes.
Thus, to solve their tasks, we used adequate and sufficient (in quantitative terms) tools and methods of development (motor abilities), the organization's scheme and methods for assessing their effectiveness.
8. Safety. Rules of organization of classes
Organized classeseducators who received preliminary training can be swimming in kindergartens. They should be able to swim, be familiar with the technique of swimming methods and teaching methods. They need to master the rescue techniques of immersing and measures to prevent accidents on water. To help caregivers are attracted by the service personnel and medical sister of kindergarten.
A kindergarten doctor performs a constant supervision of the sanitary condition of swimming training, systematically monitors the state of health engaged in children.
Swimming and swimming can be used with children admitted to the classroom, from the first days of their arrival at the pre-school institution, if for this, of course, have conditions. In summer, in the open pool of the kindergarten, it is advisable to bathe all children, and training swimming with children 3-4, and even 5 years. It all depends on the physical training of children and the qualifications of the educator. For swimming with kids, it is better to use an artificial pool. The width and length of it can be arbitrary, but not less than 5x5 m, the depth is up to 70-80 cm. The shape of the basin can vary depending on the local conditions (the most convenient form is rectangular). It is desirable that the pool has an artificial water heating, especially for the middle and northern strip of our country.
When used for bathing of a natural reservoir - rivers, lakes, the sea - it is necessary to determine the place at the shore in advance and prepare for swimming, games and training kids swimming. When choosing this place, the nature of the reservoir and the coast should be taken into account, the state of the bottom, the nature of the flow, the distance to the kindergarten. It is desirable that this place is covered by the winds.
For swimming time, it is recommended to choose a place with a flat sandy bottom, dense and not or etched. The transition from greater depth to less should be uniform, gentle, with gradually downward bottom. The bottom must be examined in advance and clear from all overfall objects: stones, corping, algae, etc.
Depth should be carefully measured on the entire site, where classes will be held. Be sure to check if there are no holes on the bottom. For children, 4-7 years old, the depth of the reservoir should not exceed 80 cm.
The flow rate must be minor (no more than 5-7 m / min). The place allotted for swimming and swimming should be located downstream, away from the places of linen and the outlet of the waste pipe. Children should swim in clean, transparent water. The sanitary fitness of water for swimming is determined by the sanitary and epidemiological service. The reservoir coast should not be swearing, too cool and slippery. If the natural descent is steep, then you need to make a ladder or wooden bridge. Exit to water should be free from bushes and trees. Well, if the ya shore has a suitable dry place to receive solar baths and games.
It should be determined the boundaries of the water surface intended for navigation. They are denoted either with a rope with foam floats attached to the bottoms in the bottom of the necklaces, or sixtes with bright flags fortified on them. It is even better to protect the place with a light wooden fence. You can organize a "frog", especially making a wooden box with a bottom and consolidating it at the bottom of the reservoir. The approximate area of \u200b\u200bthe limited place is 8x 16 m, while 16 m is measured along the railway and 8 m - in the direction of the shore to the deep part of the reservoir. The suitability of space for swimming should be consistent with the organization ORDER.
All inventory that might need for games in water and swimming - rubber inflatable balls, circles, toys, swimming boards, rope, ropes, etc., should be prepared in advance. The number of swimming boards, circles, toys should be equal to the number of children in the same educational group. It is necessary to have a convenient and hygienic suit, toilet items.
Swimming classes are the link of a holistic process of physical education in the summer. They are included in the mode of kindergarten, where they are given a strictly defined time. It helps the organization of the children's team, reduces the time to prepare for classes, facilitates the work of educators. In kindergarten, it is convenient to carry out a swimming garden with a swim from 11 hours or after afternoon from 15 h 30 min daily. For preschool children on hot days, bathing, swimming 2-3 times a day.
The duration of staying in water, depending on weather conditions and water temperature, the age of children and the number of classes, fluctuates from 3-5 to 15-20 minutes. If children bathe repeatedly, then it is not necessary to allow them to be in the water more than 4-8 minutes.
After long breaks in the classes, the duration of the stay of children in water should decrease, and then again gradually increase.
Starting classes in water should be in spring when the water temperature in the reservoir reaches 22-23 °, and the air will warm up to 25-26 °. At the first lesson, the guys can be in the water quite a bit -3-4 min. In the future, the duration of staying in water is gradually increasing.
At a water temperature below 20-19 °, the group jams on swimming should not be carried out, they must be replaced by pouring or shower. You can dwell and swim in this case, individually the most hardened children.
It should be noted that at a higher water water, preschoolers are better mastering the proposed training material. It depends on a number of reasons: the duration of staying children in water increases; Warm water is less excited by children - their attention remains more stable, and movement less sharp; The psychological setting of children is stimulated - they know that in water it will be possible to be longer, and carefully listen to the explanations of the teacher, the exercises are diligently repeated. But you should not get involved in bathing only in warm water - it reduces the hardening effect of classes.
Children are swimming in groups, and their number in one group should not be more than 12--15. The group must select the guys of one age or adjacent, close, for example, children for 4 years to unite for 5 years to a group with children, five-year-old children - with six-year-old, etc. Completing the group, you should pay attention to the physical fitness of children. Boys and girls are engaged together.
The tutor conducts classes with each group of children alternately. Before entering the water, it must definitely recalculate children or carry out a swinging roll ring. The same is repeated on leaving the water. The careguard is engaged in one group of children, others calmly play on the shore, sunbathe under the supervision of the nanny, nurse or educator of another group. During games on the shore and sunbathing, each child must have a light hat on his head, Panamka, etc.
Failure training in kindergarten is carried out in the form of classes. During all classes, the focus is on the comprehensive physical development of children, in each of them the following tasks are consistently resolved: to organize a group, familiarize with new exercises on swimming techniques, learn exercises for mastering in water and elements of swimming equipment, play, to organize the occupation.
The occupation begins with the construction of the group. Then, on the shore, children get acquainted with new movements, exercises for mastering swimming techniques and games. Entering into the water, they are learning the ways of swimming, play, do a variety of exercises. In conclusion, the classes are held for a soothing character and free swimming.
The guys go to the train at the signaler. He checks whether everyone came out of the water, recalculates. Coming out of the water, the children well wipe the whole body with a towel. If the day is cool or blowing fresh wind, the guys after swimming are put on T-shirts or even warm shirts with long sleeves, blouses. Kids need to help, the senior preschoolers do it all on their own.
LITERATURE
1. Bulgakov N.ZH. Teach children to swim. - M. 1977 p. 8 - 16
2. Vasilyeva V.S. , Nikitinsky B.N. Education of children swimming. M. 1973 p. 45-80
3. Levin. Swimming for kids. - M.1974 p. 65 - 86
4. Makarenko L.T. Swimming - M.2002 p. 25 - 56
5. Osokina T.I. How to teach children to swim - M. 1985 p. 104 -123
6. Alyamovskaya V.G. How to raise a healthy child. P. 67 - 89.
7. Timofeeva E.A. Osokina T.I. Training of swimming in D / s M.- 2001 Bogin T.L. Page 45 - 67
8. Shebekk V.N. Ermak N.N. Shishkin V.A. Physical education of the preschooler. Moscow Enlightenment - 2000 p. 123 - 145
9. Swimming. Tutorial for pedigrees. M. - 1994 p. 56 - 98
10. 10. Butovich N.A. Junior swimmer training. - G. - 1992 p. 234 - 243
11. INEYSEVSKY K.A. Nikitsky B.N. Swimmer training. S. - P. 2000 p. 46 - 98
12. Nabnikov M.Ya. Swimming. - M. 1962 p. 68 - 201
13. Makarenko L.P. Experimental justification of the use of high-speed exercises in the training of young swimmers. S.- P. - p. 56 - 86.
14. Bulgakova N.ZH. Selection and preparation of young swimmers. - M.: FIS, 2001.
15. Physical development of children. - M.: Enlightenment, 1968.
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"Features of learning swimming children of primary preschool age"
Balbuh Alevtina Valentinovna,
physical culture instructor
MOU D / C number 350 Volgograd
One of the most important tasks of pre-school education, in accordance with GEF, is to create the most favorable conditions for the protection and promotion of health and harmonious physical development of the child. These tasks are successfully solved in swimming classes in a kindergarten swimming pool. The purpose of swimming classes - Creating the necessary conditions for the preservation and strengthening of the physical and mental health of children through the formation and development of motor skills and skills in water.
The influence of the swimming on the child's body can not be underestimated. It helps to become healthy, strong, dexterous, hardy, bold. Swimming from an early age contributes to the development of the respiratory system, has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, contributes to the formation of proper posture. Child learning swimming is not only useful vital skill, but also the opportunity to strengthen the immune system, because swimming is one of the most effective techniques.
In our preschool institution, children begin to visit the pool from 3 years old, because it is important to start the process of learning the swimming as early as possible. Specialists understand this, they want their parents. From the first day of visiting a kindergarten parents, the question is interested in: when their baby will swim in the pool. In their opinion, all the kids love water, with pleasure in the bathroom. Sometimes parents do not understand why you need to master the respiratory and motor equipment first on land, and only from the middle of the school year, classes are held in water. Therefore, for parents, information instructor for swimming is important for parents, what tasks are solved in the first year of training in swimming, what methods and techniques are important to use at the same time, what features of young children should be considered.
The first year of teaching is swimming - this is besides common and health purposes, a solution of a number of specific tasks:
It should be understood that most of the kids are inherent in the feeling of the waterproof, because for most children the pool is not a bath for swimming, it is a huge water space. You need to overcome this alarm gradually, without violence and coercion. Classes in the pool include greater preparatory work, which helps children cope with the fear of water, with urgency in their own power, to get acquainted with the properties of water, learn to stay on the water and, as a result, master the swimming skills with lightweight ways. Children need time to get used to water and learn not to be afraid of it, to breathe correctly in the water environment.
Therefore, at the first stage, children master breathing exercises that pass "on land." The kid learns to inhale through the mouth, and exhale through the nose and mouth. The main thing is to set rhythm. "Time!" - Inhale, "Two, Three!" - Exhale. In this we help various game exercises - for example, bleeding paper snowflakes, flocks with palm. With each class, children are offered large items that need to be shifted from the spot: balloons, tennis balls and others.
Game "Feet apart". Ask a child to stretch your hands up, hand brushes to impose one to another, press the chin to chest. Run 10 phases. Make sure that the baby "tightened" the belly at the same time.
The game "Funnel". For this game we need multicolored water basins. Ask the kid blowing the surface of the water before the formation of a funnel. Play with children, turn the exercise into the competition: Whose funnel will be deeper?
The game "bubbles". After the breath, he lowers his head in the pelvis with water and produces a deep exhalation. Again, arrange the competition: who will have more bubbles? Make sure that the child does not wipe his eyes with his hands, but shook water with the movements of the head. It is very important! It is perfectly learned to learn breathing perfectly. Make the same exercise, only the delay in breathing to perform with the head lowered into the water. Also in its work, for the initial addiction of children to water and hardening, I use different washing and pouring children from theme. The main task of these training exercises, so that in the pool the child does not heat the water, was not frightened. This is based on the rule: first classes pass on land - the so-called "dry swimming", and only then occupations pass in the water.
In addition to breathing exercises, children at this stage are mastered by motor and swimming skills, master the game exercises for training the work of the legs, matching the breath with the work of the legs, training the work of the hands, the overall coordination of the work of legs, hands and breathing. Given the visual-figurative nature of the thinking of children of this age, the classroom uses literary material, musical accompaniment so that children can recreate this or that image and have been able to imitate movements.
All tasks and exercises performed by the kids, both on land, and in the water you need to turn into the game. It is the game that is the leading activity of the child.
From the 2nd half of the year with children 3-4 years, the following tasks are solved:
The first exit to the pool is an event in the life of a preschooler. A large bright room, a glittering blue water mirror, splash, splashes literally stunning kids. It depends on the swimming instructor so that these impressions have been positively painted.
At first classes, children learn to enter the water. The main difficulty of entry into the pool is most often due to the fact that children are descended by the stairs on which they can stumble, slip, fall into the water. Water swallowing, the child can frighten and want to come to the pool more. It is important to prevent his unexpected fall into the water.It is impossible to force children. One who enters the water reluctantly, it is indecisive, you can take on the hands and drive it palm over the surface of the water, saying: "What a smooth, warm, gentle, good!". Then the child should be put into the water face to himself, take for both hands and, imperceptibly to retreat, call behind it. When children are accustomed to the water and start moving in it on their own, they bypass the pool, holding hand over the handrail or my hand. It is not recommended to use all sorts of awesome wording. You can always choose the expressions in which the threat of danger is completely absent: "Brew", "do, like everyone else", "well done". Young children need 4 classes to learn how to enter the water. The group always has an alarming kids with whom you need to do separately, following the great delicacy, convincing the assistance of the task on the example of other children.
After the children learned to enter the water independently, we must teach them to the simplest movement. Kids feel how difficult it is to move in water than on land. A variety of exercises (walking, running, jumping) are not difficult for kids, they fulfill them with pleasure if the depth is small and corresponds to the real level of children's preparedness. First, these exercises are carried out at a depth lower knees and to the knees. Gradually, the depth increases to the level of the hips, belt. Children learn to walk one by one ("we walk"), the group ("friendly guys"), holding a stick ("cart"), walk along the sides of the pool with big and small steps, sticking to the handrail ("The legs go along the track"), In a given direction ("on a straight track"), up to the conditional place ("get to the fish"), in a circle, holding hands ("Carousel smelled"), helping himself with rogue movements ("boats"). Special pleasure gives children to run into the water, run out of it, sputtering her legs, raising the spray ("Football players," bring toy "), highly raising his knees (" like horses "), helping your hands (" weigon row "), run away from an adult And catch it up ("catching up"), from the runway to fall into the water (on the hands of the instructor).
Optimal exercise are jumping. They help to warm up well, raise the mood, unobtrusively prepare the baby to immersion in the water. Children learn to bounce on two legs with an adult support, holding the handrail, and also without support ("bunny gray", "ball"), "relying", pushing out the palms of water (at the depth of the belt) and squeezing ("I am hide in the water "). Learn about two legs to move forward, jump in length, bounce and fall into the water forward at the depth to the hips, on the belt ("plane").
Equally important is the training of hand traffic. Children clap the water with palms, depicting a "rain", knock on her cams, like a "hammer", smooth water with palms, like a "iron", move up-down hands, right-left, depicting the "rinse of linen" or "waves" Crushing the fingers of the hands of the hands, depict the "cutting of firewood". A special place is occupied by movement on the bottom on the hands, stretching the legs. These exercises are summarized to take the horizontal position of the body in the water. They are performed at a small depth and often with difficulty are mastered by children. Therefore, the smashed group uses only crawling on the stomach ("Doplet to the ship", "crocodiles", "raks").
The next step in mastering water, which is making young children - driving. Unfortunately, not all children immersion in the water is easy. It is psychologically very important that the child will plunge into the water on its own first time. In no case cannot make it do it if he does not want to throw, face water, etc. Otherwise, the child will have a fear of water, maybe there may be a disappearance of the desire to go swimming for a long time. If at the "land" immersion in water (in a basin with water) with a delayed breathing, the children will not experience problems with this exercise in the pool.
Having learned the immersion on the neck at the depth of water on the belt, the children wash their hands, shoulders, chest, neck, face, watered themselves on his back ("clean"), games are held with them: "Flags are washed", "Let's do the rain" (splashing yourself in face). Having teaching the game exercise "Waterfall" when the kids watered water from the bottle on their head, it is important to teach them to breathe their mouths. In this case, unpleasant sensations are excluded from water in the nose, children get used to the sensation of water on the face. And only after that, children are immersed to the chin level ("islets").
The following exercises are associated with the immediate immersion of the head into the water ("Nose drowned", "eyes in water", "look into the well", "get a toy" and immersion in the water with your head, holding up breathing on the breath). Then the children get acquainted with simple exercises, which are supposed to master the exhalation: pour on a floating toy; on water, like hot tea; Lower the lips into water and stand it; Immerse your head into the water and make an exhale. Inway in the water, children learn for a long time. Parallel, children learn to open their eyes in the water. After a high motor load with children, relaxation pauses are carried out, in order to remove the muscle tension. Children, with the support of an instructor or in the viorants, rest on the water, lying on the back, or perform breathing restoration exercises ("funny bubbles", "say goodbye to the driver").
All the children who regularly visited the possession of the pool, do not experience fear in water, weanly move on all the water area of \u200b\u200bthe basin, with joy and desire perform game exercises in water, which allows them to easily explore the swimming program. I would like to emphasize once again: each occupation should be aimed at the formation of the baby only positive emotions and feelings - joy, pleasure, also interest and enjoy pleasure in the water. This will increase the effectiveness of swimming classes that contribute to the strengthening and rehabilitation of the organism of children.
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